ru
O
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o
AN
ILLUSTRATED FLORA
OF THE y
NORTHERN UNITED STATES, CANADA
AND THE BRITISH POSSESSIONS
FROM NEWFOUNDLAND TO THE PARALLEL OF THE SOUTHERN BOUNDARY OF
VIRGINIA, AND FROM THE ATLANTIC OCEAN WESTWARD
TO THE 102o MERIDIAN
BY
NATHANIEL LORD BRITTON, PH.D., Sc.D., LL.D.
DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN; PROFESSOR IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
AND
HON. ADDISON BROWN, A.B., LL.D.
PRESIDENT OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
THE DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
CHIEFLY PREPARED BY PROFESSOR BRITTON, WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF SPECIALISTS IN
SEVERAL GROUPS; THE FIGURES ALSO DRAWN UNDER HIS SUPERVISION
SECOND EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED
IN THREE VOLUMES
VOL. III. l
GENTIANACEAE TO COMPOSITAE
GENTIAN TO THISTLE
VT
NEW YORK
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
1913
COPYRIGHT, 1913
BY NATHANIEL L. BRITTON AND HELEN C. BROWN,
Executrix of the Estate of
ADDISON BROWN, deceased.
PRESS OF
THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY
CONTENTS OF VOLUME III.
Gamopetalae (continued)
1-560
15. GENTIANACEAE i
16. MENYANTHACEAE 17
17. APOCYNACEAE 19
18. ASCLEPIADACEAE 23
19. DlCHONDRACEAE 39
20. CONVOLVULACEAE 40
21. CUSCUTACEAE 48
22. POLEMONIACEAE 52
23. HYDROPHYLLACEAE 65
24. BORAGINACEAE 72
25. VERBENACEAE 94
26. LABIATAE
27. SOLANACEAE
28. SCROPHULARIACEAE
29. LENTIBULARIACEAE
30. OROBANCHACEAE
31. BlGNONIACEAE
32. MARTYNIACEAE
33. ACANTHACEAE
34. PHRYMACEAE
35. PLANTAGINACEAE
36. RUBIACEAE
99
37. CAPRIFQLIACEAE
154
38. ADOXACEAE
174
39. VALERIANACEAE
224
40. DIPSACEAE
233
41. CUCURBITACEAE
236
42. CAMPANULACEAE
239
43- LOBELIACEAE
239
44. ClCHORIACEAE
241
45. AMBROSIACEAE
245
46. COMPOSITAE
250
267
283
284
288
290
293
299
304
338
347
ENGLISH FAMILY NAMES
Petals wholly or partly united, rarely separate or wanting (continued)
1-560
15. GENTIAN FAMILY i
16. BUCKBEAN FAMILY 17
17. DOGBANE FAMILY 19
18. MILKWEED FAMILY 23
19. DICHONDRA FAMILY 39
20. MORNING-GLORY
FAMILY 40
21. DODDER FAMILY 48
22. PHLOX FAMILY 52
23. WATER-LEAF FAMILY 65
24. BORAGE FAMILY 72
25. VERVAIN FAMILY 95
26. MINT FAMILY 99
27. POTATO FAMILY 154
28. FIGWORT FAMILY 174
29. BLADDERWORT FAMILY 224
30. BROOM-RAPE FAMILY 233
31. TRUMPET-CREEPER
FAMILY 236
32. UNICORN PLANT
FAMILY 239
33. ACANTHUS FAMILY 239
34. LOPSEED FAMILY 241
35. PLANTAIN FAMILY 245
36. MADDER FAMILY 256
37. HONEYSUCKLE
FAMILY 267
38. MOSCHATEL FAMILY 283
39. VALERIAN FAMILY 284
40. TEASEL FAMILY 288
41. GOURD FAMILY 290
42. BELL-FLOWER FAMILY 293
43. LOBELIA FAMILY 299
44. CHICORY FAMILY 304
45. RAGWEED FAMILY 338
46. THISTLE FAMILY 347
SUMMARY 560 GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES
ENGLISH INDEX AND POPULAR PLANT NAMES 601
56i
SYMBOLS USED
is used after figures to indicate feet.
' is used after figures to indicate inches.
" is used after figures to indicate lines, or twelfths of an inch.
' over syllables indicates the accent, and the short English sound of the vowel.
over syllables indicates the accent, and the long, broad, open or close English sound of
the vowel.
IN THE METRIC SYSTEM.
The metre = 39.37 inches, or 3 feet 3.37 inches. '
The decimetre = 3.94 inches.
The centimetre = of an inch, or 4! lines.
The millimetre = ?r of an inch, or $ a line.
2i millimeters = I line.
j
very nearly
ILLUSTRATED FLORA.
VOL. HI.
Family 15. GENTIANACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 20. 1829.
GENTIAN FAMILY
Bitter mostly quite glabrous herbs, with opposite (rarely verticillate) exstipu-
late entire leaves, reduced to scales in Bartonia, and regular perfect flowers in
terminal or axillary clusters, or solitary at the ends of the stem or branches.
Calyx inferior, persistent, 4~i2-lobed, -toothed or -divided (of 2 sepals in Obo-
laria}, the lobes imbricated or not meeting in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous,
funnelform, campanulate, club-shaped or rotate, often marcescent, 4~i2-lobed or
-parted, the lobes convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many as the
lobes of the corolla, alternate with them, inserted on the tube or throat ; anthers
2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent ; filaments filiform, or dilated at the base. Disk
none, or inconspicuous. Ovary superior in our genera, i-celled or partly 2-celled ;
ovules numerous, anatropous or amphitropous ; style simple, or none ; stigma entire,
or 2-lobed, or 2-cleft. Capsule mostly dehiscent by 2 valves. Seeds globose,
angular or compressed ; endosperm fleshy, copious ; embryo small, terete or conic.
About 70 genera and 700 species, widely distributed, most abundant in temperate regions.
Leaves normal ; corolla-lobes convolute in the bud.
Style filiform ; anthers usually twisting or recurving when old.
Corolla salverform. i. Centaurium.
Corolla rotate. 2. Sabbatia.
Corolla campanulate-funnelform. 3. Enstoma.
Style short, stout or none ; anthers remaining straight.
Corolla without nectariferous pits, glands or scales.
Corolla funnelform, campanulate or clavate.
Corolla without plaits in the sinuses ; calyx without an interior membrane.
4. Gentiana.
Corolla with plaits in the sinuses; calyx' with an interior membrane. 5. Dasystephana
Corolla rotate. 6. Pleurogyna.
1-2 nectariferous pits, glands or scales at the base of each corolla-lobe.
Corolla rotate, a fringed gland at each lobe. 7. Frasera.
Corolla campanulate, spurred at the base. 8. Halenia.
Leaves, at least those of the stem, reduced to scales ; corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud.
Calyx of 2 foliaceous spatulate sepals ; upper leaves normal. 9. Obolaria.
Calyx of 4 lanceolate sepals ; leaves all reduced to scales. 10. Bartonia.
i. CENTAURIUM Hill. Brit. Herb. 62. 1756.
[ERYTHRAEA Neck. Eletn. 2: 10. 1/90.]
Herbs, mostly annual or biennial, with sessile or amplexicaul leaves, and small or middle
sized, commonly numerous, pink, white or yellow flowers in cymes or spikes. Calyx tubular,
5~4-lobed or -divided, the lobes or segments narrow, keeled. Corolla salverform, 5-4-lobed,
the tube long or short, the lobes spreading, contorted, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5 or 4,
inserted on the corolla-tube; filaments short-filiform; anthers linear or oblong, becoming
spirally twisted. Ovary i-celled, the placentae sometimes intruded; style filiform; stigma
2-lobed. Capsule oblong-ovoid or fusiform, 2-valved. Seed-coat reticulated. [Latin, 100
gold pieces, with reference to its supposed medicinal value. 1
About 25 species, natives of the Old World, western North and South America, and in the West
Indies. Besides the following, about 8 others occur in the western and southwestern parts of the
United States. Type species: Gentiana Centaurium L.
Flowers spicate-racemose. i. C.spicatum.
Flowers cymose or cymose-paniculate.
Basal leaves tufted. 2. C. Centaurium.
No tuft of basal leaves.
Corolla-lobes i^"-2j^" long.
I
GENTIAXACEAE.
VOL. III.
Flowers short-pedicelled ; naturalized species.
Flowers slender-pedicelled ; native western species.
Leaves oblong to linear-oblong.
Upper leaves mere subulate bracts.
Corolla-lobes 3K"-5" long.
3. C. pulchellum.
4. C. exaltatum.
5. C. iexcnse.
6. C. calycosiim.
i. Centaurium spicatum (L.) Fernald. Spiked
Centaury. Fig. 3330.
Gentiana spicata L. Sp. PI. 230. 1753.
Erythraea spicata Pers. Syn. i: 283. 1805.
Centaurium spicatum Fernald, Rhodora 10 : 54. 1908.
Annual, glabrous, erect, strict, usually branched, 6'-i8'
high. Leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, sessile, obtusish
at the apex, clasping at the base, i'-ii' long, 2"-"" wide;
flowers pink, sessile, distant and spicate-racemose on the
mostly simple and leafless branches, about 8" long; tube of
the corolla somewhat longer than the subulate calyx-seg-
ments, 2-3 times as long as the linear-oblong lobes ; capsule
4"-5" long.
Coast of Nantucket, and at Portsmouth, Va. Naturalized
from Europe. May-Sept.
2. Centaurium Centaurium (L.) W. F. Wight.
Lesser or European Centaury. Bitter-herb.
Blood wort. Fig. 3331.
Gentiana Centaurium L. Sp. PI. 229. 1753.
Erythraea Centaurium Pers. Syn. i : 283. 1805.
C. Centaurium W. F. Wight, Contr. Nat. Herb, u : 449. 1906.
Annual, glabrous, erect, usually branched, 6'-i5' high.
Leaves oblong, apex obtuse, the base narrowed; the lower
forming a basal tuft, i'-2$' long, 3"-6" wide; stem leaves
smaller, distant, rounded at the sessile or slightly clasping
base ; flowers numerous, 6"-8" long, nearly sessile, in com-
pound terminal mostly dense bracteolate cymes ; corolla-
lobes obtuse, 2$"-3" long, about as long as trie calyx-seg-
ments and one-third to one-half as long as the corolla-
tube; stigmas oval.
In waste places, Nova Scotia and Quebec to Massachusetts,
Illinois and Michigan. Naturalized from Europe. Earth-gall.
Sanctuary. June-Sept.
3. Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) Druce. Branching Centaury. Fig. 3332.
Gentiana pulchella Sw. Act. Holm. 1783: 84. /. 8, 9. 1783.
Gentiana ramosissima Vill. Hist. PI. Dauph. 2: 530. 1787.
Erythraea ramosissima Pers. Syn. 1 : 283. 1805.
Erythraea pulchella Fries, Novit. 74. 1828.
C. pulchellum Druce, Fl. Oxf. 342. 1897.
Annual, glabrous, much branched, 3'-8' high. Leaves
oval, ovate or lanceolate, the lower mostly obtuse, 3"-8"
long, the upper usually acutish or acute and smaller;
no basal tuft of leaves ; flowers pink, cymose-paniculate,
all or nearly all of them short-pedicelled, 5"-6" long;
tube of "the corolla ii-2 times longer than the calyx-
segments, its lobes oblong, obtuse, ii"-2" long; stigma
oval ; anthers oblong.
In fields and waste places, southern New York to Penn-
sylvania, Illinois and Maryland ; also in the West Indies.
Naturalized from Europe. June-Sept.
GENUS I.
GENTIAN FAMILY.
4- Centaurium exaltatum (Griseb.) W. F. Wight.
Tall or Western Centaury. Fig. 3333.
Cicendia exaltata Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 69. pi. 157.
1834-
Erythraea Douglasii A. Gray, Bot. Cal. i : 480. 1876.
Erythraea exaltata Coville, Contr. Nat. Herb. 4: 150. 1893.
C. exaltatum W. F. Wight, Contr. Nat. Herb, n : 449. 1906.
Annual, erect, glabrous, branched, 6'-i8' high, the
branches few, erect, slender. Leaves oblong or linear-
oblong, sessile, mostly acute at both ends, 5"-io" long,
distant, the basal not tufted; flowers few, terminal and
axillary, all slender-pedicelled, 6"-8" long; tube of the
corolla about one-third longer than the calyx-segments,
the lobes oblong, obtuse, \\"-2" long.
In sandy soil, western Nebraska to Wyoming, Washington,
Arizona and California. May-Sept.
5. Centaurium texense (Griseb.) Fernald.
. Texan Centaury. Fig. 3334.
Erythraea texensis Griseb ; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 58.
1838.
C. texense Fernald, Rhodora 10 : 54. 1908.
Annual, corymbosely branched above, slender, 2'-8'
high. Stem-leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 8"
long or less, acute, sessile, the upper ones reduced
to subulate bracts; pedicels slender, as long as the
calyx or longer ; calyx 4"-5" long, its lobes subulate ;
corolla light rose color, its tube longer than the
calyx, its acute oblong to oblong-lanceolate lobes
about half as long as the tube ; capsule longer than
the calyx.
In rocky soil, Missouri to Texas. May-Sept.
6. Centaurium calycosum (Buckley) Fernald. Buck-
ley's Centaury. Fig. 3335.
Erythraea calycosa Buckley, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1862: 7. 1863.
Centaurium calycosum Fernald, Rhodora 10: 54. 1908.
Annual, corymbosely branched or sometimes simple, 2 high
or less, the branches ascending or spreading. Leaves oblong
to spatulate or linear, *'-:$' long, acute, sessile; pedicels as
long as the calyx or longer ; calyx .4"-5" long, its lobes nar-
rowly linear; corolla pink, its tube a little longer than the
calyx, its oval or oblong obtuse lobes nearly as long as the
tube.
In wet or moist soil, Missouri to Texas, Mexico and New Mexico.
April-June.
2. SABBATIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 503. 1763.
Annual or biennial erect usually branched glabrous herbs, with opposite or sometimes
verticillate sessile or rarely petioled or clasping leaves, and rather large terminal and solitary
or cymose pink rose or white flowers. Calyx 4-i2-parted or -divided, the tube campanulate,
sometimes very short, the lobes or segments usually narrow. Corolla rotate, deeply 4-12-
parted. Stamens 4-12, inserted on the short tube pf the corolla; filaments filiform, short;
GENTIAXACEAE.
VOL. III.
anthers linear or oblong, curved, revolute or coiled in anthesis. Ovary i-celled, the placentae
intruded; style 2-cleft or 2-parted, its lobes filiform, stigmatic along their inner sides. Cap-
sule ovoid or globose, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds small, reticulated. [In honor of L.
and C. Sabbati, Italian botanists, according to Salisbury, Parad. Lond. pi. 32, therefore
Sabbatia, though Adanson's spelling was Sabatia.]
About 1 8 species, natives of eastern North America, the West Indies and Mexico. Besides the
following, some 6 others occur in the southern United States. Type species : Chironia dodecandra L.
Flowers normally 4-s-parted, sometimes 6-7-parted.
Branches opposite.
Style 2-parted to below the middle or nearly to the base ; flowers white.
Leaves lanceolate or ovate, acute ; flowers 8"-i2" broad. i. S. lanceolata.
Leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse; flowers 6" 9" broad. 2. S.paniculata,
Style 2-cleft to about the middle ; flowers normally pink.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile ; stem slightly 4-angled. 3. S. brachiata.
Leaves ovate, cordate-clasping ; stem strongly 4-angled. 4. S. angnlaris.
Branches alternate, the lower sometimes opposite in nos. 5 and 6.
Calyx-segments foliaceous, longer than the corolla. 5. S. calycina.
Calyx-segments linear or lanceolate, not longer than the corolla.
Calyx-tube 5-ribbed ; flowers i' 2' broad; leaves ovate to oblong. 6. S. cainfestris.
Calyx-tube scarcely ribbed; flowers i'-i l /z' broad; leaves linear to lanceolate.
Calyx shorter than the corolla ; style 2-parted.
Flower pink with a yellow eye (rarely white) ; corolla-segments obovate.
7. S.stellaris.
Flowers white, very numerous ; corolla-segments spatulate or oblanceolate.
8. S.Elliot Hi.
Calyx-segments filiform, as long as the corolla ; style 2-cleft. 9. S. campanulata.
Flowers normally 8-i2-parted, ij^'-sj^' broad. 10. S. dodecandra.
i. Sabbatia lanceolata (Walt.) T. & G.
Lance-leaved Sabbatia. Fig. 3336.
Chironia lanceolata Walt. Fl. Car. 95. 1788.
S. lanceolata T. & G. ; A. Gray, Man. 356. 1848.
Stem branched above, or simple, slender, some-
what 4-angled, or terete below, i-3 high, the
branches all opposite. Leaves lanceolate to ovate,
acute, or the lower sometimes obtuse, 3~5-nerved,
i '-2' long, or the lowest shorter, the uppermost
reduced to narrow bracts ; flowers white, fading
yellowish, 8"-i2" broad, usually numerous in
bracteolate corymbed cymes ; pedicels slender,
2"-/" long; calyx-lobes filiform-linear, much
shorter than the corolla ; corolla-segments oblong
or slightly obovate ; anthers recurved ; style
; capsule ovoid, about 3" high.
2-parted ; capsule ovoid, about 3 high.
In pine-barren swamps, New Jersey to Florida.
May-Sept.
2. Sabbatia paniculata (Michx.) Pursh.
Branching Sabbatia. Fig. 3337.
C. paniculata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 146. 1803.
S. paniculata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 138. 1814.
Stem _ usually freely branching, 4-angled.
i-2| high, the branches all opposite. Leaves
linear, linear-oblong, or lanceolate, obtuse,
i'-ii' long, the lower commonly shorter and
broader, the uppermost small and bract-like ;
flowers white, 6"-g" broad, usually very nu-
merous in corymbed cymes ; pedicels mostly
short, the central flowers of the cymes often
nearly sessile ; calyx-lobes linear, not more
than one-half the length of the corolla; co-
rolla-segments spatulate-oblong; anthers re-
curved or coiled; style 2-parfed; capsule ob-
long, about 3" high.
In dry or moist soil, Virginia to Florida. May-
Sept.
GENUS 2.
GEXTIAX FAMILY.
3. Sabbatia brachiata. Ell. Narrow-
leaved Sabbatia. Fig. 3338.
Clrironia angularis var. angustifolia Michx. Fl.
Bor. Am. i : 146. 1803.
S. brachiata Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i : 284. 1817.
S. angustifolia Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 259.
1894.
Stem slender, branched above, slightly 4-
angled, i-2 high, the branches all opposite.
Leaves linear, linear-oblong, or linear-lanceo-
late, obtuse, or the upper acute, sessile, 1-2'
long, the uppermost small and bract-like ;
flowers pink with a yellowish or greenish eye,
few in the racemed or short-corymbcd cymes,
or solitary at the ends of the branches, about
i' broad; calyx-lobes linear, usually more than
one-half the length of the corolla ; corolla-
segments obovate-oblong ; style 2-c!eft to about
the middle ; capsule oblong, 3 "-4" high.
In dry or moist soil, Indiana to Louisiana, east
to North Carolina and Florida. May-Sept.
A. Sabbatia angularis (L.) Pursh. Bitter-bloom. Rose-Pink. Square-stemmed
Sabbatia. Fig. 3339.
Chironia angularis L. Sp. PI. 190. 1753.
5". angularis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 137. 1814.
Stem usually rather stout and much branched,
sharply 4-angled, 2-3 high, the branches all
opposite or the lowest rarely alternate. Leaves
ovate, acute at the apex, cordate-clasping at the
base, 9" 1 8" long, or the lower oblong and ob-
tuse, those of the branches smaller ; flowers rose-
pink, with a central greenish star, occasionally
white, i'-ii' broad, usually solitary at the ends
of the branches; calyx-lobes linear, one-half the
length of the corolla, or less; corolla-segments
obovate; style 2-cleft; capsule oblong, about 3"
high.
In rich soil, often in thickets, New York and
Pennsylvania to western Ontario, Michigan, Flor-
ida, Arkansas, Oklahoma and Louisiana. Bitter
clover. Pink-bloom. American centaury. July-Aug.
Flowers fragrant.
5. Sabbatia calycina (Lam.) Heller.
Coast Sabbatia. Fig. 3340.
Gentiana calycina Lam. Encycl. 2: 638. 1786.
C. calycosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 146. 1803.
Sabbatia calycosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 138. 1814.
S. calycina Heller, Bull. Torr. Club 21 : 24. 1894.
Stem somewhat 4-angled, freely branched,
6'-i2' high, the branches alternate, or the
lowest sometimes opposite. Leaves oblong or
some of them slightly obovate, obtuse or acute,
3-nerved, i'-2' long, narrowed to the sessile
base or the lower into petioles ; flowers usu-
ally few, solitary at the ends of the branches
or peduncles, i'-ii' broad; calyx-lobes linear
or spatulate, leaf-like, longer than the spatu-
late segments of the pink rose-purple or whit-
ish corolla ; style 2-parted, capsule ovoid-
oblong, 3"-4" high.
In moist soil, Virginia to Florida, near the
Coast, Cuba ; Santo Domingo. June-Auer,
GENTIANACEAE.
VOL. III.
6. Sabbatia campestris Xutt. Prairie
Sabbatia. Fig. 3341.
Sabbatia campestris Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc.
(II.) 5: 197, 1833-37.
Stem 4-angled, branched, 6'-i5' high, the
branches alternate or dichotomous, or the lowest
opposite. Leaves ovate, oblong or lanceolate,
mostly obtuse at the apex, sessile or slightly
clasping and subcordate at the base, i'-i' long;
flowers solitary at the ends of the branches and
peduncles, i'-2' broad; peduncles, 1-2' long;
calyx 5-ribbed or almost 5-winged, its lobes lan-
ceolate, acute, 6"-i2" long, about as long as the
obovate lilac corolla-segments, becoming rather
rigid in fruit; style 2-cleft; capsule oblong, 3"-4"
high.
On prairies, Missouri and Kansas to Texas.
7. Sabbatia stellaris Pursh. Sea or Marsh
Pink. Fig. 3342.
Sabbatia stellaris Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i : 137. 1814.
Chironia stellata Muhl. Cat. Ed. 2, 23. 1818.
Stem nearly terete, or slightly 4-angled, usually
much branched, 6'-2 high, the branches alternate.
Leaves lanceolate-oblong to linear, sessile, i'-2'
long, 2"-5" wide, or the lowest smaller, some-
what obovate and obtuse, the uppermost narrowly
linear and bract-like ; flowers 9"-! 8" broad, usu-
ally numerous, solitary at the ends of the branches
or slender peduncles ; calyx not ribbed, its lobes
narrowly linear, shorter than or nearly equalling
the oblong or obovate corolla-segments; corolla
pink to white with a yellowish starry eye bor-
dered with red ; style 2-cleft to below the middle ;
capsule about 2\" high.
In salt-meadows, coast of Massachusetts to Flor-
ida. Recorded from Maine. Called also Rose-of-
Ply mouth. July-Sept.
8. Sabbatia Elliottii Steud. Elliott's
Sabbatia. Fig. 3343.
Swertla difformis L. Sp. PI. 226. 1753?
Sabbatia paniculata Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i : 282.
1817. Not Pursh, 1814.
S. Elliottii Steud. Nomencl. Ed. 2, 2 : 489. 1841.
_ Stem paniculately branched, terete or slightly
ridged, i-2 high, the branches alternate.
Lower leaves obovate or lanceolate-oblong,
obtuse, 6"-9" long, the upper and those of the
branches narrowly linear or subulate; flowers
very numerous, white, solitary at the ends of
the branches and short peduncles, i' broad or
less; calyx not ribbed, its lobes subulate-linear,
one-half as long as the spatulate or oblanceo-
late segments of the corolla, or less; style
2-parted; capsule about 2\" high.
In pine-barrens, Virginia and North Carolina to
Florida. Quinine-flower. July-Sept.
GENUS 2.
GENTIAN FAMILY.
9. Sabbatia campanulata (L.) Torr. Slender Marsh Pink. Fig. 3344.
Chironia campanulata L. Sp. PI. 190. 1753.
Chironia gracilis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 146. 1803.
Sabbatia gracilis Salisb. Farad. Lond. pi. 32. 1806.
Sabbatia campanulata Torr. Fl. U. S. i : 217. 1824.
Similar to the preceding species. Stem usually
very slender and much branched, i-2 high, the
branches alternate. Leaves linear, or linear-lan-
ceolate. i'-ii' long, sessile, acute, or the lowest
much shorter, obtuse, oblong or oblanceolate,
sometimes narrowed into short petioles, the up-
permost almost filiform ; flowers pink with a
yellow eye, about i' broad, solitary at the ends
of the branches and peduncles, mostly 5-parted ;
calyx-lobes filiform-linear, equalling the oblong-
obovate corolla-segments, or somewhat shorter;
style 2-cleft to about the middle; capsule obovoid,
about 22" high.
In salt marshes and along brackish rivers, rarely
in fresh-water swamps, Nantucket to Florida and
Louisiana. Also on the summits of the southern
Alleghanies. Bahamas; Cuba. May-Aug.
10. Sabbatia dodecandra (L.) B.S.P. Large Marsh Pink. Fig. 3345.
Chironia dodecandra L. Sp. PI. 190. 1753.
Chironia chloroides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 147. 1803.
Sabbatia chloroides Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 138. 1814.
Sabbatia dodecandra B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 36. 1888.
Stem i-2 high, little branched or simple, terete
or nearly so, the branches alternate. Basal leaves
spatulate, obtuse, ii'-3' long; stem leaves lanceolate
or oblong-lanceolate, acute, the uppermost usually
narrowly linear; flowers few, pink, sometimes white,
solitary at the ends of the branches or peduncles,
iF-22' broad; calyx-lobes narrowly linear, about
one-half as long as the 8-12 spatulate-obovate co-
rolla-segments ; anthers coiled ; style deeply 2-cleft,
its divisions clavate ; capsule globose-oval, 3" high.
In sandy borders of ponds and along salt marshes,
Massachusetts to North Carolina, near the coast. July-
Sept. Plants of the Gulf States, previously referred to
this species, prove to be distinct.
3. EUSTOMA Salisb. Parad. Lond. pi 34. 1806.
Erect usually branched glaucous annual herbs, with opposite sessile or clasping entire
leaves. Flowers large, blue, purple or white, long-peduncled, axillary and terminal, solitary
or paniculate. Calyx deeply 5-6-cleft, the lobes lanceolate, acuminate, keeled. Corolla broadly
campanulate, deeply 5-6-lobed, the lobes oblong or obovate, usually erose-denticulate, convo-
lute in the bud. Stamens 5-6, inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments filiform;
anthers oblong, versatile, at length recurved, or remaining nearly straight. Ovary i-celled;
style filiform ; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule oblong or ovoid, 2-valved. Seeds small, numer-
ous, foveolate. [Greek, open-mouth, referring to the corolla.]
Four species, natives of the southern United States, New Mexico and the West Indies,
species: Eustoma silenifoHum Salisb.
Type
GENTIANACEAE.
VOL. III.
i. Eustoma Russellianum (Hook.) Griseb.
Russell's Eustoma. Fig. 3346.
Lisianthits Russellianus Hook. Bot. Mag. pi. 3626. 1839.
Lisianthus glancifolius Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.)
5:197. 1833-37. Not. Jacq. 1786.
E. Russellianum Griseb. in DC. Prodr. 9: 51. 1845.
Stem terete, rather stout, i-2$ high. Leaves
oblong or ovate-oblong, 3-5-nerved, the upper usually
acute at the apex, cordate-clasping at the base, ii'~3'
long, the lower usually obtuse at the apex and nar-
rowed to a sessile or slightly auricled base; pedun-
cles i '-4' long, stout, bracted at the base, the bracts
lanceolate-subulate, small ; flowers 2'-$' broad ;
calyx-lobes long-acuminate, shorter than the purple
corolla ; corolla-lobes obovate, about 4 times as long
as the tube ; style slender ; anthers remaining nearly
straight; capsule oblong, pointed.
On prairies, Nebraska to Louisiana, Colorado, Texas,
New Mexico and Mexico. Canada pest. May-Aug.
4. GENTIANA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 227. 1753.
Erect mostly glabrous herbs, with opposite or rarely verticillate, entire sessile or short-
petioled leaves. Flowers blue, purple, yellow or white, solitary or clustered, terminal or
axillary. Calyx tubular, 4-7- (usually 5-) cleft. Corolla tubular, clavate, campanulate, sal-
verform or funnelform (rotate in some exotic species), 4~7-lobed, often gland-bearing within*
the lobes entire or fimbriate. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and inserted in its
tube, included; anthers connate into a tube, or separate, not recurved or coiled. Ovary
i-celled; ovules very numerous; style short or none; stigma cleft into 2 lamellae. Capsule
sessile or stipitate, 2-valved. Seeds numerous, sometimes covering the whole inner wall of
the capsule, wingless or winged. [Named for King Gentius of Illyria.]
About 150 species, mostly natives of the north temperate and arctic zones and the Andes of
South America. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the western parts of North America.
Type species: Gentiana lutea L.
Corolla-lobes fringed or serrate ; flowers I'-j,' long.
Corolla enclosed in the swollen wing-angled calyx.
CoroUa conspicuously longer than the wingless calyx.
Corolla-lobes fringed all around their summits ; leaves lanceolate.
Corolla-lobes fringed mainly on the margins ; leaves linear.
Corolla-lobes with entire or rarely denticulate margins; flowers 6 "-12" long.
Corolla-lobes fimbriate-crested at the base, acute.
Corolla-lobes naked, subulate-acuminate.
Calyx-lobes unequal : flowers mostly 4-parted.
Calyx-lobes equal ; flowers 5-parted.
1. G. vcntricosa,
2. G. crinita.
3. G. procera.
4. G. acuta.
5. G. propinqua.
6. G- quinqucfolia.
i. Gentiana ventricosa Griseb.
tian. Fig. 3347.
Swollen Gen-
Gentiana ventricosa Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 65.
pi. 152. 1834.
Annual; stem strict, terete, branched above, about i
high. Basal leaves obovate, small, those of the stem
ovate-oblong, obtuse or acute at the apex, rounded or
subcordate at the base, i' long, 4"-6" wide; flowers few,
solitary at the ends of stout peduncles, 4-parted; calyx
inflated, ovoid, about 9" high, 4"-$" thick, wing-angled,
enclosing the corolla; corolla-lobes oblong, obtuse, lac-
erate-serrate ; ovary elliptic-oblong.
Grand Rapids of Saskatchewan, between Cumberland
House and Hudson Bay (Drummond). Not recently col-
lected.
GENUS 4.
GENTIAN FAMILY.
2. Gentiana crinita Froel. Fringed Gen-
tian. Fig. 3348.
Gentiana crinita Froel. Gen. 112. 1796.
Annual or biennial ; stem leafy, usually branch-
ed, I -3i high, the branches erect, somewhat
4-angled. Basal and lower leaves obovate, ob-
tuse, the upper lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
i'-2 f long, acute or acuminate at the apex, sessile
by a rounded or subcordate base ; flowers mostly
4-parted, several or numerous, about 2' high,
solitary at the ends of the usually elongated
peduncles ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, un-
equal, their midribs decurrent on the angles of
the tube ; corolla bright blue, rarely white, nar-
rowly campanulate, its lobes obovate, rounded,
conspicuously fringed all around their summits,
scarcely fringed on the sides, spreading when
mature; capsule spindle-shaped, stipitate; seeds
scaly-hispid.
In moist woods and meadows, Quebec to Ontario.
Minnesota, south to Georgia and Iowa. Sept.-Oct.
3. Gentiana procera Holm. Smaller
Fringed Gentian. Fig. 3349.
Gentiana procera Holm, Ottawa Nat. 15: n. 1901.
Annual ; similar to the preceding species but
smaller; stem simple, or little branched, 3'-i8'
high. Basal and lower leaves spatulate, obtuse,
the upper linear or linear-lanceolate, i'-2i' long,
2,"-4" wide ; flowers 1-6, solitary at the ends of
elongated erect peduncles, mostly 4-parted, about
li' high ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, their
midribs decurrent on the tube ; corolla narrowly
campanulate, bright blue, its lobes spatulate-
oblong, strongly fringed on both sides, entire or
somewhat fimbriate or toothed around the apex;
capsule short-stipitate ; seeds scaly-hispid.
In wet places, New York and Ontario to Minne-
sota, South Dakota and Manitoba. July-Sept. Pre-
viously confused with G. detonsa Rottb. and with G.
serrata Gunner, Old World species. Northwestern
and Rocky Mountain plants formerly referred to
this species prove to be distinct from it.
Gentiana nesophila Holm, of Anticosti, differs in
merely denticulate corolla-lobes.
4. Gentiana acuta Michx. Northern Gentian.
Fig. 3350.
Gentiana acuta Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 177. 1803. W>~
Gentiana Amarella var. acuta Herder, Act. Hort. Petrop.
i : 428. 1872.
Annual; stem leafy, slightly wing-angled, simple or
branched, 6'-2o' high. Basal and lower leaves spatu-
late or obovate, obtuse, the upper lanceolate, acuminate
or acute at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the
base, sessile, or somewhat clasping, i'-2' long; flowers
numerous, racemose-spicate, 5"-8" high, the pedicels
2"-6" long, leafy-bracted at the base; calyx deeply
5-parted (rarely 4-parted), its lobes lanceolate; corolla
tubular-campanulate, 5-lobed (rare'y 4-lobed), blue, its
lobes lanceolate, acute, each with a fimbriate crown at
the base ; capsule sessile.
In moist or wet places, Labrador to Alaska, Maine,
Minnesota, south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona and
Mexico. Also in Europe and Asia. Closely resembles the
Old World G. Amarella. Felwort. Bastard-gentian. Bald-
money. Summer.
GENTIANACEAE.
VOL. III.
5. Gentiana propinqua Richards. Four-parted
Gentian. Fig. 3351.
Gentiana propinqua Richards. Frank. Journ. 734. 1823.
Stems slender, usually branched from the base and
sometimes also above, slightly wing-angled, 2'-? high.
Basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, the upper distant, obiong
or lanceolate, i'-ii' long, acute or obtusish at the apex,
rounded at the slightly clasping base, obscurely 3-nerved;
flowers few or several, solitary on slender peduncles,
mostly 4-parted, 8"-io" high; calyx 4-cleft, 2 of the
lobes oblong, the others linear-lanceolate; corolla blue
or bluish, glandular within at the base, its lobes ovate-
lanceolate, entire or denticulate; capsule linear, at length
a little longer than the corolla.
Labrador to Alaska and British Columbia. Summer.
6. Gentiana quinquefolia L. Stiff Gentian.
Ague-weed. Fig. 3352.
Gentiana quinquefolia L. Sp. PI. 230. i753
Gentiana quinque flora Lam. Encycl. 2: 643. 1786.
Annual ; stem ridged, usually branched, 2'-2^
high, quadrangular. Basal leaves spatulate, obtuse,
those of the stem ovate, acute at the apex, clasping
and subcordate or rounded at the base, 3~7-nerved,
\'-2.' long; flowers in clusters of 1-7 at the ends
of the branches, or also axillary; pedicels slender,
2" -7" long; calyx one-fourth to one-third the length
of the corolla, its lobes narrow, or sometimes folia-
ceous, acute ; corolla tubular-funnelform, s"-io"
long, blue or yellowish, glandular within at the base,
its lobes triangular, very acute, entire; capsule stipi-
tate; seeds globose, wingless.
In dry or moist soil, Maine and Ontario to Michigan,
south to Florida and Missouri. Ascends to 6300 ft. in North Carolina. Consists of several or
many races, differing in size of plant, size of corolla ; the calyx-lobes narrow or broad. Five-
flowered gentian. Gall-of-the-Earth. Gall-weed. Aug.-Oct.
5. DASYSTEPHANA [Reneal.] Adans. Fam. PI. 2 : 502. 1763.
Mostly perennial herbs with opposite entire leaves, and large sessile or short-stalked
flowers in terminal and axillary clusters, or sometimes solitary, usually 2-bracted under the
calyx. Calyx mostly 5-lobed, with an interior membrane. Corolla mostly 5-lobed, clavate
to funnelform, with thin lobed or toothed plaits in the sinuses, but without glands. Stamens
as many as the corolla-lobes, the anthers cohering in a ring or separate. Ovary i-celled;
ovules very numerous ; style short ; capsule stipitate. [Greek, rough garland.]
About 75 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, several others
occur in western North America. Type species : Gentiana asclepiadea L.
Margins of leaves and calyx-lobes scabrous or ciliate ; seeds winged.
Anthers separate, or merely connivent.
Stems usually clustered ; calyx-lobes unequal ; corolla narrowly funnelform. i. D. affinis.
Stems mostly solitary ; calyx-lobes equal ; corolla campanulate-funnelform. 2. D. pubcrula.
Anthers cohering in a ring or short tube.
Corolla-lobes distinct, longer than or equalling the plaits.
Flowers 1-4 ; corolla campanulate-funnelform, its lobes 2-3 times as long as the plaits.
3. D. parvifolia.
Flowers several or numerous ; corolla club-shaped, its lobes not much longer than the
plaits. 4. D. Saponaria.
Corolla-lobes none or minute, the plaits very broad. 5. D.Andre-wsii.
Margins of leaves and calyx-lobes smooth or nearly so.
Flowers clustered, sessile, 2-bracteolate under the calyx.
Corolla-lobes ovate, twice as long as the plaits ; leaves broad, acuminate ; seeds winged.
6. D. flavida.
Corolla-lobes rounded, little longer than the plaits ; leaves narrow ; seeds winged.
7. D. linearis.
Corolla-lobes ovate, acute, much longer than the broad plaits ; leaves broad ; seeds winged.
8. D. Grayi.
Corolla-lobes triangular-lanceolate ; leaves obovate ; seeds wingless. 9. D. villosa.
Flowers solitary, peduncled, not bracteolate ; leaves linear. 10. D. Porphyrio.
GENUS 5.
GEXTIAX FAMILY.
II
i. Dasystephana affinis (Griseb.) Rydb. Ob-
long-leaved Gentian. Fig. 3353.
Gentiana affinis Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 56. 1834.
D. affinis Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 33 : 149. 1906.
Perennial; stems clustered from deep roots, minutely
puberulent, simple, 6'-i8' high. Leaves linear-oblong
to lanceolate-oblong, obtuse or acutish, rounded or
narrowed at the base, firm, roughish-margined, indis-
tinctly nerved, J'-ii' long, the floral smaller; flowers
few, numerous, or rarely solitary, 5-parted, sessile and
solitary or clustered in the axils of the upper leaves,
about i' high, not bracted under the calyx ; calyx-lobes
linear or subulate, unequal, the longer about equalling
the tube, the smaller sometimes minute; corolla nar-
rowly funnelform, blue, its lobes ovate, acute or mu-
cronate, entire, spreading, with laciniate appendages in
the sinuses ; anthers separate ; seeds broadly winged.
In moist soil, Minnesota to British Columbia, south in
the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico. Aug.-Oct.
2. Dasystephana puberula (Michx.) Small.
Downy Gentian. Fig. 3354.
Gentiana puberula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 176. 1803.
D. puberula Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 930. 1903.
Perennial; stems usually solitary, leafy, 8'-i8' high,
minutely puberulent or glabrous, nearly terete. Leaves
firm, lanceolate, or the lower oblong, roughish-
margined, indistinctly nerved, pale beneath, nar-
rowed or rounded at the base, i' 3' long; flowers
sessile or nearly so in the upper axils, rarely soli-
tary and terminal, 2-bracteolate under the calyx,
\\'-2.' high ; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, equal, about
as long as the tube, rough ; corolla campanulate-
funnelform, 2-3 times as long as the calyx, its lobes
ovate, entire, spreading, much longer than the cleft
or laciniate appendages ; anthers at first connivent,
soon separate; seeds oblong, broadly winged.
On prairies, Maryland to Ohio, Minnesota, South
Dakota, Georgia and Kansas. Aug.-Oct.
3. Dasystephana parvifolia (Chapm.)
Small. Elliott's Gentian. Fig. 3355.
^Gentiana rigida Raf. Med. Fl. i: 212. 1832.
Gentiana Elliottii Chapm. Fl. S. States, 356. 1860.
Not Raf.
"iGentiana scaberrima Kusnezow, Act. Hort. Petrop.
13: 59- 1893.
D. parvifolia Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 930. 1903.
D. latifolia Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 930. 1903.
Perennial ; roots a cluster of thick fibres ; stems
slender, leafy, terete, minutely rough-puberulent,
simple, 8'-2 high. Leaves ovate or lanceolate,
acute or acutish at the apex, rounded or narrowed
at the base, thin, roughish-margined, i' 2' long,
3-nerved, or the lower much smaller and obtuse;
flowers 1-4, terminal, or rarely I or 2 in the
upper axils, about 2' long, sessile, 2-bracteolate
under the glabrous calyx; calyx-lobes oblong or
lanceolate, foliaceous, longer than the tube ; co-
rolla campanulate-funnelform, blue, its lobes
ovate, obtuse, sometimes mucronate, entire, 3"-4"
long, about twice as long as the fimbriate or
toothed appendages ; anthers cohering in a tube ;
seeds oblong, broadly winged.
In moist soil, Virginia to Florida. Sampson snake- root. Sept.-Oct.
Gentiana decora Pollard, of the same range, differs in having the calyx-tube pubescent.
12
GENTIANACEAE.
VOL. III.
4. Dasystephana Saponaria (L.) Small.
Soapwort or Blue-Gentian. Fig. 3356.
Gcntiana Saponaria L. Sp. PI. 228. 1753.
Gentiana Caicsbaci Walt. Fl. Car. 109. 1788.
D. Saponaria Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 930. 1903.
Perennial ; stem erect or ascending, terete,
slender, simple or with short erect axillary
branches, glabrous, or minutely rough-puber-
ulent above, i-2* high, leafy. Leaves lan-
ceolate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, usually
acute at both ends, 3-5-nerved, roushish-mar-
gined, 2'-^' long, the lowest obovate and
smaller; flowers i'-2' high, in sessile terminal
and usually also axillary clusters of 1-5,
2-bractco!ate under the calyx; calyx-lobes
oblong or spatulate, ciliolate; corolla blue,
club-shaped, its lobes erect, obtuse, equall ng
or longer than the cleft or lacerate append-
ages; anthers cohering in a tube; capsule stip-
itate ; seeds broadly w-inged.
In wet soil, Ontario to Minnesota, Connecticut,
Florida and Louisiana. Calathian violet. Harvest-
bells. Rough or marsh-gentian. Sampson snake-
root. Aug.-Oct.
5. Dasystephana Andrews!! (Griseb.) Small.
Closed Blue or Blind Gentian. Fig. 3357.
JGenliana alba Muhl. Cat. Ed. 2, 29. 1818.
JGentiana claitsa Raf. Med. Fl. i : 210. 1832.
G, Andrewtii Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 55. 1834.
D. Andren-sii Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 930. 1903.
Perennial; stout, glabrous, i-2 high, simple,
leafy. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, 3-/-nerved, acu-
minate at the apex, narrowed or sometimes rounded
at the base, 2'-$.' long, rough-margined, the lowest
oblong or obovate, smaller; flowers I'-i-J' high
in a terminal sessile cluster and commonly I or 2
in the upper axils, 2-bracteolate under the calyx ;
calyx-lobes lanceolate or ovate, ciliolate, usually
spreading; corolla oblong, club-shaped, blue, or
occasionally white, nearly or quite closed, its lobes
obsolete, the intervening appendages very broad,
light colored, opposite the stamens; anthers coher-
ing in a tube; capsule stipitate; seeds oblong,
winged.
In moist soil, Quebec to Manitoba, Georgia and Ne-
braska. Cloistered-heart. Bottle- or barrel-gentian.
Aug.-Oct.
6. Dasystephana flavida (A. Gray) Brit-
ton. Yellowish Gentian. Fig. 3358.
G. flavida A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 1 : 80. 1846.
G. alba A. Gray, Man. 360. 1848. Not Muhl. 1818.
Perennial ; stem stout, terete, glabrous, sim-
ple, erect or ascending, i-3 high. Leaves ovate-
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, smooth-mar-
gined, acuminate at the apex, subcordate. clasp-
ing or rounded at the base, 2'-$' long, i'-2'wide;
flowers several or numerous in a sessile terminal
cluster and sometimes i or 2 in the upper axils,
ii'-2' high, 2-bracteolate under the calyx;
calyx-lobes ovate, acute, smooth or minutely
rough-margined, shorter than the tube, at length
spreading; corolla campanulate-funnelform,
open, greenish or yellowish white, its lobes
ovate, acute or obtuse, twice as long as the
erose-denticulate appendages ; anthers cohering
in a tube; capsule stipitate; seeds winged.
In moist soil, Ontario to Minnesota, Missouri,
Virginia and Kentucky. Aug.-Oct.
GENUS 5.
GEXTIAX FAMILY.
7. Dasystephana linearis (Froel.) Britton.
Narrow-leaved Gentian. Fig. 3359.
Gentiana linearis Froel. Gent. 37. 1796.
Genliana Saponaria var. linearis Griseb. in Hook. Fl.
Bor. Am. 2 : 55. 1834.
Gentiana rubncaulis Schwein. in Keating's Narr.
Long's Exp. 2: 384. 1824.
Gentiana linearis var. lanceolata A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 :
Part i, 123. 1878.
Perennial; glabrous throughout; stem slender,
terete, simple, 6'-2 high, leafy. Leaves linear
or linear-lanceolate, smooth-margined, acute at
both ends, 3-nerved, ii'-3' long, 2"-5" wide ;
flowers i '-i I' high in a terminal cluster of 1-5
and sometimes also in the upper axils ; calyx-
lobes linear or lanceolate, shorter than the tube;
corolla erect, blue, oblong-funnelform, open, its
lobes erect, rounded, i"-2" long, slightly longer
than the entire or i-2-toothed appendages ; an-
thers coherent in a tube, or at length distinct;
capsule stipitate; seeds winged.
In bogs and on mountains, New Brunswick and
Ontario to Maryland and Minnesota. Ascends to
5000 ft. in the Adirondacks. Aug.-Sept.
8. Dasystephana Grayi (Kusnezow) Brit-
ton. Gray's Gentian. Fig. 3360.
Gentiana linearis var. latifolia A. Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. 22 : 309. 1887.
Gentiana Grayi Kusnezow, Act. Hort. Petrop. 13: 59.
1893-
Perennial; glabrous; stem terete, i-2 high.
Leaves rather distant, lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late, acuminate, rounded at the base, smooth-
margined. 2'-3' long, the lower narrower and
obtuse; flowers about \\' hi.^h in a sessile term-
inal cluster, 2-bracteolate under the calyx; calyx-
lobes unequal, the larger about as long as the
tube ; corolla greenish blue or bright blue, club-
shaped, its lobes ovate, acute or acutish, much
longer than the broad i-2-toothed appendages;
anthers coherent, or at length distinct; seeds
oblong, winged.
In wet soil, New Brunswick to western Ontario,
Michigan and Minnesota. Referred in our first edi-
tion to Gentiana rubricaulis Schwein., which proves
to be a synonym of the preceding species. Recorded
from central New York. Aug.-Sept.
9. Dasystephana villosa (L.) Small. Striped
Gentian. Fig. 3361.
Gentiana villosa L. sp. PI. 228. 1753.
Gentiana ochroleuca Froel. Gent. 35. 1796.
D. villosa Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 931. 1903.
Perennial, glabrous or nearly so ; stem simple, slen-
der, terete, 6'-i8' high. Leaves obovate, obtuse or the
upper acute, narrowed at the base, faintly S-nerved,
i '-3' long, the lower much smaller; flowers several in
a terminal sessile cluster and sometimes also in the
upper axils, nearly 2' long, 2-bracteolate under the
calyx ; calyx-lobes unequal, linear, longer than the tube ;
corolla greenish white, striped within, oblong-funnel-
form, open, its lobes triangular-ovate or ovate-lanceo-
late, erect, much longer than the oblique entire or
i-2-toothed appendages ; seeds oval, wingless.
In shaded places, southern New Jersey and Pennsylvania
to Florida and Louisiana. Marsh- or straw-colored gentian.
Sampson snake-root. Sept.-Nov.
GEXTIANACEAE.
VOL. III.
10. Dasystephana Porphyrio (J. F. Gmel.) Small.
One-flowered Gentian. Fig. 3362.
Gentiana purpttrea Walt. Fl. Car. 109. 1788. Not. L. 1753.
Gentiana Porphyrio J. F. Gmel. Syst. 2: 462. 1791.
Gentiana angnstifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 177. 1803.
D. Porphyrio Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 931. 1903.
Perennial, glabrous; stem erect or ascending, simple or
branched, 6'-i8' high. Leaves linear, firm, acute or blunt
at the apex, i'-2' long, i "-2" wide, or the upper and
lower shorter; flowers solitary at the ends of the stem
or branches, short-peduncled, about 2' high, not bracteo-
late under the calyx ; calyx-lobes linear, longer than the
tube; corolla funnelform, bright blue, sometimes brown-
dotted within, its lobes ovate, acutish, spreading, $"-7"
long, three times as long as the conspicuously laciniate
appendages, or more; seeds oblong, wingless.
In moist pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida. Aug.-Oct.
6. PLEUROGYNA Eschol. Linnaea i : 187. 1826.
Slender usually branched annual glabrous herbs, with opposite leaves, and rather large
blue or white flowers in terminal narrow racemes or panicles, or solitary at the ends of the
slender peduncles. Calyx deeply 4-5-parted ; segments narrow, often unequal. Corolla rotate,
4-5-parted ; lobes vate or lanceolate, convolute, acute, with a pair of narrow appendages at
the base. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the corolla-tube near its base ; filaments slender or
filiform; anthers ovate, sagittate, straight. Ovary l-celled; ovules numerous; style none;
stigma decurrent along the sutures of the ovary. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds small and .numer-
ous. [Greek, referring to the lateral stigmatic surfaces.]
About 7 species, of the colder parts of the northern hemisphere, only the following typical one
in North America.
i. Pleurogyna rotata (L.) Griseb. Marsh Felwort.
Fig. 3363-
Swertia rotata L. Sp. PL 226. 1753.
Pleurogyne rotata Griseb. Gent. 309. 1839.
Stem erect, usually 6'-is' high, sometimes lower, simple,
or with nearly erect branches. Leaves linear to lanceolate,
i'-2' long, i "-2" wide, or the basal spatulate or oblong^
shorter and sometimes broader; sepals narrowly linear to
lanceolate, about the length of the lanceolate to oblong-
lanceolate corolla-segments which are 4" -7" long; capsule
narrowly oblong.
Quebec, Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south in the
Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Recorded from the White
Mountains of New Hampshire. Also in Europe and Asia.
Summer.
7. FRASERA Walt. Fl. Car. 87. 1788.
Perennial or biennial erect glabrous mostly tall herbs, with opposite or verticillate leaves,
and rather large white yellowish or bluish flowers, in terminal cymose panicles or thyrses.
Calyx 4-parted, the segments narrow. Corolla rotate, 4-parted, the lobes convolute in the
bud, each bearing I or 2 fimbriate or fringed glands within. Stamens 4, inserted on the base
of the short corolla-tube; filaments subulate or filiform, sometimes united at the base; anthers
oblong, versatile. Ovary ovoid, i-celled ; style slender or short, but distinct ; stigma 2-lobed
or nearly entire. Capsule ovoid, coriaceous, somewhat compressed, 2-valved. few-seeded.
Seeds flattened, smooth, margined or narrowly winged. [In honor of John Fraser, a botan-
ical collector.]
About 15 species, natives of North America, all but the following typical one far western.
GEXL-S 7.
GEXTIAX FAMILY
i. Frasera carolinensis \\'alt. American
Columbo. Fig. 3364.
Frasera carolinensis Walt. Fl. Car. 8/. 1788.
Stem 3-/ high, stout. Leaves mostly verti-
cillate in 4's, those of the stem lanceolate or
oblong, acute or acutish, 3'-6' long, the basal ones
spatulate or oblanceolate, usually much larger,
the uppermost small and bract-like; inflorescence
thyrsoid-paniculate, large, often 2 long; flowers
slender-pedicelled, about i' broad; corolla yel-
lowish white with brown-purple dots, its lobes
broadly oblong, bearing a large circular long-
fringed gland at or below the middle ; style 2"-$"
long; stigma 2-lobed; capsule much compressed,
6"-8" high, longer than the calyx.
In dry soil, western New York and Ontario to
Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Tennessee. Yellow
gentian. Pyramid-flower or -plant. June-Aug.
8. HALENIA Borck. in Roem. Archiv i : 25. 1796.
[TETRAGOXAXTHUS S. G. Gmel. Fl. Sib. 4: 114. Hyponym. 1/69.]
Annual or perennial usually tufted glabrous herbs, with opposite leaves, and middle-sized
white yellowish purple or blue flowers in terminal and axillary often panicled cymes. Calyx
deeply 4-cleft or 4-parted, the segments lanceolate or oblong. Corolla campanulate, 4~5-cleft,
the lobes convolute in the bud, each with a hollow spur or projection below, which is glandu-
lar at the bottom within, or sometimes spurless. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted near the base of
the corolla; filaments filiform or subulate; anthers oblong, versatile. Ovary i-celled, the
placentae more or less intruded ; ovules numerous ; style very short, sometimes none ; stigma
2-lobed. Capsule ovoid or oblong, 2-vaived. Seeds globose-ovoid to oblong, compressed,
smooth. [In honor of Jonas Halen, 1727-1810, a pupil of Linnaeus.]
About 30 species, natives of mountainous regions of North America, South America and Asia.
Besides the following, another occurs in the southwestern United States. Type species: Halcnia
sibirica Borck.
i. Halenia deflexa (J. E. Smith) Griseb. Spurred Gentian. Fig. 3365.
Swertia deflexa J. E. Smith in Rees' Cyclop, no. 8. 1816.
Halcnia deflexa Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 67. pi.
755- 1834-
H. Brentoniana Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 68. 1834.
H. heterantha Griseb. loc. cit. 1834.
Tetragonanthus clcflc.rus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 431. 1891.
Annual or biennial ; stem simple or branched, slen-
der, erect, 6'-2o' high, usually with long internodes.
Basal leaves obovate or spatulate, obtuse, narrowed
into petioles ; stem-leaves ovate or lanceolate, acute,
sessile, 3-5-nerved, i'-2' long, the uppermost much
smaller ; calyx-segments lanceolate or spatulate, acute
or acuminate ; corolla purplish or white, about 4"
high, its lobes ovate, acute, the spurs deflexed or
descending, one-fourth to one-half the length of the
corolla or none ; capsule narrowly oblong, 6"-/"
long, about twice as long as the calyx.
In moist woods and thickets. Newfoundland and Lab-
rador to Massachusetts, New York, Saskatchewan, Mon-
tana, Michigan and South Dakota. Races differ in size
of the plant and of the flowers and in the development
of the corolla-spurs. Recorded from the " Indian Ter-
ritory " (Oklahoma), apparently erroneously. July- Aug.
9. OBOLARIA L. Sp. PI. 632. 1753.
A low glabrous perennial herb, the stem simple or branched, the lower leaves reduced
to opposite scales, the upper foliaceous, subtending the racemose-spicate or thyrsoid white
or purplish flowers. Calyx of 2 spatulate sepals. Corolla oblong-campanulate, 4-cleft, the
lobes imbricated, at least in the bud. Stamens 4, inserted in the sinuses of the corolla; fila-
i6
GEXTIAXACEAE.
VOL. III.
ments slightly longer than the ovate sagittate anthers. Ovary i-celled, with 4 internal
placental projections; ovules numerous; style distinct; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule ovoid,
2-valved or irregularly bursting. Seeds minute, covering the whole interior of the capsule.
[Greek, obolus, a coin, alluding to the thick round leaves.]
A monotypic genus of eastern North America.
i. Obolaria virginica L. Pennywort. Fig. 3366.
Obolaria virginica L. Sp. PI. 632. 1753.
Stems 3'-6' high from a perennial base with thick fibrous
roots, bearing 2-6 pairs of thick small obtuse scales in
place of leaves. Floral leaves broadly obovate-cuneate,
obtuse, purplish, 4"-6" long; flowers sessile or nearly so
in the axils, in clusters of 1-4 (usually 3), and terminal;
corolla about 5" long, cleft to about the middle, the lobes
oblong, obtuse, entire, or denticulate; stamens included;
capsule 2$" long.
In rich woods and thickets. New Jersey to Georgia, west to
Illinois and Texas. Ascends to 2600 ft. in Virginia. April-May.
10. BARTONIA Muhl. ; Willd. Xeue Schrift. Gcs. Xat. Fr. Berlin 3 : 444. 1801.
Slender or filiform erect glabrous annual or biennial herbs, the leaves reduced to minute
opposite subulate scales, or some of them alternate, and white purplish or yellowish racemose
or paniculate flowers, or these rarely solitary and terminal. Calyx deeply 4-parted, the seg-
ments lanceolate, acuminate, keeled. Corolla campanulate, deeply 4-cleft, the lobes imbricated
in the bud. Stamens 4, inserted at the sinuses of corolla; filaments slender, longer than the
ovate sagittate anthers. Ovary i-celled, the placentae intruded ; ovules numerous ; style very
short or none; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid-oblong, compressed, acute, 2-valved. Seeds
minute, covering the whole inner surface of the capsule. [In honor of Professor Benjamin
Smith Barton, 1766-1815, of Philadelphia.]
Four species, natives of eastern North America. Type species : Bartonia tenella Willd.
Corolla yellowish, i l / 2 "-2" long.
Corolla-lobes oblong, abruptly tipped, erose.
Corolla-lobes lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire.
Corolla white, 3"-4" long, its lobes spatulate.
1. B. virginica.
2. B. paniculata.
3. B. verna.
i. Bartonia virginica (L.) B.S.P. Yellow Bartonia.
Fig. 3367-
Sagina virginica L. Sp. PI. 128. 1753.
B. tenella Willd. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin 3: 445. 1801.
Bartonia virginica B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 36. 1888.
Stem rather stiff, almost filiform, 4'-is' high, simple, or
with few erect branches above, 5-angled, yellowish green,
sometimes twisted. Subulate scales i"-2" long, appressed,
mostly opposite, the basal pairs close together, the upper dis-
tant ; flowers mostly opposite ; pedicels ascending or erect,
2"-6" long; corolla greenish yellow or whitish, i}"-2" long,
its lobes oblong, obtuse, denticulate or erose. somewhat ex-
ceeding the calyx; stamens included; ovary 4-sided; stigma
about i" long; capsule about \\" long.
In moist soil. Nova Scotia to Florida, Michigan, Minnesota and
Louisiana. Screw-stem. July-Sept.
GENUS 10.
GEXTIAN FAMILY.
2. Bartonia paniculata (Michx.) Robin-
son. Branched Bartonia. Fig. 3368.
Centaurclla paniculata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 98.
1803.
?C. Moseri Steud. & Hochst. ; Griseb. Gent. 308. 1839
B. paniculata Robinson, Rhodora 10 : 35. 1908.
B. lanceolata Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 932. 1903.
Slender, 8'-i6' high, mostly paniculately branch-
ed above, the branches and scales mainly alter-
nate, the slender pedicels spreading or ascending.
Corolla yellowish-white or greenish, about twice
as long as the calyx, its lanceolate acute or acumi-
nate lobes i"-ii" long; anthers yellow.
In wet soil, Massachusetts to Florida, Arkansas and
Louisiana. Aug.-Oct.
Bartonia iodandra Robinson, of bogs in Newfound-
land and Nova Scotia, has larger purplish flowers
with broader ovate-lanceolate corolla-lobes and pur-
ple-brown anthers.
White Bartonia.
3. Bartonia verna (Michx.) Muhl.
Fig. 3369-
Centaurella verna Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 97. pi. 12. f. i.
Bartonia verna Muhl. Cat. 16. 1813.
1803.
Stem thicker and less rigid than that of the two preceding
species, usually simple, 2'-! 5' high, racemosely or corymbosely
i-several-flowered. Bracts distant, appressed, some of them
commonly alternate ; flowers solitary at the ends of the elon-
gated erect peduncles, 3 "-4" long; peduncles sometimes 2'
long; corolla white, its lobes spatulate or obovate, obtuse,
denticulate or entire, about 3 times the length of the calyx;
ovary compressed; capsule about 2i" high.
In moist sand, southern Virginia to Florida and Louisiana.
March-May.
Family 16. MENYANTHACEAE G. Don, Card. Diet. 4: 167. 1837.
BUCKBEAN FAMILY.
Perennial aquatic or marsh herbs, with basal or alternate entire crenate or
3-foliolate leaves, and clustered regular perfect flowers. Calyx inferior, deeply
5-parted, persistent. Corolla funnelform to rotate, 5-lobed or 5-cleft, the lobes
indtiplicate-valvate, at least in the bud. Stamens 5, borne on the corolla, and
alternate with its lobes ; filaments mostly short ; anther-sacs longitudinally dehis-
cent ; pollen-grains 3-angled. Ovary i-celled, the 2 placentae sometimes intruded ;
style long, short or none. Fruit a capsule, or indehiscent.
Five genera and about 35 species, widely distributed.
Leaves 3-foliolate ; swamp plant. i. Menyanthes.
Leaves simple, entire, cordate, floating. 2. Nymphoidcs.
i. MENYANTHES [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 145. 1753.
A perennial glabrous marsh herb, with creeping rootstocks, alternate long-petioled
3-foliolate basal leaves, and white or purplish flowers, racemose or panicled on long lateral
scapes or peduncles. Calyx 5-parted, the segments oblong or lanceolate. Corolla short-
funnelform, 5-cleft, its lobes induplicate-valvate, fimbriate or bearded within, spreading.
Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla; filaments filiform; anthers sagittate. Disk
of 5 hypogynous glands. Ovary i-celled ; style subulate, persistent ; stigma 2-lamellate. Cap-
sule oval, indehiscent or finally rupturing. Seeds compressed-globose, shining. [Greek, per-
haps month-flower, name used by Theophrastus.]
A monotypic genus of the cooler parts of the northern hemisphere.
MENYANTHACEAE.
VOL. III.
i. Menyanthes trifoliata L. Buckbean.
Marsh or Bean Trefoil. Bog-bean
or -myrtle. Fig. 3370.
Menyanthes trifoliata L. Sp. PI. US. 1753-
Rootstock thick, scaly, sometimes i long, mark-
ed by the scars of bases of former petioles. Leaves
3-foliolate; petioles sheathing at the base, 2-10'
long; leaflets oblong or obovate, entire, obtuse at
the apex, narrowed to the sessile base, pinnately
veined, ii'~3' long; raceme borne on a long
scape-like naked peduncle, arising from the root-
stock, io-20-flowered ; pedicels stout, 3"-i2" long,
bracteolate at the base; flowers 5"-6" long; calyx
shorter than the white or purplish corolla, which
is bearded with white hairs within ; stamens
shorter than the corolla and style exserted, or
longer and style nearly included; capsule ovoid,
obtuse, about 4" long.
In bogs, Greenland to Alaska, south to Long Island,
Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Nebraska and California.
Also in Europe and Asia. Water- or bitter trefoil.
Water-shamrock. Moon-flower. Marsh-clover. Bitter
worm. Bog-nut. Brook-bean. May-July.
2. NYMPHOIDES Hill, Brit. Herb. 77. 1756.
[LIMNANTHEMUM S. G. Gmelin, Nov. Act. Acad. Petrop. 14: 527. pi. 17. f. 2. 1/69.]
Aquatic perennial herbs, with slender rootstocks. Leaves floating, petioled, ovate or
orbicular, deeply cordate, entire or repand, or the primary ones different; flowers yello'w or
white, polygamous, umbellate at the summit of filiform stems at the bases of the petioles, or
axillary, often accompanied by a cluster of thick elongated root-like tubers. Calyx 5-parted.
Corolla nearly rotate, deeply 5-cleft, the lobes indupl'cate-valvate in the bud, sometimes
fimbriate on the margins, glandular at the base. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the
corolla ; filaments short ; anthers sagittate, versatile. Ovary i-celled ; style short or none ;
stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule ovoid or oblong, indehiscent or irregularly bursting. Seeds
numerous or few, smooth or rough. [Greek, like Nymphaea.]
About 20 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. The following are the
only ones known to occur in North America. Type species : Nymphoides flava Hill.
Flowers white, accompanied by tufts of root-like tubers ; native species.
Floating leaves i'-2 f long; flowers 3"-6" broad ; seeds smooth. i. N. lacunosum.
Floating leaves z'-6' long ; flowers 6"-io" broad ; seeds rough. 2. N. aquaticum.
Flowers not accompanied by tufts of tubers; corolla bright yellow, i' broad or more; introduced
species. 3. N. nymphacoides.
i. Nymphoides lacunosum (Vent.) Kuntze.
Floating Heart. Fig. 3371.
Villarsia lacunosa Vent. Choix des Plantes, 9. 1803.
Limnanthemitm lacunosum Griseb. Gent. 347. 1839.
Nymphoides lacunosum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 429. 1891.
Rootstock buried in the mud, the roots long and
fibrous. Primary leaves membranous, submerged, short-
petioled; stems (stolons) filiform, greatly elongated,
sometimes 10 long, bearing a short-petioled floating
leaf, an umbel of flowers and a cluster of narrow tubers
at its summit, or some of the floating leaves on petioles
as long as the stems ; floating leaves ovate-orbicular,
purplish beneath, i'-2' long, the basal sinus narrow or
broad; pedicels slender: tubers linear-conic, \'-\' long;
flowers nearly white, 3"-6" broad; style none; capsule
ovoid, covered by the connivent calyx-segments; seeds
numerous, smooth.
In ponds. Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Ontario, Min-
nesota and Louisiana. July-Aug.
GENUS 2.
BUCKBEAN FAMILY.
2. Nymphoides aquaticum (Walt.)
Kuntze. Larger Floating Heart.
Fig. 3372.
Anonymos aqiiatica Walt. Fl. Car. 109. 1788.
Villarsia aqiiatica Gmel. Syst. i : 447. 1791.
Menyanthes trachysperma Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i :
126. 1803.
Liinnantheiiniin trachyspermum A. Gray, Man. Ed.
5, 390. 1867.
Limnanthemvm aquaticnm Britton, Trans. N. Y.
Acad. Sci. 9: 12. 1889.
Nymphoides aquaticum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI.
429. 1891.
Similar to the preceding species but stouter
and larger. Floating leaves cordate-orbicular,
thick, entire or repand, 2-6' long, spongy, and
with the petioles and stolons densely covered
with minute pits; primary leaves spatulate;
pedicels slender, i'~3' long; tubers^ linear-
oblong, thicker; corolla white, 6"-io" broad;
style none ; seeds rough ; capsule longer than
the calyx.
In ponds, southern New Jersey and Delaware
to Florida and Texas. May-Aug.
3. Nymphoides nymphaeoides (L.)
Britton. Water Lily. Floating
Heart. Fig. 3373.
Menyanthes nymphaeoides L. Sp. PI. 145. 1753.
Limnanthemum nymphaeoides Hoffm. & Link,
Fl. Port, i : 344. 1809.
Stems long, stout, creeping or buried in
the mud, ascending to the surface of the
water, branched, the upper nodes bearing
a petioled leaf and a cluster of flowers, or
the upper internodes very short and their
leaves apparently opposite. Petioles stout,
mostly longer than the ovate-orbicular firm
blades, which are 2'-4' broad; pedicels
stout, becoming 3'-6' long, not accompanied
by tufts of tubers; flowers bright yellow,
i in diameter, or more ; corolla segments
short-fringed ; seeds with fimbriate margins.
Naturalized in ponds, District of Columbia.
Native of Europe and Asia. May-July.
Family 17. APOCYNACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 299. 1836.
DOGBANE FAMILY.
Perennial herbs, shrubs, vines, or some tropical genera trees, mostly with an
acrid milky juice, with simple opposite alternate or verticillate exstipulate leaves,
and perfect regular 5-parted cymose solitary or paniculate flowers. Calyx infe-
rior, persistent, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, its lobes
convolute in the bud and often twisted. Stamens as many as the lobes of the
corolla, alternate with them, inserted on the tube or throat; anthers linear-oblong,
or sagittate, 2-celled ; pollen-grains simple, often glutinous. Ovary superior, or
its base adherent to the calyx, of 2 distinct carpels, or i-celled, with 2 parietal
placentae, or 2-celled ; ovules few or numerous, anatropous or amphitropous ; style
simple, or 2-divided ; stigma simple. Fruit usually of 2 follicles or drupes. Seeds
often appendaged by a coma; endosperm fleshy, not copious; embryo straight;
cotyledons flat or concave ; radicle terete, usually shorter than the cotyledons.
About 130 genera and noo species, very widely distributed, mostly in tropical regions.
Leaves alternate ; erect herbs. i. Amsonia.
Leaves opposite ; vines or herbs.
Flowers large, axillary, solitary. 2. Vinca.
20
APOCYXACEAE.
VOL. III.
Flowers small, cymose.
Erect or diffuse herbs ; corolla campanulate.
High-climbing vines ; corolla funnelform.
3. Apocynum.
4. Trachelospermiun.
i. AMSONIA Walt. Fl. Car. 98. 1788.
Perennial herbs, with alternate membranous leaves, and rather large blue or bluish flowers,
in terminal thyrsoid or corymbose cymes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments narrow, acuminate.
Corolla mostly salverform, the tube cylindric, but somewhat dilated at the summit, villous
within. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla, included; anthers ovate or oblong.
Disk none. Ovary of 2 carpels, connected at the top by the filiform style ; ovules in 2 rows
in each cavity, numerous ; stigma appendaged by a reflexed membrane. Fruit of 2 cylindric
several-seeded follicles. Seeds cylindric or oblong, obliquely truncate at each end, not
appendaged. [Named for Charles Amson of South Carolina.]
About 8 species, natives of North America and eastern Asia. Besides the following, 5 others
occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Type species: Amsonia Tabernaemontana
Walt.
! Amsonia Amsonia (L.) Britton. Am-
Tabernaemontana Amsonia L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 308.
1762.
Amsonia Tabernaemontana Walt. Fl. Car. 98. 1788.
A. salicifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 184. 1814.
A. Amsonia Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 262. 1894.
Glabrous or nearly so, simple, or branched
above, 2-4 high. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate
or lanceolate, entire, acuminate at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, sometimes pubescent beneath,
2'-4' long, i'-2' wide ; petioles 2"-4" long; flowers
numerous ; pedicels bracteolate at the base ; calyx
about i" long, its segments subulate ; corolla
6"-o." long, beaked by the convolute limb in the
bud, its lobes linear and about as long as the
tube ; follicles 2'-4' long, about 2" thick, attenuate
at the apex, glabrous, divergent or ascending;
seeds papillose.
In moist soil. New Jersey to Illinois, Kentucky,
Missouri, Florida and Texas. Consists of several
races, differing in leaf-form. April-July.
2. VI'NCA L. Sp. PI. 209. 1753.
Erect or trailing herbs, some species slightly woody, with opposite leaves, and large soli-
tary blue pink or white axillary flowers. Calyx 5-parted, the segments narrow, acuminate.
Corolla salverform. the tube cylindric, or expanded above, pubescent within, the lobes convo-
lute, at least in the bud, oblique. Stamens included. Disk of 2 glands, alternate with the
2 carpels. Ovules several in each carpel; style filiform; stigma annular, its apex penicillate.
Follicles 2, erect or spreading, cylindric, several-seeded. Seeds oblong-cylindric, truncate at
each end, not appendaged. [The Latin name.]
About 12 species, natives of the Old World. Typ<
species : Vinca major L.
i. Vinca minor L. Periwinkle. Myrtle.
Fig- 3375-
Vinca minor L. Sp. PI. 209. 1753.
Perennial, trailing, glabrous ; stems 6'-2 long.
Leaves oblong to ovate, entire, firm, green both
sides, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed at
the base, short-petioled, i'-2i' long, J'-l' wide;
flowers not numerous, solitary in some of the
axils, blue, 9"-is" broad; peduncles slender, i'-ii'
long; calyx very deeply parted, the segments subu-
late-lanceolate, glabrous, about ij' long; corolla-
tube expanded above, as long as or slightly longer
than the obovate, nearly truncate lobes ; anther-
sacs with a broad connective; follicles few-seeded.
Escaped from gardens to roadsides and woods. On-
tario to Connecticut, southern New York and Geor-
gia. Native of Europe. Leaves shining. Also called
running myrtle or small periwinkle. Feb.-May.
GENUS 3.
DOGBANE FAMILY.
21
3. APOCYNUM L. Sp. PI. 213. 1753.
Perennial branching herbs, with opposite entire leaves, and small white or pink flowers
in terminal and sometimes axillary corymbed cymes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments acute.
Corolla urceolate to campanulate, the tube bearing within 5 small appendages alternate with
the stamens, the limb 5-lobed. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla ; anthers sagit-
tate, connivent around the stigma and slightly adherent to it. Disk 5-lobed. Ovary of 2
carpels; ovules numerous in each carpel; stigma ovoid, obtuse, obscurely 2-lobed. Follicles
slender, elongated, terete. Seeds numerous, small, tipped with a long coma. [Greek, dogbane.]
About 1 1 species, of the north temperate zone, most abundant in North America. Type species :
Apocynum androsaemifolium L.
Corolla campanulate, not angled, 4"-4j4" long, pink, its lobes widely spreading or recurved.
i. A. androsaemifolium.
Corolla urceolate to short-tubular, or narrowly campanulate, angled, ij4 "-3J4" long, greenish,
white, or faintly pink, its lobes a little spreading, or erect.
Corolla narrowly campanulate, 2 J /2 "-3 l /2 " long, lobes nearly equal the tube. z, A. medium.
Corolla urceolate to short-tubular, i l / 2 "-z" long, lobes much shorter than the tube.
Calyx-lobes ovate, much shorter than the corolla tube. 3. A. Milleri.
Calyx-lobes lanceolate, about as long as the corolla-tube.
Leaves and cymes glabrous, or sparingly pubescent.
Leaves all narrowed at the base and distinctly petioled ; flowers greenish ; plant rather
bright green. 4. A. cannabinum.
At least the lower leaves sessile, and mostly rounded or subcordate at the base ; plant
pale glaucous green ; flowers white. 5. A. sibiricum.
Leaves, cymes, and often the whole plant densely pubescent. 6. A. pubescens.
I. Apocynum androsaemifolium L.
Spreading Dogbane. Fig. 3376.
Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Sp. PI. 213. 1753.
.Syst. Ed. 10, 946. 1759.
A. diver gens Greene, Leaflets i : 56. 1904.
Rootstock horizontal ; stem i-4 high ; branches
broadly spreading, mostly glabrous. Leaves ovate
or oval, acute or obtuse and mucronate at the
apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, glabrous
above, pale and usually more or less pubescent
beneath, 2'-4' long, i'-2\' wide; petioles 2"~4"
long; cymes loose; pedicels 2"-^" long, subulate-
bracted at the base ; flowers about 4" broad ; calyx-
segments shorter than the tube of the pinkish
corolla; corolla-lobes revolute; follicles about 4'
long, narrowed at the apex.
In fields and thickets, Anticosti to British Colum-
bia, south to Georgia, Missouri, Nebraska and Ari-
zona. Ascends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. Honey-bloom.
Bitter-root or -dogbane. Rheumatism-wood. Wild
ipecac. Wandering milk-weed. Western wall-flower.
Fly-trap. June-July. Linnaeus inadvertently failed
to affix a binominal specific name in the first edition
of his "Species Plantarum," but corrected this six
years later.
2. Apocynum medium Greene. Intermediate Dogbane.
Fig- 3377-
Apocynum medium Greene, Pittonia 3: 29. 1897.
Apocynum spcciosnm G. S. Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 13: 83.
1899.
Rootstock horizontal ; stem stout, 4 high or less, the branches
ascending, glabrous. Leaves oblong to oval or elliptic, mucronulate,
ascending, 2i'~4' long, somewhat pubescent beneath ; petioles
2"_4" long; cymes terminal, compact; pedicels \\"-2\" long;
flowers erect; calyx-segments ovate, about half as long as the
5-angled corolla-tube ; corolla white or pinkish, 2\"-$\" long,
urceolate-campanulate, its lobes acutish, somewhat spreading,
nearly as long as the tube; follicles $'-4' long.
Fields and hillsides, Quebec to the District of Columbia, west to
Iowa. June-Aug.
2
APOCYNACEAE.
VOL. 111.
3. Apocynum Milleri Britton. Miller's
Dogbane. Fig. 3378.
Apocynum Milleri Britton, Manual 739. 1901.
Stem slender, 3 high or less, the branches
spreading. Leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate,
2i'-3i' long, pubescent beneath, the pubescent
petioles ii"-3" long; cymes small, terminal or
also in the upper axils, the pedicels \"-\\"
long; flowers nearly erect; corolla pinkish,
2|"-3" long, its rounded segments spreading,
much shorter than the tube, which is longer
than the ovate calyx-segments; follicles about
4' long.
Dry soil, New York to Maryland and the Dis-
trict of Columbia. June-July.
4. Apocynum cannabinum L. Indian Hemp.
Amy-root. Fig. 3379.
Apocynum cannabinum L. Sp. PI. 213. 1753.
A. cannabinum glaberrimum DC. Prodr. 8: 439. 1844.
A. nemorale G. S. Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 13 : 87.
1899.
Apocynum urceolifer G. S. Miller, loc. cit.
Root deep, vertical, soon branching. Stem exten-
sively branched, the branches erect or ascending,
glabrous or nearly so, more or less glaucous. Leaves
oblong, lanceolate-oblong or ovate-oblong, acute or
obtuse and mucronate at the apex, narrowed or
rounded at the base, glabrous above, sometimes pu-
bescent beneath, 2'-6' long, '-3' wide ; petioles i"-6"
long, or sometimes none; cymes dense; pedicels
short, bracteolate at the base; calyx-segments about
as long as the tube of the greenish-white corolla ;
corolla-lobes nearly erect; follicles similar to those
of the preceding species.
In fields and thickets, Connecticut to Wisconsin, Ala-
bama, Tennessee, Missouri and Kansas, perhaps extend-
ing farther north. Rheumatism-root. Wild cotton.
5. Apocynum sibiricum Jacq. Clasping-
leaved Dogbane. Fig. 3380.
A. sibiricum Jacq. Hort. Vind. 3: 37. pi. 66. 1776.
A. hypericifolium Ait. Hort. Kew. i: 304. 1789.
A. cannabinum var. hypericifolium A. Gray, Man.
365. 1848.
Apocynum album Greene, Pittonia 3: 230. 1897.
Glabrous, pale green, often glaucous ; stem
I-2 high, the branches ascending. Leaves ob-
long, oblong-lanceolate to oval, i'-3' long, i'-ii'
wide, obtuse or acutish at the apex, cordate-
clasping, rounded, truncate, or most of the upper
narrowed at the base, short-petioled, or sessile,
the primary venation forming broad angles with
the midvein ; cymes many-flowered, dense to
loose; pedicels mostly not longer than the flow-
ers, bracteolate ; calyx-segments about as long as
the corolla-tube, lanceolate, acute ; corolla-lobes
nearly erect; follicles 2'~3i' long.
Mostly along streams. Quebec to British Columbia,
Long Island, Ohio, Kansas and New Mexico. St.
John's-dogbane. June-Aug.
UEXUS 3.
DOGBANE FAMILY.
6. Apocynum pubescens R. Br. Velvet Dog-
bane. Fig. 3381.
A. pubescens R. Br. Mem. Wern. Soc. i : 68. 1811.
Apocynum cannabinum var. pubescens A. DC. Prodr. 8 :
440. 1844.
Whole plant, including the pedicels and calyx,
densely velvety-pubescent, or the stem sometimes
glabrate. Branches ascending; leaves oval to elliptic,
obtuse or acute at the apex, strongly mucronate,
obtuse or obtusish at the base, the veins impressed
in the pubescence of the lower surface ; petioles i"-2"
long; cymes dense; calyx-segments about as long as
the tube of the corolla, lanceolate, acute; corolla-
lobes erect; follicles about 4' long.
In dry sandy soil, Ontario to Rhode Island, Maryland,
Alabama, Iowa and Kansas. April-Aug. Perhaps a pu-
bescent race of A. cannabinum L.
4. TRACHELOSPERMUM Lemaire,
Jard. Fleur. i: pi. 61. 1851.
Twining woody vines (some exotic species nearly erect shrubs), with opposite entire
deciduous leaves, and small yellow greenish or white flowers in terminal and axillary com-
pound cymes. Calyx small, deeply. 5-parted, glandular within, the segments narrow. Corolla
funnelform or salverform, the tube nearly cylindric, expanded above, the lobes convolute,
more or less twisted. Stamens included, or short exserted; anthers sagittate, acuminate,
connivent around the stigma and slightly adherent to it. Disk of 5 glandular lobes. Ovary
of 2 carpels; ovules numerous in each carpel; style slender, its apex thickened below the
narrow ring of the ovoid stigma. Follicles much elongated, slender. Seeds linear or oblong,
not beaked, long-comose at the apex. [Greek, neck-seed, but the seed is not beaked.]
About 6 species, natives of eastern Asia and North
America. Type species : Trachelospermum jasminoides
Lemaire, of eastern Asia. The following is the only
known North American species.
i. Trachelospermum difforme (Walt.) A.
Gray. Trachelospermum. Fig. 3382.
Echites difformis Walt. Fl. Car. 98. 1788.
Forsteronia difformis A. DC. Prodr. 8 : 437. 1844.
T. difforme A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 : Part i, 85. 1878.
A high-climbing vine, the stems ' in diameter or
more, the twigs pubescent or glabrous. Leaves thin,
ovate, oval or lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the
apex, narrowed or rarely rounded at the base, iJ'-3'
long, i'-2' wide ; petioles 2"-$" long ; peduncles slen-
der, shorter than the leaves ; pedicels and branches
of the cyme bracteolate at the base ; flowers yellow
or cream-color, 4"-s" long; lobes of the corolla
ovate, spreading, shorter than the tube ; follicles very
slender, s'-o/ long, scarcely 2" thick; many-seeded.
In moist woods and along streams, Delaware to Flor-
ida, Texas and Mexico, mostly near the coast, north to
Arkansas and Missouri. June-Aug.
Family 18. ASCLEPIADACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 302. 1836.*
MILKWEED FAMILY.
Perennial herbs, vines or shrubs, mostly with milky juice, with opposite alter-
nate or verticillate exstipulate leaves, and mostly umbellate perfect regular flowers.
Calyx inferior, its tube very short, or none, its segments imbricated or separate
in the bud. Corolla campanulate, urceolate, rotate or funnelform, 5~lobed or
5-cleft, the segments commonly reflexed, mostly valvate in the bud. A 5-lobed
or 5-parted crown (corona) between the corolla and the stamens and adnate to
one or the other. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla, usually near its base; fila-
ments short, stout, mostly monadelphous, or distinct; anthers attached by their
* Text revised for our first edition by Miss ANNA MURRAY VAIL, here somewhat modified.
24 ASCLEPIADACEAE. VOL. 111.
bases to the filaments, introrsely 2-celled, connivent around the stigma, or more
or less united with each other ; anther-sacs tipped with an inflexed or erect scarious
membrane, or unappendaged at the top, sometimes appendaged at the base ; pollen
coherent into waxy or granular masses, one or rarely two such masses in each sac,
connected with the stigma in pairs or fours, by 5 glandular corpuscles alternate with
the anthers. Disk none. Ovary of 2 carpels; styles 2, short, connected at the
summit by the peltate discoid stigma; ovules numerous in each carpel, mostly
anatropous, pendulous. Fruit of 2 several-many-seeded follicles. Seeds com-
pressed, usually appendaged by ? long coma ; endosperm cartilaginous, mostly
thin ; embryo nearly as long as the seed ; cotyledons flat.
About 220 genera and 2000 species, of very wide geographic distribution, most abundant in
tropical or warm-temperate regions.
Erect or decumbent herbs.
Corona-hoods each with an incurved horn within ; eaves mostly opposite. i. Asclepias.
Corona-hoods prominently crested within ; leaves alternate. 2. Asclepiodora,
Corona-hoods unappendaged or with a thickened crest-like keel. 3. Acerates.
Twining vines.
Corolla-lobes erect ; corona-lobes i-2-awned. 4. Gonolobus.
Corolla rotate.
Anthers tipped with a scarious membrane ; pollen-masses pendulous. 5. Cynanchum.
Anthers merely tipped ; pollen-masses horizontal. 6. Vincetoxiciim.
i. ASCLEPIAS L. Sp. PI. 214. 1753.
Perennial erect or decumbent herbs, with opposite verticillate or rarely alternate entire
leaves, and middle-sized or small flowers in terminal or axillary umbels. Calyx 5-parted or
5-divided, usually small, the segments or sepals acute, often glandular within. Corolla deeply
5-parted, the segments mostly valvate, reflexed in anthesis. Corona-column generally present.
Corona of 5 concave erect or spreading hoods, each bearing within a slender or subulate
incurved horn, either included or exserted. Filaments connate into a tube; anthers tipped
with an inflexed membrane, winged, the wings broadened below the middle; pollen-masses
solitary in each sac, pendulous on their caudicles. Stigma nearly flat, 5-angled or s-lobed.
Follicles acuminate. Seeeds comose in all but one species. [Dedicated to Aesculapius.]
About 95 species, mostly natives of the New World : besides the following, some 25 others occur
in southern and western North America. Known as Milkweed, Silkweed, or Swallow-wort. Type
species : Asclepias syrlaca L.
* Corolla and corona orange; leaves alternate or opposite.
Stem erect or ascending ; leaves nearly all alternate. i. A. tuberosa.
Stems reclining ; leaves, at least the upper, opposite, oblong or oval. 2. A. decumbens.
** Corolla bright red or purple (sometimes greenish in A. rubra) leaves opposite.
Flowers 4"-6" broad ; corona-hoods 2" -3" high.
Leaves lanceolate or linear ; hoods oblong, obtuse. 3. A. lanceolata.
Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; hoods lanceolate. 4. A. rubra.
Leaves oblong, ovate or ovate-oblong; hoods oblong, acutish. 5. A.purpurascens.
Flowers 2" -3" broad ; corona-hoods i" i J4" high.
Plant nearly or quite glabrous ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. 6. A. incarnata.
Plant pubescent ; leaves oblong. 7. A. pulchra.
*** Corolla greenish, purplish, yellowish or white; leaves opposite or verticillate.
Leaves ovate, oblong, ovate-lanceolate, obovate or orbicular.
Plants glabrous throughout, or minutely pubescent above.
Leaves sessile, clasping or very short-petioled.
Peduncles of the solitary or several umbels short.
Leaves ovate-oblong ; hoods 2-auriculate at the base. 8. A. Sullivantii.
Leaves nearly orbicular ; hoods truncate. 9. A. latifolia.
Peduncle of the usually solitary umbel elongated.
Leaves wavy-margined.
Leaves cordate-clasping. 10. A. amplexicaulis.
Leaves rounded at the base, short-petioled. n. A. intermedia.
Leaves sessile, flat ; horn not exceeding the hood. 12. A.Meadii.
Leaves manifestly petioled.
Corolla greenish; umbels loose, the pedicels drooping. 13. A.exaltata.
Corolla white; umbels dense. 14- A.variegata.
Corolla pink; some of the leaves verticillate in 4's. 15- A. quadrifolia.
Plants, at least the lower surfaces of the leaves, canescent or tomentose.
Follicles tomentose, covered with soft spinose processes.
Corona-hoods obtuse, short. 16. A.syriaca.
Corona-hoods elongated, lanceolate. J7 A.speciosa.
Follicles with no spinose processes, glabrous or pubescent.
Leaves wavy-margined; corolla-segments 4"-s" long. 18. A.arenaria.
Leaves flat; corolla-segments 2" -3" long. 19- A.ovahfolia.
Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or linear.
Leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate.
Leaves thick, short-petioled; inflorescence woolly. 20. A. brachy Stephana.
Leaves thin, slender-petioled ; inflorescence downy. 21. A.pcrennis.
GENUS I.
MILKWEED FAMILY.
Leaves mostly verticillate in 3's-6's, narrowly linear.
Hoods entire.
Hoods dorsally hastate-sagittate.
Leaves scattered, densely crowded, filiform-linear.
i. Asclepias tuberosa L. Butterfly-weed
or -flower. Pleurisy-root. Fig. 3383.
Asclepias tuberosa L. Sp. PI. 217. 1753.
Hirsute-pubescent ; stems stout, simple, or
branched near the summit, ascending or erect,
very leafy, i-2 high, the milky sap scanty.
Leaves alternate, lanceolate or oblong, acute or
sometimes obtuse at the apex, narrowed, rounded
or cordate at the base, sessile or short-petioled,
2'-6' long, 2"-i2" wide ; umbels cymose, terminal,
many-flowered ; peduncles shorter than the leaves ;
pedicels \'-\ long; corolla-segments about 3"
long, greenish orange ; corona-column about \"
long; hoods erect, oblong, bright orange, or yel-
low, 2-3 times as long as the stamens, longer than
the filiform horns; fruiting pedicels decurved;
follicles nearly erect, finely pubescent, 4'-$' long.
In dry fields, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota,
Florida, Texas, Chihuahua and Arizona. Consists of
numerous races, differing in shape and size of the
leaves and color of the flowers. June-Sept. Wind-
or orange-root. Canada-, flux-, tuber- or white-root.
Orange swallow-wort. Yellow milkweed. Indian-posy.
22. A. verticillata.
23. A.galioides.
24. A. pumila.
2. Asclepias decumbens L. Decumbent
Butterfly-weed. Fig. 3384.
Asclepias decumbens L. Sp. PI. 216. 1753.
Hirsute-pubescent ; stems decumbent, 2-3
long, the ends ascending or erect. Leaves sessile
or short-petioled, oblong or elliptic, obtuse at the
apex, narrowed and often inequilateral at the
base, I '-3' long, \'-2\' wide, the upper opposite,
the lower commonly alternate, the uppermost
very small; umbels several or numerous, many-
flowered, racemose along the branches, one
usually in each of the upper axils; peduncles
stout, short; pedicels slender, pubescent, about
i' long; corolla-segments oblong, acutish, dark
orange, about 3" long; column about \" high,
the hoods erect, oblong, orange, longer than the
subulate horn ; follicles slender.
In dry fields, Illinois and Ohio to North Carolina
and Florida. Creeping milkweed. June-Aug.
3. Asclepias lanceolata Walt. Few-flowered
Milkweed. Fig. 3385.
Asclepias lanceolata Walt. Fl. Car. 105. 1788.
A. paiipercula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 118. 1803.
Glabrous ; stem slender, usually simple, naked
above, 2-4 high. Leaves opposite, distant, linear
or narrowly lanceolate, elongated, acuminate, nar-
rowed at the base, short-petioled, 4'-io' long, 2"-?"
wide, roughish on the margins, the primary nerves
widely spreading; umbels few-flowered, solitary or
2-4 at the summit; peduncles about equalling the
slender puberulent pedicels ; corolla-segments oblong,
4"-5" long, deep red; column thick, about i" high;
hoods obovate or oblong, obtuse, orange, 2-toothed
near the base, nearly twice the length of the anthers
and longer than the subulate incurved horn ; fruit-
ing pedicels decurved ; follicles erect, minutely
puberulent, fusiform, about 4' long.
In swamps, southern New Jersey to Florida and
Texas, mostly near the coast. June-Aug.
ASCLEPIADACEAE.
VOL. III.
4. Asclepias rubra L. Red Milkweed.
Fig. 3386.
Asclepias rubra L. Sp. PI. 217. 1753.
Nearly glabrous throughout ; stem usually sim-
ple, i-4 high. Leaves opposite, rather distant,
short-petioled, ovate, lanceolate or the lower some-
times oblong, rounded or subcordate at the base,
gradually acuminate, rather firm, 3'-8' long, i'-2J'
wide, the primary nerves wide-spreading; umbels
1-4, many-flowered; peduncles shorter than or
equalling the upper leaves; pedicels slender, downy,
\'-\ long; corolla-segments and hoods lanceolate-
oblong, purplish red, or the hoods orange-red,
3"-4" long, or flowers sometimes greenish ; horns
of the hoods very slender, nearly straight; fruiting
pedicels deflexed, the follicles erect, spindle-shaped,
glabrous, about 4' long.
In moist soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Flor-
ida, Missouri, Louisiana and Texas. June-July.
5. Asclepias purpurascens L. Purple Milkweed. Fig. 3387.
Asclepias purpurascens L. Sp. PI. 214. 1753.
^Asclepias amoena L. Sp. PI. 214. 1753.
Stem stout, puberulent or glabrous, usually sim-
ple, 2-4 high, leafy to the top. Leaves ovate,
elliptic or oblong, short-petioled, acute or obtuse
and mucronulate at the apex, narrowed or round-
ed at the base, nearly glabrous above, finely
tomentose beneath, 3'-o long, ii'-3' wide, the
primary nerves very wide-spreading; umbels
many-flowered, borne in several of the upper
axils, or sometimes solitary; peduncles stout;
pedicels slender, puberulent, i'-ii' long; corolla
deep purple, its segments oblong to oblong-lan-
ceolate, about 3" long; column very short and
thick ; hoods oblong or ovate, nearly twice as
long as the anthers, pale red or purple, the horns
broad at the insertion, short-subulate and incurved
at the apex ; fruiting pedicels deflexed, the
downy follicles nearly erect, 4'-$' long.
In dry fields and thickets, New Hampshire to
North Carolina, west to southern Ontario, Minne-
sota and Arkansas. Ascends to 2000 ft. in the Cats-
kills. June-Aug.
6. Asclepias incarnata L. Swamp Milk-
weed. Fig. 3388.
Asclepias incarnata L. Sp. PI. 215. 1753.
Stem slender, glabrous, or puberulent in 2 lines
above, branched or rarely simple, 2-4 high,
leafy to the top. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed, ob-
tuse or sometimes subcordate at the base, 3 '-6'
long, |'-ii' wide, the primary nerves not wide-
spreading; petioles 3"-6" long; umbels usually
numerous, corymbed, many-flowered ; pedicels
pubescent, 5"-io" long; corolla red or rose-
purple, rarely white, its lobes oblong, about 2"
long; column more than one-half as long as the
obtuse pink or purplish hoods; horns slender, in-
curved, longer than the hoods ; anther-wings en-
tire, or obscurely notched at the base; fruiting
pedicels erect or incurved ; follicles erect, 2'-3i'
long, sparingly puberulent.
In swamps, New Brunswick to Ontario, Saskatch-
ewan, Tennessee, Louisiana and Colorado. Ascends
to 3000 ft. in West Virginia. Rose- or swamp-silk-
weed. Water nerve-root. White Indian-hemp. July- Sept.
CENUS I.
MILKWEED FAMILY.
27
7. Asclepias pulchra Ehrh. Hairy Milk-
weed. Fig. 3389.
Asclepias pulchra Ehrh.; Willd. Sp. PI. i : 1267. 1798.
A. incarnata var. pulchra Pers. Syn. i : 276. 1805.
Similar to the preceding species and perhaps hy-
bridizing with it where the two grow together ;
stem stout, tomentose-pubescent, usually branched,
2-3i high, leafy to the top. Leaves broadly lan-
ceolate, acute, acuminate or some of them obtusish
at the apex, subcordate, rounded, or the upper nar-
rowed at the base, puberulent or glabrous above,
pubescent, at least on the veins beneath, 3' -5' long,
i'-2' wide ; petioles usually stout and short ; flowers
similar to those of A. incarnata, but the corolla
commonly lighter red or pink, rarely white; pedun-
cles and pedicels tomentose; fruiting pedicels erect
or incurved; follicles erect, densely pubescent, 2'-3'
long.
In moist fields and swamps, Nova Scotia to Minne-
sota, south to Georgia. White Indian-hemp. July-Sept.
8. Asclepias Sullivantii Engelm. Sulli-
vant's Milkweed. Fig. 3390.
A. Sullivantii Engelm.; A. Gray, Man. 366. 1848.
Glabrous throughout ; stem stout, simple or
sometimes branched above, 2-4 high, leafy to
the top. Leaves thick, sessile, or on petioles less
than i" long, oblong or ovate-oblong, usually
obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, subcordate,
rounded or slightly clasping at the base, 4'-6'
long, iJ'-3' wide, the primary nerves very wide-
spreading; umbels terminal and sometimes also
in the upper axils, many-flowered; peduncles
shorter than the leaves; corolla-segments oval-
oblong, s"-6" long, purplish ; column very short
and thick; hoods oval, obtuse or truncate, gib-
bous at each side near the base, longer than the
anthers and the subulate incurved horn ; follicles
erect, glabrous, 3'~4' long, usually with blunt
processes near the apex.
In moist soil, southern Ontario to Ohio, Minne-
sota, Nebraska, Missouri and Kansas. July-Sept.
9. Asclepias latifolia (Torr.) Raf. Broad-leaved Milkweed. Fig. 3391.
Asclepias obtusifolia var. latifolia Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y.
2 : 117. 1826.
Asclepias latifolia Raf. Atl. Journ. 146. 1832-33.
A. Jamesii Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 162. 1859.
Minutely puberulent wnen young, glabrous when
old ; stem stout, usually simple, l-22 high, very
leafy. Leaves very thick, oval to orbicular, sessile
or nearly so, commonly broadly emarginate and
mucronulate at the apex and cordate or subcordate
at the base, 4'-6' long and nearly as wide, primary
nerves very wide-spreading; umbels 2-4, many-
flowered, short-peduncled in the upper axils or rarely
terminal; pedicels slender, canescent, nearly i' long;
corolla-segments ovate, acute, 4"-6" long, greenish ;
column short and thick; hoods truncate, about equal-
ling the anthers, the horn projecting from a short
crest over the edge of the stigma ; follicles erect on
deflexed pedicels, ovoid, acutish, 2'-3' long, about i'
thick.
On dry plains, Nebraska to Colorado, Texas and Ari-
zona. July-Sept.
28
ASCLEPIADACEAE.
VOL. III.
10. Asclepias amplexicaulis J. E. Smith. Blunt-leaved Milkweed. Fig. 3392.
A. amplexicaulis J. E. Smith, Georgia Insects 1:13.
pi. 7- 1797-
A. obtusifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 115. 1803.
Nearly glabrous, pale green, somewhat glau-
cous ; stem stout, erect or ascending, 2-3 high.
Leaves sessile, oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse
and mucronulate at the apex, cordate-clasping at
the base, $'-5' long, l' if' wide, margins wavy-
crisped; umbels many-flowered, usually solitary
on the long terminal peduncle, rarely with a
second shorter-peduncled one at its base ; pedi-
cels slender, downy, about i' long; corolla-seg-
ments oblong, greenish-purple, about 4" long;
column thick; hoods pink, nearly truncate and
toothed at the summit, shorter than the subulate
incurved horn, longer than the anthers; follicles
erect on the stout decurved fruiting pedicels,
downy, 4'-6' long.
In dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, New Hamp-
shire to Florida, northern New York, Minnesota,
Nebraska and Texas. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Vir-
ginia. May-Aug.
A. Bicknellii Vail, Bull. Torn Club 31: 458, is ap-
parently a hybrid between A. amplexicaulis J. E.
Smith and A. exaltata (L.) Muhl.
ii. Asclepias intermedia Vail. Intermediate
Milkweed. Fig. 3393.
A. intermedia Vail, Bull. Torr. Club 31: 459. 1904.
Stem erect, glabrous, purplish, not glaucous, about
l high. Leaves oblong-elliptic, glabrous above, mi-
nutely pubescent beneath, 6' long or less, obtuse at
both ends or the upper subcordate at the base, the
petioles very short; umbels 2 or more, terminal, pe-
duncled, the peduncles and slender pedicels pubes-
cent ; corolla green-purple, its oblong-lanceolate seg-
ments 3"-4" long, the erect hoods ovate-lanceolate,
obtuse, about 3" long, pink-purple, with a darker
stripe on the back, the margins with an erect tooth
above the middle, the horn slender.
Lawrence, Long Island. Possibly a hybrid between
A. syriaca and A. amplexicaulis.
12. Asclepias Meadii Torr. Mead's Milkweed.
Fig- 3394-
A. Meadii Torr. ; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, Add. 704. 1856.
Nearly glabrous throughout, pale green or glaucous;
stem simple, or rarely branched above, i-2 high.
Leaves opposite, sessile, flat, mostly distant, ovate,
ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate or the lower oblong, acute
or sometimes obtuse at the apex, the margins scabrous ;
umbel solitary, terminal, several-flowered, borne on a
peduncle 3'-6' long; corolla-segments greenish, ovate,
acute, 3"-4" long; column very short, thicker than
high; hoods ovate, purplish, nearly twice as long as
the anthers, rounded and truncate at the summit,
longer than the subulate inflexed horn, with a small
tooth at each side on the inner infolded margin; folli-
cles erect on decurved pedicels, minutely puberulent,
narrow, 4'-5' long.
In dry soil, Illinois to Iowa and Wisconsin. June-Aug.
GENUS i.
MILKWEED FAMILY.
29
13. Asclepias exaltata (L.) Muhl. Poke or
Tall Milkweed. Fig. 3395.
A. Syriaca var. e.val'ata L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 313. 1762.
Asclepias exaltata Muhl. Cat. 28. 1813.
A. phytolaccoid.es Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 180. 1814.
Nearly glabrous throughout, with two opposite
lines of pubescence on the usually simple stem, 3-6
high. Leaves opposite, thin or membranous, oval,
ovate or oblong, acuminate at both ends, 4'-o/ long,
ij'~4' wide, the lower sometimes obovate, obtuse,
shorter; petioles i'-i' long; peduncles i'-3' long;
umbels usually several ; pedicels slender, drooping
or spreading, i'-2' long, puberulent ; corolla green-
purple, the segments ovate or oblong, obtusish,
3"-4" long; column short; hoods white or pink,
slightly shorter than the anthers, much shorter than
the subulate horn, at the summit truncate and entire
or erose, with i or 2 slender teeth on each of the
inner margins ; follicles erect on the deflexed pedi-
cels, downy, long-acuminate, 4'-6' long.
In thickets and woods, Maine to Minnesota, Georgia,
Missouri and Arkansas. Ascends to 5500 ft. in North
Carolina. June-Aug.
14. Asclepias variegata L. White Milk-weed. Fig. 3396.
Asclepias variegata L. Sp. PI. 217. 1753.
Stem glabrous below, pubescent above when
young, simple, i -3 high. Leaves opposite, thick,
oval, ovate, oblong or the lower somewhat obo-
vate, obtuse and cuspidate or acutish at the apex,
narrowed or rounded at the base, dark green
above, pale beneath, 3'-6' long, i'-3' wide, the
middle ones sometimes verticillate in 4's ; petioles
3"-i2" long; umbels 1-4, terminal, or rarely i or
2 in the upper axils, densely many-flowered ; pe-
duncles i '-2' long; pedicels i'-ii' long, erect or
ascending, usually densely puberulent; corolla-
segments ovate or oval, about 3" long, white, or
purple near the base ; column very short and
thick, purplish ; hoods globose-obovoid, obtuse,
spreading, longer than the anthers, about equal-
ling the semi-lunate horizontally pointed horn;
follicles downy, erect on the deflexed fruiting
pedicels, 4'-$' long.
In dry woods or thickets, Connecticut (?), south-
ern New York to Illinois, Arkansas, Florida and
Texas. June-July.
15. Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq. Four-
leaved Milkweed. Fig. 3397.
A. quadrifolia Jacq. Obs. Part 2. 8. pi. 33. 1767.
Stem slender, simple, i-2 high, usually leaf-
less below. Leaves thin, sparingly pubescent on
the veins beneath, ovate to lanceolate, 2'-6' long,
\'-2\' wide, acute or acuminate, narrowed or
rounded at the base, or the lowest pair much
smaller, obovate and obtuse, the upper and lower
opposite, the middle ones usually verticillate in
4's ; umbels 1-4, terminal, or rarely in the upper
axils; peduncles slender, \'-2\' long; pedicels
about i' long; corolla pink or nearly white, its
lobes lanceolate-oblong, 2 "-3" long ; column short ;
hoods white, obtuse at the apex, broadly 2-toothed
above the base, twice as long as the anthers and
the short incurved horn ; follicles erect on the
erect fruiting pedicels, 3'-$' long, glabrous.
Woods and thickets, Maine and Ontario to Minne-
sota, Alabama and Arkansas. May-July.
ASCLEPIADACEAE.
VOL. III.
1 6. Asclepias syriaca L. Common Milk-
weed. Silkweed. Fig. 3398.
Asclepias syriaca L. Sp. PI. 214. 1753.
Asclepias Cornuti Dec. in DC. Prodr. 8: 564. 1844.
Stem stout, usually simple, 3-S high, finely
pubescent at least above. Leaves oblong, oval or
ovate, finely and densely pubescent beneath, soon
glabrous above, acute or obtuse and cuspidate at
the apex, obtuse, narrowed or subcordate at
the base, 4'-*)' long, 2,'-^' wide, the primary nerves
wide-spreading; petioles stout, 3"-8' long; umbels
several or numerous; peduncles pubescent or tomen-
tose, li'-Sa' long; pedicels i'-2' long; corolla green-
purple or greenish-white, its segments oblong-lan-
ceolate, 3 "-4" long; column short and thick, the
hoods ovate-lanceolate with a tooth on each side,
longer than the anthers and the incurved horn ; fol-
licles 3'-5' long, erect on recurved pedicels, tomen-
tose and covered with short soft processes.
In fields and waste' places, New Brunswick to Sas-
katchewan, North Carolina and Kansas. Leaves rarely
lanceolate. Silky swallow-wort. Virginia silk. Wild
cotton. June-Aug.
Asclepias kansana Vail, of Kansas, differs by erect-spreading hoods of the corolla and more
densely tomentose follicles.
17. Asclepias speciosa Torr. Showy Milk-
weed. Fig. 3399.
Asclepias speciosa Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 218. 1826.
A. Douglasii Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 53. pi. 152. 1834.
White-tomentose or canescent all over, or gla-
brate below, pale; stem simple, stout, i-2i high.
Leaves thick, broadly ovate or oval, obtuse and cus-
pidate or acute at the apex, subcordate, rounded or
narrowed at the base, petioled, 3'-8' long, 2.'-^ wide ;
peduncles i'~3' long; umbels several or rarely soli-
tary, many-flowered; pedicels stout, Q"-i8" long;
corolla purple-green, its segments oblong or ovate-
oblong, 4"-6" long, tomentose on the outer face ;
column very short or none ; hoods lanceolate, S"~7"
long, obtusish, expanded and with 2 blunt teeth be-
low, the apex ligulate, 5-7 times as long as the
anthers; horn short, inflexed; follicles erect or
spreading on the recurved fruiting pedicels, 3 '-4'
long, densely woolly and covered with soft spinose
processes.
In moist soil, Minnesota to British Columbia, south
to Kansas. Utah and California. May-July.
18. Asclepias arenaria Torr. Sand Milk-
weed. Fig. 3400.
A. arenaria Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 162. 1859.
Densely tomentose-canescent all over, stems
simple, ascending or erect, stout, i-2 high.
Leaves obovate or oval, wavy-margined, thick,
obtuse or retuse and cuspidate at the apex, trun-
cate, subcordate, obtuse, or rarely some of them
narrowed at the base, 2'-4' long, ii'-3' wide, the
angle of the primary nervation broad ; umbels
densely many-flowered, short-peduncled or ses-
sile ; corolla greenish-white, its segments oval-
oblong, 4"-s" long; column i"-2" high; hoods
oblong, truncate at each end., oblique at the apex,
longer than the anthers, with a broad tooth on
each side within; horn semi-lunate with an ab-
ruptly incurved subulate apex ; follicles puberu-
lent, 4'-$' long, erect on the decurved fruiting
pedicels.
On sand-bars and hills along rivers, Nebraska and
Colorado to Mexico and New Mexico. June-Sept.
GENUS i.
MILKWEED FAMILY.
19. Asclepias ovalifolia Dec. Oval-leaved
or Dwarf Milkweed. Fig. 3401.
Asclepias ovalifolia Dec. in DC. Prodr. 8 : 567. 1844.
Finely tomentose all over ; stem simple, usually
slender, erect, io'-2 high. Leaves oval, ovate,
oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse and
mucronulate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at
the base, 2'-$' long, 4'-ii' wide, short-petioled,
the upper surfaces becoming glabrate at maturity;
umbels solitary or few, several-many-flowered ;
peduncles short; corolla greenish-white or pur-
plish, its segments ovate-oblong, obtuse, 2" -3"
long ; column very short ; hoods oval-oblong, yel-
lowish, nearly twice as long as the anthers, bear-
ing a large acute tooth on each of the inner "mar-
gins ; horn subulate, incurved over the stigma ;
follicles ascending on the reflexed fruiting pedi-
cels, pubescent.
In woods and on prairies, Illinois to North Dakota,
\Visconsin, Manitoba and Athabasca. June-July.
20. Asclepias brachystephana Engelm.
Short-crowned Milkweed. Fig. 3402.
Asclepias brachystephana Engelm. ; Torr. Bot. Mex.
Bound. Surv. 163. 1859.
Puberulent when young, soon glabrate ; stems
clustered, often branched, spreading or ascend-
ing, 6' -i 2' long. Leaves mostly opposite, lanceo-
late or linear-lanceolate, thick, long-acuminate at
the apex, rounded, subcordate or narrowed at the
base, 2'-5' long, 2 "-6" wide, or the lowest shorter ;
petioles I "-4" long; umbels several, terminal and
axillary, few-flowered; peduncles short; pedicels
densely woolly, equalling or longer than the pe-
duncles; corolla greenish-purple, its segments
about 2" long; column very short or none; hoods
ovate, obtuse, shorter than the anthers, the short
erect-incurved horn slightly exserted; follicles
erect on the spreading or decurved fruiting pedi-
cels, downy or hoary, acuminate, 2'-$' long.
In dry soil, Kansas (according to B. B. Smyth),
Wyoming to Texas, Arizona and Mexico. June-Aug.
21. Asclepias perennis Walt. Thin-leaved
Milkweed. Fig. 3403.
Asclepias perennis Walt. Fl. Car. 107. 1788.
Puberulent above, glabrous below ; stem slen-
der, simple or branched, erect, i -3 high. Leaves
thin, opposite, lanceolate, oblong or ovate-lanceo-
late, slender-petioled, acuminate or acute at both
ends, 2'-6' long, \'-\' wide, nearly glabrous; um-
bels solitary or several and corymbose ; peduncles
i '-2' long; pedicels slender, i'-i' long; flowers
small, white; corolla-segments oblong, i"-2"
long; column about \" h ; gh ; hoods oval, erect,
entire, about as long as the anthers, shorter than
the subulate-filiform incurved horn ; follicles gla-
brous, erect on the nearly erect fruiting pedicels ;
seeds 5"-6" long, 3*"-4i ' wide, thin, usually with-
out coma.
On river-shores and in wet places, North Carolina
to Indiana, Illinois and Missouri, south to Florida
and Texas. May-Aug.
ASCLEPIADACEAE.
VOL. III.
22. Asclepias verticillata L. Whorled Milk-
weed. Fig. 3404.
Asclepias verticillata L. Sp. PI. 217. 1753. .
Roots slender, fascicled ; stem slender, simple or
branched, pubescent in lines above, leafy, \-2\
high. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, verticillate in
3's~7's or some of them alternate, glabrous or very
nearly so, their margins narrowly revolute ; umbels
numerous, many-flowered; peduncles slender, i'-ii'
long; pedicels almost filiform, shorter than the pe-
duncles; corolla greenish white, its segments oblong,
\\"-2" long; column about \" high; hoods white,
oval, entire, about equalling the anthers, much
shorter than the subulate incurved horn-; follicles
erect on the erect fruiting pedicels, narrowly spindle-
shaped, glabrous, 2'-$' long.
In dry fields and on hills, Maine and southern On-
tario to Saskatchewan, south to Florida, Mexico and
^ New Mexico. July-Sept.
23. Asclepias galioides H.B.K. Bedstraw Milk-
weed. Fig. 3405.
Asclepias galioides H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 3 : 188. 1818.
Glabrous, except the minutely pubescent stems and pedi-
cels. Stems erect, i high or more, from a horizontal root-
stock; leaves erect or spreading, in'vTc'ls of 2-6, narrbwl;
linear, 2'-$ long, the margins revolutt ; peduncles longer
than the pedicels and shorter than the leaves ; umbels
9"-i3" in diameter ; flowers greenish-white ; corolla-seg-
ments 2" long; hoods as high as the anthers, broadly
rounded at the summit, dorsally hastate-sagittate, the ven-
tral margins slightly involute, entire; horn arising from
the base of the hood, long-exserted over the anthers ;
anther-wings minutely notched at the base; follicles erect
on erect fruiting pedicels, attenuated, 2'-2\' long, glabrous
or minutely puberulent.
Kansas to Colorado, Arizona and Mexico.. May-July. ' ,.
24. Asclepias pumila (A. Gra>; Vail.
Low Milkweed. Fig. 3406.
Asclepias pumila Vail ; Britton & Brown, 111. Fl. 3 :
12. 1898.
Asclepias verticillata var. pumila A. Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. 12: 71. 1876.
Stems 4'-io' high, tufted from a we dy root.
Leaves very numerous, crowded, sometimes ob-
scurely whorled, filiform-linear, i'--'. long,
smooth or minutely roughened, the margins rev-
olute; umbels 2-several, short-peduncled, few-
flowered; pedicels filiform, puberulent, . 3"-4"
long; corolla greenish white, its segments ob-
long, i$"-2" long; column short; hoods white,
erect, oblong, entire, equalling the .anthers,
shorter than the slender incurved horn ; follicles
erect on erect fruiting pedicels, narrowly spindle-
shaped, -iiT-3' long, finely puberulent.
Dry plains, Iowa to South Dakota. Arkansas,
Texas, Wyoming, Colorado and New Mexico.
GENUS 2.
.MILKWEED FAMILY.
33
2. ASCLEPIODORA A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12 : 66. 1876.
Erect or decumbent perennial herbs, similar to Asdepias, with alternate or opposite
entire leaves, and rather large flowers in terminal solitary or corymbed umbels. Sepals lan-
ceolate. Corolla rotate, its segments spreading. Hoods oblong, inserted over the whole of
the very short corona-column, curved upward, obtuse, crested within, at least in the upper
part, slightly longer than the anther ; at the sinuses between the hoods a small lobe or
appendage, alternate with the anther-wings, simulating an inner crown. Anthers tipped with
a scarious membrane, their wings horny, narrowed below, sometimes angled above the middle.
Pollen-masses pendulous, pyriform, longer than their caudicles. Follicles ovoid or oblong,
acuminate, with or without soft spinose processes, erect or ascending on the decurved or
twice bent fruiting pedicels. Seeds comose. [Greek, gift of Aesculapius.]
Five or six species, natives of the southern United States and Mexico. Type species : Asclepio-
dora viridis (Walt.) A. Gray.
Glabrous or nearly so ; leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate ; umbels corymbose. i. A. viridis.
Stem rough-puberulent ; leaves lanceolate or linear, acuminate; umbels solitary. 2. A. decumbens,
i. Asclepiodora viridis (Walt.) A. Gray.
Oblong-leaved Milkweed. Fig. 3407.
Asclcpias viridis Walt. Fl. Car. 107. 1788.
Asclepiodora viridis A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12 :
66. 1876.
Stem erect, puberulent above, simple, l-2
high. Leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate, rather
thin, obtuse and mucronulate or acute at the
apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, short-
petioled, 2.\'-~,' long, \'-\\' wide; umbels 2-4,
or sometimes solitary; peduncles ii'-2' long;
pedicels sic ,der, about \' lon# ->rMla green-
ish, its segments, when exp? ., oblong, ob-
tuse or acute, 4"-6" long, 2- ^mes as long as
the purplish or violet entire-margined hoods;
anther-wings narrow, scarcely angled above ;
fruiting pedicels twice bent; follicles ascend-
ing, puberulent, 2'-3' long, sometimes with soft
spinose projections.
In dry soil, Illinois to Kansas, Texas, South
Carolina and Florida.. May-July.
2. Asclepiodora decumbens (Nutt.)
A. Gray. Decumbent Milkweed.
Fig. 3408.
decumbens Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil.
,^OC. (II.) 5: 202. 1833-37.
< ?. & ' 'dora decumbens A. Gray, Proc. Am.
Aidd. 12: 66. 1876.
t- terns decumbent or ascending, rough-
pub/ u lent, io'-2 long. Leaves firm, linear
to ^ ceolate, glabrous above, puberulent on
thr* ins beneath, acuminate at the apex,
na ved at the base, $'-j' long, 2"-8"
wit. \ umbel solitary, many-flowered; pe-
dur> i i '-5' long; pedicels stout, i'-i' long;
corf, a depressed-globose in the bud, green-
5sh,! .s segments, when expanded, ovate or
broil ly oval, longer than the hoods ; hoods
;>u ' :, obtusely 3-lobed on the ventral
ma'f ns, about 3" long, their tips incurved;
anti -wings broad, angled above ; follicles
nea erect on the recurved fruited pedi-
cel? ,'-4' long, puberulent, at least when
you- , with or without soft projections.
ry soil, Kansas to Texas and Mexico,
v- Utah and Arizona. April-June.
ASCLEPIADACEAE.
VOL. III.
3. ACERATES Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 316. 1817.
Perennial herbs, similar to Asclepias, with alternate or opposite thick leaves, and green
or purplish flowers in terminal or axillary and short-peduncled or sessile umbels. Calyx
5-parted or 5-divided, the segments acute, glandular within. Corolla deeply 5-cleft, the seg-
ments valvate, reflexed in anthesis. Corona-column very short. Corona of 5 involute-concave
or somewhat pitcher-shaped hoods, neither horned nor crested within or in one species having
a small interior crest and usually a few small processes at the base of the anther-wings,
forming an obscure inner crown. Pollen-masses solitary in each sac, oblong, pendulous.
Stigma 5-lobed. [Greek, without horn, referring to the crown.]
About 7 species, natives of North America. Type species : Acerates longifolia (Michx.) Ell.
Umbels sessile, or very nearly so, mostly axillary.
Leaves oval to linear ; hoods entire at the apex. i. A. viridiflora,
Leaves narrowly linear ; hoods 3-toothed. 2. A. angustifolia.
Umbels, at least the lower, distinctly peduncled.
Plants glabrous, or nearly so ; umbels usually several ; leaves narrow.
Hoods obtuse, entire; column y 2 " long; stem roughish puberulent. 3. A. floridana.
Hoods emarginate ; column very short ; stem glabrous. 4. A. auriculata.
Plant hirsute ; umbel solitary, terminal ; leaves- ovate to oblong. 5. A. lanuginosa.
i. Acerates viridiflora (Raf.) Eaton. Green Milkweed. Fig. 3409.
Asclepias viridiflora Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5 : 360. 1808.
Acerates viridiflora Eaton, Man-. Ed. 5, 90. 1829.
Puberulent or tomentulose, at least when young;
stems simple, reclined or ascending, rather st.ff,
i-3 high. Leaves slightly rough, alternate or op-
posite, thick, oval, oblong or ovate to lanceolate or
linear, 1'-$' long, \'-2.' wide, short-petioled, the mar-
gins usually undulate ; umbels several, or rarely
solitary, axillary, densely many-flowered, sessile or
very nearly so ; pedicels very slender, tomentose,
4"-8" long; flowers green; corolla-segments nar-
rowly oblong, 2"-3" long ; column very short or
none; hoods lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, minutely
2-auricled at the base; mass of anthers longer than
thick ; anther-wings tapering below, semi-rhomboid
above; follicles puberulent, 2'-^' long.
In dry, sandy or rocky soil, Massachusetts to south-
ern Ontario, Saskatchewan, Florida and Texas. Con-
sists of several races, differing mainly in leaf-form.
June-Sept.
2. Acerates angustifolia (Nutt.) Dec.
Narrow-leaved Milkweed. Fig. 3410.
Polyotus angustifolius Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
(II.) 5= 201. 1833-37.
A. angnstifolia Dec. in DC. Prodr. 8: 522. 1844.
Asclepias stenophylla A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12 :
72. 1876.
Stems mostly several together, erect, straight,
i-2 high, puberulent above, glabrate below.
Leaves opposite, or some of the lower alternate,
sessile, narrowly linear, 2'-5' long, glabrous, the
revolute margins and the thick midvein rough
beneath ; umbels io-is-flowered, short-peduncled
or subsessile, axillary, usually numerous ; pedicels
puberulent ; corolla-segments oblong, greenish ;
hoods white, not exceeding the anthers, 3-toothed
at the apex, the acute middle tooth merely a
prolongation of the thickened crest-like midvein,
shorter than the obtuse lateral ones ; anther-
wings notched at about the middle ; follicles
slender, erect, about 3' long or more.
On dry plains, Missouri, Nebraska and Colorado to
Texas.
GENUS 3.
MILKWEED FAMILY.
3. Acerates floridana (Lam.) A. S. Hitchc.
Florida Milkweed. Fig. 3411.
Asclepias floridana Lam. Encycl. I : 284. 1783.
Acerates longifolia Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1:317. 1817.
Acerates floridana A. S. Hitchc. Trans. St. Louis
Acad. 5 : 508. 1891.
Rough-puberulent ; stems slender, simple or
little branched, erect or ascending, i-3 high.
Leaves mostly alternate, linear or rarely linear-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, short-petioled,
2'-8' long, ii"-6" wide, commonly rough-cilio-
late on the margins and midrib; umbels several
or solitary, peduncled, usually many-flowered;
peduncles 3"-! 5" long; pedicels slender, hirsute,
i'-i' long; corolla greenish white, its segments
narrowly oblong, about 2" long; column short
but distinct ; hoods oblong, obtuse, entire, shorter
than the anthers ; anther-wings narrowed to the
base; follicles densely puberulent, 4'-$' long.
Moist soil, Ohio to southern Ontario and Minne-
sota, North Carolina, Florida and Texas. June-Sept.
4. Acerates auriculata Engelm. Auri-
cled Milkweed. Fig. 3412.
Acerates auricitlata Engelm. Bot. Mex. Bound.
Surv. 1 60. 1859.
Asclepias auriculata Holzinger, Bot. Gaz. 17 :
125. 1892.
Stem glabrous, often glaucous, sinuous
above, rarely branched below, usually stout,
i~3 high. Leaves mostly alternate, narrowly
l : near, glabrous, shprt-petioled, 3 '-8' long,
i"-2j" wide, becoming leathery, the rough
margins not revolute ; umbels commonly sev-
eral, densely many-flowered, pedr.ncled ; pe-
duncles 2"-i' long, pubescent ; pedicels slender,
pubescent ; flowers greenish white tinged with
dull purple ; corolla-segments oblong, 2"-2i"
long; column short, but distinct ; hoods yellow,
often with a purplish keel, entire, or emargi-
nately truncate at the apex, not exceeding the
anthers, the involute margins spreading at the
base into auricles; follicles 2'-3' long, curved.
In dry soil, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas
and New Mexico. June-Sept.
5. Acerates lanuginosa (Nutt.) Dec.
Woolly Milkweed. Fig. 3413.
Asclepias lanuginosa Nutt. Gen. i : 168. 1818.
Acerates lanuginosa Dec. in DC. Prodr. 8 : 523. 1844.
Hirsute all over ; stems erect, slender, simple,
6'-i8' high. Leaves oblong, ovate-lanceolate or
lanceolate, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or
rounded at the base, short-petioled, i'-4' long,
4"-i5" wide ; umbel solitary, terminal, densely
many-flowered, peduncled ; peduncle stout, densely
hirsute, J'-li long; pedicels slender, puberulent
or hirsute; corolla greenish, its segments oblong,
about 2j" long; column none; hoods purplish,
oblong, obtuse, entire, with a flat fold or auricle
on the infolded lower ventral margins, shorter
than the anthers ; anther-wings broadest below
the middle.
On prairies, northern Illinois to Minnesota, Ne-
braska and Wyoming. June-Aug.
ASCLEPIADACEAE.
VOL. III.
4. GONOLOBUS Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 119. 1803.
[AMPELANUS Raf. ; Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 21: 314. 1894.]
[ENSLENIA Nutt. Gen. i : 164. 1818. Not Raf. 1817.]
Perennial twining herbaceous vines, with petioled opposite cordate thin leaves, and small
whitish flowers in axillary peduncled clusters. Calyx 5-parted, minutely glandular within,
the segments lanceolate. Corolla campanulate, deeply 5-cleft, the lobes slightly contorted,
nearly erect. Crown nearly sessile, of 5 membranous truncate lobes, each appendaged by a
simple or 2-cleft awn. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla, the filaments connate
into a short tube; anthers terminated by an inflexed membrane; pollen-masses solitary in
each sac, ellipsoid, pendulous. Stigma conic, slightly 2-lobed. Follicles thick, acuminate.
Seeds comose. [Greek, referring to the somewhat angled pod.]
Three species, natives of America. Type species :
Gonolobus lacvis Michx.
i. Gonolobus laevis Michx. Sand Vine.
Enslen's-vine. Fig. 3414.
Gonolobus laevis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 119. 1803.
Enslenia albida Nutt. Gen. i : 164. 1818.
A. albidus Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 21 : 314. 1894.
Stem sparingly puberulent, at least above, high-
climbing, slender. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate,
gradually acuminate, deeply cordate, palmately
veined, glabrous or very nearly so, entire, 3'-?' long,
ii'-S' wide; petioles i'~4' long; cymes numerous,
densely flowered; peduncles stout, 3" -2' long; flow-
ers 2"-3" long; corolla-segments lanceolate, acute,
twice as long as those of the calyx and exceeding
the 2-cleft awns of the corona-lobes; follicles on
ascending fruiting pedicels, 4'-6' long, somewhat
angled, glabrous when mature.
Along river-banks and in thickets, Pennsylvania to
Illinois, Kansas, Florida and Texas. June-Aug.
1753-
5. CYNANCHUM L. Sp. PI. 212.
[VIXCETOXICUM Moench, Meth. 717. 1/94.]
Perennial twining herbaceous or slightly woody vines (some species erect herbs), with
opposite or rarely verticillate or alternate leaves, and small yellowish green or purplish flow-
ers in axillary cymes. Calyx 5-parted, minutely glandular within. Corolla rotate, deeply
5-cleft, the segments spreading, somewhat twisted. Crown flat or cup-like, entire, 5-lobed or
5-parted, the lobes not appendaged. Stamens attached to the base of the corolla, their fila-
ments connate into a tube; anthers appendaged by an inflexed membrane. Pollen-masses
solitary in each sac, pendulous. Stigma flat or conic. Follicles acuminate, glabrous. Seeds
comose. [Greek, dog-strangling.]
About TOO species, natives of both the Old World
and the New. Besides the following, 2 native species
occur in the southeastern United States. Type spe-
cies: Cynanchutn acntitm L.
i. Cynanchum nigrum (L.) Pers. Black
Swallow-wort. Fig. 3415.
Asdepias nigra L. Sp. PI. 216. 1753.
Vincetoxicum nigrum Moench, Meth. 317. 1794.
Cynanchnm nigrum Pers. Syn. I : 274. 1805.
Twining, or at first erect, puberulent, slender,
2-5 high. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, en-
tire, thin, acuminate at the apex, rounded at the
base, pinnately veined, petioled, 2'-^' long, \'-2\'
wide; petioles 2"-i2" long; pedicels i$"-3" long;
flowers dark purple, about 2\" broad ; corolla-
segments pubescent within ; cro\vn fleshy, 5-lobed ;
follicles on nearly straight fruiting pedicels, about
2' long, glabrous.
In waste places, escaped from gardens, Massa-
chusetts to Pennsylvania and Ohio and in British
Columbia. Introduced from Europe. June-Sept.
Cynanchum Vincetoxicum (L.) Pers., with green-
ish-white glabrous corollas, another Old World
species, is recorded as escaped from cultivation in
southern Ontario.
GENUS 6.
MILKWEED FAMILY.
37
6. VINCETOXICUM Walt. Fl. Car. 104. 1788.
Twining or trailing perennial vines, with opposite usually cordate leaves, and rather large
purple, brown, white or greenish flowers in axillary cyme-like umbels or fascicles. Calyx
5-parted or deeply 5-cleft, mostly 5-glandular within. Corolla rotate, very deeply 5-parted,
the tube very short, the segments convolute in the bud. Corona (crown) annular or cup-
shaped, entire, lobed or divided, adnate to the corolla. Stamens inserted on the base of the
corolla, the filaments connate into a tube ; anthers not appendaged, merely tipped, borne along
or just under the margin of the flat-topped stigma, the sacs more or less transversely dehis-
cent. Pollen-masses solitary in each sac, horizontal or nearly so. Follicles thick, acuminate,
smooth, angled or tuberculate. Seeds comose. [Greek, subduing poison.]
About 75 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 10 others occur in the
southern and southwestern United States. Type species : Vincetoxicum gonocarpos Walt.
Crown annular, lo-crenate; follicles angled, not warty.
Corolla about twice as long as the calyx. i. V. suberosum.
Corolla 3-4 times as long as the calyx. 2. V, gonocarpos.
Crown cup-shaped, about as high as the anthers ; follicles warty.
Flowers purple to dull yellow.
Corolla-segments oblong, 3 "-4" long ; crown crenate. 3. V. hirsutum.
Corolla-segments linear or linear-oblong, 5" 7" long.
Crown merely crenate. 4. V. obliquum.
Crown toothed or lobed.
Crown s-lobed, with a subulate 2-cleft tooth in each sinus.
Crown lo-toothed, the alternate teeth thinner and longer.
Flowers white ; crown deeply cleft.
5. V. carolinense.
6. V.SIwrtii.
7. V. Baldwinianum.
i. Vincetoxicum suberosum (L.) Britton. Coast Vincetoxicum. Fig. 3416.
Cynanchum suberosum L. Sp. PI. 212. 1753.
G. suberosus R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2 : 82. 1811.
V. suberosum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 266. 1894.
Stem pubescent or glabrous, slender, twining.
Leaves thin, 2'~s' long, i'~3' wide, ovate or ovate-
oval, acute or abruptly acuminate at the apex, cor-
date at the base; petioles i'-2' long; umbels com-
monly few-flowered; peduncles i'-i' long; pedicels
i'-i' long, fleshy, nearly glabrous ; corolla brown-
purple, broadly conic in the twisted bud, its segments
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, pubescent or
granulose within, 3"-4" long, about twice as long as
the calyx ; crown an annular fleshy undulately
lo-crenate disk ; follicles glabrous, 3-5-angled, when
young fleshy, when mature dry and spongy, 4'-6'
long, i' in diameter or more.
In thickets, Virginia to Florida, mainly near the coast.
May-July.
^ X . ^3,
2. Vincetoxicum gonocarpos Walt. Large-
leaved Angle-pod. Fig. 3417.
Vincetoxicum gonocarpos Walt. Fl. Car. 104. 1788.
G. macrophylliis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 119. 1803.
Gonolobus laevis var. macrophylliis A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 :
Part i, 103. 1878.
Glabrous or pubescent, stems slender, climbing
high. Leaves broadly ovate, thin, 3'-8' long, 2'-6'
wide, acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the
base, the sinus narrow or the rounded auricles over-
lapping; petioles I '-4' long; umbels few-flowered;
peduncles i'~3' long; pedicels rather stout, glabrous
or nearly so ; corolla conic in the bud, not twisted, its
segments lanceolate, glabrous, 4"-5" long, 3-4 times
as long as the calyx ; crown a low obtusely undulate
disk; follicles glabrous, similar to those of the pre-
ceding species but usually shorter.
Along rivers and in moist thickets, Virginia to South
Carolina, Georgia, Indiana Missouri and Texas.
ASCLEPIADACEAE.
VOL. III.
3. Vincetoxicum hirsutum (Michx.) Britton.
Hairy Vincetoxicum. Fig. 3418.
Gonolobus hirsntus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 119. 1803.
V, hirsutum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 266. 1894.
Stem downy, slender. Leaves ovate, acuminate at
the apex, deeply cordate at the base, downy, 2'~4'
long, i'-2i' wide, the sinus narrow, or the lobes
sometimes overlapping; petioles slender, pubescent,
i'-2' long; peduncles usually about equalling the
petioles, sometimes longer ; umbels few-several-
flowered; corolla brown-purple to greenish yellow,
ovoid in the bud, its segments oblong, very obtuse,
3 "-4" long, minutely puberulent without, about 4
times as long as the densely pubescent calyx ; crown
cup-shaped, fleshy, about as high as the anthers, the
margin lo-crenate ; follicles lanceolate, 3'-$' long,
muricate, puberulent ; seeds entire.
In thickets, Maryland to Florida, west to Tennessee.
Running milkweed. Negro-vine. July-Aug.
4. Vincetoxicum obliquum (Jacq.) Britton.
Fig. 34I9-
Cynanchum hirtum L. Sp. PI. 212. 1753?
Cynanchum obliquum Jacq. Coll. i : 148. 1786.
G. obliquus R. Br. ; R. & S. Syst. 6 : 64. 1820.
V. obliquum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 266. 1894.
Stem puberulent or hirsute, slender. Leaves
pubescent, broadly ovate, short-acuminate at the
apex, deeply cordate at the base with an open or
closed sinus, 2'-8' long, rJ'-6' wide; petioles
rather stout, pubescent, i'-4' long; umbels slen-
der-peduncled, few-several-flowered ; pedicels very
slender, i'-2 r long; corolla narrowly conic in the
bud, red-purple within, greenish and minutely
pubescent without, its segments elongated-linear,
obtuse, 6-7 times as long as the hirsute calyx ;
crown cup-shaped, as high as the anthers, fleshy,
its margin lo-crenulate, the intermediate crenu-
lations sometimes 2-dentate; follicles ovoid-lan-
ceolate, a'-3' long, muricate.
In thickets, Pennsylvania to Ohio, Missouri, Vir-
ginia and Kentucky. July-Aug.
Large-flowered Vincetoxicum.
5. Vincetoxicum carolinense (Jacq.) Britton.
Carolina Vincetoxicum. Fig. 3420.
Cynanchum carolinense Jacq. Coll. 2: 228. 1788.
G. carolinensis R. Br. ; R. & S. Syst. 6 : 62. 1820.
V. carolinense Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 265. 1894.
Stem hirsute. Leaves broadly ovate, acute or
short-acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the
base with a narrow or closed sinus, 3'-/' long, 2'-$'
wide, pubescent, at least beneath ; petioles hirsute,
ii'-4' long; peduncles 2'~4' long; pedicels very slen-
der, i' long or more ; corolla brown-purple, oblong-
conic in the bud, puberulent without, its segments
linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, obtusish, 5''-6"
long, 5-6 times longer than the hirsute calyx ; crown
cup-shaped, scarcely fleshy, 5-lobed, with a subulate
longer 2-cleft erect tooth in each sinus ; follicles
muricate.
In thickets, Virginia to Missouri, south to South Caro-
lina and Louisiana. May-July.
GENUS 6.
MILKWEED FAMILY.
39
6. Vinceoxicum Snortii (A. Gray) Britton. Short's Vincetoxicum. Fig. 3421.
Gonolobus obliquus var. Shi.-rtii A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 :
Part i, 104. 1878.
G. Short ii A. Gray, loc. cit. Ed. 2, 404. 1886.
V. Shortii Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 266. 1894.
Stem pubescent, or hirsute with spreading
hairs. Leaves downy, broadly ovate, acute or
short-acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at
the base and when old with a narrow or closed
sinus, 4'-j' long, ij'-si' wide; petioles stout,
pubescent, iJ'-3' long; peduncles usually longer
than the petioles; umbels several-flowered; pedi-
cels i' long or more; corolla oblong-conic in
the bud, dark crimson-purple, its lobes linear,
S"-7" long, 5-7 times as long as the hirsute
calyx ; crown cup-shaped, fleshy, as high as the
anthers, its margin about lo-toothed, the alter-
nate teeth thinner and longer, emarginate or
2-parted, the others broader, thicker, with an
obscure internal crest or ridge below the sum-
mit ; follicles warty.
In thickets, Pennsylvania to eastern Kentucky
and Georgia. Flowers with the odor of the straw-
berry-shrub. June-Aug.
7. Vincetoxicum Baldwinianum (Sweet) Britton. Baldwin's Vincetoxicum.
Fig. 3422.
Gonolobus Baldwinianus Sweet ; A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 :
Part i, 104. 1876.
Vincetoxicum Baldtvinianum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club
5: 265. 1894.
Stem pubescent and hirsute. Leaves downy, broadly
ovate, acute, or short-acuminate at the apex, deeply
cordate at the base, 3'-6' long, or more ; petioles hir-
sute, i '-2' long; peduncles 6"-i2" long, usually longer
than the pedicels ; umbels several-many-flowered ;
corolla white or cream-color, the lobes thin, oblong,
or becoming spatulate, 4"-5" long; crown thin, the 5
broader lobes quadrate, emarginate, or obscurely
toothed; in their sinuses a pair of very slender
linear-subulate teeth of more than double their
length, much surpassing the stigma.
Missouri and Arkansas to Georgia. May-June.
Periploca graeca L., silk-vine, a handsome woody
climber, with glabrous ovate-oblong leaves and brown-
ish flowers in umbels, the obtuse corolla-segments vil-
lous on the inner side has been collected as an escape
from cultivation.
Family 19. DICHONDRACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 20, 25.
DICHONDRA FAMILY.
Consists only of the following genus :
1829.
i. DICHONDRA Forst. Char. Gen. PI. 39. pi. 40. 1776.
Prostrate or creeping slender annual (sometimes perennial?) silky-pubescent or glabrous
herbs, with nearly orbicular cordate or reniform petioled entire leaves, and very small soli-
tary axillary peduncled flowers. Sepals nearly equal, oblong or spatulate. Corolla open-
campanulate, deeply 5-partcd, the lobes induplicate in the bud. Stamens shorter than the
corolla; filaments filiform. Ovary villous, deeply 2-parted, each lobe 2-celled; styles 2, simple,
arising from the bases of the ovary-lobes ; stigmas capitate. Fruit of 2 pubescent 2-valved
or indehiscent i-2-seeded capsules. [Greek, two-grained, referring to the capsules.]
About 5 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, another occurs
in the southwest. Type species : Dichondra repens Forst.
4 o
DICHOXDRACEAE.
VOL. III.
i. Dichondra carolinensis Michx.
Fig. 2423.
Dichondra.
Dichondra carolinensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 136. 1803.
Somewhat pubescent, or glabrous ; stems almost fili-
form, creeping, rooting at the nodes, 6'-2 long. Leaves
orbicular to reniform, deeply cordate, i'-ii' in diameter,
palmately veined ; petiole often much longer than the
blade; flowers i"-2" broad; peduncles filiform; sepals
obtuse, spatulate or obovate ; corolla yellow to white,
shorter than the sepals, its lobes ovate to oblong; cap-
sule i" high or less.
In moist or wet places, Virginia to Texas and Mexico,
near the coast. Widely distributed in Central and South
America. Has been regarded as referable to the Old
World D. repens Forst. ; the specific name evolvulacea was
used for it in our first edition, in error.
Family 20. CONVOLVULACEAE Vent. Tabl. 2 : 394. 1799.
MORNING-GLORY FAMILY.
Herbs, some tropical species shrubs or trees, the stems twining, ascending,
trailing or erect, with alternate exstipulate entire dentate lobed or dissected leaves,
and regular perfect axillary cymose or solitary flowers. Calyx inferior, 5-parted
or 5-divided, usually persistent, the segments or sepals imbricated. Coralla gamo-
petalous, funnelform, salverform, campanulate, tubular or rarely subrotate, the
limb 5-angled, 5-lobed or entire. Stamens 5, inserted low down on the tube of
the corolla and alternate with its lobes, all anther-bearing, the filaments filiform,
or dilated at the base, equal or unequal ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally
dehiscent. Disk annular or none. Ovary superior, sessile, 2-3-celled, with 2
ovules in each cavity, or falsely 4-6-celled with a single ovule in each cavity,
entire or 2-4-divided ; styles 1-3, terminal, or arising from between the ovary-
divisions; ovules anatropous. Fruit a 2-4-valved capsule or of 2-4 distinct car-
pels, in our species. Seeds erect, the testa villous, pubescent or glabrous ; embryo
plaited or crumpled; cotyledons foliaceous; endosperm fleshy or cartilaginous,
usually scanty.
About 45 genera and probably 1000 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant
in the tropics.
Style 2-cleft or 2-divided.
Style 2-cleft or 2-parted. i. Stylisma.
Style 2-divided to the ovary, each division 2-cleft. 2. Evolvulus.
Style entire up to the stigma.
Stigma or stigmas capitate or globose.
Corolla salver f orm ; stamens and style exserted. 3. Quamoclit.
Corolla funnelform or campanulate ; stamens and style included. 4. Ipomoea.
Stigmas 2, filiform to oblong. 5. Convolvulus.
i. STYLISMA Raf. Neog. 2. 1825.
Herbs, mostly perennial and procumbent, with entire short-petioled or sessile leaves, and
i-5-flowered axillary peduncles; flowers white, purple, pink, or yellow. Sepals acute or
obtuse. Corolla campanulate or funnelform-campanulate; limb plaited, 5-angled or slightly
5-lobed. Stamens included; filaments filiform, or dilated at the base. Ovary 2-celled; style
2-cleft or 2-parted ; stigmas capitate. Capsule globose to ovoid, 2-celled, 2-4-valved. Style
rarely 3-parted and ovary 3-celled. Seeds 1-4, glabrous or pubescent. [Greek, referring to
the 2-parted style.]
Seven known species, of the southeastern United States and Mexico. In our first edition this
genus was referred to the Australian Breweria R. Br. Type species : Convolvulus aquaticus Walt.
Sepals acute or acuminate ; leaves oblong, elliptic or linear.
Corolla white ; filaments pubescent ; plant pubescent or puberulent. i. S. humistrata.
Corolla purple ; filaments glabrous ; plants silky-tomentose. 2. 5". (iqtiatica.
Sepals obtuse ; leaves narrowly linear. 3. S. Pickeringii.
GENUS i.
MORNING-GLORY FAMILY.
I. Stylisma humistrata (Walt.) Chapm.
Southern Breweria. Fig. 3424.
Convolvulus humistratus Walt. Fl. Car. 94. 1788.
Stylisma humistrata Chapm. Fl. S. States, 346. 1860.
Bonamia humistrata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 376. 1867.
Breweria humistrata A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part i, 217. 1878.
Pubescent or puberulenf; stems slender, i-2 long,
simple, or with a few long branches. Leaves elliptic,
oblong-elliptic, or ovate-oblong, obtuse and mucronulate
or some of them emarginate at the apex, subcordate,
rounded or narrowed at the base, i'-i' wide, i'-2' long;
petioles i"-3" long; peduncles slender, longer than the
leaves, i-/-flowered, minutely bracted at the summit ;
sepals glabrous or puberulent, oblong, acuminate, 2"-3"
long; corolla white, 6"-8" long; filaments pubescent;
style 2-cleft; capsule ovoid, acute, glabrous, about as
long as the calyx.
In dry pine barrens, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana.
May- Aug.
2. Stylisma aquatica (Walt.) Chapm.
Breweria. Fig. 3425.
Water
Convolvulus aquaticus Walt. Fl. Car. 94. 1788.
Stylisma aquatica Chapm. Fl. S. States, 346. 1860.
Bonamia aquatica A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 376. 1867.
Breweria aquatica A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part i, 217. 1878.
Finely and densely silky-tomentose, branched, the branches
long and slender. Leaves oblong, elliptic or oblong-lanceo-
late, obtuse at both ends, mucronate or emarginate at the
apex, sometimes subcordate at the base, i'-ii' long, 2"-8"
wide; peduncles i-3-flowered, longer than the leaves, mi-
nutely bracted at the summit ; sepals densely silky-tomen-
tose, oblong, acute or acuminate, about 2" long; corolla
purple or pink, 5"-7" long; filaments glabrous; style
2-parted nearly to the base.
In wet soil, especially in pine barrens, Missouri to Texas,
east to North Carolina and Florida. May-Aug.
3. Stylisma Pickeringii (M. A. Curtis) A. Gray. Pickering's Breweria.
Fig. 3426.
Convolvulus Pickeringii M. A. Curtis, Bost. Journ. Nat
Hist, i : 129. 1837.
Stylisma Pickeringii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 335. 1856.
Bonamia Pickeringii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 376. 1867.
Breweria Pickeringii A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 : Part 1,217. 1878.
Etem pubescent or puberulent, very slender, simple
or branched, i-2 long. Leaves puberulent or glabrous,
narrowly linear, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed
at the base, \'-2\' long, i"-2" wide, the lowest sometimes
narrowly spatulate ; petioles very short ; peduncles slen-
der, about as long as the leaves, with i or 2 linear bracts
at the summit which are usually longer than the pedicels
and calyx; sepals pubescent or hirsute, ovate to oval,
obtuse, about 2" long; corolla white, about i' long; fila-
ments nearly glabrous ; style 2-cleft, above, exserted ;
capsule ovoid, acute, pubescent, longer than the calyx.
In dry pine barrens, New Jersey to North Carolina ;
Illinois to Iowa, Louisiana and Texas. June-Aug.
2. EVOLVULUS L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 391. 1762.
Erect or diffuse branching, mostly silky-pubescent or pilose, annual or perennial herbs,
with small usually entire leaves, and axillary solitary, racemose or paniculate, small blue
pink or white flowers. Sepals nearly equal, acute or obtuse. Corolla funnelform, campanu-
late or rotate, the limb plaited, 5-angled or 5-lobed. Stamens included or exserted ; filaments
COXVOLVULACEAE.
VOL. III.
filiform; anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary entire, 2-celled; style 2-divided to the base, or
near it, each division deeply 2-cleft; stigmas linear-filiform. Capsule 2-celled, globose to
ovoid, 2-4-valved, i-4-seeded. Seeds glabrous. [Latin, unrolling.].
About 85 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, some 7 others
occur in the southern United States. Type species: Evolvulus nuininularius L.
i. Evolvulus pilosus Nutt. Evolvulus.
Fig. 3427.
Evolvulus argenteus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 187. 1814.
Not R. Br. 1810.
Evolvulus pilosus Nutt. Gen. i : 174. 1818.
Perennial, densely silky-pubescent or villous ;
stems ascending or erect, 3 '-9' high, very leafy.
Leaves sessile, oblong, lanceolate or spatulate, 3"-9"
long, i "-3" wide, acute or obtuse at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base; flowers solitary and nearly ses-
sile in the axils ; peduncles 2-bracted at the base,
recurved in fruit, i"-2" long; sepals lanceolate,
acute or acuminate; corolla funnel form-campanu-
late, purple or blue, 3"-6" broad; capsule i$"-2" in
diameter, about as long as the sepals.
On dry plains, North Dakota to Missouri, Nebraska,
Mexico and Arizona. May-July.
3. QUAMOCLIT [Tourn.] Moench, Meth. 453. 1794.
Twining herbaceous vines, with petioled entire lobed or pinnately parted leaves, and
cymose racemose or solitary peduncled axillary flowers. Sepals 5, herbaceous, equal, acumi-
nate, mucronate or appendaged. Corolla salverform (usually scarlet in the following species),
the tube narrow, somewhat dilated above, mostly longer than the spreading s-lobed limb.
Stamens and simple style more or less exserted ; stigma capitate; ovary 2-celled or falsely
4-celled, 4-ovuled. Fruit usually 4-celled and 4-seeded. [Greek, dwarf kidney-bean.]
About 10 species, of warm and tropical regions, only the following in North America. Type
species : Ipomoea coccinea L.
Leaves pinnately parted into very narrow segments.
Leaves cordate, acuminate, entire or angulate-lobed.
1. Q. Quamoclit.
2. Q. coccinea.
i. Quamoclit Quamoclit (L.) Britton. Cypress Vine. Indian Pink.
Ipomoea Quamoclit L. Sp. PI. 159. 1753.
Q. vulgaris Choisy in DC. Prodr. 9: 336. 1845.
Q. Quamoclit Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3 :
2.2. 1898.
Annual, glabrous ; stem slender, twining to a
height of io-2o. Leaves ovate in outline, pe-
tioled or nearly sessile, 2 '-7' long, pinnately parted
nearly to the midvein into narrowly linear entire
segments less than i" wide ; peduncles slender,
commonly much longer than the leaves, i-6-flow-
ered; pedicels i' long or more, thickening in
fruit ; sepals oblong, obtuse, usually mucronulate,
2"-3" long; corolla scarlet, rarely white, salver-
form, I'-iY long, the tube expanded above, the
limb nearly flat, the lobes ovate, acutish ; stamens
and style exserted; ovary 4-celled ; ovule i in each
cell ; capsule ovoid, 4-valved, about 5" high, twice
as long as the sepals.
In waste and cultivated ground, Virginia to Florida,
Kansas and Texas. Sparingly escaped from gardens
farther north. Naturalized from tropical America.
July-Oct. American red bell-flower. Sweet-william-
of-the-Barbadoes. Cupid's-flower. Red jasmine.
3428.
GENUS 3.
MORNING-GLORY FAMILY.
43
2. Quamoclit coccinea (L.) Moench. Small Red Morning-glory. Fig. 3429.
Ipomoea coccinea L. Sp. PI. 160. 1753.
1. hederaefolia L. Syst. Ed. 10, 925. 1759-
Quamoclit coccinea Moench, Meth. 453. 1794-
Annual, glabrous or puberulent, stem twining
to a height of several feet or trailing. Leaves
ovate to orbicular, deeply cordate, long-acumi-
nate, 2-6' long, entire or angulate-lobed, slender-
petioled ; peduncles few-several-flowered, usu-
ally not longer than the leaves ; sepals oblong,
obtuse, about 2" long, subulate-appendaged ; co-
rolla scarlet, salverform, io"-2o" long, the limb
obscurely 5-lobed ; stamens and style slightly
exserted; ovary 4-celled with i ovule in each
cell ; capsule globose, 4-valved, 3"-4" in diameter.
Along river-banks and in waste places, Rhode
Island to Pennsylvania, Florida, Ohio, Missouri,
Texas and Arizona. Naturalized from tropical
America, or native in the Southwest. A hybrid of
this species with the preceding is sometimes culti-
vated. American jasmine. July-Oct.
4. IPOMOEA L. Sp. PI. 159. 1753.
Twining trailing ascending or rarely erect herbs, annual or perennial, with large showy
axillary solitary or cymose flowers. Sepals equal or unequal. Corolla funnel form or cam-
panulate, the limb entire, 5-angled or 5-lobed, the tube more or less plaited. Stamens equal
or unequal, included; filaments filiform, or dilated at the base; anthers ovate, oblong, or
linear. Ovary entire, globose or ovoid, 2-4-celled, 4-6-ovuled ; s.tyle filiform, included; stigmas
I or 2, capitate or globose. Capsule globose or ovoid, usually septifragally 2-4-valved, 2-4-
seeded. [Greek, worm-like.]
About 400 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 30 others
occur in southern and western North America. Known as Morning-Glory or False Bindweed.
Type species : Ipomoea pes-tigrinis L.
Ovary 2-celled (rarely 4-celled) ; stigma entire or 2-lobed.
Leaves cordate ; stems trailing or twining.
Perennial from an enormous root ; corolla 2'-$' long. i. I. pandurata.
Annual ; roots fibrous ; corolla 4"-6" long, white. 2. I. lacunosa.
Annual ; corolla I'-i J^' long, pink or purple. 3. I. trichocarpa.
Leaves linear ; stems ascending or erect. 4. /. leptophylla.
Ovary 3-celled ; stigmas 3 ; leaves cordate. (Genus PHARBITIS.)
Leaves entire; corolla 2 r -2 l /2 r long. 5. I.purpurea.
Leaves deeply 3-lobed, corolla i'-\ l / 2 ' long. 6. / hederacea.
i. Ipomoea pandurata (L.) Meyer. Wild Potato Vine. Fig. 3430.
Convolvulus panduratns L. Sp. PI. 153. 1753.
I. pandurata Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 100. 1818.
Perennial from an enormous fleshy root, glabrous
or puberulent; stems trailing or feebly climbing,
2-i2 long. Leaves broadly ovate, cordate, acumi-
nate at the apex, 2'-6' long, slender-petioled, entire,
sometimes contracted in the middle, or some of the
later ones rarely angulate-dentate or 3-lobed ; pe-
duncles i-5-flowered, much elongated in fruit;
sepals oblong, obtuse or acutish, 6"-8" long, gla-
brous; corolla funnelform, white, or with pinkish
purple stripes in the throat, 2'-3' long, the limb
5-lobed ; ovary 2-celled ; capsule ovoid, 2-valved,
2-4-seeded, the seeds densely woolly on the margins
and pubescent on the sides.
In dry soil, in fields or on hills, Ontario to Con-
necticut, Florida, Michigan, Kansas and Texas. Oc-
curs rarely with double flowers. Man-of-the-Earth.
Mecha-meck (Indian^. Wild sweet potato. Man-root.
Wild jalap. Scammony. May-Sept.
44
COXVOLVULACEAE.
VOL. III.
2. Ipomoea lacunosa L. Small-flowered
White Morning-glory. Fig. 3431.
Ipomoea lacunosa L. Sp. PI. 161. 1753.
Annual, pubescent or hirsute, rarely glabrous ;
stem twining, 2-io long. Leaves slender-petioled,
broadly ovate, cordate, acute or acuminate at the
apex, entire, angled or 3-lobed, 2'-^' long, the
lobes acute; peduncles i-3-flowered, shorter than
the leaves ; pedicels slender ; sepals oblong or lan-
ceolate, acute or acuminate, pubescent or ciliate,
about 5" long; corolla funnelform, 6"-io" long,
white, or the limb purple; ovary 2-celled; stigma
capitate; capsule globose, 2-valved, shorter than
or about equalling the sepals.
In moist soil, Pennsylvania to South Carolina, Illi-
nois, Missouri, Kansas and Texas. In ballast at
Atlantic seaports. White star. Morning-glory. July-
Sept.
3. Ipomoea trichocarpa Ell. Small-flowered
Pink Morning-glory. Fig. 3432.
Convolvulus carolinus L. Sp. PI. 154. 1753.
Ipomoea trichocarpa Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 258. 1817.
Ipomoea commutata R. & S. Syst. 4: 228. 1819.
Ipomoea Carolina Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 145. 1814. Not L.
1753-
Similar in habit to the preceding species, but the
leaves usually more lobed ; peduncles often longer
than the leaves, i-3-flowered; sepals lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent or ciliate ;
corolla i'-ii' long, pink or purple; capsule glabrous
or pubescent.
Kansas to Texas, east to South Carolina and Florida.
4. Ipomoea leptophylla Torr. Bush Morning-
glory. Fig. 3433.
Ipomoea leptopliylla Torr. in Frem. Rep. 95. 1845.
Perennial from an enormous root, which some-
times weighs 25 Ibs., glabrous throughout; stems
erect, ascending or reclining, rather stout, 2-4
long, much branched. Leaves narrowly linear, en-
tire, acute, 2'-s' long, i"-3" wide; petioles very
short ; peduncles stout, nearly erect', usually shorter
than the leaves, i-4-flowercd ; pedicels shorter than
the peduncles ; sepals broadly ovate, obtuse, 3"-4"
long, or the outer shorter; corolla funnelform, pur-
ple or pink, about 3' long, the limb scarcely lobed ;
capsule ovoid, acute, 8"-i2" long, 2-celled, much
longer than the sepals ; seeds pubescent.
In dry soil, South Dakota to Nebraska, Wyoming,
Texas and New Mexigo. Man-root. May-July.
GENUS 4.
MORNING-GLORY FAMILY.
45
5. Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Lam. Morning-
glory. Fig. 3434.
Convolvulus pitrpureus L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 219. 1762.
Ipomoea purpurea Lam. Tabl. Encycl. i: 466. 1791.
Pharbitis purpurea Voigt. Hort. Sub. Calcutta 354.
1845-
Annual, pubescent ; stem retrorsely hairy, twin-
ing or trailing, 4-io long. Leaves broadly ovate,
deeply cordate, acute or acuminate, 2'-^ wide,
slender-petioled ; peduncles slender, i-5-flowered,
often longer than the petioles ; sepals lanceolate
or oblong, acute, pubescent or hirsute near the
base, 6"-8" long; corolla funnel form, blue, pur-
ple, pink, variegated or white, 2 r -2\' long; ovary
3-celled (rarely 2-celled) ; stigmas 3 (rarely 2)-;
capsule depressed-globose, about 5" in diameter,
shorter than the sepals.
In waste places, commonly escaped from gardens,
Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Ontario, Nebraska
and Texas. There is a double-flowered form in cul-
tivation. Adventive or naturalized from tropical
America. Ropewind. July-Oct.
6. Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. Ivy-leaved
Morning-glory. Fig. 3435.
Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. Icon. Rar. pi. 36. 1781.
Pharbitis hederacea Choisy, Mem. Soc. Gen. 6 : 440.
1833-
Annual, pubescent; stem twining or climbing to
a height of 2-5, slender, retrorsely hairy. Leaves
ovate-orbicular in outline, long-petioled, deeply
3-lobed, cordate at the base, 2'-$' long, the lobes
ovate, acuminate, entire, or the lateral ones some-
times repand or dentate; peduncles i-3-flowered,
much shorter than the petioles ; flowers opening in
early morning, soon closing; sepals lanceolate with
long linear often recurved tips, densely hirsute be-
low, sparingly so above, 8"-i2" long ; corolla funnel-
form, the tube usually nearly white, the limb light
blue or purple, I'-ii' long; ovary 3-celled; stigmas
3 ; capsule depressed-globose, 3-valved, about as
long as the lanceolate portion of the sepals.
In fields and waste places, Maine to Florida, Penn-
sylvania, Nebraska and Mexico. Naturalized or adven-
tive from tropical America. July-Oct.
6. CONVOLVULUS L. Sp. PI. 153. 1753.
Herbs (the following species perennials wrth slender roots or rootstocks) with trailing,
twining or erect stems. Leaves entire dentate or lobed, mostly cordate or sagittate and
petioled. Flowers axillary, solitary or clustered, large, pink, purple or white. Sepals nearly
equal or the outer larger, the calyx bractless or with a pair of bracts at its base. Corolla
funnelform or campanulate, the limb plaited, 5-angled, 5-lobed, or entire. Stamens inserted
on the tube of the corolla, included; filaments filiform, or dilated at the base. Ovary 1-2-
celled, 4-ovuled; style filiform; stigmas 2, filiform, oblong, or ovoid. Capsule globose or
nearly so, i-4-celled, 2-4-valved. Seeds glabrous. [Latin, to roll together, or entwine.]
About 200 species, of wide distribution in tropical and temperate regions. Besides the follow-
ing, some 30 others occur in the southern and western United States. Type species : Convolvulus
sepiuin L.
Calyx with two large bracts at the base, which enclose it.
Stems trailing or climbing.
Peduncles long, much longer than the petioles.
Stems 3-io long; leaves hastate, the auricles often dentate. i. C.sepium.
Stems i-3 long; leaves sagittate, the auricles rounded, entire. 2. C.repens.
Peduncles short, mostly not longer than the petioles. 3. C.fraterniflorus.
Stem erect or ascending ; flowers white ; bracts not cordate. 4. C. spiihamaeus.
Calyx not bracted ; peduncle bracted at the summit.
Glabrous or nearly so ; leaves entire, auriculate. 5. C. arvensis.
Canescent ; leaves with 2-4 basal lobes. 6. C, incamis.
COXVOLVULACEAE.
VOL. 111.
i. Convolvulus sepium L. Hedge or
Great Bindweed. Lily-bind. Fig. 3436.
Convolvulus sepium L. Sp. PI. 153. 1753.
Convolvulus sepium var. amcricanus Sims, Bot.
Mr.g. pi. 732- 1804.
Calystegia sepium R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i :
483. 1810.
Glabrous or sparingly pubescent ; stems ex-
tensively trailing or high-twining, 3-io long.
Leaves slender-petioled, triangular in outline,
hastate, 2' -5' long, acute or acuminate at the
apex, the basal lobes divergent, usually acute,
angulate-dentate or entire; petioles l'-2' long;
peduncles i-flowered, longer than the petioles,
often 2-3 times as long; flowers pink with
white stripes or white throughout, about 2'
long; bracts at the base of the corolla, large,
ovate, acute or obtuse, cordate ; stigmas oblong.
In fields and thickets, usually in moist soil,
Newfoundland to North Carolina, British Colum-
bia, Illinois, Nebraska and New Mexico. Also in
Europe and Asia. June- Aug. Bell-bind. Wood-
bind. Pear- or Devil's-vine. Lady's-nightcap.
Hedge- or harvest-lily. Rutland beauty. Wood-
bine. German scammony. Creepers. Bracted-
bindweed.
Convolvulus japonicus Thunb. Fl. Jap. 85. 1784, a species with narrow hastate leaves and
smaller pink flowers, cultivated in a double-flowered form, has in this form escaped from cultiva-
tion from southeastern New York to the District of Columbia and Missouri.
2. Convolvulus repens L. Trailing or
Hedge Bindweed. Fig. 3437.
Convolvulus repens L. Sp. PI. 153. 1753.
Convolvulus sepium var. repens A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 :
Part i, 215. 1878.
More or less pubescent or tomentose ; stem
trailing or twining, i-3 long, simple, or spar-
ingly branched. Leaves ovate or oblong, petioled,
i '-2' long, obtuse, acute or abruptly acuminate at
the apex, sagittate or cordate at the base, entire,
the basal lobes rounded, scarcely or not at all
divergent; petioles i'-i' long; peduncles i-flow-
ered, equalling or longer than the leaves ; flowers
white (sometimes pink?) about 2' long; calyx en-
closed by 2 ovate acute or obtusish slightly cor-
date bracts ; stigmas oblong.
In moist and dry soil, Quebec to Florida and
Louisiana. Recorded from the Great Lake region.
May- Aug.
C. interior House, of the western plains, with
broader leaves and smaller corollas, is found in Kan-
sas and Nebraska.
3. Convolvulus fraterniflorus MacKenzie & Bush.
Short-stalked Bindweed. Fig. 3438.
C. Sepium fraterniflorus Mack. & Bush, Fl. Jackson Co. 153.
1902.
C. fraterniflorus Mack. & Bush, Rep. Mo. Bot. Card. 16: 104.
1905.
Sparingly pubescent; stems trailing or twining, much
branched, 3-6 long. Leaves hastate or hastate-sagittate,
short-pubescent on both sides, 4' long or less, acute at the
apex, the basal lobes entire or dentate, spreading; pedun-
cles often 2 in each axil, wing-angled, mostly not longer
than the petioles; bracts large, cordate, pubescent, con-
cealing the sepals at flowering time; sepals glabrous, ob-
tusish, 5"-8" long; corolla white, about 2' long.
Dry banks and prairies, western Missouri ; recorded eastward
to the District of Columbia. July-Sept.
GENUS 6.
MORXING-GLORY FAMILY.
47
4. Convolvulus spithamaeus L. Upright
or Low Bindweed. Fig. 3439.
Convolvulus spithamaeus L. Sp. PI. 158. 1753.
Calystegia spithamaea Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 143.
1814.
Volvulus spithamaeus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 447.
1891.
Convolvulus camporum Greene, Pittonia 3 : 328.
1898.
Pubescent, or glabrate; stem erect or ascend-
ing, straight, or the summit sometimes feebly
twining, 6'-i2' high. Leaves oval, short-petioled
or the uppermost sessile, usually obtuse at both
ends, sometimes acutish at the apex, and subcor-
date at the base, 1-2' long, \'-\\' wide; pedun-
cles i-flowered, longer than the leaves: flowers
white, nearly 2' long; calyx enclosed by 2 large
oval acutish bracts which are narrowed at both
ends and not cordate at the base; stigmas ob-
long, thick.
In dry sandy or rocky fields or on banks, Nova
Scotia to Ontario, Manitoba, Florida and Ken-
tucky. Dwarf morning-glory. Low or bracted-
bindweed. May-Aug.
5. Convolvulus arvensis L. Small Bindweed.
Fig. 3440.
Convolvulus arvensis L. Sp. PI. 153. 1753.
Glabrous, or nearly so ; stems trailing or decum-
bent, very slender, \-2\ long, simple or branched.
Leaves slender-petioled, ovate or oblong, entire, ob-
tusish and mucronulate or acutish at the apex, sagit-
tate or somewhat hastate at the base, i'-2' long, the
basal lobes spreading, acute or obtuse ; peduncles
i-4-flowered (commonly 2-flowered), shorter than
the leaves, i-3-bracted at the summit, usually with
another bract on one of the pedicels ; sepals oblong,
obtuse, li" long; corolla pink or nearly white, 8"-i2"
broad ; calyx not bracted at the base ; stigmas linear.
In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Ontario,
Montana, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Kansas, New
Mexico and California. Naturalized from Europe. Na-
tive also of Asia. May-Sept. Hedge-bells. Bearbind.
Corn-lily. Withwind. Bellbine. Corn-bind. Lap-love.
Sheep-bine.
6. Convolvulus incanusYahl. Hoary Bind-
weed. Fig. 3441.
Convolvulus incanns Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 23. 1794.
Finely and densely canescent, pale, or some-
times greener; stems procumbent or trailing,
usually branched, i-3 long. Leaves rather short-
petioled, lanceolate, ovate to linear in outline,
usually with 2-4 divergent lobes at the base, or
the lower pair of lobes reflexed, otherwise entire
or irregularly dentate, obtuse and mucronulate at
the apex, i'-2 r long; peduncles i-2-flowered, as
long as or longer than the leaves, minutely
bracted at the summit; pedicels 3"-6" long;
sepals oblong, obtuse or mucronulate, about 3"
long; corolla white to rose-color; stigmas nar-
rowly linear ; capsule globose, about as long as
the sepals.
In waste places, near Lincoln, Neb. (according to
Webber). In dry soil, Kansas and Arkansas to
Texas, Arizona and Mexico. Also in southern South
America. April-Aug.
48 CUSCUTACEAE. VOL. III.
Family 21. CUSCUTACEAE Dumort, Anal. Fam. 20. 1829.
DODDER FAMILY.
White or yellow slender parasites, dextrorsely twining, the leaves reduced to
minute alternate scales, the small white, yellowish or pinkish flowers cymosely
clustered. Calyx inferior, 5-lobed or 5-parted (rarely 4-lobed or 4-parted), or
of 5 distinct sepals. Corolla campanulate, ovoid, urceolate or cylindric, 5-lobed
(rarely 4-lobed), the lobes imbricated in the bud, the tube bearing as many
fimbriate or crenulate scales as there are lobes and alternate with them, or these
sometimes obsolete. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with
them, inserted in the throat or sinuses above the scales, short-exserted or included ;
filaments short or slender; anthers short, ovate or oval, obtuse, 2-celled, the sacs
longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary globose to oblong, 2-celled ; ovules 2 in each
cavity ; styles 2, terminal, separate, or rarely united below ; stigmas linear or capi-
tate. Capsule globose or ovoid, circumscissile, irregularly bursting or indehiscent,
i-4-seeded. Seeds glabrous, globose or angular; embryo linear, terete, curved
or spiral, its apex bearing 1-4 minute scales, endosperm fleshy; cotyledons none.
i. CUSCUTA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 124. 1753.
Characters of the family. The filiform twining stems are parasitic on herbs and shrubs
by numerous minute suckers. The seeds germinate in the soil and the plantlet attaches itself
to its host, its root and lower portion soon perishing. The subsequent nutrition of the
parasite is apparently wholly through its suckers. [Name from the Arabic.]
About 100 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 15 others
occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Known as Dodder, or Strangle-weed.
Type species : Cuscuta europaea L.
* Corolla-scales crenulate; stigmas slender; capsule circumscissile; introduced species.
Scales crenulate above, not incurved. i. C. Epilinum.
Scales crenulate all around, strongly incurved. 2. C. Epithymum.
** Corolla-scales fringed; stigmas capitate; capsule indehiccent; native species.
Sepals united below into a gamosepalous calyx.
Flowers very nearly sessile ; corolla persistent at the base of the capsule.
Corolla-scales ovate, fringed all around ; calyx-lobes obtuse. 3. C. arvensis.
Corolla-scales abortive, or of a few processes ; calyx-lobes acutish. 4. C. Polygonorum.
Flowers distinctly pedicelled ; corolla enclosing or capping the capsule, or at length deciduous.
Tips of the corolla-lobes incurved or reflexed.
Scales ovate, fringed all around ; capsule enclosed by the corolla. 5. C. indecora.
Scales abortive, or of a few slender processes ; corolla capping the capsule. 6. C. Coryli.
Corolla-lobes spreading or recurved.
Scales small, irregularly fringed ; capsule depressed-globose. 7. C. Cephalanthi.
Scales long, fringed mainly above ; capsule pointed.
Corolla i j /2 rr long; capsule globose, short-pointed. 8. C. Gronovii.
Flowers 2"$" long ; capsule oval, long-pointed. 9. C. roslrata.
Sepals separate, subtended by similar bracts.
Flowers cymose, pedicelled; scales short; bracts entire. 10. C. cuspidata.
Flowers closely sessile in dense clusters ; bracts serrulate.
Bracts few, broad, appressed ; styles as long as the ovary. n. C.compacta.
Bracts numerous, narrow, their tips recurved; styles longer than the ovary. 12. C. paradoxa.
i. Cuscuta Epilinum Weihe. Flax Dodder.
Fig. 3442.
Cuscuta Epilinum Weihe, Archiv. Apoth. 8: 54. 1824.
Cnscuta densiflora Soyer-Willem. Act. Soc. Linn. Paris
4: 281. 1826.
Stems very slender, yellow or red; flowers sessile
in dense clusters, yellowish white, about ii" long.
Calyx hemispheric, 5-lobed, the lobes acute, nearly
as long as the corolla-tube; corolla yellowish-white,
short, cylindric, becoming urceolate, 5-lobed, the
lobes ovate, acutish, spreading, its scales short, erect,
less thai 1 , one-half the length of the tube, 2-cleft or
emarginate, crenulate above, the crenulations not ex-
tending to the base; stigmas linear-filiform; capsule
circumscissile, the withering-persistent corolla borne
on its summit.
On flax. Nova Scotia to New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
Introduced from Europe. Native also of Asia. July-
Aug.
GENUS I.
DODDER FAMILY.
49
2. Cuscuta Epithymum Murr. Thyme Dod-
der. Lesser Lucerne or Clover Dodder.
Fig- 3443-
Cuscuta Epithymum Murr. in L. Syst. Ed. 13, 140. 1774.
Cuscuta Trifolii Bab. Phytol. i: 467. 1843.
Stems filiform, red; flowers sessile in small dense
clusters, pinkish, about i" long. Calyx variable,
4-S-lobed, more than one-half the length of the cylin-
dric corolla-tube, the lobes gcute ; corolla 4-5-lobed,
the lobes erect, about one-half as long as the tube,
acute, its scales strongly incurved, crenulate nearly
or quite to the base; stigmas filiform; capsule cir-
cumscissile, capped by the withering corolla.
Usually on clover, Maine and Ontario to South Da-
kota and Pennsylvania. Introduced from Europe, where
it occurs on thyme, clover and other low plants. Hail-
weed. Hairweed. July-Sept.
Cuscuta europaea L., another Old World species,
with obtuse calyx-lobes and shorter styles, is recorded
from Maine.
3. Cuscuta arvensis Beyrich. Field
Dodder. Love-vine. Fig. 3444.
Cuscuta arvensis Beyrich ; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 :
77. As synonym. 1834.
Plant pale yellow ; stems filiform, the flowers
nearly sessile in small clusters. Calyx broad,
S-lobed, the lobes broad, obtuse; corolla nearly
campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes acute or acumi-
nate, as long as the tube, their tips reflexed,
its scales large, ovate, as long as or longer
than the tube, densely fringed all around with
short irregular processes ; stamens not ex-
serted ; style shorter than the ovary ; stigmas
capitate ; capsule depressed-globose, indehis-
cent, the withering corolla and usually the
stamens persistent at it's base.
On various herbs and low shrubs, Massachusetts
to Manitoba, Florida, Texas, Mexico and Cali-
fornia. Also in the West Indies and South Amer-
ica. July- Aug.
4. Cuscuta Polygonorum Engelm. Smart-
weed Dodder. Fig. 3445.
Cuscuta Polygonorum Engelm. Am. Journ. Sci. 43 :
342. pi. 6. f. 26-29. 1842.
C. chlorocarpa Engelm.; A. Gray. Man. 350. 1848.
Plant orange-yellow ; stems slender but rather
coarse; flowers sessile or nearly so in dense clus-
ters. Calyx short, 4-5-lobed, the lobes ovate-
oblong, acute or acutish ; lobes of the corolla 4
or 5, triangular-ovate, acute, mostly as long as
the tube, the scales usually obsolete, wanting, or
consisting of only 2 or 3 slender processes on
each side of the attached lower portion of the
filament; filaments mostly slender; styles shorter
than the ovary ; stigmas capitate ; capsule globose,
the withering corolla persistent at its base.
On Polygonum and other herbs, Pennsylvania and
Delaware to Minnesota, Wisconsin and Arkansas.
July-Sept. Has been referred to the South Amer-
ican C. obtusiftora H.B.K.
CUSCUTACEAE.
VOL. III.
5. Cuscuta indecora Choisy. Pretty
Dodder. Fig. 3446.
Cuscuta indecora Choisy, Mem. Soc. Gen. 9: 278.
pl.3-f.5- 1841.
C. pulcherrima Scheele, Linnaea 21: 750. 1848.
Cuscuta decora Choisy ; Engelm. Trans. St. Louis
Acad. i : 501. 1859.
Stems rather stout; flowers \\" long, pedi-
celled in loose cymes, more or less papillose.
Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes ovate to lanceolate,
acute, mostly shorter than the corolla-tube;
corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes trian-
gular, minutely crenulate, spreading, nearly as
long as the tube, their tips inflexed ; scales
ovate, erect, irregularly fringed with short
processes all around; stamens slightly exserted
or included ; stigmas capitate ; capsule oblong,
acute, enveloped by the withering corolla.
On various herbs and low shrubs, Illinois to
Nebraska, south to Florida, Texas and Mexico,
in several races. Also in the West Indies and
South America. Corolla white ; stigmas often
yellow or purple. June-Aug.
6. Cuscuta Coryli Engelm. Hazel Dod-
der. Fig. 3447.
Cuscuta Coryli Engelm. Am. Journ. Sci. 43: 337.
/. 7-1 1. 1842.
Cuscuta inflexa Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. i :
502. 1859.
Stems, coarse; flowers about i" long, pedi-
celled in loose or rather dense cymes. Calyx
4-5-lobed, the lobes triangular or triangular-
lanceolate, acutish, about as long as the corolla-
tube ; corolla campanulate, 4-5-lobed, the lobes
minutely crenulate. nearly erect, triangular,
acute, about as long as the tube, their tips
inflexed; scales small, oval, obtuse, often with
only a few processes on each side; stamens
scarcely exserted ; styles shorter than the
ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule oblong, point-
ed, enveloped or at length capped by the with-
ering corolla.
On the hazels and other shrubs or tall herbs,
Connecticut to Virginia, South Dakota and Arkan-
sas. July-Aug.
7. Cuscuta Cephalanthi Engelm. Button-
bush Dodder. Fig. 3448.
Cuscuta Cephalanthi Engelm. Am. Journ. Sci. 43 : 336.
pi. 6. f. 1-6. 1842.
Cuscuta tenuiftora Engelm.; A. Gray, Man. 350. 1848.
Plant yellow, stems rather coarse; flowers about
i" long, short-pedicelled, clustered; calyx 5-lobed,
the lobes ovate, obtuse, shorter than the corolla-tube ;
corolla cylindric-campanulate, its lobes ovate, obtuse
and rounded, spreading, one-half the length of the
tube or less ; scales about as long as the lobes,
fringed mainly toward the apex with irregular pro-
cesses; stamens included; styles slender, about as
long as the ovary, shorter than the ripe capsule;
stigmas capitate; capsule depressed-globose, li" in
diameter, surrounded or capped by the withering, at
length deciduous corolla.
On shrubs and tall herbs, Pennsylvania to Minnesota,
Texas and Arizona. July-Aug.
GENUS I.
DODDER FAMILY
8. Cuscuta Gronovii Willd. Gronovius'
Dodder. Love-vine. Fig. 3449.
C. Gronovii Willd.; R. & S. Syst. 6: 205. 1820.
Cuscuta vulgivaga Engelm. Am. Journ. Sci. 43 :
338. pi. 6. f. 12-16. 1842.
Stems yellow to orange, slender, high-climb-
ing; flowers usually short-pedicelled, numerous
in dense cymes. Calyx not bracted, its lobes
ovate, obtuse, shorter than the corolla-tube ;
corolla campanulate, about i4" long, the lobes
ovate, obtuse, rounded, spreading, nearly as
long as the tube, the scales narrow, equalling
or longer than the tube, thickly fringed about
the summit and sparingly along the sides with
long slender processes ; styles slender, not as
long as the ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule
globose, short-pointed or pointless, ij" in diam-
eter, enveloped or capped by the withering
deciduous corolla.
On herbs and low shrubs, Nova Scotia to Mani-
toba, Montana, Florida and Texas. Scald-weed.
Devil's-gut July-Aug.
9. Cuscuta rostrata Shuttlw. Beaked
Dodder. Fig. 3450.
Cuscuta rostrata Shuttlw. ; Engelm. Bost. Journ.
Nat. Hist. 5 : 225. 1845.
Stems coarse, yellowish white ; flowers larger
than in any of our other species, loosely cy-
mose, pedicelled. Calyx gamosepalous, 5-lobed,
the lobes ovate-triangular, shorter than the
corolla-tube ; corolla campanulate, 2"-3" long,
white, its lobes broadly ovate, obtuse, about as
long as the calyx-lobes; scales narrow, some-
times spatulate, shorter than the tube, heavily
fringed at the summit and sparingly along the
sides with long slender processes ; stamens in-
cluded; styles slender, about as long as the
flask-shaped ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule
oval, long-beaked.
On herbs and shrubs, Maryland to South Caro-
lina and Georgia. July-Sept.
10. Cuscuta cuspidata Engelm. Cuspidate
Dodder. Fig. 3451.
Cuscuta citspidala Engelm. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5 :
224. 1845.
Plant yellowish; stems slender; flowers about
1 4" long in loose panicled cymes. Calyx of 5
distinct entire sepals, shorter than the corolla-
tube, with 2-4 similar bracts at its base and often
others on the pedicels; sepals orbicular to lanceo-
late, cuspidate, mucronate or acuminate ; corolla
nearly salverform, its lobes triangular-lanceolate
or oblong, acute or cuspidate, spreading, about
one-half the length of the tube; scales narrow,
usually less than one-half as long as the tube,
fringed all around with short irregular processes ;
stamens not exserted; styles very selnder, longer
than the ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule bearing
the withered corolla on its summit.
On coarse herbs, Nebraska to Missouri and Texas,
July-Sept.
CUSCUTACEAE.
VOL. III.
ii. Cuscuta compacta Juss. Compact
Dodder. Love-vine. Fig. 3452.
Cuscuta compacta Juss. ; Choisy, Mem. Soc. Gen. 9 :
281. t. 4. f. 2. 1841.
Plant yellowish white, stems rather stout ; flow-
ers about 2" long, closely sessile in dense clusters.
Calyx of 5 (rarely 4) distinct oval crenulate ob-
tuse sepals, subtended by 3-5 similar rhombic-
orbicular appressed serrulate bracts ; corolla sal-
verform, persistent, the tube cylindric, its 5
(rarely 4) lobes oblong or ovate, obtuse, spread-
ing, much shorter than the tube, the scales nar-
row, one-half the length of the tube, fringed with
numerous long processes ; stamens included ;
styles slender; capsule oblong, enveloped or
capped by the withering corolla.
On shrubs, Ontario to Massachusetts, New York
and Alabama, west to Kansas and Texas. July-Sept.
12. Cuscuta paradoxa Raf. Glomerate
or American Dodder. Fig. 3453.
Cuscuta paradoxa Raf. Ann. Nat. 13. 1820.
Cuscuta glomcrata Choisy, Mem. Soc. Gen. 9: 184.
pi. 4. f. I. 1841.
Plant yellowish white, stems slender ; flowers
sessile, i \" long, exceedingly numerous in dense
confluent clusters covering portions of the stem
of the host-plant. Calyx of 5 distinct corcave
oblong obtuse serrulate sepals, subtended by
8-15 narrower serrulate much imbricated bracts
with recurved tips ; corolla tube oblong-cylin-
dric, its lobes oblong-lanceolate or triangular-
lanceolate, obtuse, spreading or recurved, per-
sistent ; scales copiously fringed at the summit
and sparingly along the sides with numerous
long processes ; styles 2-4 times as long as the
ovary; capsule capped by the withering corolla.
On tall herbs, mainly Compositae, Ohio to South
Dakota, Nebraska and Texas. July-Sept.
T805.
Family 22. POLEMONIACEAE DC. Fl. Franc. 3 : 645.
PHLOX FAMILY.
Herbs, some species slightly woody, with alternate or opposite entire lobed or
dissected leaves. Flowers perfect, corymbose-capitate, cymose or paniculate, reg-
ular, or nearly regular. Calyx inferior, persistent, tubular or campanulate, 5-cleft,
the lobes or teeth slightly imbricated. Corolla gamopetalous, funnel form, saucer-
shaped, campanulate or rotate, the limb 5-parted, convolute in the bud. Stamens
5, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes ; filaments slender
or filiform; anthers ovate, oblong or linear, versatile, 2-celled, the sacs longitudi-
nally dehiscent. Ovary superior, mostly 3-celled; ovules 2-00 in each cavity,
amphitropous ; style simple filiform; stigmas 3, linear. Capsule mostly loculi-
cidally 3-valved. Seeds various, sometimes winged, sometimes enveloped in muci-
lage and emitting spiral tubes when wetted; endosperm abundant ; embryo straight ;
cotyledons flat; radicle inferior.
About 20 genera and over 200 species, most abundant in western America.
Calyx distended and at length ruptured by the ripening capsule.
Calyx scarious between the lobes.
Corolla salverform ; leaves opposite, entire.
Seeds not mucilaginous when wetted ; mostly perennials with large flowers ; leaves
opposite. i. Phlox.
Seeds mucilaginous when wetted ; annuals ; floral leaves alternate ; flowers small.
2. Microsteris.
Corolla funnelform, tubular, salverform or campanulate ; leaves alternate or opposite.
3. Gilia.
Calyx not scarious between the lobes ; leaves alternate, deeply cleft. 4. Leptodactylon.
GENUS I.
PHLOX FAMILY.
53
Calyx not distended nor ruptured by the capsule ; leaves alternate.
Calyx-teeth herbaceous, not spinulose-tipped.
Stamens declined ; leaves pinnate.
Stamens straight and leaves entire in our species.
Calyx-teeth spinulose-tipped ; leaves pinnatifid.
5. Polemonium.
6. Collomla.
7. Naverretia.
i. PHLOX L. Sp. PI. 151. 1753.
Perennial or rarely annual, erect or diffuse herbs, with opposite entire leaves, or some of
the upper ones alternate, and large blue purple red or white flowers, in terminal cymes or
cymose panicles. Calyx tubular or tubular-campanulate, 5-ribbed, 5-cleft, the lobes acute or
acuminate, mostly scarious-margined and the sinuses commonly scarious. Corolla salver-
form, the tube narrow, the limb 5-lobed; lobes obovate, orbicular or obcordate, spreading.
Stamens straight, short, unequally inserted on the corolla-tube, included. Ovary oblong or
ovoid, 3-celled ; style usually slender ; ovules 1-4 in each cavity. Capsule ovoid, 3-valved, at
length distending and rupturing the calyx-tube. Seeds usually only i in each cavity of the
capsule, ovoid, wingless or narrowly winged, not emitting spiral threads when wetted.
[Greek, flame.]
About 40 species, natives of North America and Russian Asia, many of them widely cultivated.
Besides the following, some 24 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America.
Type species : Phlox glaberrima L.
Leaves flat, ovate, oblong, lanceolate or linear.
Cymes panicled ; flowers short-pedicelled or sessile.
Calyx-teeth subulate.
Stem glabrous or puberulent ; leaves lanceolate to oblong. i. P. paniculata.
Stem villous, glandular above ; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate. 2. P. amplifolia.
Calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute ; leaves lanceolate or ovate, acuminate. 3. P. maculata.
Cymes corymbose, simple, or flowers scattered.
Flowering stems erect or ascending, simple.
Plants glabrous or nearly so.
Leaves ovate or oblong ; calyx-teeth acute. 4. P. ovata.
Leaves lanceolate or linear ; calyx-teeth subulate-lanceolate. 5. P. glaberrima.
Plants pubescent, hirsute or villous.
Stems erect or ascending ; no prostrate sterile shoots.
Leaves linear or lanceolate, acuminate, spreading. 6. P. pilosci.
Leaves linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, nearly erect. 7. P. amoena.
Stems ascending or reclining ; sterile shoots prostrate.
Lower leaves and those of the sterile shoots oblong or ovate. 8. P. divaricata.
Lower leaves and those of the sterile shoots obovate. 9. P. stolonifera,
Stems diffusely branched, usually creeping ; leaves narrow.
Corolla-lobes cleft to or about the middle. 10. P. bifida.
Corolla-lobes cleft only at the apex. 1 1. P. Stcllaria.
Corolla-lobes rounded; western. 12. P.Kelseyi.
Leaves subulate, fascicled or crowded ; plants low.
Stems creeping or ascending ; flowers cymose ; eastern.
Corolla-lobes shallowly emarginate; plant not glandular. 13. P.subulata.
Corolla-lobes deeply emarginate; upper part of plant glandular. 14. P.Brittonii.
Densely tufted ; flowers mostly solitary ; western.
Leaves densely white-woolly, i" long; plant moss-like. IS- P.bryoides.
Leaves less woolly or merely ciliate, 2" 6" long.
Corolla-tube shorter than or equalling the calyx. 16. P.Hoodn.
Corolla-tube longer than the calyx. 17- P.Douglasn.
i. Phlox paniculata L. Garden Phlox.
Fig. 3454-
Phlox paniculata L. Sp. PI. 151. 1753.
Stem erect, stout or slender, simple or branched
above, glabrous or puberulent, 2-6 high. Leaves
thin, sessile or short-petioled, oblong to oblong-lanceo-
late, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the
base, or the uppermost subcordate, 2-6' long, i'-ii'
wide ; flowers short-pedicelled in compact paniculate
cymules, the inflorescence often 12' long; calyx-teeth
subulate, glabrous, puberulent or glandular, more than
one-half as long as the tube; corolla pink, purple or
white, its lobes broadly obovate, rounded, entire, shorter
than its tube ; capsule oval, obtuse, slightly longer than
the ruptured calyx-tube.
In woods and thickets, Pennsylvania to Florida, Illinois,
Kansas and Louisiana. Freely escaped from gardens in
the north and east. Consists of many races, differing in
leaf-form, size and color of flowers, and in pubescence.
July-Sept.
POLEMONIACEAE.
VOL. III.
2. Phlox amplifolia Britton. Large-leaved
Phlox. Fig. 3455.
Phlox amplifolia Britton, Man. 757. 1901.
Stem yillous or glandular-villous, at least above,
2-3i high. Leaves large and broad, 2i'-6' long,
ii'-2i' wide, roughish above, the upper sessile, the
lower ones, or some of them, narrowed, usually
abruptly, into winged petioles which are sometimes
one-third as long as the blade ; flowers similar to
those of P. pan'.culata, the inflorescence often i
long; calyx glandular-villous; corolla-tube glabrous,
the lobes obovate, rounded or retuse; capsules 4"~5"
long.
Woods and thickets, Indiana to Missouri, Kentucky
and Tennessee. June-Aug.
Phlox maculata L. Wild Sweet-
William. Fig. 3456.
Phlox maculata L. Sp. PI. 152. 1753.
Phlox suaveolens Ait. Hort. Kew. i : 206.
1789.
Stem slender, erect, simple or branched above,
glabrous or puberulent, usually flecked with pur-
ple, iJ-3 high. Leaves lanceolate or the upper
ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, rather firm, long-
acuminate, sessile, rounded or subcordate at the
base, 2'~5' long, widest just above the base, the
lowest sometimes linear-lanceolate; flowers
short-pedicelled, the compact cymules forming
an elongated narrow thyrsoid panicle ; calyx-
teeth triangular-lanceolate, acute, or acuminate,
about one-fourth the length of the tube; corolla
pink or purple, rarely white, its lobes rounded,
shorter than the tube ; capsule similar to that of
the two preceding species.
In moist woods and along streams, Connecticut
to Florida, Ohio, Minnesota and Mississippi. Oc-
casionally escaped from gardens further north.
P. maculata var. Candida Michx. (P. suaveolens
Ait.) is a race with white flowers and unspotted
stem, occurring with the type. June-Aug.
Y\
4. Phlox ovata L. Mountain Phlox.
Fig- 3457-
Phlox ovata L. Sp. PI. 152. 1753.
Phlox Carolina L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 216. 1762.
Glabrous or nearly so throughout; stems sim-
ple, slender, ascending from a decumbent base,
i-2 hisrh. Leaves rather firm, the upper ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, sessile by a rounded or sub-
cordate base, acute at the apex, i'-2' long, the
lower and basal ones longer, oblong or ovate-
oblong, acute at both ends, narrowed into slender
often margined petioles ; flowers short-pedicelled
in corymbed or sometimes simple cymes ; calyx-
teeth lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, acute, or
acuminate, one-third to one-half the length of
the tube ; corolla pink or red, its lobes obovate,
rounded, entire.
In woods, Pennsylvania to North Carolina, Geor-
gia and Alabama, mostly in the mountains. May-Aug.
GENUS i.
PHLOX FAMILY.
5. Phlox glaberrima L. Smooth Phlox.
Fig- 3458.
Phlox glaberrima L. Sp. PI. 152. 1753.
Glabrous or nearly so throughout; stem simple,
slender, erect or ascending, i-3 high. Leaves lan-
ceolate or linear, rather firm, mostly i-nerved,
acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, ii'-4'
long, 2"-6" wide, sessile, or the lowest linear or ob-
long, obtusish, shorter, and short -petioled ; flowers
short-pedicelled, the cymules corymbed ; calyx-teeth
subulate-lanceolate, one-third to one-half the length
of the tube ; corolla commonly pink, its lobes obo-
vate, rounded or obcordate, longer than the tube.
In open woods and on prairies, Virginia to Illinois,
Wisconsin, Florida, Mississippi, Missouri and Arkansas.
Ascends to 2200 ft. in Virginia. May-July.
6. Phlox pilosa L. Downy or Prairie
Phlox. Fig. 3459.
Phlox pilosa L. Sp. PI. 152. 1753.
Soft downy or hairy, often glandular ; stem
erect or ascending, simple or branched, slen-
der, i-2 high. Leaves linear or lanceolate,
spreading or divaricate, long-acuminate, i'-4'
long, ii"-4" wide, sessile, the base narrowed
or rounded ; cymules corymbed ; flowers short-
pedicelled; calyx glandular, viscid, its teeth
setaceous-subulate, longer than the tube ; co-
rolla pink, purple or white, its lobes obovate,
entire, the tube usually pubescent; capsule
shorter than the calyx.
In dry soil, Ontario to Manitoba, Connecticut,
New Jersey, Florida, Arkansas and Texas. Hairy
phlox. Sweet-william. April-June.
Phlox argillacea Gute & Ferriss is a recently
described relative or race of this species, grow-
ing on prairies in Indiana and Illinois.
7. Phlox amoena Sims. Hairy Phlox.
Fig. 3460.
Phlox amoena Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. 1308. 1810.
Usually quite hairy; stems simple, slender, ascend-
ing, 6'-i8' high. Leaves linear-oblong to ovate-
oblong, sessile, acute or obtuse at the apex, mostly
narrowed at the base, nearly erect, \'-2 r long, ii"-2$"
wide, the lowest much shorter ; flowers very nearly
sessile in a dense terminal simple or somewhat com-
pound cyme, which is subtended by the uppermost
pair of leaves ; calyx hirsute, its teeth subulate, as
long as or shorter than the tube ; corolla pink or
white, its lobes obovate, entire or rarely emarginate,
shorter than the glabrous tube.
In dry soil, Virginia to Kentucky, Tennessee, Florida
and Alabama. April-June.
POLEMONIACEAE.
VOL. III.
8. Phlox divaricata L. Wild Blue
Phlox. Fig. 3461.
Phlox divaricata L. Sp. PI. 152. 1753.
Finely viscid-pubescent ; stems ascending or
diffuse, slender, producing creeping or ascend-
ing leafy shoots from the base. Leaves of the
sterile shoots oblong or ovate, obtuse, i'-2 r
long, those of the flowering stems lanceolate,
ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, mostly acute or
acutish ; flowers pedicelled in open corymbed
cymules, faintly fragrant ; calyx-teeth subu-
late, longer than the tube ; corolla bluish, its
lobes obcordate, emarginate or entire, not
much longer than the tube, sometimes shorter;
capsule oblong-globose, about 2" high.
In moist woods, Quebec to Ontario, Minnesota,
Pennsylvania, Florida, Louisiana and Arkansas.
Ascends to 3700 ft. in Virginia. Sometimes called
wild sweet william. April-June.
9. Phlox stolonifera Sims. Crawling
Phlox. Fig. 3462.
Phlox stolonifera Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. 563. 1802.
Phlox rep tans Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 145. 1803.
Hirsute or pubescent ; stems slender, diffuse,
producing sterile creeping leafy shoots from the
base. Leaves of the sterile shoots obovate, obtuse
at the apex, I'-tf long, narrowed at the base into
petioles; flowering stems 4'-io' high, their leaves
oblong or lanceolate, acute or obtuse, smaller ;
flowers in a simple or barely compound cyme,
slender-pedicelled ; calyx-teeth linear-subulate, as
long as the tube or longer; corolla pink, purple
or violet, its lobes rounded, mostly entire, about
one-half the length of the tube; capsule subglo-
bose, ii" high.
In woods, Pennsylvania to Georgia and Kentucky,
mainly in the mountains. Ascends to 4500 ft. in
Virginia. April-June.
10. Phlox bifida Beck. Cleft Phlox.
Fig- 3463-
P. bifida Beck, Am. Journ. Sci. n : 170. 1826.
Puberulent or pubescent ; stems diffuse,
somewhat woody, much branched, slender,
often i long, the branches erect or ascend-
ing, 4'-8' high. Leaves of sterile shoots
linear, sessile, i'-2' long, i"-2" wide, acute,
those of flowering branches linear-oblong or
lanceolate, much shorter; flowers in simple
cymes or solitary in the axils, slender-pedi-
celled; pedicels 3"-i2" long; calyx-teeth lan-
ceolate-subulate, somewhat longer than the
tube ; corolla pale purple, it's lobes as long as
the tube or somewhat shorter, cuneate, cleft
to about the middle into linear or oblong
obtuse diverging segments ; capsule oblong-
globose, i"-ii" high.
In dry places, Indiana to Tennessee, Michigan
and Missouri. April-June.
GENUS i.
PHLOX FAMILY
ii. Phlox Stellaria A. Gray. Chick-
weed Phlox. Fig. 3464.
Phlox Stellaria A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8 : 252.
1870.
Glabrous or puberulent; stems diffuse, some-
what woody, much branched, the branches
nearly erect, 3'-8' high. Leaves all linear, or
linear-lanceolate, sessile, acute, i'-2' long,
i"-ii" wide; flowers in simple cymes or soli-
tary in the axils, slender-pedicelled ; calyx-
teeth subulate-lanceolate, shorter than the
tube; corolla pale blue or nearly white, its
lobes cuneate, 2-lobed at the apex, nearly as
long as the tube.
On cliffs, southern Illinois and Kentucky and
in Tennessee. April-May.
12. Phlox Kelseyi Britton. Kelsey's
Phlox. Fig. 3465.
P. Kelseyi Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 19 : 225. 1892.
Many-stemmed from a woody root, the
stems spreading, creeping, or ascending, some-
times 8' long, glabrous, or slightly pubescent
above, very leafy. Leaves oblong, or linear-
oblong, sessile, glabrous, or nearly so 3"-i2"
long, i "-2" wide, or the upper longer and
narrower, thick, rigid, the apex spinose-
mucronate, the revolute margins ciliate ; flow-
ers sessile or short-peduncled; peduncles and
calyx somewhat glandular-pubescent or gla-
brous; calyx-teeth subulate, as long as the
tube or longer ; corolla-tube somewhat exceed-
ing the calyx, the limb about 8" broad, blue
or lilac, the obovate-cuneate lobes rounded or
truncate.
North Dakota to Nebraska, Montana and Wyo-
ming. May-June.
13. Phlox subulata L. Ground or Moss
Pink. Fig. 3466.
Phlox subulata L. Sp. PI. 152. 1753.
Pubescent or becoming glabrate. Stems tufted,
forming mats, diffuse, much branched, the
branches 2'-6' long. Leaves persistent, subulate-
linear, linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute or
acuminate, 4"-io" long, i"-i" wide, spreading,
ciliate, r igid, commonly fascicled at the nodes ;
flowers in simple cymes, slender-pedicelled ;
calyx-teeth subulate from a broader base, about
as long as the tube ; corolla pink, purple or white,
with a darker eye, its lobes emarginate or entire,
shorter than the tube; capsule oblong, nearly 2"
high.
In dry sandy or rocky soil, New York to Florida,
west to Michigan and Kentucky. Ascends to 3500
ft. in West Virginia. Wild or mountain-pink. Flower-
ing moss. April-June.
POLEMONIACEAE.
VOL. III.
14. Phlox Brittonii Small. Britton's Phlox.
Fig- 3467.
Phlox Brittonii Small, Bull. Torr. Club 27: 279. 1900.
Glandular-pilose, deep green ; stems copiously
branched, forming wide mats. Leaves numerous,
with small ones often clustered in the axils of the
larger, subulate or narrowly linear-subulate, 2i"-s"
long, ciliate, especially near the base ; calyx glandu-
lar-pubescent like the branches, the lobes subulate,
about as long as the tube ; corolla mainly white, the
limb 12-13 mm. broad, its lobes cuneate, much shorter
than the tube, with 2 pale magenta spots at the base,
cleft by a V-shaped sinus, a minute tooth in each
sinus ; capsule oblong, 2" high.
On dry mountain slopes, Virginia, West Virginia and
North Carolina. May.
15. Phlox bryoides Nutt. Moss Phlox.
Fig. 3468.
Phlox bryoides Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. (II.) i: 153.
1848.
Depressed, shrubby, moss-like, densely branched
from a deep woody root, forming compact tufts 2'-$'
high. Leaves minute (about i" long), closely im-
bricated in 4 ranks, copiously white-woolly, triangu-
lar-lanceolate, pale, acute, the margins infolded;
flowers solitary and sessile at the ends of the
branches, about 2.\" long; tube of the corolla longer
than the calyx, its lobes broadly cuneate, entire.
On dry hills, western Nebraska, Colorado and Wyo-
ming. May-July.
1 6. Phlox Hoodii Richards.
Fig- 3469.
Hood's Phlox.
Phlox Hoodii Richards. App. Frank. Journ. 733. pi. 28.
1823.
Densely tufted and branched from a woody root,
2'-4' high. Leaves imbricated, erect, rigid, subulate,
mucronate, somewhat woolly or ciliate, becoming
glabrat'e, 2 "-6" long; flowers solitary and sessile at
the ends of the branches, about 5" long; calyx-teeth
lanceolate, acuminate, rigid, longer than the tube;
tube of the corolla shorter than or equalling the
calyx, its lobes obovate, entire.
In dry sandy or rocky soil. North Dakota to Mani-
toba, Alberta, western Nebraska and Wyoming. May-
July.
GEN- us I.
PHLOX FAMILY.
17. Phlox Douglasii Hook. Douglas'
Phlox. Fig. 3470.
P. Douglasii Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 73. pi. 158. 1834.
Phlox Douglasii andicola Britton, Mem. Torr. Club
5 : 269. 1894.
Phlox Douglasii longifolia A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
8:254. 1870. Not P. longifolia Nutt.
Similar to the preceding species ; leaves pubes-
cent or glabrous, less imbricated, sometimes
spreading, rigid, usually fascicled at the nodes,
4"-i2" long. Flowers solitary and sessile or
short-pedicelled at the ends of the branches,
5"-8" long; calyx-teeth narrowly lanceolate,
acuminate, about equalling the tube ; tube of the
purple or white corolla longer than the calyx, its
lobes obovate, entire.
Dry soil, Nebraska and Montana to Utah, Cali-
fornia and British Columbia. May-July.
2. MICROSTERIS Greene, Pittonia 3 : 300. 1898.
Much-branched annual herbs, with entire leaves, all but the floral ones opposite, the small
flowers solitary or in pairs in the upper axils. Calyx mostly campanulate, 5-cleft, scarious
between, the lobes. Corolla salver form, with a slender tube and a 5-lobed limb. Stamens
short. Ovary 3-celled. Capsule at length distending and rupturing the calyx-tube. Seeds
few and large, mucilaginous when wetted, but not emitting spiral tubes. [Greek, small Steris.]
About 6 species, of western North America. Type species : Microsteris grdcilis (Dougl.) Greene.
i. Microsteris micrantha (Kellogg) Greene.
Small-flowered Microsteris. Fig. 3471.
Collomia micrantha Kellogg, Proc. Cal. Acad. 3: 18.
1863.
M. micrantha Greene, Pittonia 3: 303. 1898.
Annual, pubescent, at length corymbpsely much
branched, 2'-6' high, the branches ascending. Lower
and basal leaves oblong to spatulate, obtuse, com-
monly opposite and nearly sessile, the upper linear
or lanceolate, sessile, i'-i' long, i"-2" wide, opposite
or alternate, entire ; cymes i-s-flowered ; calyx-lobes
linear-subulate, usually longer than the tube; corolla
about 4" long, the tube yellowish, narrow, equalling
or slightly longer than the calyx, the lobes purple or
violet, short; ovules 2 or 3 in each cavity; capsule
oblong, obtuse, as long as or longer than the calyx-
tube.
In dry or moist soil, western Nebraska to Wyoming,
Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona and California. In our
first edition referred to the northwestern M. gracilis
(Dougl.) Greene. April-Aug.
3. GILIA R. & P. Prodr. Fl. Per. 47. 1798.
Herbs with opposite or alternate, entire pinnatifid palmatifid or dissected leaves. Flowers
small or large, solitary, cymose, capitate, thyrsoid, or paniculate. Calyx campanulate or
tubular, 5-toothed or 5-cleft, the sinuses scarious. Corolla funnelform, tubular, campanulate,
rotate or salverform, 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, oblong, or obovate. Stamens equally or
unequally inserted on the corolla, included or exserted. Ovary oblong or ovoid, 3-celled ;
ovules solitary or several in each cavity. Capsule ovoid or oblong, 3-celled, at length dis-
tending and rupturing the calyx. Seed-coat commonly mucilaginous when wetted, in some
species emitting thread-like tubes. [Named for Philip Gil, a Spanish botanist.]
About 100 species, natives of America. Besides the following, many others occur in the south-
ern and western parts of North America. Type species : Gilia laciniata R. & P.
Corolla funnel-form to salverform ; leaves pinnatifid or pinnately divided, the segments linear, not
rigid.
Flowers thyrsoid-paniculate or corymbose-paniculate.
Corolla i'-2 r long; plants i-4 tall.
Flowers paniculate, white. i. G.longiflora.
Flowers narrowly thyrsoid, red. 2. G. aggregata.
Corolla 3"-5" long, violet or blue. 3. G. pinnatifida.
Flowers narrowly thyrsoid-spicate. 4. G. spicata.
6o
POLEMOXIACEAE.
VOL. III.
Flowers in dense or capitate cymes, or heads ; flower-clusters leafy-bracted.
Perennial ; corolla-tube not longer than the calyx. 5. G. ibcridifolia.
Annual ; corolla-tube 2-3 times as long as the calyx. 6. G. pumila.
Corolla rotate ; leaf-segments acicular. 7. G. acerosa.
I. Gilia longiflora (Torr.) Don. White-flowered Gilia. Fig. 3472.
Cantua longiflora Torr. Ann. Lye. 2: 221. 1827.
Gilia longiflora Don, Gard. Diet. 4: 245. 1838.
Collomia longifl. A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8 : 261. 1870.
Annual, glabrous, paniculately branched, i-2
high. Leaves all alternate, sessile, \'-2\' long, pin-
nately divided into linear-filiform segments or the
uppermost entire; flowers numerous, white, panicu-
late, about 2 long ; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate,
acuminate, shorter than the tube ; corolla salverform,
its tube narrow, 4 or 5 times as long as the orbicular
or ovate, rounded or pointed, spreading lobes ; sta-
mens unequally inserted; ovules 8-12 in each cell;
capsule narrowly oblong, exceeding or equalling the
calyx ; seed-coat mucilaginous and emitting spiral
threads when wetted.
In dry soil, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas and Ari-
zona. May-Sept.
Gilia rubra (L.) Heller (Gilia coronopifolia Pers.), a
related species with less spreading corolla-lobes, is com-
monly cultivated, and rarely escapes from gardens to
roadsides and waste grounds.
2. Gilia aggregata (Pursh) Spreng. Scar-
let Gilia. Fig. 3473.
Cantua aggregata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 147. 1814.
Gilia aggregata Spreng, Syst. i : 626. 1825.
Biennial, pubescent or puberulent; stem simple
or sparingly branched, 2-4 high, leafy at least
below. Leaves alternate, the basal often tufted,
mostly petioled, i'-3' long, pinnately parted into
narrowly linear segments ; inflorescence narrowly
thyrsoid-paniculate, often 12' long; flowers ses-
sile or very nearly so in small peduncled clusters,
scarlet or red ; corolla tubular-funnelform, the
tube i'-ii' long, slightly thicker upward, the limb
cleft into ovate or lanceolate acute or acuminate
spreading or recurved lobes; stamens unequally
or about equally inserted in the throat ; ovules
numerous ; seeds mucilaginous and emitting spiral
threads when wetted.
In dry soil, western Nebraska (according to .
Coulter) to Texas and Mexico, west to British
Columbia and California. June-Aug.
3. Gilia pinnatifida Nutt. Small-flowered
Gilia. Fig. 3474.
Gilia pinnatifida Nutt. ; A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8 :
276. 1870.
Biennial or perennial from a deep root, much
branched, viscid-glandular, 6'-2 high. Leaves
thick, pinnatifid, the basal tufted, i'-3' long, the
segments linear-oblong, sometimes toothed, ob-
tuse or acutish, 2"-6" long, those of the stem
alternate, smaller, the uppermost minute and en-
tire ; flowers very numerous, small, paniculate,
some sessile, some petioled ; calyx 5-lobed. the
lobes lanceolate to ovate; corolla salverform,
3 "-5" long, the limb violet or blue, its white tube
longer than the calyx and its pboyate lobes ; sta-
mens exserted ; seeds not mucilaginous nor emit-
ting spiral threads when wetted.
In sandy soil, western Nebraska anJ Wyoming to
New Mexico. Has been mistaken for G. inconspicua,
June-Aug.
GENUS 3.
PHLOX FAMILY.
61
4 Gilia spicata Nutt. Spicate Gilia. Fig. 3475.
Cilia spicata Nutt Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (II.) i :
156. 1848.
Perennial, woolly-tomentose ; stems erect, rather stout,
simple, solitary, or 2-4 from the woody root, 6'-i8' high.
Leaves alternate, narrowly linear, pinnately parted into
3-5 linear segments, or some or many of them entire,
i'-2' long; flowers in an elongated narrow spicate
thyrsus, sessile in small clusters, purplish, 4"-6" long;
tube of the corolla somewhat exceeding the calyx, con-
siderably longer than the ovate-oblong lobes ; calyx-
lobes acuminate; anthers equally inserted in the throat.
In dry soil, western Nebraska to Wyoming and Utah.
May-Aug.
Gilia iberidifolia Benth. Round-headed
Gilia. Fig. 3476.
Cilia iberidifolia Benth. in Hook. Kew. Journ. Bot.
3 : 290. 1851.
Perennial by a deep root, woolly-tomentose, at
least when young, branched from the base or also
above, 3'-i8' high. Leaves mostly petioled, -2'
long, pinnately divided into 3-9 narrowly linear
sharp-pointed segments, or the uppermost entire;
flowers white, densely capitate-clustered, 2" 3"
long, the clusters bracted by the upper leaves,
i'-i' broad, sometimes corymbed ; calyx-lobes
awn-like; corolla-tube about the length of the
calyx, slightly longer than the oval lobes ; fila-
ments equally inserted in or below the sinuses of
the corolla; ovules 1-4 in each cavity.
In dry soil, South Dakota to Nebraska, Colorado,
California, Montana and Idaho. In our first edition
included in the similar G. congesta Hook. May-Aug.
6. Gilia pumila Nutt. Low Gilia. Fig. 3477.
Cilia pumila Nutt. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (II.)
i: 156. 1848.
Annual, branched from the base and sometimes
also above, woolly at least when young, 3'-8' high.
Leaves alternate, thick, i'-i' long, pinnately di-
vided into linear mucronulate sometimes lobed
segments, or the uppermost entire ; flowers in
dense or at length looser simple or compound
cymes, sessile ; corolla 3 "-4" long, its tube about
3 times the length of the lobes and twice as long
as the calyx ; calyx-lobes awn-like ; stamens in-
serted in or below the sinuses of the corolla,
somewhat exserted; ovules 5 or 6 in each cavity.
In dry soil, western Nebraska to Texas, Idaho,
Nevada and New Mexico. April-June.
Gilia tricolor Benth., of California, admitted into
our first edition as recorded escaped from gardens to
roadsides at Lincoln, Nebraska, is not known to have
become established within our area.
POLEMOXIACEAE.
VOL. III.
7. Gilia acerosa (A. Gray) Britton. Needle-leaved
Gilia. Fig. 3478.
G. rigidula var. acerosa A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8 : 280. 1870.
Gilia acerosa Britton, Man. 761. 1901.
Perennial, from a woody base, 4'-7' high, glandular-pubes-
cent, bushy-branched, the slender branches erect-ascending.
Leaves i' long or less, pinnately parted into 3-7 acicular en-
tire segments; flowers scattered, on slender pedicels i' long
or less ; corolla rotate, about 10" wide, its lobes rounded at
the apex, abruptly contracted at the base; filaments filiform;
anthers oblong; capsule about as long as the calyx-tube.
Rocky and gravelly soil, Kansas to Texas, Mexico and New
Mexico. April-Aug.
4. LEPTODACTYLON H. & A. Bot. Beech. Voy. 369. 1841.
Low perennial herbs, somewhat woody, with alternate deeply pinnatifid or palmatifid
leaves, their segments subulate and spinescent, the rather large flowers terminal, clustered or
solitary. Calyx 4-5-lobed, the lobes spinescent, the sinuses not scarious but membranous.
Corolla funnel form, 4-5-lobed, the lobes somewhat spreading Stamens short. Capsule at
length distending the calyx-tube, many-seeded. [Greek, referring to the deeply divided
leaves.]
Three or four species, natives of western North America. Type species : Lcptodactylon cali-
fornicum H. & A.
i. Leptodactylon caespitosum Nutt. Tufted Sharp-leaved Gilia. Fig. 3479.
L. caespitosum Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. II. i : 157. 1847.
Gilia pungens caespitosa A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8 :
268. 1870.
Gilia caespitosa A. Nelson, Bull. Torr. Club 25 : 546.
1898. Not A. Gray.
Much branched and tufted from a thick buried
woody base, 3'-s' high. Leaves densely fascicled
and imbricated, 3~5-parted, 4" long or less, the seg-
ments subulate, spinulose-tipped, glabrous, or the
margins ciliate ; bases of the old leaves persistent;
calyx about half as long as the corolla-tube, 4-lobed,
the lobes subulate; corolla white or yellowish, sal-
verform, the tube about 6" long, the limb 4-lobed;
stamens 4.
Dry bluffs, western Nebraska and Wyoming. June-
Sept.
Leptodactylon pungens Nutt. [Gilia pungens (Torr.) Benth.], of western North America, illus-
trated in our first edition, where the above species was regarded as a variety of it, is not known
to occur within our area.
GENUS 5.
PHLOX FAMILY.
5. POLEMONIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 162. 1753.
Perennial or rarely annual herbs, with alternate pinnate membranous leaves, and mostly
large cymose-paniculate or thyrsoid flowers. Calyx herbaceous, not angled nor ribbed, cam-
panulate, 5-cleft to about the middle, accrescent in fruit, the segments lanceolate or ovate,
entire, erect or connivent over the capsule. Corolla tubular-campanulate or funnelform,
rarely rotate, blue, white or yellow, the limb 5-lobed. Stamens about equally inserted near
the base of the corolla, declined, the filaments slender, often pilose at the base. Ovary ovoid;
ovules few or several in each cavity. Capsule ovoid, obtuse, 3-valved. Seeds wingless, or
narrowly winged, mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads when wetted. [Name not
explained.]
About 15 species, natives of the cooler parts of the north temperate zone. Besides the follow-
ing, some 10 others occur in the western parts of North America. Type species: Polemonium
coeruleum L.
Anthers exserted ; flowers 8"-io" broad ; stem erect. i. P. Van Bruntiae.
Anthers included ; flowers s"-6" broad ; stem reclining. 2. p. reptans.
i. Polemonium Van Bruntiae Britton.
American Jacob's Ladder. Fig. 3480.
Polemonium coeruleum A. Gray, Man. Ed. 4, App. 1863.
Not L. 1753.
Polemonium Van Bruntiae Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 19:
224. pi. 131. 1892.
Rootstock stout, horizontal, clothed with fibrous
roots. Stems erect, glabrous below, somewhat
glandular-pubescent above, ii-2$ high, leafy to
the top ; leaflets of the lower leaves short-stalked
or sessile, ovate or lanceolate, acute, i'-ii' long,
those of the upper fewer, the uppermost leaves
3-5-foliolate or simple; cymose clusters panicled or
solitary, rather loosely 3-5-flowered ; pedicels 2" -4"
long; flowers bluish-purple, 8"-io" broad; corolla-
lobes rounded ; calyx 5-lobed to about the middle,
much enlarged in fruit, the lobes acute; stamens
exserted ; ovules 3 or 4 in each cavity ; capsule sev-
eral-seeded.
In swamps and along streams, Vermont and northern
New York to Maryland. Differs from the Old World
P. coeruleum L. in its stout rootstocks, more leafy stem,
exserted stamens, and rounded corolla-lobes. May-
July.
2. Polemonium reptans L. Greek Valerian.
Blue-bell. Fig. 3481.
Polemonium reptans L. Syst. Ed. 10, no. i. 1759.
Glabrous or very nearly so throughout, usually
not more than i high; stems weak, slender, at
length reclining or diffuse, the rootstock short.
Leaflets oblong, ovate-oblong, or lanceolate-oblong,
i'-ii' long, the uppermost leaves 3-5-foliolate or
simple ; flowers blue, s"-8" broad ; calyx 5-lobed, its
lobes obtuse or acute; stamens not exserted; ovules
3 or 4 in each cavity ; seeds about 3 in each capsule.
In woods, New York to Minnesota, south to Georgia
and Kansas. Ascends to 2200 ft. in Virginia. April-
May. American abscess-root. Sweat-root. American-
or creeping great-valerian.
6. COLLOMIA Nutt. Gen. i : 126. 1818.
Annual or rarely perennial herbs, with alternate mostly entire leaves, and purple white
or reddish capitate or cymose flowers. Calyx obpyramidal or cup-shaped, 5-cleft, scarious in
the sinuses, accrescent in fruit, not distended by nor ruptured by the ripening capsule, its
6 4
POLEMONIACEAE.
VOL. III.
lobes lanceolate or triangular, entire, erect, the sinuses often at length enlarged into a revo-
lute lobe. Corolla tubular-funnelform or salverform, the limb 5-lobed, spreading, the lobes
obtuse. Stamens unequally inserted on the tube of the corolla, mostly straight, the filaments
unequal. Ovules I or few in each cavity. Capsule oval to obovoid. Seeds of most species
mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads when wetted. [Greek, gluten, referring to the
glutinous seeds when wetted.]
About 15 species, natives of western America. Besides the following typical one, some 10
others occur in the western United States and British Columbia.
i. Collomia linearis Nutt. Narrow-leaved
Collomia. Fig. 3482.
Collomia linearis Nutt. Gen. i : 126. 1818.
Cilia linearis A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 17 : 223.
1882.
Annual, viscid-puberulent ; stem erect, leafy, sim-
ple or branched, slender, 3'-i8' high. Leaves linear-
oblong, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, entire, acumi-
nate at the apex, narrowed at the base, sessile, or
the lower short-petioled, \'-2\' long, i$"-6" wide;
flowers 5"-?" long, numerous in terminal capitate
leafy-bracted clusters; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceo-
late, acute; corolla light purple or nearly white, the
tube very slender, longer than the calyx, the lobes
i "-2" long; capsule at maturity about as long as
the calyx.
In dry soil, Manitoba to Minnesota and Nebraska,
west to British Columbia, Arizona and California. Also
in Quebec and New Brunswick. May-Aug.
7. NAVARRETIA R. & P. Fl. Per. 2 : 8. 1799.
Annual glabrous or viscid-pubescent herbs, with alternate spinose-pinnatifid leaves, or
the lowest entire, and numerous small flowers in dense terminal bracted clusters. Calyx
prismatic or obpyramidal, the tube S-angled, 5-cleft, not accrescent in fruit, not distended by
nor ruptured by the ripening capsule, the sinuses scarious, the lobes mostly unequal, erect or
spreading, spiny-tipped, entire, or often toothed. Corolla tubular-funnelform or salverform,
5-lobed, the lobes oval or oblong. Stamens straight or declined, equally inserted in or below
the throat of the corolla. Ovary 2-3-celled; ovules solitary, few or several in each cavity.
Capsule i-3-celled, dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds mostly mucilaginous and emitting spiral
threads when wetted. [In honor of Navarrete, a Spanish physician.]
About 24 species, natives of western America. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in
the western United States. Type species : Navarretia involucrata R. & P.
i. Navarretia minima Nutt. Small Navar-
retia. Fig. 3483.
Navarretia minima Nutt. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
(II.) i: 160. 1848.
Cilia minima A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 269. 1870.
Depressed, tufted, somewhat pubescent; stem usu-
ally branched, I'-T,' high. Leaves sessile, i'-i' long,
i-2-pinnatifid into almost filiform rigid acicular seg-
ments; flowers about 2" long, white, densely capi-
tate; calyx-lobes awl-shaped, mostly toothed, about
as long as the tube and equalling the corolla, the
sinuses more or less white-pubescent; calyx-tube
about equalling the indehiscent i-6-seeded capsule.
In dry soil, Nebraska and South Dakota to Washing-
ton and Arizona. Summer.
GENUS i.
WATER-LEAF FAMILY.
Family 23. HYDROPHYLLACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 271. 1836.
WATER-LEAF FAMILY.
Herbs, mostly hirsute, pubescent or scabrous, with alternate or basal, rarely
opposite leaves, and perfect regular 5-parted flowers, in scorpioid cymes, spikes
or racemes, or rarely solitary. Calyx inferior, deeply cleft or divided, the sinuses
sometimes appendaged. Corolla gamopetalous, funnelform, salverform, campan-
ulate, or rotate. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube or base of the corolla, and
alternate with its lobes; filaments filiform; anthers ovate, oblong, or linear, mostly
versatile, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk annular or none. Ovary
superior, 2-celled, or i-celled with 2 placentae; styles 2, separate, or partly united;
stigmas small, terminal; ovules few or numerous, anatropous or amphitropous.
Capsule i-2-celled, mostly loculicidally 2-valved, rarely septicidally or irregularly
dehiscent. Seeds oblong, globose, or angular, usually pitted, rugose or reticu-
lated; endosperm fleshy or cartilaginous; embryo small; cotyledons half-terete
or plano-convex.
About 17 genera and 175 species, mostly natives of western North America.
Styles united below; ovary i-celled; leaves mostly lobed or dentate.
Corolla-lobes convolute (rarely imbricated) in the bud ; placentae dilated.
Stamens exserted. i. Hydrophyllum.
Stamens not exserted.
Sinuses of the calyx appendaged. 2. Nemophila.
Calyx much enlarged in fruit, its sinuses not appendaged. 3. Nyctelea.
Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud ; placentae narrow. 4. Phacelia.
Styles distinct to the base ; ovary 2-celled ; leaves entire. 5. Nama.
i. HYDROPHYLLUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 146. 1753.
Perennial or biennial herbs, with large lobed pinnatifid or pinnately divided leaves, and
rather large, white blue or purple flowers, in terminal or lateral peduncled more or less
scorpioid cymes. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the segments lanceolate or subulate, the sinuses
naked or appendaged. Corolla tubular-campanulate or campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes con-
volute in the bud, each with a linear appendage within, which extends to the base of the
corolla and is incurved into a groove. Stamens 5, exserted ; filaments pilose below or at the
base ; anthers linear or oblong, versatile. Ovary i-celled, hispid-pubescent ; placentae fleshy,
dilated so as to nearly fill the cavity, free from the ovary-wall except at the top and bottom,
each enclosing 2 ovules ; styles united nearly to the summit. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds 1-4,
globose-obovoid. [Greek, water-leaf, referring to the supposed cavity for water in each leaf.]
About 12 species, natives of North America. Type species: Hydrophyllum virginianutn L.
Leaves, at least the lower, pinnatifid or pinnately divided.
Calyx not appendaged in the sinuses or scarcely so.
Plant sparingly pubescent ; leaf-segments acute. i. H. virginianum.
Plant villous-hirsute ; leaf-segments blunt. 2. H. macrophyllum.
Calyx with a reflexed appendage in each sinus. 3. H. appendiculatum.
Leaves palmately s-g-lobed. 4. H. canadense.
I. Hydrophyllum virginianum L. Vir-
ginia Water-leaf. Fig. 3484.
H. virginianum L. Sp. PI. 146. 1753.
Perennial by scaly rootstocks ; stems slender,
glabrous or nearly so, simple or sparingly
branched, ascending or erect, rather weak,
i-3 long. Lower and basal leaves long-
petioled, 6'-io' long, pinnately divided into 5-7
oblong ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or
acutish, sharply toothed or incised segments
i '-2' long, glabrous or with few scattered hairs ;
upper leaves similar, short-petioled, smaller,
with fewer segments ; cymes slender-pedun-
cled, simple or forked, dense or at length
open ; flowers white or violet, purple, darkest
at _ high altitudes, short-pedicelled; pedicels
strigose-pubescent ; calyx-segments narrowly
linear, hispid, spreading, the sinuses not ap-
pendaged ; corolla about 4" long, its segments
erect ; capsule globose, nearly 2" in diameter.
. In woods, Quebec to Ontario, South Dakota,
South Carolina and Kansas. Ascends to 5000 ft.
in North Carolina. Brook-flower. May-Aug.
66
HYDROPHYLLACEAE.
VOL. III.
H. patens Britton, of Minnesota, differs in having the calyx-segments appressed to the corolla,
the corolla-segments with spreading tips.
2. Hydrophyllum macrophyllum Nutt.
Large-leaved Water-leaf. Fig. 3485.
H. macrophyllum Nutt. Journ. Phila. Acad. 7: in.
1834-
Perennial by scaly rootstocks, villous-hirsute
all over; stem rather stout, 2-3 high. Lower
leaves long-petioled, 8'-l2' long, deeply pinnatifid
or pinnately divided into 7-13 oval or ovate obtuse
coarsely dentate segments i'-3' long; upper leaves
similar, smaller, shorter-petioled and with fewer
segments ; cymes long-peduncled, simple or fork-
ed, very dense; peduncles stout; pedicels short;
flowers nearly white; calyx cleft to below the
middle, its lobes lanceolate, erect, white-hispid,
the sinuses not appendaged; corolla 5"-6" long;
anthers oblong; capsule globose, densely white-
hispid, I*" in diameter, enclosed by the calyx.
In rich woods, Virginia to Ohio, Illinois, Alabama
and Tennessee. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia.
3. Hydrcphyllum appendiculatum Michx.
Appendaged Water-leaf. Fig. 3486.
H. appendiculatum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 134. 1803.
Biennial, rough-hairy all over; stern slender, simple
or usually branched, weak, i-2 long, somewhat
viscid above. Lower and basal leaves long-petioled,
pinnatifid or pinnately divided into 5-7 ovate or oval,
acute or obtusish, irregularly dentate or incised, mem-
branous segments ; upper leaves smaller and shorter-
petioled, ovate to orbicular, variously lobed, the lobes
acute and dentate ; cymes loose, branched, the slender
pedicels 4"-io" long; calyx parted to near the base,
enlarging in fruit, the segments triangular-lanceolate,
acuminate, spreading, with a short reflexed appendage
in each sinus; corolla violet or purple, 6"-j" long;
stamens little exserted; capsule about li" in diameter.
In woods, Ontario to New York, North Carolina, west to
Minnesota and Kansas. May-June.
4. Hydrophyllum canadense L. Broad-
leaved Water-leaf. Fig. 3487.
H. canadense L. Syst. Ed. 10, 919. 1759.
Perennial by scaly rootstocks ; stems rather
slender, commonly simple, glabrous or nearly so,
i-2i high. Leaves nearly orbicular, cordate,
sparingly pubescent, at least above, palmately
5-g-lobed, the lower long-petioled, often 12'
broad, occasionally with I or 2 pairs of small
segments on the petiole ; upper leaves smaller,
but usually 4'-7' broad ; lobes ovate, acuminate,
dentate ; peduncles shorter than the leaves ; cymes
dense or becoming loose, simple or forked ; pedi-
cels short, nearly glabrous; calyx cleft nearly to
the base, its segments linear-lanceolate, acute,
nearly or quite glabrous, sometimes with a minute
tooth in each sinus ; corolla campanulate-rotate,
white to purplish anthers linear-oblong; capsule
2" in diameter.
In woods, Vermont to New York, North Carolina,
Ontario, Illinois and Kentucky. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. June-Aug.
GENUS 2.
WATER-LEAF FAMILY.
2. NEMOPHILA Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. 2 : 179. 1822.
Annual diffuse pubescent slender and fragile herbs, with alternate or opposite mostly
pinnatifid or lobed leaves. Flowers white, blue or variegated, solitary, peduncled, lateral or
terminal. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or s-parted, with a reflexed or spreading appendage in each
sinus. Corolla campanulate or rotate-campanulate, mostly longer than the calyx, usually
with 10 small appendages within at the base, the lobes convolute in the bud. Stamens included ;
anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary i-celled with placentae similar to those of Hydrophyllum;
styles partly united; ovules 2-12 on each placenta. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds 1-4. [Greek,
grove-loving.]
About 10 species, natives of North America, mostly Californian. Type species: Nemophila
phacelioides Nutt.
i. Nemophila microcalyx (Nutt.) F. & M.
Small-flowered Nemophila. Fig. 3488.
Ellisia microcalyx Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5:
191. 1833-37.
Nemophila microcalyx F. & M. Sert. Petrop. pi. 6. 1846.
Stems very slender, diffuse, branched, 2'-! 5' long.
Leaves membranous, petioled, i'-2i' long, pinnatifid
or pinnately divided into 3-5 obovate cuneate or
oblique, obtuse 2-3-dentate or -lobed, approximate or
confluent segments, the upper all alternate, the lowest
opposite ; peduncles slender, 4 '-12" long, opposite
the leaves, shorter than or equalling the petioles ;
flowers white or blue, ii"-2" long; appendages in
the sinuses of the calyx minute ; calyx scarcely en-
larged in fruit ; ovules 2 on each placenta ; corolla-
appendages obsolete or none ; anthers oval ; capsule
about ii" in diameter, much longer than the calyx,
i-2-seeded.
In woods, Virginia to Florida, west to Arkansas and
Texas. April-June.
3. NYCTELEA Scop. Introd. 183. 1777.
[MACROCALYX Trew, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. 2 : 330-332. pi. 7. /. /. Hyponym. 1/61.]
[ELLISIA L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1662. 1763. Not Syst. Ed. 10, 1121. 1759.]
Annual hirsute or pubescent branching slender herbs, with opposite or alternate, pin-
nately divided or i-3-pinnatifid leaves, and solitary or racemose small white or bluish flowers.
Calyx s-lobed or 5-parted, spreading, much enlarged in fruit, destitute of appendages in the
sinuses. Corolla campanulate or nearly cylindric, shorter than or slightly exceeding the calyx,
usually with 5 minute appendages on the tube within, its lobes convolute or imbricated in the
bud. Stamens included; anthers oval or oblong. Ovary i-celled ; styles united below; ovules
2-4 on each of the placentae, which are similar to those of the two preceding genera. [Name
unexplained.]
About 3 species, natives of North America, the fol-
lowing typical.
i. Nyctelea Nyctelea (L.) Britton.
Nyctelea. Fig. 3489.
Jpomoea Nyctelea L. Sp. PI. 160. 1753.
Polemonium ( ?) Nyctelea L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 231. 1762.
Ellisia Nyctelea L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1662. 1763.
Macrocalyx Nyctelea Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 434.
1891.
Sparingly hirsute-pubescent; stem several times
forked, 4'-i2' high. Leaves pinnately divided,
petioled, 2'-4' long, ovate-oblong in outline, the
upper alternate, the lower opposite, the segments
oblong or lanceolate, dentate, entire or lobed ;
peduncles slender, i-flowered, opposite the leaves;
calyx in flower about 2" long, about equalling
the corolla, enlarging, widely spreading and be-
coming 8"-i4" broad in fruit, its lobes lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; fruit at length
pendulous ; capsule globose, 2"-3" in diameter.
In moist soil, New Jersey to Minnesota, Saskatche-
wan, Virginia, Nebraska and Kansas. April-July.
68
HYDROPHYLLACEAE.
VOL. III.
4. PHACELIA Juss.; J. F. Gmel. Syst. 330. 1791.
Annual, biennial or perennial, mostly hirsute hispid or scabrous herbs, with alternate entire
dentate lobed pinnatifid or dissected leaves, the lowest rarely opposite, and blue purple violet
or white flowers in terminal scorpioid cymes or racemes. Calyx 5-lobed, somewhat enlarging
in fruit; sinuses not appendaged. Corolla campanulate, nearly rotate, tubular or funnelform,
the tube sometimes appendaged within, opposite the lobes, the lobes imbricated in the bud.
Stamens exserted or included, attached near the base of the corolla; anthers mostly ovate.
Ovary i-celled, the 2 placentae narrow, affixed to the walls; styles united below; ovules 2 or
several on each placenta. Capsule i-celled, or falsely nearly 2-celled by the intrusion of the
placentae, 2-valved. Seeds usually reticulated. [Greek, a cluster, referring to the clustered
flowers of some species.]
About 90 species, natives of the New World. Besides the following, some 60 others occur in
the western parts of North America. Type species : Phacelia secunda J. F. Gmel.
Corolla-lobes entire.
Corolla manifestly appendaged within, between the stamens.
Leaves entire.
Leaves crenate-dentate.
Leaves pinnately divided, or pinnatifid, the segments incised.
Racem.es loose ; pedicels slender ; ovules 2 on each placenta.
Racemes dense ; pedicels short ; ovules numerous.
Appendages of the corolla inconspicuous or none.
Filaments pubescent ; calyx-lobes oblong.
Puberulent ; flowers 4"-s" broad.
Hirsute ; flowers 6" 7" broad.
Filaments glabrous ; calyx-lobes linear.
Corolla nearly rotate, its lobes fimbriate.
Lobes of the leaves and calyx acute. 8. P. Purshii.
Lobes of the leaves and calyx obtuse. 9. P> fimbriata.
1. P. leucophylla.
2. P. integrifolia.
P. bipinnatifida.
P. Franklinii.
5. P. dubia.
6. P. hirsuta.
7. P . Covillei.
i. Phacelia leucophylla Torr. Silky Phacelia. Fig. 3490.
Phacelia leucophylla Torr. Frem. Rep. 93. 1845.
Perennial by a stout rootstock, pale, densely silky-
pubescent, the hairs appressed or ascending. Stem
simple or branched, i-ii high; leaves lanceolate to
oblong, entire, pinnately veined, 2'-^' long, 4"-i2"
wide, the lower long-petioled, the upper sessile or
nearly so; spike-like branches of the scorpioid cymes
very dense, nearly straight and i'-3' long when ex-
panded; flowers sessile, very numerous, about 4" high;
calyx-lobes hispid, oblong-lanceolate or linear, some-
what shorter than the white or bluish, 5-lobed corolla ;
corolla-appendages conspicuous, in pairs between the
filaments; filaments exserted, glabrous; ovules 2 on
each placenta; capsule ovoid.
In dry soil, South Dakota to Idaho, British Columbia,
Nebraska and Colorado. May-Aug. The species has
been taken for P. hetcrophylla Pursh, of the far west,
which has spreading brown hairs, some of the leaves usu-
ally pinnatifid, and pilose filaments.
2. Phacelia integrifolia Torr. Crenate-
leaved Phacelia. Fig. 3491.
P. integrifolia Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2 : 222. pi. 3. 1827.
Annual or biennial; stem erect or ascending, rather
stout, very leafy, commonly branched above, viscid-
hirsute, 6'-2 high. Leaves finely sfrigose-pubescent,
ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, irregularly cre-
nate-dentate, obtuse at the apex, rounded or cordate
at the base, \'-2.\' long, petioled or the uppermost
sessile; spike-like branches of the scorpioid cymes
dense, 2'-4' long when expanded; flowers sessile,
about 4" long; calyx-segments oblong, acute; corolla
tubular-campanulate, white or blue, its tube longer
than the calyx ; filaments glabrous, exserted ; ovules
2 on each placenta ; capsule ovoid, obtuse.
In saline soil, western Kansas (according to B. B.
Smyth) ; Oklahoma to Colorado, Mexico, Utah and Ari-
zona. April-Sept.
GENUS 4.
WATER-LEAF FAMILY.
69
3. Phacelia bipinnatifida Michx. Loose-
flowered Phacelia. Fig. 3492.
Phacelia bipinnatifida Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 134. pi. 16.
1803.
Biennial, hirsute-pubescent; stem erect, usually
much branched, glandular-viscid above, i-2 high.
Leaves slender-petioled, 2 '-5' long, pinnately divided
or deeply pinnatifid into 3-7 ovate or oblong acute
or acutish, dentate or incised segments, or these
again pinnatifid ; flowers blue or violet, 6"-8" broad,
numerous, slender-pedicelled in loose racemes, the
inflorescence only slightly scorpioid; pedicels 4"-io"
long, recurved in fruit; calyx-segments linear; ap-
pendages of the rotate-campanulate corolla in pairs
between the stamens, conspicuous, villous on the
margins, corolla-lobes entire; filaments pilose, ex-
serted; ovules 2 on each placenta; capsule globose.
In moist thickets and along streams, Ohio to Illinois,
Missouri, Georgia, Alabama and Tennessee. Ascends
to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. April-June.
4. Phacelia Franklinii (R. Br.) A. Gray.
Franklin's Phacelia. Fig. 3493.
Eutoca Franklinii R. Br. App. Frank. Journ. 51. pi. 27.
1823.
Phacelia Franklinii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 329. 1856.
Annual, villous-pubescent ; stem erect, 6'-i8'
high, simple, or corymbosely branched at the sum-
mit. Leaves 1^-3' long, pinnately parted into
7-15 linear or linear-oblong acute entire dentate
or incised segments ; flowers blue or nearly white,
short-pedicelled in dense scorpioid racemes ; calyx-
segments linear-lanceolate, acute; longer than the
tube of the rotate-campanulate corolla ; append-
ages of the corolla free at the apex ; anthers
scarcely exserted ; filaments glabrous, or nearly
so ; styles united nearly to the summit ; ovules
numerous on each placenta; capsule ovoid, acute.
Western Ontario, Michigan and Minnesota to Brit-
ish Columbia, Wyoming and Idaho. Summer.
5. Phacelia dubia (L.) Small. Small-flowered Phacelia. Fig. 3494.
Polemonium dubium L. Sp. PI. 163. 1753.
Phacelia parviflora Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 140. 1814.
Phacelia dubia Small, Bull. Torr. Club 21 : 303. 1894.
Annual, pubernlant or glabrate, branched from the
base, the branches very slender, erect or ascending,
5'-i2' high. Lower and basal leaves petioled, i'-2'
long, pinnatifid or pinnately divided into 3-5 oblong
obtuse entire or dentate segments, or rarely merely
dentate, or even entire ; upper leaves much smaller,
sessile, less divided ; flowers light blue or white,
racemose, 4"-s" broad; racemes 5~i5-flowered, elon-
gated in fruit; pedicels 3 "-7" long; calyx-lobes
oblong or oblong-lanceolate ; corolla rotate-campanu-
late, the appendages obsolete; filaments pubescent;
anthers slightly exserted; ovules 4-8 on each pla-
centa; capsule globose, li" in diameter, 6-i2-seeded;
fruiting pedicels ascending.
In moist soil, New York and Pennsylvania to Georgia,
Missouri, Kansas and Texas. Ascends to 2000 ft. in
Virginia. April-June.
HYDRO PHYLLACEAE.
VOL. III.
6. Phacelia hirsuta Xutt. Hairy Phacelia.
Fig- 3495-
Phccelia hirsuta Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.)
5: 191. 1834-37.
Phacelia parviflora van hirsuta A. Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. 10 : 321. 1875.
Similar to the preceding species but usually
stouter and larger, hirsute-pubescent. Leaves
petioled, pinnatifid or deeply pinnately divided
into 5-9 oblong obtuse usually entire segments,
or the upper 3~5-lobed or entire, sessile ; racemes
rather dense, scorpioid when unfolding; flowers
blue, 6"~7" broad ; calyx-segments oblong-lanceo-
late, hirsute ; corolla rotate-campanulate, its ap-
pendages short; ovules 3-4 on each placenta;
stamens scarcely exserted; capsule globose, 4-8-
seeded.
In dry soil, Virginia to Georgia, west to Missouri,
Kansas and Texas. April-June.
7. Phacelia Covillei S. Wats. Coville's
Phacelia. Fig. 3496.
Phacelia Covillei S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed.
6, 360. 1890.
Annual, similar to the two preceding species,
branched from the base, pubescent; branches
very slender, weak, 6'-i2' long. Leaves deeply
pinnatifid or pinnately divided into 3-7 oblong
or obovate, obtuse segments ; racemes only
i-5-flowered ; pedicels filiform, 6"-8" long;
calyx-segments linear, elongating in fruit;
corolla tubular-campanulate, about 3" long and
broad when expanded ; filaments glabrous ;
anthers not exserted; appendages of the co-
rolla obsolete ; capsule globose, i i"-2" in diam-
eter; fruiting pedicels recurved.
Along the Potomac River above Washington,
D. C, and in Illinois. April-May.
8. Phacelia Purshii Buckl. Pursh's Phacelia. Fig. 3497.
Phacelia Purshii Euckl. Am. Journ. Sci. 45: 171.
1843.
Annual, pubescent ; stem erect, usually much
branched, 6'-i8' high. Lower and basal leaves
petioled, il'~3' long, pinnately parted or pin-
natifid into 9-15 oblong or lanceolate, acute or
obtusish, entire or sometimes incised segments ;
upper leaves sessile, with fewer segments ; ra-
cemes strongly i-sided, io-2o-flowered, much
elongated in fruit; pedicels 3"-i2" long; calyx-
segments lanceolate or linear-lanceolate ; corolla
S"-6" broad, blue or white, nearly rotate, not
appendaged within, its lobes fimbriate ; filaments
slightly exceeding the corolla ; ovules 2 on each
placenta; capsule globose-ovoid.
In moist woods or thickets, Pennsylvania to Min-
nesota, south to North Carolina, Alabama and Mis-
souri. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Virginia. April-June.
GENUS 4.
WATER-LEAF FAMILY.
9. Phacelia fimbriata Michx. Fringed or
Mountain Phacelia. Fig. 3498.
Phacelia fimbriata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 134. 1803.
Annual, sparingly pubescent; stems simple or
branched, ascending or diffuse, 6'-2o' long. Basal
and lower leaves slender-petioled, "'-4' long, pin-
nately divided into 5-9 orbicular obovate or oblong
obtuse dentate or entire segments ; upper leaves
sessile, their segments oblong or lanceolate, acute ;
clusters loose, 3-i2-flowered ; pedicels 4"-: 5" long;
flowers 4"-s" broad, white; calyx-segments linear to
spatulate, obtuse; corolla rotate-campanulate, not
appendaged within, its lobes strongly fimbriate; fila-
ments pilose, about equalling the corolla ; ovules 2
on each placenta; capsule depressed-globose, 2" in
diameter.
In woods, mountains of Virginia to Alabama. May-
June.
5. NAMA L. Sp. PL 226. 1753.
[HYDROLEA L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 328. 1762.]
Perennial herbs, some tropical species shrubby, with alternate entire leaves, sometimes
with spines in their axils, and b!ue cymose-clustered or racemose flowers. Calyx-segments
distinct to the base, ovate or lanceolate. Corolla rotate-campanulate, not appendaged within,
5-cleft, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla; fila-
ments filiform, dilated below; anthers sagittate. Ovary 2-celled (rarely 3-celled) ; ovules
numerous in each cavity, on fleshy adherent placentae ; styles 2, rarely 3, slender or filiform,
distinct to the base; stigma capitellate. Capsule globose or ovoid, septicidally or irregularly
dehiscent.
About 15 species, natives of warm and tropical regoins of both the Old World and the New.
Besides the following, another occurs in the southern United States. Type species : Nama
zeylanica L.
Leaves lanceolate ; flowers mostly in axillary clusters.
Glabrous, or very nearly so, throughout ; sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate. i. N. affinis.
Villous, at least above, and on the calyx ; sepals lanceolate. 2. N. quadrivalvis.
Leaves ovate ; flowers mostly in terminal clusters ; sepals villous. 3. N. ovata.
i. Nama affinis (A. Gray) Kuntze.
Smooth Nama. Fig. 3499.
Hydrolea affinis A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 370. 1867.
Nama affinis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 435. 1891.
Glabrous or very nearly so throughout,
with or without slender spines in the axils;
stems ascending, i-2i high. Leaves ob-
long-lanceolate, petioled, acute or acumi-
nate at both ends, 2 '-5' long, 4"-8" wide;
flowers 6"-7" broad, short-pedicelled, in
rather dense peduncled leafy-bracted axil-
lary clusters ; sepals ovate or ovate-lanceo-
late, acute or acuminate, about equalling the
corolla ; capsule 2" in diameter when ma-
ture, somewhat longer than the styles,
shorter than the sepals.
In wet places, southern Illinois to Missouri,
Louisiana and Texas. June-Aug.
HYDROPHYLLACEAE.
VOL. III.
2. Nama quadrivalvis (Walt.) Kuntze.
Hairy Nama. Fig. 3500.
Hydrolea qitadrivalvis Walt. Fl. Car. no. 1788.
H. caroliniana Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 177. 1803.
N. quadrivalvis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 435. 1891.
Similar to the preceding species, but pubes-
cent, at least above, and on the calyx, with
spreading hairs, usually bearing slender spines
in the axils ; stem ascending, i-2 high. Leaves
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, glabrous, or
sparingly pubescent, petioled, 2,'-$' long, 3"-8"
wide; lower petioles \' long, or more; flowers
in axillary clusters ; sepals lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, about as long as the
corolla ; capsule 2"-^" in diameter, longer than
the styles, about the length of the sepals.
In wet soil, southeastern Virginia to Florida
and Louisiana. June-Aug.
3. Nama ovata (Nutt.) Britton. Ovate-
leaved Nama. Fig. 3501.
Hydrolea ovata Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.)
5: 196. 1833-37.
N. ovata Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 272. 1894.
Stem erect or nearly so, i-3 high, usually
branched near the summit, puberulent, or
somewhat hirsute, at least above, usually spine-
bearing in most of the axils. Leaves ovate,
rarely ovate-lanceolate, puberulent or glabrous,
short-petioled, or the upper almost sessile,
i'-2i' long, i'-ii' wide, acute at the apex, nar-
rowed or rounded at the base ; flowers often
i' broad or more, in terminal clusters;
sepals lanceolate, acuminate, very villous,
shorter than the corolla, longer than the cap-
sule; styles longer than the sepals.
In wet soil, Georgia to Missouri, Louisiana and
Texas. May-Sept.
1836.
Family 24. BORAGINACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 274.
BORAGE FAMILY.
Annual, biennial or perennial herbs, shrubs, or -some tropical species trees.
Leaves alternate, very rarely opposite or verticillate, exstipulate, mostly entire
and hispid, pubescent, scabrous or setose. Flowers perfect, usually regular, mostly
blue, in one-sided scorpioid spikes, racemes, cymes, or sometimes scattered. Calyx
inferior, mostly 5-lobed, 5-cleft, or 5-parted, usually persistent, its lobes valvate.
Corolla gamopetalous, mostly regular and 5-lobed, sometimes crested or append-
aged in the throat, rarely irregular, its lobes imbricated, convolute, plicate or
induplicate in the bud. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with
them, inserted on the tube or throat ; filaments slender or short ; anthers 2-celled,
the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk annular, entire, or 5-lobed, or none, com-
monly inconspicuous. Ovary superior, of 2 2-ovuled carpels, entire, or the carpels
commonly deeply 2-lobed, making it appear as of 4 i-ovuled carpels ; style simple,
entire or 2-cleft in our genera; ovules anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit mostly
of 4 i-seeded nutlets, or of 2 2-seeded carpels. Endosperm none; embryo straight
or curved ; cotyledons mostly flat or plano-convex ; radicle short.
About 85 genera and 1500 species, of wide geographic distribution.
GENUS i.
BORAGE FAMILY.
73
* Ovary entire or 2-4-grooved; style terminal. i. Heliotropium.
** Ovary 4-divided or deeply 4-lobed, the style arising from the center.
Flowers regular.
Nutlets armed with barbed prickles.
Nutlets spreading or divergent, covered by the prickles. 2. Cynoglossum.
Nutlets erect or incurved, the prickles on their backs or margins. 3. Lappula.
Nutlets unarmed.
Nutlets attached laterally to the receptacle, sometimes just above their bases.
Fruiting calyx not greatly enlarged nor membranous.
Corolla small, usually white ; receptacle conic or elongated.
Annuals ; calyx nearly closed in fruit ; inflorescence naked or bracteolate.
Lowest leaves mostly opposite ; calyx persistent. 4. Allocarya.
Leaves all alternate ; calyx at length deciduous. 5. Cryptantha.
Perennials or biennials ; calyx-segments more or less spreading in fruit ; inflo-
rescence leafy. 6. Oreocarya.
Corolla tubular-funnelform ; receptacle flat or convex.
Corolla blue, rarely white ; nutlets attached just above their bases.
Maritime ; nutlets fleshy, smooth and shining. 7. Pneumaria.
Not maritime ; nutlets wrinkled when mature and dry. 8. Mertensia.
Corolla yellow ; nutlets laterally attached. 9. Amsinckia.
Fruiting calyx much enlarged, membranous, veiny. 10. Asperugo.
Nutlets attached to the receptacle by their very bases.
Scar of attachment small, flat.
Corolla salverform or funnelform, its lobes rounded, spreading.
Racemes not bracted ; corolla-tube short. n. Myosotis.
i Racemes bracted; corolla-tube cylindric, usually slender. 12. Lithospermum.
Corolla tubular, its lobes erect, acute. 13. Onosmodium.
Scar of attachment large, concave.
Corolla tubular, s-toothed. 14. Symphytum.
Corolla rotate; anthers erect in a cone. 15. Bar ago.
Flowers irregular.
Stamens included; throat of the corolla closed by scales. 16. Lycopsis.
Stamens exserted; throat of the corolla dilated, open. 17. Echium.
i. HELIOTROPIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 130. 1753.
Herbs or shrubs, with alternate mostly entire and petioled leaves, and small blue or white
flowers, in scorpioid spikes, or scattered. Calyx-lobes or -segments lanceolate or linear.
Corolla salverform or funnelform, naked in the throat, its tube cylindric, its lobes imbricated,
plicate or induplicate in the bud, spreading in flower. Stamens included; filaments short, or
none. Style terminal, short or slender; stigma conic or annular. Fruit 2-4-lobed, separating
into 4 i-seeded nutlets, or into 2 2-seeded carpels. Ovary entire, or 2-4-grooved. [Greek,
sun-turning, '. e., turning to or with the sun.]
About 125 species, widely distributed in warm-temperate and tropical regions. Besides the fol-
lowing, some 10 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. The species are
called Turnsole. Type species : Heliotropium europaeum L.
Fruit 4-lobed, each lobe becoming a i -seeded nutlet.
Flowers in scorpioid spikes.
Plant rough-puberulent ; leaves oval. . i. H. europaeum.
Glabrous, fleshy ; leaves linear to spatulate.
Leaves linear to oblanceolate ; corolla 2" broad. 2. H. curassavicum.
Leaves broadly spatulate ; corolla 3"-4" broad. 3. H. spathulatum.
Flowers solitary, terminating short branches. 4. H. tenellum.
Fruit 2-lobed, or of 2 carpels.
Style elongated ; flowers large, scattered, white. 5. Cryptantha.
Style very short ; flowers blue, in scorpioid spikes. 6. H. indicum.
i. Heliotropium europaeum L. European
Heliotrope. Fig. 3502.
Heliotropium europaeum L. Sp. PI. 130. 1753.
Annual, much branched, rough-puberulent, 6'-i8' high.
Leaves oval, i'-2' long, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at
the base, slender-petioled, pinnately veined: flowers
white, i"-2" broad, in dense i-sided scorpioid, bractless
spikes ; terminal spikes in pairs, the lateral ones com-
monly solitary, becoming i'-3' long in fruit; calyx-
segments lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, shorter than
the corolla-tube; anthers distinct, obtuse; stigma-tip
long-conic; fruit depressed-globose, pubescent, 4-lobed,
at length separating into 4 nutlets.
In waste places, Massachusetts to New York, Pennsyl-
vania and Florida. Adventive or naturalized from Europe.
June-Oct.
74
BORAGINACEAE.
VOL. III.
2. Heliotropium curassavicum L. Sea-
side Heliotrope. Fig. 3503.
Heliotropium curassavicum L. Sp. PI. 130. 1753.
Annual, fleshy, glabrous throughout, more or
less glaucous, branched, diffuse, the branches
6'-i8' long. Leaves linear, or linear-oblong,
entire, very inconspicuously veined, 1-2' long,
ii"-3" wide, obtuse at the apex, narrowed into
petioles, or the upper sessile, sometimes with
smaller ones fascicled in the axils; scorpioid
spikes densely flowered, bractless, mostly in pairs;
flowers about 2" broad ; calyx-segments lanceo-
late, acute ; corolla white with a yellow eye or
changing to blue ; stigma umbrella-shaped ; anthers
acuminate; fruit globose, at length separating
into 4 nutlets.
On sandy seashores, Delaware to Texas and Mex-
ico. Widely distributed in saline and maritime soil
in the West Indies, South America and the Old
World. In ballast about the northern seaports.
May- Sept.
3. Heliotropium spathulatum Rydb. Spatulate-
leaved Heliotrope. Fig. 3504.
H. spathulatum Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 30: 262. 1903.
Perennial, glabrous, fleshy, glaucous, branched, i-li
high, the branches ascending. Leaves spatulate, indis-
tinctly veined, 2' long or less, obtuse at the apex ;
scorpioid spikes 2-5; flowers 3"-4" broad, white, or
bluish; calyx-segments ovate-lanceolate, acute; fruit
rather larger than that of H. curassavicum.
Prairies, plains and meadows, Iowa to North Dakota,
Assiniboia, Chihuahua and California. June-Sept.
4. Heliotropium tenellum (Nutt.) Torr.
Slender Heliotrope. Fig. 3505.
Lithospermum tenellum Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.)
5: 1 88. 1833-37.
H. tenellum Torr. in Marcy's Rep. 304. pi. 14. 1853.
Annual, strigose-canescent ; stem erect, slender,
paniculately branched, commonly leafless below,
6'-i8' high. Leaves linear, entire, i'-ii' long, i"-2"
wide, narrowed at both ends, sessile, or the lower
petioled ; flowers white, about 2\" long, sessile at the
ends of short lateral branches, bracted by i or 2
leaves ; calyx-segments unequal, the 2 or 3 larger
ones about as long as the corolla ; corolla-tube canes-
cent, slightly longer than the limb, its lobes entire;
anthers obtuse; stigma subulate-tipped; fruit de-
pressed, 4-lobed, strigose-pubescent, separating into
4 i-seeded nutlets.
In dry soil, Kentucky to Kansas, south to Alabama,
Texas and New Mexico. April-Aug.
GENUS i.
BORAGE FAMILY.
75
5. Heliotropium convolvulaceum (Nutt.) A. Gray.
Fig. 3506.
Enploca convolvulacea Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.)
5: 189. 1833-37.
H. convolvulaceum A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. 6 : 403.
1857-
Annual, strigose-canescent, usually much branched,
6'-is' high, the branches ascending. Leaves oblong,
ovate, or lanceolate, entire, short-petioled, obtuse or
acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, -i long;
flowers numerous, fragrant, very short-peduncled,
terminal and lateral, mostly solitary and opposite the
leaves ; calyx-segments lanceolate, acuminate, equal ;
corolla white, strigose, 8"-io" long, about 6" broad,
its tube narrowed at the throat, longer than the calyx
and the angulate-lobed limb; anthers inserted on the
tube of the corolla, slightly cohering by their tips;
style filiform; stigma with a tuft of bristly hairs;
fruit 2-lobed, pubescent, each lobe splitting into 2
i-seeded nutlets.
In dry sandy soil, Nebraska to Texas, Utah and
Mexico. July-Sept.
Bindweed Heliotrope.
6. Heliotropium indicum L. Indian Helio-
trope. Fig. 3507.
Heliotropium indicum L. Sp. PI. 134. 1753.
Annual, more or less hirsute 'or hispid ; stem com-
monly branched, i-3 high. Leaves ovate or oval,
obtuse or acute at the apex, obtuse rounded or sub-
cordate at the base, 2'-6' long, i'-3i' wide, repand or
undulate, borne on margined petioles \'-2.\' long;
flowers blue, 2"-3" broad, sessile in terminal dense
bractless usually solitary scorpioid spikes which be-
come 3'-6' long in fruit; calyx-segments lanceolate,
acute, shorter than the strigose corolla-tube; style
very short, deciduous ; fruit deeply 2-lobed, glabrous,
the lobes divergent, each finally splitting into 2
nutlets, each of which is ribbed on the back.
In waste places, North Carolina to Kentucky, Illinois,
Missouri, Florida and Texas. Naturalized from India.
Also in ballast about the northern seaports. Widely
distributed in warm regions as a weed. Turnsole.
May-Nov.
2. CYNOGLOSSUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 134. i;53-
Hirsute or hispid (rarely glabrous) mostly tall herbs, with alternate entire leaves, the
basal long-petioled, and purple blue or white flowers in panicled, more or less scorpioid
racemes. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted, enlarged and spreading or reflexed in fruit. Corolla
funnelform or salverform, the tube short, the throat closed by 5 scales opposite the imbri-
cated rounded lobes. Stamens included; filaments short; anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary
deeply 4-lobed, separating into 4 diverging nutlets in fruit ; style mostly slender. Nutlets
oblique, flat or convex above, attached laterally to the convex or conic receptacle, covered
with short barbed prickles. [Greek, dog's tongue.]
About 75 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 3 others occur
in western North America. Type species : Cynoglossnm officinale L.
Stem leafy to the top ; flowers reddish, purple or white ; nutlets flat.
Stem leafless above ; flowers blue ; nutlets convex.
Flowers about 5" broad ; nutlets about 4" long.
Flowers about 3^" broad ; nutlets about 2 l / 2 " long.
1. C. officinale.
2. C. virginianum.
3. C. bore ale.
7 6
BORAGINACEAE.
VOL. III.
i. Cynoglossum officinale L. Hound's-tongue. Gipsy Flower. Fig. 3508.
Cynoglossum officinale L. Sp. PI. 134. 1753.
Biennial, pubescent; stem erect, leafy to
the top, stout, usually branched, ii-3
high. Basal and lower leaves oblong or
oblong-lanceolate, slender-petioled, some-
times obtuse, 6'-i2' long, i'~3' wide; upper
leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate, ses-
sile, or the uppermost clasping; racemes
several or numerous, bractless or sparingly
bracted, simple or branched, much elon-
gated in fruit; pedicels 3"-6" long; calyx-
segments ovate-lanceolate, acute ; corolla
reddish-purple or rarely white, about 4"
broad; fruit pyramidal, about 5" broad,
each of the 4 nutlets forming a side of the
pyramid, flat on their upper faces, mar-
gined, splitting away at maturity, but hang-
ing attached to portions of the subulate
style.
In fields and waste places, Quebec and On-
tario to Manitoba, South Carolina, Alabama,
Kansas and Montana. Often a troublesome
weed. Naturalized from Europe. Native
also of Asia. Called also dog's-tongue, rose
noble. Canadian or dog-bur. Sheep-lice. Tory-weed. Wood-mat. May-Sept.
2. Cynoglossum virginianum L. Wild Comfrey. Fig. 3509.
Cynoglossum virginianum L. Sp. PI. 134-
1753-
Perennial, hirsute; stem usually sim-
ple, leafless above, stout, l4-2i high.
Basal and lower leaves oval or oblong,
4'-i2' long, obtuse at the apex, nar-
rowed into petioles ; upper leaves ob-
long, or ovate-lanceolate, sessile and
clasping by a cordate base, acute, nearly
as large, or the one or two uppermost
quite small ; racemes 2-6, corymbose,
bractless, long-peduncled ; flowers blue,
about 5" broad; corolla-lobes obtuse;
calyx-segments oblong-lanceolate, ob-
tuse, about 2" long at flowering time ;
fruit depressed, 4" broad, the nutlets
convex on the upper face, not margined,
separating and falling away at matur-
ity, about 4" long.
In woods, New Jersey to Kentucky, Mis-
souri, Florida, Louisiana and Kansas.
Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. Dog-bur.
April-May.
GENUS 2.
BORAGE FAMIL\
3. Cynoglossum boreale Fernald. North-
ern Wild Comfrey. Fig. 3510.
Cynoglossum boreale Fernald, Rhodora 7 : 250. 1906.
Similar to the preceding species, the stem
more slender, villous below, appressed-pubescent
above. Upper leaves clasping the stem ; lower and
basal leaves oblong, acute or acutish, long-peti-
oled ; racemes few, the flowers distant; calyx-
segments only about i" long at flowering time;
corolla 3"-4" broad; nutlets -z"-2\" long.
Woods and banks, Quebec to Ontario, Connecticut,
New York and Minnesota. In our first edition in-
cluded in the preceding species, of which it may be
a northern race. May-June.
3. LAPPULA [Rivin.] Moench, Meth. 416. 1794.
[ECHINOSPERMUM Sw. ; Lehm. Asperif. 113. 1818.]
Annual or perennial rough-pubescent or canescent erect branching herbs, with alternate
narrow entire leaves, and small or minute blue or white flowers, in terminal bracted or
bractless racemes. Calyx deeply S-cleft or 5-parted, the segments narrow. Corolla salver-
form or funnelform, the tube very short, the throat closed by 5 scales, the lobes obtuse,
spreading, imbricated in the bud. Stamens included; filaments very short. Ovary 4-lobed;
style short. Nutlets 4, erect or incurved, laterally attached to the receptacle, at length
separating, the margins or backs armed with stout often flattened barbed prickles, the sides
usually papillose or tuberculate. [Diminutive of the Latin lappa, a bur.]
About 40 species, .mostly natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, several
others occur in western North America. Type species : Lappula Myosdtis Moench.
Racemes bracted; fruiting pedicels not deflexed.
Prickles in 2 rows on the margins of the nutlets, distinct. i. L. Lappula.
Prickles in i row on the margins, more or less confluent. 2. L. texana.
Racemes bracted only at the base ; fruiting pedicels deflexed.
Stem-leaves ovate-oblong, the basal cordate ; fruit globose. 3. L. virginiana.
Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or linear ; fruit pyramidal.
Flowers 3" -5" broad ; fruit about 3" broad. 4. L. floribunda.
Flowers i"-z" broad; fruit about 2" broad. 5. L. deflexa.
i. Lappula Lappula (L.) Karst. European Stickseed. Burseed. Fig. 3511.
Myosotis Lappula L. Sp. PI. 131. 1753.
Lappula echinata Gilib. Fl. Lithuan. i: 25. 1781.
Lappula Myosotis Moench, Meth. 417. 1794.
Echinospermum Lappula Lehm. Asperif. 121. 1818.
Lappula Lappula Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 979. 1880-83.
Annual, pale, leafy, hispid or appressed-pubes-
cent, branched, i-2 high, the branches erect.
Leaves linear, linear-oblong or the lowest spatu-
late, sessile or the lower narrowed into petioles,
ascending or erect, obtuse or obtusish at the apex,
$'-!$' long; racemes leafy-bracted, more or less
i-sided ; pedicels very short, stout, not deflexed
in fruit ; calyx-segments lanceolate, becoming
unequal and spreading; corolla blue, about i"
broad; fruit globose-oval, li" in diameter; the
nutlets papillose or also prickly on the back, the
margins armed with 2 rows of slender distinct
prickles.
In waste places, Nova Scotia to British Columbia,
south to New Jersey and Kansas. Naturalized from
Europe. Native also of Asia. Stick-tight. Small
sheep-bur. May-Sept.
BORAGINACEAE.
VOL. III.
2. Lappula texana (Scheele) Britton. Hairy
Stickseed. Fig. 3512.
Cynoglossum pilosum Nutt. Gen. i: 114. 1818. Not
R. & P. 1794.
Echinospermum texanum Scheele, Linnaea 25 : 260. 1852.
Echinospermum Redowskii var. cupulatum A. Gray in
Brewer & Wats. Bot. Cal. i : 530. 1876.
Lappula texana Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 273. 1894.
L. Redowskii occidentalis Rydb. Contr. Nat. Herb. 3 :
170. 1895.
Annual, similar to the preceding species, 6'-2
high, paniculately branched, the branches ascending
or erect. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, mostly
obtuse, the lower narrowed into petioles ; racemes
leafy-bracted ; pedicels short, not deflexed in fruit;
flowers about i" broad; nutlets papillose-tuberculate
on the back, the margins armed with a single row of
flat, usually more or less confluent bristles, or these
united into a cup.
In dry soil, Ontario to Manitoba, British Columbia,
south to Nebraska, Texas and Arizona. Found also in
ballast at Atlantic seaports. Nutlets with nearly dis-
tinct bristles and others with bristles united into a cup
sometimes occur on the same fruit. April-Aug.
3. Lappula virginiana (L.) Greene. Virginia Stickseed. Fig. 3513.
Myosotis virginiana L. Sp. PI. 131. 1753.
Cynoglossum Morisoni DC. Prodr. 10 : 155. 1846.
E. virginicum Lehm. Asperif. 120. 1818.
Lappula virginiana Greene, Pittonia 2: 182. 1891.
Biennial, pubescent; stem paniculately branched,
2-4 high, the branches slender, spreading. Basal
leaves (seldom present at flowering time) ovate or
nearly orbicular, cordate, long-petioled, mostly
obtuse; stem leaves ovate-oblong or oval, acute or
acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the base, peti-
oled, 3'--8' long, i'-4' wide, the uppermost smaller,
sessile; racemes very slender, divergent, bracted at
the base, the bracts similar to the upper leaves;
pedicels slender, short, recurved in fruit ; corolla
nearly white, about i" broad; fruit globose, nearly
2" in diameter; nutlets covered on the margins and
usually also on the back by the slender distinct flat-
tened barbed prickles, the backs commonly also
more or less papillose.
In dry woods and thickets, New Brunswick to On-
tario, Minnesota, Georgia, Louisiana, Nebraska and
Kansas. Called beggar's-ticks or -lice. Virginia mouse-
ear. Soldiers. Stick-tight. Dysentery-root or -weed.
T 'ine-Sept.
4. Lappula floribunda (Lehm.) Greene.
Large-flowered Stickseed. Fig. 3514.
Echinospermum floribundum Lehm. in Hook. Fl.
Bor. Am. 2: 84. pi. 16-}. 1834.
Lappula floribunda Greene, Pittonia 2: 182. 1891.
Biennial or perennial, rough-pubescent ; stem
stout, paniculately branched, 2-5 high, the
branches nearly erect. Leaves oblong, oblong-
lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, 2'-^ long, 2"-io"
wide, sessile, acute or obtuse at the apex, or the
lower narrowed into petioles ; racemes numerous,
erect or nearly so, very densely flowered, bracted
at the base, many of them in pairs ; pedicels 2 "-4"
long, reflexed in fruit ; flowers blue or white,
3"~5" broad ; fruit pyramidal, about 3" broad ;
nutlets keeled, papillose-tuberculate on the back,
the margins armed with a single row of flat
prickles, which are sometimes confluent at the
base.
Western Ontario and Minnesota to Saskatchewan,
British Columbia, south to New Mexico and Califor-
nia. June-Aug.
GENUS 3.
BORAGE FAMILY
5. Lappula deflexa (Wahl.) Garcke. Nod-
ding Stickseed. Fig. 3515.
Echinospermum deflexum var. americanum A. Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 224. 1882.
Lappula deflexa Garcke, Fl. Deutsch. Ed. 6, 275. 1863.
Lapbula americana Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Club 24: 294.
1897.
Annual, rough-puberulent ; stem slender, erect,
paniculately branched, i-3 high, the branches
spreading or ascending. Leaves oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, mostly narrowed at both ends, 2-4' long,
2j"-6" wide, the lower petioled, the upper sessile;
racemes slender, many-flowered ; pedicels slender,
2"-4" long, deflexed in fruit ; corolla white or
bluish, about i" broad; fruit pyramidal, about 2"
broad ; nutlets keeled, papillose-tuberculate on the
back, rarely with a few prickles on the keel, the
margins armed with a single row of flat prickles,
these sometimes few.
In thickets, Quebec to Manitoba, British Columbia,
Iowa, Nebraska and Wyoming. Also in Europe and
Asia. May-Aug.
4. ALLOCARYA Greene, Pittonia, i: 12. 1887.
Mostly annual low herbs, with linear entire leaves, the lowest often opposite, and small
flowers in terminal spikes or racemes. Pedicels thickened at the summit, persistent. Calyx
5-divided, persistent, the segments narrow. Corolla salverform, white, yellow in the throat.
Stamens included. Ovary 4-divided ; style short. Nutlets crustaceous, smooth, or rough,
attached at their base or below the middle to the receptacle, the scar of attachment concave
or raised. [Greek, different nuts.]
About 25 species, natives of western North Amer-
ica. Type species: Allocarya lithocarya (A. Gray)
Greene.
i. Allocarya scopulorum Greene. Moun-
tain Allocarya. Fig. 3516.
Eritrichium calif or nicum var. subglochidiatum A.
Gray, Bot. Cal. i : 526. In part. 1876.
Allocarya scopulorum Greene, Pittonia i: 16. 1887".
Somewhat succulent, pubescent with scattered
stiff appressed hairs, branched, the slender
spreading branches i'-8' long. Leaves 6"-i8"
long, i"-ii" wide, sessile or very short-petioled ;
flowers about i" broad, distant, borne in most of
the axils, very short-pedicelled ; floral bracts
similar to the leaves, but shorter; calyx segments
linear-lanceolate ; nutlets reticulate on the back,
lightly grooved on the ventral side.
Western Nebraska to Montana, Wyoming and
Colorado. June-Sept.
5. CRYPTANTHA Lehm. Sem. Hort. Hamburg. 1832. F. & M. Ind. Sem.
Hort. Petrop. 2 : 35. 1836.
[KRYNITZKIA F. & M. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 7: 52. 1841.]
Low annual setose or hispid branched herbs, with narrow alternate entire leaves, and
small mostly white flowers, in scorpioid bractless or bracteolate spikes. Calyx 5-parted or
5-cleft, at length deciduous from the spike, the lobes or segments erect, mostly connivent in
fruit. Corolla small, funnelform, usually with 5 scales closing the throat, the lobes imbri-
cated in the bud. Stamens included ; filaments short. Ovary 4-divided ; style short ; stigma
capitellate. Nutlets erect, rounded on the back, not keeled, the margins obtuse, acute or
wing-margined, attached laterally to the conic or elongated receptacle, the scar of attach-
ment mostly longer than broad. [Greek, hidden-flowered.]
About 50 species, natives of North and South America, mostly of the western United States.
Type species : Cryptantha glomerata Lehm.
Nutlets, at least some of them, with short processes. i. C. crassisepala.
All four nutlets smooth and shining. 2. C. Fendleri.
So
BORAGINACEAE.
VOL. III.
i. Cryptantha crassisepala (T. & G.) Greene. Thick-sepaled Cryptanthe.
Fig. 35I7-
Eritrichium crassisepalum T. & G. Pac. R. R.
Rep. 2 : 171. 1854.
Krvnitskia crassisepala A. Gray, Proc. Am
Acad. 20: 268. 1885.
Cryptanthe crassisepala Greene, Pittonia i :
112. 1887.
Densely hispid, at length much branched,
3'~6' high. Leaves linear, or linear-
spatulate, i'-ij' long, sessile, or the lower
narrowed into petioles; spikes very densely
flowered; flowers about 2" broad, sessile,
bracteolate, the bractlets slightly longer
than the calyx; fruiting calyx 3" long,
closing over the fruit, its segments linear,
obtusish, their midribs much thickened;
fruit of 3 finely muricate nutlets, and I
larger smooth and shining nutlet about i"
long, attached to the receptacle from the
base to near the middle.
In dry soil, Saskatchewan to Nebraska,
Kansas, Texas and New Mexico. Rosita.
June-Aug.
2. Cryptantha Fendleri (A. Gray)
Greene. Fendler's Cryptanthe.
Fig. 3518.
Krynitzkia Fendleri A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
20: 268. 1885.
Cryptanthe Fendleri Greene, Pittonia i: 120.
1887.
Erect, hispid; stem slender, paniculately
branched, 6'-is' high. Leaves linear, or the
lowest linear-spatulate, i'-2i' long; spikes
slender, bracteolate only at the base; flowers
sessile, i"-2" broad; fruiting calyx nearly
closed, its segments linear, leaf-like, herba-
ceous, about 2" long; nutlets 4, all alike,
brown, smooth and shining, less than i" long,
attached to the receptacle from the base to
about the middle.
In dry soil, Saskatchewan to Washington, south
to Nebraska and Arizona. June-Aug.
6. OREOCARYA Greene, Pittonia, i : 57. 1887.
Perennial or biennial hispid or strigose-pubescent herbs, mostly with thick woody roots,
alternate or basal narrow leaves, and small white racemose-paniculate or densely thyrsoid
flowers. Calyx very deeply 5-parted or 5-divided, the segments lanceolate, more or less
spreading or recurved in fruit. Corolla funnelform or salverform, mostly crested in the
throat, 5-lobed. Stamens included. Ovary 4-divided ; style mostly short. Nutlets 4, later-
ally attached to the receptacle, not keeled, their margins acute or winged. [Greek, moun-
tain nut.] Called White Forget-me-not.
About 9 species, natives of western North America and Mexico.
suffruticosa (Torr.) Greene.
Inflorescence racemose-paniculate ; nutlets smooth.
Inflorescence thyrsoid or thyrsoid-glomerate ; nutlets rough.
Corolla-tube not longer than the calyx, little longer than the lobes.
Densely rough-hairy, 6'-i8' high.
Silvery appressed-pubescent, 3'-6' high.
Corolla-tube longer than the calyx, 2 or 3 times as long as the lobes.
Type species : Oreocarya
i. O. suffruticosa.
2. O. glomerata.
3. O. sericea.
4. O. fulvocanesccns.
GENUS 6.
BORAGE FAMILY.
81
i. Oreocarya suffruticosa (Torr.) Greene.
Shrubby Oreocarya. Fig. 3519.
Myosotis suffruticosa Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2 : 225.
1827.
Eritrichium Jamesii Torr. in Marcy's Rep. 294. 1853.
Krynitskia Jamesii A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 20 : 278.
1885.
Oreocarya suffruticosa Greene, Pittonia i : 57. 1887.
Perennial, rather stout, branched from the
base and sometimes also above, strigose-pubescent
or somewhat hirsute, 5'-i2 r high. Upper leaves
linear, i'-i' long, the lower oblanceolate, some-
what longer, obtuse or acute; racemes slender,
panicled; pedicels about i" long; calyx canescent
and somewhat hispid, the segments slightly
spreading, or erect in fruit; bractlets longer than
the fruiting calyx; corolla ii"-3" broad; its tube
about equalling the calyx ; nutlets smooth, nearly
i" long, shining, closely fitting together, trian-
gular, acute-margined, nearly as wide as high.
In dry soil, western Nebraska and Wyoming to
Texas and Arizona. May-Aug.
2. Oreocarya glomerata (Pursh) Greene.
Clustered Oreocarya. Fig. 3520.
Cynoglossum glomeratum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 729.
1814.
Eritrichium glomeratum DC. Prodr. 10 : 131. 1846.
Krynitskia glomerata A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 20 :
279- 1885.
O. glomerata Greene, Pittonia i : 58. 1887.
Perennial or biennial, densely hispid ; stem
erect, stout, simple or branched, 6'-i8' high.
Leaves spatulate or the upper linear, obtuse,
\'-2\' long, the basal commonly tufted; inflores-
cence of thyrsoid clusters, the short dense lateral
spike-like clusters mostly longer than the sub-
tending bracts; calyx densely bristly; corolla
3"-S" broad; fruit pyramidal, the nutlets trian-
gular-ovate, acute, acutely margined, papillose
on the back.
In dry soil, Manitoba to Nebraska, New Mexico
and Utah. May-Sept.
Oreocarya thyrsiflora Greene, a related species
of the Rocky Mountain region, enters our limits in
western Nebraska.
3. Oreocarya sericea (A. Gray) Greene.
Low Oreocarya. Fig. 3521.
Eritrichium glomeratum var. humile A. Gray, Proc.
. Am. Acad. 10 : 61. 1874. Not E. humile DC.
Krynitskia sericea A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 20 : 279.
1885.
Oreocarya sericea Greene, Pittonia i : 58. 1887.
Perennial, low, tufted from the woody root;
stems usually simple, 3'-6' high, silvery appressed-
pubescent, or hirsute above. Leaves linear-
spatulate, i'-i' long, i"-ij" wide, obtuse or
acutish, imbricated on the short sterile shoots
and at the bases of the flowering stems ; inflores-
cence thyrsoid or glomerate, usually short ; calyx
densely hispid ; corolla 2"-3" broad, its tube not
longer than the calyx ; style short ; nutlets acutely
margined, acute, papillose on the back.
In dry soil. Northwest Territory to Nebraska and
Utah. May-Sept.
BORAGINACEAE.
VOL. Ill
4. Oreocarya fulvocanescens (A. Gray)
Greene. Tawny Oreocarya. Fig. 3522.
Eritrichium fulvocanescens A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
10 : 61. 1874.
Eritrichium glomeratum var. (?) fulvocanescens S.
Wats. Bot. King's Exp. 243. pi. 23. f. 7. 1871.
Oreocarya fulvocanescens Greene, Pittonia i : 58. 1887.
Perennial, tufted, similar to the preceding species
hut densely strigose or hirsute. Leaves spatulate,
or oblanceolate, obtuse, the lower and basal ones
i'-ij' long; inflorescence of thyrsoid clusters; calyx
densely setose with yellowish hairs; corolla about
2" broad, its tube longer than the calyx, 2 or 3
times the length of the lobes; style filiform; nutlets
acutely margined, tuberculate on the back.
In dry soil, western Nebraska (according to Web-
ber), Wyoming to Nevada and New Mexico. May- Aug.
7. PNEUMARIA Hill, Veg. Syst. 7 : 40. pi 37- 1764.
A perennial fleshy glabrous glaucous diffusely branched herb, with alternate entire
leaves, and small blue pinkish or white flowers in loose terminal leafy-bracted racemes.
Calyx-lobes triangular-ovate or lanceolate, somewhat enlarging in fruit. Corolla tubular-
campanulate, crested in the throat, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud, slightly spread-
ing. Filaments slender, scarcely exserted. Ovary 4-divided; style slender. Nutlets erect,
fleshy, attached just above their bases to the somewhat elevated receptacle, smooth, shining,
acutish-margined, becoming utricle-like when mature.
A monotypic genus of sea-beaches of the north
temperate zone.
i. Pneumaria maritima (L.) Hill. Sea
Lungwort. Sea Bugloss. Oyster Plant.
Fig. 3523-
Pulmonaria maritima L. Sp. PI. 136. 1753.
P. maritima Hill, Veg. Syst. 40. pi. 37. f. 3. 1764.
Mertensia maritima S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI.
354- 1821.
Pale green, the branches spreading or ascend-
ing, 3'-i5' long. Leaves thick, ovate, obovate, or
oblong, i '-4' long, acute or obtuse at the apex,
narrowed at the base, the lower and basal ones
contracted into margined petioles, the uppermost
smaller ; flowers blue or nearly white, about 3"
long, all pedicelled ; pedicels very slender, 5"-i8"
long; calyx shorter than the corolla-tube; corolla
with a crest in the throat opposite each lobe;
nutlets about as long as the calyx-lobes when
mature.
On sea-beaches, Long Island (?), Massachusetts to
Newfoundland and Greenland, Oregon to Alaska.
Also on the coasts of Europe and Asia. May-Sept.
8. MERTENSIA Roth, Catal. Bot. i: 34. 1797.
Perennial glabrous or pubescent herbs, with alternate sometimes punctate leaves, and
rather large blue purple or white flowers, in panicles, cymes, or racemes. Calyx-lobes lan-
ceolate or linear, little enlarged in fruit. Corolla tubular- funnel form or trumpet-shaped,
crested or unappendaged in the throat, its lobes obtuse, imbricated, little spreading. Stamens
inserted on the tube of the corolla, included, or scarcely exserted ; filaments flattened, or
filiform; anthers oblong or linear, obtuse. Ovary 4-divided; style filiform. Nutlets erect,
coriaceous, wrinkled when mature, attached above their bases to the convex or nearly flat
receptacle. [In honor of Prof. C. F. Mertens, a German botanist.]
About 40 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, many occur
in the western part of North America. The species are called Smooth Lungwort. Type species :
Mertensia pulmonarioides Roth.
Corolla trumpet-shaped, not crested in the throat, the limb barely s-lobed. i. M. virginica.
Corolla funnelform-campanulate, crested in the throat, the limb manifestly 5-lobed.
Stem-leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. 2. M. paniculata.
Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or acute. 3. M. lanceolata.
GENUS 8.
BORAGE FAMILY.
Virginia
i. Mertensia virginica (L.) DC. Virgi
Cowslip. Tree Lungwort. Roanoke-
hpll Fig. 3524.
bells.
Pulmonaria virginica L, Sp. PI. 135.
Mertensia virginica DC. Prodr. 10 : 8
1753-
L 1846.
Glabrous; stem erect, or ascending, simple or
sometimes branched, i-2 high, rather stout.
Leaves oblong, oval, or obovate, pinnately
veined, obtuse at the apex, 2'-s' long, the upper-
most sessile, the lower narrowed into margined
petioles; racemes short, corymb-like; pedicels
2"-6" long ; flowers blue-purple, very showy,
about i' long; calyx-lobes oblong-lanceolate,
obtusish, i" long or less; corolla trumpet-shaped
or nearly salverform, its tube cylindric, a little
expanded above, longer than the 5-lobed plaited
limb, pubescent at the base within, not crested in
the throat ; disk with two opposite linear lobes ;
filaments filiform, much longer than the anthers;
nutlets not shining, rounded.
In low meadows and along streams, southern On-
tario to New Jersey and South Carolina, Minnesota,
Nebraska and Kansas. Blue bells. March-May.
2. Mertensia paniculata (Ait.) G. Don.
Tall Lungwort. Fig. 3525.
P. paniculata Ait. Hort. Kew. i: 181. 1789.
M. paniculata G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: 318. 1838.
Roughish-pubescent, dark green ; stem erect,
branched above, ii-3 high, the branches slen-
der. Leaves thin, pinnately veined, those of the
stem ovate .or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the
apex, narrowed at the base, 2'-$' long, the lower
narrowed into slender petioles ; basal leaves ovate,
rounded or cordate at the base ; racemes several-
flowered, panicled; pedicels filiform, 4"-io" long;
flowers purple-blue, 6" -7" long; calyx-lobes lan-
ceolate, acute ; corolla tubular-campanulate, crested
in the throat, the tube about twice as long as the
calyx and exceeding the 5-lobed limb ; filaments
flattened, slightly longer than the anthers ; style
filiform, usually somewhat exserted; nutlets
rounded.
In woods or thickets, Hudson Bay to Alaska, south
to Michigan, Nebraska, Idaho and Washington.
July- Aug.
3. Mertensia lanceolata (Pursh) DC.
Lance-leaved Lungwort. Fig. 3526.
P. lanceolata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 729. 1814.
Mertensia lanceolata DC. Prodr. 10 : 88. 1846.
M. linearis Greene, Pittonia 3 : 197. 1897.
Glabrous or somewhat hirsute; stem simple or
branched, slender, 6'-i8' high. Leaves papillose,
indistinctly veined, light green, the upper lanceo-
late, acute, sessile or slightly clasping at the base,
the lower oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, 3''-4'
long, narrowed into margined petioles; racemes
few-flowered, usually panicled ; flowers blue, 5"-
6" long; pedicels 3"-7" long; calyx-lobes lanceo-
late, obtuse, or acutish; corolla tubular-campanu-
late, the tube longer than the calyx and longer
than the 5-lobed limb, hairy at the base within,
the throat crested; filaments a little longer than
the anthers; style filiform, scarcely exserted.
In thickets, western Nebraska to Manitoba,
Wyoming, Idaho and New Mexico. Races differ
in amount or absence of pubescence and in width
of leaves. June-Aug.
8 4
BORAGINACEAE.
VOL. III.
9. AMSINCKIA Lehm. Del. Sem. Hort. Hamb. 7. 1831.
Annual hispid or setose herbs, with narrow leaves, the yellow flowers in scorpioid spikes.
Calyx 5-parted, the segments linear. Corolla salverform or funnelform, the tube slender,
naked or minutely crested in the throat, the 5 lobes spreading. Stamens 5, borne on the
corolla-tube, included. Ovary deeply 4-lobed. Nutlets ovoid, rough, laterally attached to
the receptacle below the middle. [In honor of William Amsinck, a burgomaster of Hamburg
and friend of the Hamburg botanical garden.]
About 15 species, natives of western North America and Chile, the following typical.
i. Amsinckia lycopsioides Lehm.
Fig. 3527-
Amsinckia.
Lithospermum lycopsioides Lehm. Pug. 2 : 28. 1830.
Amsinckia lycopsioides Lehm. ; DC. Prodr. 10 : 117. 1846.
Diffusely branched, loosely hispid with long, bristly
hairs, the branches often i long, decumbent or ascend-
ing. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, repand-dentate or entire, 3' long or less,
sessile ; scorpioid spikes short in flower, elongating in
fruit, the lower flowers bracteolate, the upper ones com-
monly bractless ; corolla about 4" long, its tube some-
what longer than the calyx; nutlets rugose-reticulate.
Waste grounds, Massachusetts and Connecticut. Ad-
ventive from California. May-July.
Amsinckia intermedia F. & M., an erect Californian
species, with orange-yellow flowers and linear leaves, has
been found in eastern Long Island and Nantucket.
10. ASPERUGO [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 138. 1753.
An annual rough-hispid procumbent herb, with alternate entire leaves, or the uppermost
sometimes opposite, and small blue or nearly white flowers, short-pedicelled and 1-3 together
in the upper axils. Calyx campanulate, unequally 5-cleft, much enlarged and folded together
in fruit, the lobes incised-dentate. Corolla tubular-campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated.
Stamens 5, included, inserted on the corolla-tube; filaments very short. Ovary 4-divided;
style short ; stigma capitate. Nutlets 4, ovoid, erect, granular-tuberculate, keeled, laterally
attached above the middle to the elongated-conic receptacle. [Latin, rough, referring to
the leaves.]
A monotypic genus of Europe and Asia.
i. Asperugo procumbens L. German Mad-
wort. Catchweed. Fig. 3528.
Asperugo procumbens L. Sp. PI. 138. 1753.
Stems slender, branched, diffusely procumbent,
6'-i8' long, very rough with stiff bristly hairs. Leaves
oblong, lanceolate, or the lower spatulate, obtuse or
acutish at the apex, i'-ii' long, the lower narrowed
into margined petioles ; flowers very short-pedicelled,
about i" broad, blue, the pedicels recurved in fruit;
fruiting calyx dry and membranous, strongly veined,
4"-6" broad; nutlets obliquely ovoid.
In waste places and ballast, Massachusetts to south-
ern New York, New Jersey, District of Columbia and
Minnesota. Adventive from Europe. Called also small
wild bugloss and great goose-grass. May-Aug.
GENUS ii.
BORAGE FAMILY.
ii. MYOSOTIS [Dill.] L. Sp. PI. 131. 1753.
Low annual biennial or perennial, more or less pubescent, branching, diffuse or erect
herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small blue pink or white flowers in many-flowered
elongated bractless more or less i-sided racemes, or these sometimes leafy at the base.
Calyx s-cleft, the lobes narrow, spreading or erect in fruit. Corolla salverform, the limb
5-lobed, the lobes convolute in the bud, rounded, the throat crested. Stamens 5, included,
inserted on the corolla-tube; filaments filiform; anthers obtuse. Ovary 4-divided, style fili-
form. Nutlets erect, glabrous or pilose, attached by their bases to the receptacle, the scar of
attachment small, flat. [Greek, mouse-ear.]
About 35 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, i or 2 others occur in
the southern and western parts of North America. Called forget-me-not and scorpion-grass.
Type species : Myosotis scorpioides L.
Hairs of the calyx all straight ; perennial swamp or brook plants.
Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube ; corolla 3" 4" broad. i. M. scorpioides.
Calyx-lobes as long as the tube ; corolla 2" -3" broad. 2. M . laxa.
Hairs of the calyx, or some of them, with hooked tips ; annuals or biennials.
Fruiting pedicels longer than the calyx. 3. M. arvensis.
Fruiting pedicels not longer than the calyx.
Calyx-lobes equal ; corolla blue or yellowish, changing to violet and blue.
Corolla yellowish, changing to violet and blue ; style longer than the nutlets.
4. M . versicolor.
Corolla blue ; style not longer than the nutlets. 5
Calyx-lobes unequal ; corolla white.
i. Myosotis scorpioides L. Forget-me-not.
Mouse-ear Scorpion-grass. Fig. 3529.
Myosotis scorpioides var. pahistris L. Sp. PI. 131. 1753.
Myosotis palustris Lam. Fl. Fr. 2: 283. 1778.
Appressed-pubescent, perennial, with slender root-
stocks or stolons ; stems slender, decumbent or as-
cending, rooting at the lower nodes, 6'-i8' long.
Leaves oblong, oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, ob-
tuse, narrowed at the base, i'-3' long, 2"-6" wide,
those of the stem sessile or very nearly so, or the
lower petioled ; racemes loosely many-flowered ; pedi-
cels longer than the calyx; calyx with straight ap-
pressed hairs, its lobes equal, triangular-ovate, acute,
shorter than the tube, spreading in fruit; corolla
blue with a yellow eye, the limb flat, 3"~4" broad;
nutlets angled and keeled on the inner side.
In brooks and marshes, Newfoundland to New York,
Pennsylvania and Tennessee. Escaped from cultiva-
tion. Native of Europe and Asia. Called also marsh
scorpion-grass, snake-grass and love-me. May-July.
M. micrantha.
6. M. virginica.
2. Myosotis laxa Lehm. Smaller Forget-
me-not. Fig. 3530,
Myosotis laxa Lehm. Asperif. 83. 1818.
Myosotis palustris var. laxa A. Gray, Man. Ed. Si
365. 1867.
Perennial, appressed-pubescent, similar to the
preceding species ; stems decumbent, spreading,
rooting at the nodes, 6'-2o' long. Leaves oblong,
oblong-lanceolate or spatulate, obtuse; racemes
very loosely many-flowered ; pedicels spreading,
much longer than the fruiting calyx ; hairs of the
calyx straight, appressed, its lobes equal, ovate-
lanceolate, acutish, spreading in fruit, quite as
long as the tube; corolla blue with a yellow eye,
its limb concave, about 2" broad; nutlets convex
on both the inner and outer sides.
In wet muddy places, Newfoundland to Ontario,
south to Virginia and Tennessee. Also in Europe.
Ascends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. May-July.
BORAGINACEAE.
VOL. III.
3. Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill. Field Scor-
pion-grass or Mouse-ear. Fig. 3531.
Myosotis scorpioides var. arvensis L. Sp. PI. 131. 1753.
Myosotis arvensis Hill, Veg. Syst. 7: 55. 1764.
Annual or biennial, hirsute-pubescent; stem erect,
branched, 6'-i8' high. Basal and lower leaves ob-
lanceolate, obtuse, petioled or sessile ; stem leaves
mostly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish
at the apex, narrowed to the sessile base, 4'-ii' long,
2"-4" wide ; racemes loosely flowered ; fruiting pedi-
cels longer than the calyx ; hairs of the calyx, or
some of them, with minutely hooked tips, the lobes
equal, erect, or connivent in fruit, triangular-lanceo-
late, acute, about as long as the tube; corolla blue
or white, the limb concave, i"-ii" broad; nutlets
convex on the outer side, somewhat keeled on the
inner.
In fields, Newfoundland to western Ontario and
Minnesota, south to West Virginia. Perhaps not
indigenous. Also in Europe. June-Aug.
4. Myosotis versicolor (Pers.) J. E. Smith. Yellow and Blue Scorpion-grass.
Fig- 3532.
M. arvensis var. (?) versicolor Pers. Syn. i: 156.
1805.
Myosotis versicolor J. E. Smith, Engl s Bot. pi. 480.
1813.
Annual, hirsute-pubescent, with mostly straight
hairs, often much branched above;- stems slender,
erect or ascending, 4'-i2' high. Leaves oblong,
obtuse or obtusish, sessile, or nearly so, or the
lower spatulate and narrowed into margined peti-
oles; racemes slender, mostly naked below; pedi-
cels shorter than the fruiting calyx, appressed-
pubescent, erect; calyx equally 5-cleft, the lobes
linear-lanceolate, erect or connivent in fruit,
longer than or equalling the tube, the hairs, or
some of them, with minutely hooked tips; corolla
pale yellow changing to violet and blue, its limb
about i" broad; nutlets convex on the outer,
slightly keeled on the inner side, shorter than
the style.
In fields and along roadsides, southern New York
and Delaware. Naturalized from Europe. May-
July.
5. Myosotis micrantha Pall. Blue Scorpion-
grass. Fig. 3533.
Myosotis micrantha Pall. ; Lehm. Neue Schr. Naturf. Ges.
Halle 3 2 : 24. 1817.
Annual or biennial, 8' high or less, branched from
near the base, the pubescence of both straight and
hooked hairs. Leaves oblong to lanceolate, mostly ses-
sile, obtuse or obtusish ; racemes slender, distantly flow-
ered to the base; pedicels much shorter than the calyx,
pubescent, and usually with some hooked hairs; calyx
equally 5-cleft, about as long as the corolla-tube; style
not longer than the nutlets.
Fields and roadsides, Ontario to Massachusetts and Ohio.
May July. Naturalized from Europe. Has been mistaken in
America for M. collina Hoffm.
GENUS ii.
BORAGE FAMILY.
6. Myosotis virgimca (L.) B.S.P. Spring
or Early Scorpion-grass. Fig. 3534.
Lycopsis virginica L. Sp. PI. 139. 1753.
Myosotis verna Nutt. Gen. 2: Add. 1818.
Myosotis virginica B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 37. 1888.
Annual or biennial, hirsute-pubescent or hispid,
erect, branched, 3'-! 5' high, the branches erect. Leaves
oblong or linear-oblong, sessile, 3"-i2" long, obtuse,
or the lower spatulate and narrowed into short peti-
oles ; racemes usually bracted at the base, strict ;
pedicels ascending or erect, or slightly spreading at
the apex, shorter than the fruiting calyx; calyx some-
what 2-lipped, unequally 5-cleft, the lobes lanceolate,
acute, longer than the tube, connivent in fruit, very
hispid, the hairs, or most of them, with minutely
hooked tips; corolla white, the limb \\" broad or
less; nutlets convex on the back, slightly keeled and
margined on the inner side.
On dry hills and banks, Maine and Ontario to Minne-
sota, Florida and Texas. Forget-me-not. April-June.
Myosotis macrosperma Engelm., of the Southern
States, with larger flowers and fruit, the ripe calyx
nodding or spreading, ranging north to Virginia and
Kentucky, appears to be a race of this species.
12. LITHOSPERMUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 132. 1753.
Annual or perennial, erect branching or rarely simple, pubescent hirsute or hispid herbs,
with alternate entire leaves, and small or large, white yellow or blue flowers in leafy-bracted
spikes or racemes. Calyx S-parted or 5-cleft, the segments or lobes narrow. Corolla funnel-
form or salverform, 5-lobed, naked, pubescent or crested in the throat, the lobes entire or
erose-denticulate, the tube sometimes pubescent at the base within. Stamens 5, included,
inserted on the throat of the corolla ; filaments short. Ovary 4-divided ; style slender, or
filiform; stigma capitate, or 2-lobed. Nutlets 4, or fewer, erect, white, smooth and shining,
or brown and wrinkled, attached by their bases to the nearly flat receptacle, the scar of
attachment not concave. [Greek, stone-seed, from the hard nutlets.]
About 40 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, a few in South America and Africa.
Besides the following, some 7 others occur in the southern and southwestern parts of the United
States. Type species: Lithospermum officinale L.
Corolla white or yellowish, its tube shorter than or equalling the calyx; flowers distant.
Nutlets brown, wrinkled and pitted; annual or biennial. i. L. arvense.
Nutlets white, smooth and shining ; perennials.
Leaves lanceolate, acute ; nutlets ovoid. 2. L. officinale.
Leaves ovate, acuminate ; nutlets globose-ovoid. 3. L. latifolium.
Corolla dull yellow, its tube longer than the calyx ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers dense. 4. L. pilosum.
Corolla bright yellow, its tube much longer than the calyx ; flowers dense ; red-rooted perennials.
Corolla-lobes entire ; flowers all complete.
Hispid-pubescent ; corolla-tube bearded at the base within. 5. L. carolinense.
Hirsute, somewhat canescent ; corolla-tube not bearded at the base. 6. L. canescens.
Corolla-lobes erose-denticulate: later flowers cleistogamous. 7. L. linearifolium.
i. Lithospermum arvense L. Bastard
Alkanet. Corn Gromwell. Fig. 3535.
Lithospermum arvense L. Sp. PI. 132. 1753.
Annual or biennial, appressed-pubescent ; stem
erect, usually branched, 6'-2o' high. Leaves bright
green, lanceolate, linear or linear-oblong, sessile
or the lowest short-petioled, mostly appressed,
obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the
base, indistinctly. veined, i'-ij' long, $"-3" wide,
the uppermost smaller ; flowers sessile or very
nearly so in the spikes, becoming distant, white,
about 3" long; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate,
longer than or equalling the corolla-tube; corolla
funnelform, puberulent in the throat but not
crested ; nutlets brown, wrinkled and pitted, gla-
brous, about i" high, convex on the back, keeled
on the inner side, one-third to one-half the length
of the calyx-segments.
In waste places and fields, Quebec to Ontario and
Michigan, south to Georgia and Kansas. Natural-
ized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Pearl-plant.
Salfern-stoneseed. May-Aug.
88
BORAGINACEAE.
VOL. III.
2. Lithospermum officinale L. Cromwell.
Fig. 3536.
Lithospermum officinale L. Sp. PI. 132. 1753.
Perennial, finely puberulent ; stem usually much
branched, 2-4 high, leafy. Leaves lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, acute at the apex, narrowed at
the base, few- veined, sessile, ii'~4' long, 3"-i2"
wide, the upper surface rough, the lower pubes-
cent; flowers yellowish-white, about 2" long, ses-
sile ; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, about equal-
ling the corolla-tube; corolla funnelform, crested
in the throat ; style about as long as the stamens ;
nutlets, when mature, white, smooth, shining,
about \\" high, ovoid, obtuse, more than one-half
as long as the calyx-segments, seldom all ripening.
In fields and waste places, Quebec to southern New
York, New Jersey and Minnesota. Plant grayish.
Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia.
Graymile. Littlewale. Pearl-plant. May-Aug.
3. Lithospermum latifolium Michx.
American Cromwell. Fig. 3537.
Lithospermum latifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 131.
1803.
Perennial, rough-puberulent ; stem branched,
2-3 high, the branches long and slender. Leaves
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex,
pinnately veined, 2'-5' long, i'-2' wide, or the
uppermost smaller, the lowest obtuse ; flowers
yellowish white or pale yellow, 2"-3" long, few,
solitary, distant ; calyx-segments linear-lanceo-
late, about as long as the corolla or a little
longer; corolla funnelform, crested in the throat;
style shorter than the stamens; nutlets white,
shining, globose-ovoid, about 2" long, more than
one-half as long as the calyx-segments.
In dry thickets and fields, Quebec to New York,
Minnesota, Kansas, Virginia, Tennessee and Arkan-
sas. May.
4. Lithospermum pilosum Nutt. Woolly
Cromwell. Fig-. 3538.
Lithospermum pilosum Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. ^ : 43.
1834-
Lithospermum Torreyi Nutt. loc. cit. 44. 1834.
Perennial from thick roots, hirsute, rather pale
green; stems usually stout and clustered, very leafy,
8'-i8' high. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
2'-4' long, 2"-5" wide, gradually acuminate to the
apex, narrowed at the base, sessile, indistinctly
veined ; flowers dull yellow, very numerous and
crowded in a terminal leafy thyrsus ; calyx-seg-
ments densely hirsute, shorter than the cylindric
corolla-tube; corolla salverform, the throat puberu-
lent below each lobe ; style longer than the filaments ;
nutlets ovoid, acute, white, shining, about 2" long.
Western Nebraska (according to Williams) ; Wyo-
ming to Montana, Alberta, British Columbia and Cali-
fornia. May-July.
GENUS 12.
BORAGE FAMILY.
89
1791.
397-
1892.
5. Lithospermum carolinense (Walt.) MacM.
Hairy or Gmelin's Puccoon. Fig. 3539.
Anonymos carolinensis Walt. Fl. Car. 91. 1788.
Batschia carolinensis Gmel. Syst. 2: Part i, 315.
Lithospermum carolinianum Lam. Tabl. Encycl. i
1791.
Lithospermum hirtum Lehm. Asperif. 305. 1818.
Lithospermum carolinense MacM. Met. Minn. 438.
Perennial, hispid-pubescent, or scabrous ; stems
usually clustered, rather stout, simple, or branched
above, i-2i high, very leafy. Leaves narrowly
lanceolate, sessile, obtuse or acute at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, 2'-3' long, the lowest commonly
reduced to appressed scales, the uppermost oblong;
flowers 6"-&" long, in dense short terminal leafy
racemes, dimorphous; pedicels i"-3" long; calyx-
segments linear-lanceolate, shorter than the tube of
the orange-yellow salverform corolla; corolla-lobes
entire, rounded, the throat crested, the tube bearded
at the base within by 10 hirsute teeth; nutlets white,
shining, about 2" high, ovoid, very much shorter
than the calyx-segments.
In dry woods, western New York to Florida, Minne-
sota, Montana and New Mexico. April-June.
6. Lithospermum canescens (Michx.)
Lehm. Hoary Puccoon. Fig. 3540.
Batschia canescens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 130. pi.
14- 1803.
Lithospermum canescens Lehm. Asperif. 305. 1818.
Perennial, hirsute, somewhat canescent, at least
when young; stems solitary or clustered, simple
or often branched, 6'-i8' high. Leaves oblong,
linear-oblong, or linear, obtuse or acutish at the
apex, sessile by a narrowed base, i'-ii' long,
2"-s" wide, the lowest often reduced to appressed
scales; flowers about 6" long, sessile, numerous
in dense short leafy racemes, dimorphous; calyx-
segments linear-lanceolate, shorter than the tube
of the orange-yellow salverform corolla ; corolla
crested in the throat, its lobes rounded, entire, its
tube glandular but not bearded at the base within ;
nutlets white, smooth, shining, acutish, shorter
than the calyx-segments.
In dry soil, Ontario to western New Jersey and
Alabama, Saskatchewan, North Dakota and Texas.
April-June.
7. Lithospermum linearifolium Goldie.
Narrow-leaved Puccoon. Fig. 3541.
L. angustifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 130. 1803.
Not Forsk.
L. linearifolium Goldie, Edinb. Phil. Journ. 1822 :
322.
Perennial by a deep root, strigose-pubescent and
scabrous; stem branched, 6'-2 high, the branches
erect or ascending. Leaves linear, sessile, acute
or acutish, i'-2' long, \\"-2.\" wide; flowers of
two kinds, in terminal leafy racemes ; corolla of
the earlier ones salverform, about i' long, bright
yellow, the tube 3-5 -times as long as the linear-
lanceolate calyx-segments, the lobes erose-dentic-
ulate, the throat crested, the base of the tube not
bearded within; later flowers (sometimes all of
them) much smaller, pale yellow, cleistqgamous,
abundantly fertile, their pedicels recurved in fruit;
nutlets white, smooth, shining, ovoid, ii"-2" high,
more or less pitted, keeled on the inner side.
In dry soil, especially on prairies, Ontario and
Indiana to Illinois, Kansas and Texas, west to Brit-
ish Columbia, Utah and Arizona. Yellow puccoon.
April-July
9
BORAGINACEAE.
VOL. III.
13. ONOSMODIUM Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 132. 1803.
Perennial stout hispid or hirsute branching herbs, with alternate entire strongly veined
leaves, and rather small yellowish or greenish white proterogynous flowers, in terminal leafy-
bracted scorpioid spikes or racemes. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the segments narrow. Corolla
tubular or tubular- funnel form, 5-lobed, the lobes erect, the throat not appendaged, the sinuses
slightly inflexed, the tube with a glandular lo-lobed band within at the base. Stamens 5,
inserted on the tube or throat of the corolla, included; filaments short. Ovary 4-parted ;
style filiform, exserted. Nutlets 4, or commonly only i or 2 perfecting, ovoid, sometimes
sparingly pitted, shining, smooth, white, attached by the base to the nearly flat receptacle, the
scar of attachment small, flat. [Greek, like onosma, or ass-smell.]
About 10 species, natives of North America and Mexico. Besides the following, 3 others occur
in the southern and southwestern United States. Type species: Onosmodium hispidum Michx.
Corolla-lobes 2-3 times as long as wide.
Corolla-lobes scarcely longer than wide.
Stem glabrous below.
Stem hirsute or pubescent to the base.
Pubescence silky ; nutlets distinctly pitted.
Pubescence hirsute to strigose ; nutlets indistinctly pitted.
Nutlets not constricted.
Nutlets distinctly constricted just above the base.
1. O.virginianum.
2. O. subsetosum.
3. O. molle.
4. O. occidentale.
5. O. hispidissimum.
i. Onosmodium virginianum (L.) DC. Vir-
ginia False Cromwell. Fig. 3542.
Lithospermum virginianum L. Sp. PI. 132. 1753.
Onosmodium virginianum DC. Prodr. 10 : 70. 1846.
Densely appressed-hispid or strigose, with stiff
hairs ; stem rather slender, usually branched above,
i-2\ high. Leaves oblong, oval, or oblong-lanceo-
late, obtuse or acutish, sessile, i'-3$' long, or the
lower oblanceolate and narrowed into petioles ; calyx-
segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate; corolla cylin-
dric or nearly so, yellowish-white, about 4" long,
the lobes narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 2 or 3 times
as long as wide, nearly as long as the tube, strigose
without ; nutlets ovoid, obtuse or obtusish, pitted,
i"-ii" long.
In dry thickets or on hillsides, Massachusetts to Penn-
sylvania, Florida and Louisiana. Ascends to 3000 ft. in
Virginia. Wild job's-tears. May-July.
2. Onosmodium subsetosum Mack. & Bush.
Ozark False Cromwell. Fig. 3543.
O. subsetosum Mack. & Bush; Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1001.
1903.
Stem erect, glabrous, or with a few scattered ap-
pressed hairs above, somewhat branched, 3 high o;
less, the branches appressed-pubescent. Leaves lanceo-
late, acute, papillose and appressed-hispid above, whitish
appressed-pubescent beneath, the larger about 34' long ;
bracts i'-r' long; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, 3" long;
corolla about 5" long, canescent, its lobes triangular,
acute, about i" long; fruiting pedicels 2"-3" long; nut-
lets whitish, ovoid, \\" long, obtuse or acutish, not con-
stricted, sparingly pitted.
Barrens, Ozark Mountains, Missouri and Arkansas.
June-Aug.
GENUS 13.
BORAGE FAMILY.
3. Onosmodium molle Michx. Soft-hairy False
Cromwell. Fig. 3544.
O. molle Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 133. 1803.
Stem erect, branched above, about 2 high, hispid-pubes-
cent or strigose, the branches soft-pubescent. Leaves
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, the larger about 2' long,
densely soft-pubescent on both sides; bracts similar to the
leaves, i' long or less; calyx-lobes linear-oblong, 3" long,
obtusish ; corolla 4"-6" long, its lobes triangular, acute,
i"-ij" long, pubescent outside; nutlets about i" long,
usually distinctly pitted.
Barrens, Kentucky, southern Illinois and Tennessee.
July.
May-
4. Onosmodium occidentale Mackenzie.
Western False Cromwell. Fig. 3545.
O. occidentale Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Club 32 :
502. ,905.
O. occidentale sylvestre Mackenzie, loc. cit. 504.
1905-
Stem i-3i high, branched above or also
from the base, strigose or hirsute-pubescent.
Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute,
appressed-pubescent on both sides, or the hairs
somewhat spreading, 2-3' long, strongly vein-
ed; bracts similar to the leaves but much
smaller ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute to ob-
tuse, 3"-6" long; corolla 6"-io" long, canes-
cent all over outside, its lobes iJ"-2" long,
broadly triangular and acute ; nutlets ovoid,
acutish, about 2" long, dull, scarcely if at all
pitted, not constricted at the base.
On prairies and plains, Illinois to North Da-
kota, Manitoba, Alberta, Kansas, Texas and New
Mexico. Included in O. molle Michx., in our first
edition, and by previous authors. May-July.
5. Onosmodium hispidissimum Mackenzie.
Shaggy False Cromwell. Fig. 3546.
Onosmodium hispidissimum Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Club
32: 500. 1905.
Spreading-hirsute with rough bristly hairs; stem
stout, usually much branched, i-4 high. Leaves lan-
ceolate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute or acuminate
at the apex, narrowed to the sessile base, 5-9-ribbed,
2'-4l' long, i'-ij' wide; flowers very numerous and
crowded; pedicels i"-2" long in fruit; calyx-segments
linear, somewhat shorter than the corolla-tube; corolla
yellowish-white, pubescent outside, 5 "-9" long, its lobes
triangular-lanceolate, acute, one-third to one-half as
long as the tube; nutlets obtuse, about ij" long, dis-
tinctly constricted at the base, little if at all pitted.
In dry fields or thickets, or on banks, Ontario and west-
ern New York to Minnesota, Missouri, Georgia and Texas.
Ascends to 2200 ft. in Virginia. Previously referred to
Onosmodium carolinianum (Lam.) DC. May-July.
BORAGINACEAE.
VOL. III.
14. SYMPHYTUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 136. 1753.
Erect coarse hairy perennial branching herbs, with thick mucilaginous roots, alternate
entire leaves, those of the stem mostly clasping, the uppermost tending to be opposite, the
lower long-petioled. Flowers yellow, blue, or purple, in terminal simple or forked scorpioid
racemes. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla tubular, slightly dilated above, 5-toothed or 5-lobed,
the lobes short, the throat with 5 crests below the lobes. Stamens 5, included, inserted on
the corolla-tube; filaments slender. Ovary 4-divided; style filiform. Nutlets 4, obliquely
ovoid, slightly incurved, wrinkled, inserted by their bases on the flat receptacle, the scar of
the attachment broad, concave, dentate. [Greek, grow-together, from its supposed healing
virtues.]
About 15 species, natives of the Old World. Type species: Symphytum officinale L.
Leaf-bases decurrent. i . S. officinale.
Leaf-bases not decurrent, or but slightly decurrent. 2. S. asperrimum.
i. Symphytum officinale L.
Comfrey. Healing-herb. Fig. 3547.
Symphytum officinale L. Sp. PI. 136. 1753.
Roots thick, deep; stem erect, branched, 2-3
high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or the
lower ovate, pinnately veined, 3'-io' long, acute
or acuminate at the apex, narrowed into mar-
gined petioles, or the uppermost smaller and
sessile, decurrent on the stem; petioles of the
basal leaves sometimes 12' long ; flowers numer-
ous, in dense racemes or clusters ; pedicels 2"-^"
long; calyx-segments ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, much shorter than the co-
rolla; corolla yellowish or purplish, 6"-io" long;
nutlets brown, shining, slightly wrinkled, 2"
high.
In waste places, Newfoundland to Minnesota,
south to Virginia and North Carolina. Naturalized
or adventive from Europe. Native also of Asia.
June Aug. Back- or black-wort. Bruisewort. Knit-
back. Boneset. Consound. Gum-plant.
Symphytum tuberosum L., with thickened tuber-
pus roots, the nutlets granular-tuberculate, not shin-
ing, has been found in sandy meadows in Con-
necticut.
2. Symphytum asperimum Donn. Rough
Comfrey. Fig. 3548.
S. asperrimum Donn ; Sims, Bot. Mag. 24 : pi. 929.
1806.
Similar to S. officinale, but the pubescence
rougher, the hairs stiff and reflexed. Leaves ovate-
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, long-acuminate at
the apex, narrowed at the base, all but the upper-
most petioled, slightly or not at all decurrent, the
lower often 8' long; flower-clusters rather loose;
calyx about half as long as the corolla-tube, its
segments hispid ; corolla bluish-purple.
Waste grounds, Massachusetts to Maryland. Ad-
ventive or naturalized from Europe. June-Aug.
15. BORAGO [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 137. 1753.
Hirsute or hispid annual or biennial branching herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and
showy blue flowers, in terminal loose leafy racemes. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted.
Corolla rotate, the tube very short, the throat closed by scales, the limb 5-lobed, the lobes
imbricated, acute. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube ; filaments dilated below, narrowed
above into a slender appendage ; anthers linear, erect, and connivent into a cone. Ovary
4-divided; style filiform. Nutlets 4, ovoid, erect, attached by their bases to the flat receptacle,
the scar of attachment large, concave. [Middle Latin, burra, rough hair, alluding to the
foliage.]
Three species, natives of the Mediterranean region, the following typical.
GENUS 15.
BORAGE FAMILY.
i. Borago officinalis L. Borage.
Fig. 3549-
Borago officinalis L. Sp. PI. 137. 1753.
Stem erect, branched, i-2z high, the
branches spreading or ascending. Leaves ob-
long to obovate, acute or obtuse at the apex,
2 r -->' long, narrowed into margined petioles,
or the upper smaller, ovate-lanceolate, sessile
or partly clasping; flowers 8"-io" broad,
pedicels rather stout, iJ'-2' long, spreading or
recurving; calyx-segments lanceolate, nearly
erect in fruit; corolla bright blue, the lobes
ovate-lanceolate; the cone of anthers darker,
about 3" long; nutlets 2" high.
In waste places, escaped from gardens, Nova
Scotia to Ontario and Pennsylvania, but prob-
ably not persistent within our range. Native of
southern Europe. June-Sept.
16. LYCOPSIS L. Sp .PI. 138. 1753.
Annual bristly-hispid branched erect or diffuse herbs, with alternate leaves, and small
blue or bluish flowers, in dense leafy-bracted terminal spike-like scorpioid racemes. Calyx
5-parted. Corolla slightly irregular, salverform, the tube curved, the limb somewhat unequally
5-lobed, the lobes obtuse, imbricated, the throat closed by hispid scales. Stamens 5, included,
inserted on the tube of the corolla; filaments short; anthers obtuse at each end. Ovary
4-divided; style filiform. Nutlets 4, wrinkled, erect, attached by their bases to the flat recep-
tacle, the scar of attachment concave. [Greek, wolf- face.]
About 4 species, natives of _the Old World, the following typical.
i. Lycopsis arvensis L. Small Bugloss.
Fig. 3550-
Lycopsis arvensis L. Sp. PI. 139. 1753.
Stem erect or ascending, at length divergently
or diffusely branched, i-2 high, the branches
becoming procumbent. Leaves lanceolate, nar-
rowly oblong or the lower oblanceolate, obtuse,
i'-2' long, undulate or dentate, sessile, or the
lower narrowed into petioles, the upper much
smaller and acute or acutish ; flowers numerous,
crowded, 2"-3" broad, very short-pedicelled ;
calyx-segments lanceolate, acute, nearly as long
as the curved corolla-tube; nutlets shorter than
the calyx.
In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Ontario,
Minnesota, Pennsylvania and Virginia. Naturalized
or adventive from Europe. Native also of Asia.
June-Sept.
17. ECHIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 139. 1753.
Biennial or perennial mostly bristly-hirsute branching herbs, with alternate leaves, and
rather large blue violet or rarely white flowers, in leafy-bracted scorpioid spikes. Calyx
5-parted, the segments narrow. Corolla tubular- funnel form, irregular, the limb unequally
5-lobed, the lobes rounded, spreading, the throat not appendaged. Stamens 5, inserted low
down on the tube of the corolla, unequal, at least the longer ones exserted ; filaments slender,
dilated at the base; anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary 4-divided; style filiform, 2-cleft at the
summit. Nutlets 4, erect, ovoid, rugose, attached by their bases to the flat receptacle, the
scar of attachment not concave. [Greek, a viper.]
About 30 species, natives of the Old World. Type species : Echium itdlicum L.
BORAGINACEAE. VOL. III.
i. Echium vulgare L. Viper's Bugloss. Blue-
weed. Fig. 3551.
Echium vulgare L. Sp. PI. 140. 1753.
Bristly-hairy, biennial ; stem erect, at length much
branched, i-2j high. Leaves oblong, linear-oblong,
or linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, entire, 2 '-6' long,
sessile, or the lower and basal ones narrowed into
petioles; flower-buds pink; flowers bright blue, vary-
ing to violet purple, 8"-i2'' long, numerous in short
i-sided spikes, forming a narrow thyrsus; calyx-seg-
ments much shorter than the corolla; limb of the
corolla oblique, the lobes very unequal.
In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to North Caro-
lina, Ontario and Nebraska. A troublesome w'eed in some
sections of the North. Naturalized from Europe. Native
also in Asia. June-July. Viper's-herb. Viper's-grass.
Snake-flower. Blue thistle. Blue stem or cat's-tails. Blue
devils. Adder's-wort.
Family 25. VERBENACEAE J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. i : 245. 1805.
VERVAIN FAMILY.
Herbs, shrubs or some tropical genera trees, with opposite verticillate or rarely
alternate leaves, and perfect, more or less irregular, or sometimes regular flowers,
in terminal or axillary spikes, racemes, cymes or panicles. Calyx inferior, mostly
persistent, usually 4-5-lobed or 4 5-cleft. Corolla gamopetalous, regular, or
2-lipped, the tube usually cylindric and the limb 4 5-cleft. Stamens 4, didy-
namous, rarely only 2, or as many as the corolla-lobes, inserted on the corolla and
alternate with its lobes ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary
superior, 2-4-celled (rarely 8-io-celled), composed of 2 carpels, each carpel with
2 anatropous or amphitropous ovules, thus in 4-celled ovaries i ovule in each
cavity ; style terminal, simple ; stigmas i or 2. Fruit dry, separating at maturity
into 2-4 nutlets, or a drupe containing the 2-4 nutlets. Endosperm little or none,
or rarely fleshy ; embryo straight.
About 75 genera and 1300 species, of wide geographic distribution in temperate and warm
regions.
Flowers in heads or spikes ; ovary 2-4-celled ; fruit of 2 or 4 erect nutlets ; ours herbs.
Corolla-limb 5-lobed, regular or nearly so ; nutlets 4. i. Verbena.
Corolla-limb 4-lobed, 2-lipped ; nutlets 2. 2. Lippia.
Flowers in axillary cymes ; shrubs ; fruit drupaceous. 3. Callicarpa.
i. VERBENA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 18. 1753.
Herbs (some exotic species shrubby), mostly with opposite leaves, and variously colored
bracted flowers, in terminal solitary corymbed or panicled spikes. Calyx usually tubular,
5-angled, more or less unequally 5-toothed. Corolla salverform or funnelform, the tube
straight or somewhat curved, the limb spreading, 5-lobed, slightly 2-lipped or regular.
Stamens 4, didynamous, or very rarely only 2, included; connective of the anthers unap-
pendaged, or sometimes provided with a gland. Ovary 4-celled; ovule I in each cavity; style
usually short, 2-lobed at the summit, one of the lobes stigmatic. Fruit dry, mostly enclosed
by the calyx, at length separating into 4, i-seeded linear or linear-oblong crustaceous smooth
papillose or rugose nutlets. [Latin name of a sacred herb.]
About 100 species, natives of America, or a single one indigenous in the Mediterranean region.
Besides the following, some 15 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America.
Type species : Verbena officinalis L.
Flowers 2" -5" long, in narrow spikes ; anthers unappendaged.
Spikes filiform or slender ; bracts shorter than the flowers.
Spikes filiform ; fruit scattered ; corolla usually white.
Leaves incised or pinnatifid ; diffuse annual ; fruit short.
Leaves serrate (rarely incised) ; erect perennial; fruit oblong.
Spikes slender ; fruit densely imbricated ; corolla blue.
Plants glabrous or sparingly rough-pubescent ; corolla 2" -3" long.
Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, petioled.
Leaves linear or spatulate-lanceolate, mostly obtuse and sessil
Plants densely soft-pubescent ; corolla 4"-s" long.
Spikes thick, dense ; bracts longer than the flowers.
Flowers 7" 12" long, in short dense elongating spikes ; connective of the longer stamens appendaged.
Corolla-limb 6"-i 2" broad ; bracts mostly shorter than the calyx. 7. V. car.adensis.
Corolla-limb 4" 7" broad ; bracts equalling or exceeding the calyx. 8. V. bipinnatifida.
V . officinalis.
V . urticifolia.
3. V. hastata.
4. V. angustifolia.
5. V. stricta.
6. V . bracteosa.
GENUS i.
VERVAIN FAMILY.
i. Verbena officinalis L. European Ver-
vain. Herb-of-the-Cross. Berbine.
Fig- 3552.
Verbena officinalis L. Sp. PI. 20. 1753.
Annual ; stem 4-sided, slender, glabrous or nearly
so, ascending or spreading, diffusely branched,
i-3 high. Leaves minutely pubescent, the lower
deeply incised or 1-2 pinnatifid, ovate, oblong, or
obovate in outline, i'-3' long, narrowed into mar-
gined petioles, the teeth acute; upper leaves
linear or lanceolate, acute, entire, sessile; spikes
several or numerous, filiform, at length 4'-$' long;
fruits less than i" high, scattered along the spikes,
not at all imbricated ; bracts ovate, acuminate,
shorter than the 5-toothed calyx ; corolla pur-
plish or white, the limb i"-2" broad.
In waste and cultivated ground, Maine to Florida,
Tennessee and Texas. Also on the Pacific Coast
and in the West Indies. Naturalized from the Old
World. Sometimes a troublesome weed. Herb-grace.
Holy-herb. Enchanter's-plant. Juno's-tears. Pigeon's-
grass. Simpler's-joy. June-Sept.
2. Verbena urticifolia L. White or Nettle-leaved Vervain. Fig. 3553.
Verbena urticifolia L. Sp. PI. 20. 1753.
V. urticifolia riparia Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 276.
1894.
V. riparia Raf . ; Small & Heller, Mem. Torr. Club 3: 12.
1892.
Perennial, usually pubescent; stem slender, strict,
erect, 4-sided, paniculately branched above, 3-5
high, the branches upright. Leaves ovate, oblong,
or oblong-lanceolate, all petioled, or the uppermost
sessile, serrate-dentate all around, or incised, some-
times 3-cle.ft near the base, thin, acute or acuminate,
mostly rounded at the base, ii'-5' long; spikes nu-
merous, filiform, erect, or spreading, at length 4'-6'
long; fruits oblong, scattered, not at all imbricated,
about i" high; bracts ovate, acuminate, shorter than
the calyx ; corolla white, blue or pale purple, its limb
about i" broad.
In fields and waste places, New Brunswick to South
Dakota, Kansas, Florida and Texas. Hybridizes with
V. bracteosa, V. hastata and V. stricta. June-Sept.
Verbena carolinensis (Walt.) Gmel., with sessile,
spatulate to oblong leaves and larger bluish- flowers,
native of the Southeastern States, is recorded as occur-
ring north to Virginia.
3. Verbena hastata L. Blue or False Ver-
vain. Wild Hyssop. Fig. 3554.
Verbena hastata L. Sp. PI. 20. 1753.
Verbena pinnatifida Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1 : 57. 1791.
Verbena paniculata Lam. Encycl. 8: 548. 1808.
Verbena hastata pinnatifida Britton, Mem. Torr. Club
5: 276. 1894.
Perennial, roughish-puberulent ; stem erect, strict,
4-sided, usually branched above, 3-7 high. Leaves
oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, petioled, acute or
acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, ser-
rate or incised-dentate with acute teeth, sometimes
pinnatifid, 3 '-6' long, the lower sometimes hastately
3-lobed at the base ; spikes numerous, panicled, slen-
der, usually peduncled, 2' -6' long; fruits densely
imbricated on the spikes, \"-\\" high; bracts ovate,
acuminate, shorter than the calyx ; corolla blue,
white, or sometimes pink, its limb about li" broad.
In moist fields, meadows and in waste places, Nova
Scotia to British Columbia, Florida, Nebraska and Ari-
zona. Hybridizes with V. stricta and V. bracteosa.
American vervain. Purvain. Iron-weed. June-Sept.
VERBENACEAE.
VOL. III.
4. Verbena angustifolia Michx. Narrow-
leaved Vervain. Fig. 3555.
V. angustifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 14. 1803.
Perennial, roughish-puberulent or pubescent;
stem slender, simple or branched, 4-sided above,
i-2 high. Leaves linear, spatulate or lanceo-
late, obtuse or subacute at the apex, cuneate at
the base and tapering into short petioles, serrate
or serrulate, veiny, i-3' long, 2" -5" wide;
spikes mostly solitary at the ends of the branches,
usually peduncled, slender, dense, 2'-5' long ;
fruits overlapping or the lower somewhat dis-
tant, ii" high; bracts lanceolate, acuminate,
equalling or shorter than the calyx; corolla pur-
ple or blue, about 3" long, its limb about as
broad, the lobes obovate or oblong.
In dry fields, Massachusetts to Florida, west to
Minnesota, Kansas and Arkansas. Hybridizes with
V. stricta and V. bracteosa. June-Aug.
5. Verbena stricta Vent. Hoary or
Mullen-leaved Vervain. Fig. 3556.
V. stricta Vent. Descr. PI. Jard. Cels. pi. 53. 1 800.
Verbena rigens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 14. 1803.
Perennial, densely soft-pubescent all over
with whitish hairs ; stem stout, obtusely 4-an-
gled, simple, or branched above, strict, very
leafy, i-2| high. Leaves ovate, oval, or
oblong, very short-petioled, acute or obtuse
at the apex, narrowed at the base, promi-
nently veined, incised-serrate or laciniate, i'~4'
long; spikes solitary, or several, mostly sessile,
dense, stout, becoming 6'-i2' long in fruit;
fruits much imbricated, 2"-2i" high; bracts
lanceolate-subulate, nearly as long as the ca-
lyx; corolla purplish blue, 4"-5" long, its limb
nearly as broad.
In dry soil, Ontario and Ohio to Minnesota,
South Dakota and Wyoming, south to Tennessee,
Texas and New Mexico. Naturalized as a weed
further east. Hybridizes with V. bracteosa. June-
Sept.
6. Verbena bracteosa Michx. Large-
bracted Vervain. Fig. 3557.
V. bracteosa, Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 13. 1803.
Perennial, hirsute-pubescent; stem 4-sided,
much branched from the base, the branches
decumbent or ascending, slender, 6'-is' long.
Leaves ovate, oval, or obovate in outline, pin-
nately incised or pinnatifid, i'-3' long, more
or less cuneate at the base and narrowed into
short petioles, the lobes mostly dentate ; spikes
sessile, stout, dense, becoming 4'-6' long in
fruit ; bracts conspicuous, linear-lanceolate,
rather rigid, longer than the flowers and fruits,
the lower ones often incised; corolla purplish
blue, about 2" long.
On prairies and in waste places, Minnesota and
Illinois to Virginia, Alabama and Florida, west to
British Columbia, Arizona and California. In
ballast grounds at Atlantic seaports. Hybridizes
with V. canadensis. Prostrate vervain. May-Aug.
GENUS I.
VERVAIN FAMILY.
97
7. Verbena canadensis (L.) Britton.
Large-flowered Verbena. Fig. 3558.
Buchnera canadensis L. Mant. 88. 1767.
V. Aubletia Jaccj. Hort. V. 2: 82. pi. 176. 1772.
Glandularia carolinensis J. G. Gmel. Syst. 2 : 920.
1796.
Verbena canadensis Britton, Mem. Torr. Club
5: 276. 1894.
Perennial, pubescent or glabrate ; stem slen-
der, usually branched, 8'-2o' high, the branches
ascending. Leaves membranous, ovate in out-
line, petioled, i'-3' long, truncate or broadly
cuneate at the base, irregularly toothed, or
pinnately incised, often 3-cleft, the lobes den-
tate ; spikes peduncled, solitary at the ends
of the branches, dense, short and capitate
when in early flower, becoming 2'-^ long in
fruit ; bracts linear-subulate, mostly shorter
than the calyx; calyx-teeth filiform-subulate;
corolla io'-i2" long, blue, purple, white or
in cultivation variegated, its limb f-12,"
broad, the lobes oblong or obovate, emargi-
nate or obcordate; fruit 2|"-3" high.
In dry soil, Illinois to Tennessee, Virginia and
Florida, west to Kansas and Texas. This and
the next the source of many garden and other
hybrids. Cut-leaved races have been referred
to V. Drummondii (Lindl.) Baxter. May-Aug.
8. Verbena bipinnatifida Nutt. Smail-
flowered Verbena. Fig. 3559.
Verbena bipinnatifida Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila.
2: 123. 1821.
Glandularia bipinnatifida Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc. (II.) 5: 184. 1833-37-
Verbena ambrosiaefolia Rydb. ; Small, Fl. SE.
U. S. ion. 1903.
Perennial, producing suckers, hirsute or
hispid; stems rather stout, mostly branched,
erect, 6'-i8' high. Leaves firm, petioled or
the uppermost sessile, broadly ovate in out-
line, deeply i-2-pinnatifid into linear or linear-
oblong, obtuse or subacute lobes and seg-
ments; spikes peduncled or sessile, solitary
at the ends of the branches, thick, dense, at
first short and capitate, becoming 2-4' long
in fruit; bracts linear-subulate, about as long
as or somewhat exceeding the calyx ; calyx-
teeth filiform-subulate; corolla 6"-g" long,
purple or lilac, the limb 4" -7" broad, the lobes
emarginate or obcordate ; fruit ii"-2" long.
On dry plains and prairies, South Dakota to
Missouri, Texas and Chihuahua, west to Colo-
rado and Arizona. May-Sept.
2. LIPPIA Houst; L. Sp. PI. 633. 1753.
Perennial herbs, or shrubs, with opposite, sometimes verticillate, or rarely alternate leaves,
and small bracted flowers, in axillary or terminal, mostly peduncled spikes or heads. Calyx
small, membranous, ovoid, campanulate or compressed and 2-winged, 2-4-toothed or 2-4-cleft.
Corolla-tube straight or incurved, cylindric, the limb oblique, spreading, somewhat 2-lipped,
4-cleft, the lobes broad, often retuse or eroded. Stamens 4, didynamous, included or exserted ;
anthers ovate, not appendaged, the sacs nearly parallel. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules I in each
cavity; style short; stigma oblique or recurved. Fruit dry, with a membranous exocarp, at
length separating into 4 nutlets. [In honor of Auguste Lippi, 1678-1703, French naturalist.]
About no species, most abundant in tropical and subtropical America, a few African. Besides
the following, which by some authors are separated as a distinct genus (PHYLA Lour.), about 6
others occur in the southern United States. Type species : Lippia americana L.
Leaves linear-cuneate to spatulate, 2-8-toothed ; peduncles little exceeding leaves. i. L. cuneifolia.
Leaves sharply serrate ; peduncles much longer than leaves.
Leaves oblong or lanceolate, mostly acute. 2. L. lanceolata.
Leaves spatulate or obovate, mostly obtuse. 3. L. nodiflora.
7
VERBENACEAE.
VOL. III.
i. Lippia cuneif olia (Torr.) Steud. Wedge-
leaved Fog-fruit. Fig. 3560.
Zapania cuneif olia Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 234.
1827.
Lippia cuneif olia Steud. ; Torr. in Marcy's Rep. 293.
PL 17. 1853.
Pale, minutely puberulent with forked hairs or
glabrous, diffusely branched from the woody base;
branches terete, slender, rigid, procumbent, some-
what zigzag, with short erect branchlets at the
nodes. Leaves linear-cuneate, sessile, obscurely
veined, rigid, l'-ii' long, 2"-$" wide, with 2-8
sharp teeth above the middle or rarely entire,
acutish at the apex; peduncles shorter than or
somewhat exceeding the leaves; head at first
globose, becoming cylindric and 6"-8 ' long;
bracts cuneate, abruptly acuminate from the trun-
cate or retuse summit; calyx flattened, 2-cleft, the
lobes 2-toothed or emarginate ; corolla-tube longer
than the calyx; fruit oblong.
On plains, South Dakota, Nebraska and Colorado
to Texas, Mexico and Arizona. May-Aug.
2. Lippia lanceolata Michx. Fog-fruit.
Fig- 356i.
L. lanceolata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 15. 1803.
Green, glabrous, or very sparingly pubes-
cent with forked hairs; stems slender, weak,
procumbent or ascending, sometimes rooting
at the nodes, simple, or little branched, i-2
long. Leaves thin, oblong, ovate, or oblong-
lanceolate, pinnately veined, short-petioled,
acute or subacute at the apex, sharply serrate
to below 'the middle, narrowed to the some-
what cuneate base, i'-3' long, 3"-is" wide;
peduncles slender, some or all of them longer
than the leaves; heads at first globose, becom-
ing cylindric and about \' long in fruit ; bracts
acute ; calyx flattened, 2-cleft ; corolla pale
blue, scarcely longer than the calyx; fruit
globose.
In moist soil, Ontario to Minnesota, New Jer-
sey, Illinois, Kansas, Florida, Texas and north-
ern Mexico. Also in California. Frog-fruit.
June-Aug.
3. Lippia nodiflora (L.) Michx. Spatu-
late-leaved Fog-fruit. Fig. 3562.
Verbena nodiflora L. Sp. PI. 20. 1753.
Lippia nodiflora Michx Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 15. 1803.
Minutely and rather densely puberulent with
short appressed hairs, creeping, or some of the
branches ascending, i-3 long. Leaves thickish,
spatulate, oblanceolate, or obovate, 6"-2i' long,
3 "-12" wide, mostly obtuse at the apex, narrowed
into a long or short cuneate entire base, sharply
serrate above the middle; peduncles slender, i'-6'
long, much longer than the leaves ; heads at length
cylindric and 5"-i2" long, $"-4" thick; calyx flat-
tened, 2-cleft; corolla purple to white.
In wet or moist soil, South Carolina to southern
Missouri, Florida and Texas. Also in California,
Central America, the West Indies, and apparently
the same species in the warmer regions of the Old
World. May-Sept.
GENUS 3.
VERVAIN FAMILY.
99
3. CALLICARPA L. Sp. PL in. 1753.
Shrubs or trees, with opposite leaves, and small blue purple or white flowers in axillary
cymes. Calyx short, campanulate, 4-toothed (rarely 5-toothed), or truncate. Corolla- tube
short, expanded above, the limb spreading, 4-cleft (rarely 5-cleft), the lobes equal, imbri-
cated in the bud. Stamens 4, equal, exserted; anthers ovate or oval, their sacs parallel.
Ovary incompletely 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity, laterally attached, amphitropous ; style
slender; stigma capitate, or 2-lobed. Fruit a berry-like drupe, much longer than the calyx,
containing 1-4 nutlets. [Greek, handsome fruit.]
About 45 species, the following typical one of southeastern North America, the others Asiatic,
African and tropical American.
i. Callicarpa americana. L. French or
Bermuda Mulberry. Fig. 3563.
Callicarpa americana L. Sp. PI. in. 1753.
A shrub, 2-5 high, the twigs, petioles and
young leaves stellate-scurfy, the mature leaves
becoming nearly glabrous and glandular-dotted.
Twigs terete ; leaves thin, ovate, pinnately veined,
slender-petioled, acute or acuminate at the apex,
crenate-dentate nearly to the entire base, 3'-6'
long, i~3' wide; cymes many-flowered, short-
peduncled ; pedicels very short ; calyx-teeth much
shorter than the tube ; corolla pale blue, about
\\" long; fruit violet-blue, globose, \\" in diam-
eter, very conspicuous in autumn.
In moist thickets, Virginia to Florida, Missouri,
Arkansas and Texas. Bermuda. June-July. Sour-
bush.
Callicarpa purpurea Juss., an Asiatic shrub often
planted for ornament, with pink flowers and long
leaves, has been observed in a swamp at Wilmington,
Delaware.
1759-
Family 26. LABIATAE B. Juss.'Hort. Trian.
MINT FAMILY.
Aromatic punctate herbs, or shrubs (a few tropical species trees), mostly with
4-sided stems and simple opposite leaves ; stipules none. Flowers irregular, perfect,
variously clustered, the inflorescence typically cymose, usually bracteolate. Calyx
inferior, persistent, regular or 2-lipped, 5-toothed or 5-lobed (rarely 4-toothed),
mostly nerved. Corolla with a short or long tube, the limb 4-5-lobed, mostly
2-lipped, regular in a few genera; upper lip 2-lobed, or sometimes entire; lower
lip mostly 3-lobed. Stamens borne on the corolla-tube, typically 4 and didy-
namous, sometimes 2 with or without staminodia, rarely equal ; filaments separate,
mostly slender, alternate with the corolla-lobes ; anthers 2-celled, introrse, or con-
fluently i-celled, or sometimes of a single sac. Disk usually present, fleshy.
Ovary 4-lobed or 4-parted, superior, each lobe or division with I mostly anatropous
ovule; style arising from .the center of the lobed or parted ovary, 2-lobed at the
summit. Fruit of 4 i-seeded nutlets. Seed erect (transverse in Scutellaria) ;
endosperm scanty, or usually none; embryo mostly straight; radicle short, inferior.
About 1 60 genera and 3200 species, of wide distribution in temperate and tropical regions. The
family is also known as LAMIACEAE. The foliage abounds in volatile oils.
A. Ovary 4-lobed, the style not basal; nutlets laterally attached. (AJUGEAE.)
Corolla-limb very irregular, apparently i-lipped, or the other lip very short; stamens exserted.
Upper lip of corolla short, truncate. i. Ajuga.
Upper lip of corolla 2-lobed, or all the lobes united into the lower lip.
Corolla-limb nearly equally 5-lobed.
Corolla-lobes spreading ; stamens short-exserted.
Corolla-lobes declined ; stamens long-exserted.
B. Ovary 4-parted, the style basal; nutlets basally attached.
* Calyx with a protuberance on the upper side. (SCUTELLARIEAE.) 5. Scutellaria.
** Calyx not gibbous on the upper side. (STACHYEAE.)
Stamens and style very short, included in the corolla-tube.
Anther-sacs parellel.
Anther-sacs, at least of the upper stamens, divergent.
Stamens longer, not included in the corolla-tube.
2. Teucrium.
3. Isanthus.
4. Trichostetna.
6. Marrubium.
7. Sideritis.
100
LABIATAE.
VOL. 1 1 1.
8. Agastache.
g. Meehania.
10. Nepeta.
11. Glecoma.
12. Moldavica.
13. Prunella.
14. Dracocephalum.
15. Synandra.
1 6. Phlomis.
17. Galeopsis.
1 8. Lamium.
19. Leonurus.
20. Ballota.
t Corolla strongly 2-lipped ; lips unlike, the upper concave.
(a.) Anther-bearing stamens 4.
Posterior (upper) pair of stamens longer than the anterior.
Anther-sacs parallel or nearly so.
Tall erect herbs ; posterior stamens declined, anterior ascending.
Trailing herb ; stamens all ascending under upper lip of corolla.
Anther-sacs divergent.
Calyx tubular, nearly equally s-toothed, not 2-lipped ; plant erect.
Calyx distinctly 2-lipped, or unequally s-toothed.
Trailing herb ; calyx unequally 5-toothed.
Erect herbs ; calyx 2-lipped.
Posterior pair of stamens shorter than the anterior.
Calyx distinctly 2-lipped, closed in fruit.
Calyx 3-io-toothed, not distinctly 2-lipped, open in fruit.
Calyx membranous, inflated in fruit, faintly nerved.
Calyx nearly equally s-toothed, or s-lobed.
Calyx 4-lobed.
Calyx not membranous, not inflated in fruit, distinctly s-io-nerved.
Style-branches very unequal.
Style-branches equal, or nearly so.
Anther-sacs transversely 2-valved.
Anther-sacs not transversely 2-valved, parallel or divergent.
Nutlets 3-sided, truncate.
Calyx-teeth not spiny-tipped.
Calyx-teeth spiny-tipped.
Nutlets ovoid, rounded above.
Calyx with a spreading s-toothed limb.
Calyx-limb not spreading.
Corolla-tube not longer than calyx ; anther-sacs divergent.
21. Stachys.
Corolla-tube exserted ; lower petioles very long ; anther-sacs parallel.
22. Betonica.
(b.) Anther-bearing stamens 2.
Connective of the anther very long, bearing a perfect sac at one end, and a rudimentary one, or
none, at the other. 23. Salvia.
Connective very short, the anther-sacs confluent.
Calyx tubular, is-nerved, equally s-toothed. 24. Monarda.
Calyx ovoid-tubular, i3-nerved, 2-lipped. 25. Blephilia.
tt Corolla 2-lipped, or regular ; upper lip, when present, flat, or only slightly concave.
(a.) Flowers in axillary whorls or clusters, or these forming terminal spikes.
Corolla 2-lipped.
Stamens curved, often converging, or ascending under the upper lip
Anther-bearing stamens 2.
Anther-bearing stamens 4.
Corolla-tube upwardly curved, exserted.
Corolla-tube straight.
Calyx lo-nerved, campanulate, about equally s-toothed.
Calyx mostly i3-nerved, tubular, 2-lipped.
Stamens straight, often diverging.
Calyx is-nerved.
Calyx io-i3-nerved.
Anther-bearing stamens 4.
Anther-sacs divergent.
Calyx equally s-toothed ; erect herbs.
Calyx 2-lipped ; creeping herbs.
Anther-sacs parallel.
Anther-bearing stamens 2.
Corolla regular, 4-s-lobed.
Anther-bearing stamens 2 ; plants not aromatic.
\nther-bearing stamens 4 ; aromatic fragrant herbs.
of the corolla.
26. Hedeoma.
27. Melissa.
28. Satureia.
29. Clinopodiutn.
30. Hyssopus.
31. Origanum.
32. Thyunis.
33. Koellia.
34. Cunila.
35. Lycopus.
36. Mentha.
(b.) Flowers in terminal panicled racemes or spikes; corolla 2-lipped.
Anther-bearing stamens 2 ; lower lip of corolla long, fimbriate ; native. 37. Collinsonia.
Anther-bearing stamens 4 ; lower lip of corolla not fimbriate ; introduced.
Flowers racemose. 38. Perilla.
Flowers densely spiked. 39- Elsholtzia.
i. AJUGA L. Sp. PI. 561. 1753.
Annual or perennial, often stoloniferous herbs, mostly with dentate leaves, and rather
large verticillate-clustered flowers in terminal spikes, or in the upper axils. Calyx ovoid or
campanulate, lo-many-nerved, 5-toothed or s-lobed, the teeth or lobes nearly equal. Corolla-
limb 2-lipped, the upper lip short, truncate or emarginate, the lower spreading, with 2 small
lateral lobes and a much larger emarginate or 2-cleft middle one. Stamens 4, didynamous,
somewhat exserted beyond the upper lip of the corolla, the anterior pair the longer; anther-
GENUS i.
MINT FAMILY.
101
sacs divergent, only slightly confluent at the base. Ovary not deeply 4-lobed. Nutlets obovoid,
rugose-reticulate. [Greek, without a yoke; from the seeming absence of the upper lip of
the corolla.]
About 40 species, natives of the Old World. Type species : Ajuga reptans L.
Sparingly pubescent, or glabrous, stoloniferous.
Pubescent with long hairs, not stoloniferous.
1. A. reptans.
2. A. genevensis.
i. Ajuga reptans L. Bugle. Fig. 3564.
Ajuga reptans L. Sp. PI. 561. 1753.
Perennial, sparingly pubescent or glabrous,
producing slender creeping stolons sometimes
i long; stem erect, rather stout, 6'-is' tall.
Basal leaves tufted, obovate, rounded at the
apex, crenate or undulate, i'~3' long, tapering
into margined petioles; leaves of the stem ob-
long or oblanceolate, much smaller, sessile or
nearly so, those of the stolons mostly petioled ;
upper flower-clusters often forming a short
spike, the lower commonly distant and axil-
lary; corolla blue or nearly white, about \'
long.
In fields, Quebec and Maine to southern New
York, locally naturalized from Europe. Brown
bugle. Middle comfrey. Carpenter's-herb. Sickle-
wort. May- June.
2. Ajuga genevensis L.
Fig.
Erect Bugle.
Ajuga genevensis L. Sp. PI. 561. 1753.
Perennial, not stoloniferous; stems usually sev-
eral from the root, ascending, rather stout, long-
pubescent. Leaves long-pubescent, the basal ones
long-petioled, spatulate or oblanceolate, obtuse,
sparingly toothed or entire, 2'-^' long, the upper
sessile, obovate to ovate, usually coarsely den-
tate, much smaller; bracts pubescent, the upper
shorter than the flowers; inflorescence mostly
dense; corolla i'-f long.
In fields and waste grounds, Maine to New York
and Pennsylvania. Adventive from Europe. May-
July.
2. TEUCRIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 562. 1753.
Herbs or shrubs, with dentate entire or laciniate leaves, and rather small pink, white or
purplish flowers, in terminal bracted spikes or heads, or verticillate in the upper axils. Calyx
tubular-campanulate, lo-nerved, equally or unequally 5-toothed. Corolla-tube short, the limb
irregularly s-lobed, the 2 short upper lobes oblong, declined or erect, the lateral lobe declined,
more or less united with the upper ones, the lower lobe broader, also declined. Stamens 4,
didynamous, exserted between the 2 upper lobes of the corolla, the anterior pair the longer ;
anther-sacs divergent, confluent at the base. Ovary 4-lobed ; style 2-cleft at the summit.
Nutlets obovoid, rugose-reticulated. [Named from the Trojan king, Teucer.]
Over 100 species, of wide distribution in temperate and tropical regions. Besides the follow-
ing, 2 or 3 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Type species: Teucrium
fritticans L.
102
LABIATAE.
VOL. III.
*PERENNIAL SPECIES.
1. Leaves toothed.
t Flowers in terminal dense spike-like panicles.
Calyx and bracts canescent, without long hairs.
Leaves, at least the lower, obtuse or rounded at the base, not rugose-veined.
1 . T. canadense.
Leaves narrowed at the base, rugose-veined, mostly narrowly lanceolate.
2. T. littorale.
Calyx and bracts villous and often glandular-pubescent. 3. T. occidentals.
ft Flowers in secund terminal spikes. 4. T. Scorodonia.
2. Leaves laciniate ; flowers axillary. 5. T. laciniatum.
** ANNUAL SPECIES, with pinnatifid leaves and axillary flowers.
6. T. Botrys.
i. Teucrium canadense L. American
Germander or Wood Sage. Fig. 3566.
Teucrium canadense L. Sp. PI. 564. 1753.
Teucrium virginicum L. Sp. PL 564. 1753-
Perennial, appressed-pubescent or canescent ;
stem erect, simple or somewhat branched,
rather slender, i-2 tall. Leaves lanceolate,
oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
nate at the apex, irregularly dentate, mostly
rounded at the base, short-petioled, li'-s"
long, i'-2' wide, glabrous or sparingly pubes-
cent above, densely canescent beneath; spike
usually dense, becoming 6'-i2 r long in fruit,
bracts canescent, the lower sometimes folia-
ceous, the upper commonly not longer than the
canescent calyx; flowers 6"-io" long, very
short-pedicelled ; calyx about 3" long in fruit,
its three upper teeth obtuse or subacute.
In moist thickets or along marshes, New Eng-
land to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida, Kansas and
Texas. Ascends to 2600 ft. in Virginia. Ground-
pine. June-Sept.
2. Teucrium littorale Bicknell. Narrow-leaved Germander. Fig. 3567.
Teucrium littorale Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club 28 :
169. 1901.
T. canadense var. littorale Fernald, Rhodora 10 :
Pale and canescent, 2 high or less, erect or
assurgent, often with ascending branches.
Leaves thickish and rugose-veiny, narrowly ob-
long or sometimes broader, narrowed into the
petiole, closely fine-serrate or becoming un-
equally dentate-serrate, 2^-4' long, i'-ij' wide;
petioles 2j"-5" long; spikes narrow, often in-
terrupted; bracts about the length of the ca-
lyx ; calyx small, 2 "-2!" high, becoming some-
what gibbous-urceolate, the teeth short, the
upper ones obtuse; corolla pale pink, about
8" long, loosely pilose without.
On or near the coast, Maine to Florida and
Texas, north to Arkansas and Oklahoma. In-
cluded in our first edition in T. canadense L., and
there figured for that species. July-Aug.
GENUS 2.
MINT FAMILY.
103
3. Teucrium occidentale A. Gray. Hairy
Germander. Fig. 3568.
Teucrium occidentale A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: 349. 1878.
T. boreale Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club 28: 171. 1901.
Perennial, villous or pubescent; stem erect, rather
stout, usually much branched, i-3 high, the branches
ascending. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
thin, acute or acuminate at the apex, sharply den-
tate, mostly rounded at the base, usually slender-
petioled, i'-3i' long, i'-ii' wide; spikes dense, be-
coming 3'-8' long in fruit; bracts lanceolate-subu-
late or the lower sometimes larger, villous and often
glandular; calyx and axis of the spike villous-
pubescent and often glandular, the 3 upper calyx-
teeth acute or acutish; corolla 4"-6" long.
In moist soil, Maine and Ontario to eastern Pennsyl-
vania, British Columbia, Ohio, Nebraska, New Mexico
and California. July-Sept.
4. Teucrium Scorodonia L. Wood Germander.
Fig- 3569.
Teucrium Scorodonia L. Sp. PI. 564. 1753.
Perennial, villous-pubescent, 2 high or less, the branches erect-
ascending. Leaves mostly ovate, i'-2i' long, obtuse or acute at
the apex, cordate or subtruncate at the base, crenate, the petioles
2i"-7" long; racemes narrow, rather loosely flowered, often 5'
long, the flowers secund, mostly in pairs, the pedicels shorter
than the calyx, equalling or shorter than the ovate, acute or
acuminate bracts; calyx veiny, the upper tooth broad; corolla
light yellow, 3"~4" long.
A weed in cultivated fields, Ontario, and reported from Ohio. Ad-
ventive from Europe. June-Sept.
5. Teucrium laciniatum Torr. Cut-leaved
Germander. Fig. 3570-
Teucrium laciniatum Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2 : 231.
1828.
Melosmon laciniatum Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1019.
1903.
Diffusely branched from a woody perennial
root, i high or less, densely leafy, glabrous, or
nearly so. Leaves ii' long or less, pinnately
parted into 3-7 stiff, linear, entire, toothed or
lobed segments; flowers solitary in the upper
axils, as long as the subtending leaves or shorter,
short-peduncled ; calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes
narrowly lanceolate, nearly equal; corolla pale
blue or lilac, about 9" long, its lower lobes much
longer than the calyx.
Plains, Kansas and Colorado to Texas and Ari-
zona. May-Aug.
LABIATAE.
VOL. III.
6. Teucrium botrys L. Cut-leaved Annual Ger-
mander. Fig. 3571.
Teucrium botrys L. Sp. PI. 562. 1753.
Annual, villous-pubescent, branched, i high or less.
Leaves slender-petioled, deeply pinnatifid into oblong,
entire or toothed lobes, the basal ones with petioles
longer than the blades ; flowers whorled in the upper
axils; pedicels shorter than the calyx; calyx campanu-
late, gibbous, about 8" long in fruit, veiny, its teeth
triangular-ovate, acute, nearly equal; corolla purplish,
about 6" long.
Waste grounds, Massachusetts and Ohio,
from Europe. July-Sept.
Naturalized
3. ISANTHUS Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 3.
pi. 30. 1803.
An annual erect finely viscid-pubescent much-branched
herb, with narrow entire or few-toothed leaves, and
small blue flowers in loose axillary cymes. Calyx
broadly campanulate, lo-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed,
the teeth lanceolate. Corolla-tube not longer than the
calyx, enlarged into the throat, the limb nearly equally
S-cleft into obovate somewhat spreading lobes. Stamens 4, didynamous, incurved-ascending,
not longer than the corolla, the anterior pair slightly the longer; anther-sacs divergent at
maturity. Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style minutely 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets rugose-
reticulated. [Greek, equal-flower, the corolla-lobes being nearly equal.]
A monotypic genus of eastern North America.
i. Isanthus brachiatus (L.) B.S.P.
False Pennyroyal. Fig. 3572.
Trichostema brachiatum L. Sp. PI. 598. 1753.
!santhus coeruleus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 4.
pi. 30. 1803.
/. brachiatus B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 44. 1888.
Stem slender, much branched, 6'-2o' tall,
the branches spreading. Leaves oblong or
elliptic-lanceolate, acute at each end, entire,
or with a few sharp teeth, 3-nerved, short-
petioled, i'-2' long, 2"-6" wide; axillary
cymes i-3-flowered; pedicels very slender,
some of them as long as the fruiting calyx ;
calyx-lobes acute or acuminate, longer than
or equalling the tube; corolla 2"~3" long,
the fruiting calyx 3" long.
In sandy soil, especially along streams,
Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota, Vermont,
Georgia, Kansas and Texas. Flux-weed. Blue
gentian. July-Sept.
4. TRICHOSTEMA [Gronov.] L.
Sp. PI. 598. 1753-
Annual or perennial erect branching herbs, some western species shrubby, with lanceolate
oblong or linear entire or slightly repand leaves. Flowers small, or middle-sized, pink, blue,
purple, or white, paniculate, or in axillary loose or dense cymes. Calyx campanulate, very
unequally 5-lobed in our species, the lobes ovate or lanceolate, the 3 upper much longer than
the 2 lower. Corolla-tube slender, exserted or included, the limb somewhat oblique and
deeply 5-cleft into oblong more or less declined segments. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascend-
ing, curved, the anterior pair the longer, the filaments filiform, spirally coiled in the bud,
long-exserted ; anther-sacs divaricate, more or less confluent at the base. Ovary deeply
4-lobed; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets obovoid, reticulated. [Greek, hair-stamen,
referring to the slender filaments.]
About 10 species, natives of North America. Type species: Trichostema dichotomum L.
Leaves oblong or lanceolate; plant minutely viscid-pubescent. i. T. dichotomum.
Leaves linear; plant puberulent or glabrous. 2. T. lineare.
GENUS 4.
MINT FAMILY.
105
i. Trichostema dichotomum L.
Trichostema dichotomum L. Sp. PI. 598. 1753.
Annual, minutely viscid-pubescent ; stem slen-
der, rather stiff, much branched, 6'-2 high, the
branches spreading or ascending. Leaves oblong
or oblong-lanceolate, membranous, obtuse or sub-
acute at 'the apex, narrowed at the base into short
petioles, i'-3' long, 3"-io" wide, the upper grad-
ually smaller; flowers paniculate, 6' -9" long,
borne 1-3 together on 2-bracteolate peduncles;
calyx oblique, very unequally 5-lobed, the 3 upper
lobes much longer and more united than the 2
lower ones; corolla blue, pink or rarely nearly
white, the limb longer than the tube; stamens
blue or violet.
In dry fields, Maine to Florida, Vermont, Pennsyl-
vania, Missouri and Texas. The lateral flowers be-
come inverted by torsion of the pedicels. July-Oct.
Blue Curls. Bastard Pennyroyal. Fig. 3573.
2. Trichostema lineare Nutt. Narrow-leaved
Blue Curls. Fig. 3574.
T. brachiatum Lam. Encycl. 8: 84. 1808. Not L. 1753.
Trichostema lineare Nutt. Gen. 2 : 39. 1818.
Puberulent or glabrous, not viscid or scarcely so;
stem very slender, at length widely branched, o'-Io
high, the branches ascending. Leaves linear, obtuse
or subacute, sessile or very short-petioled, \'-2 long,
i"-2" wide, sometimes with smaller ones or short
leafy branches in their axils ; flowers very similar to
those of the preceding species, sometimes larger.
In sandy fields and dry pine barrens, Connecticut to
Georgia and Louisiana, mostly near the coast. July-Aug.
5. SCUTELLARIA [Rivin.] L. Sp. PI. 598. 1753.
Annual or perennial bitter herbs, some species shrubby. Flowers blue to violet, in
terminal or axillary bracted mostly secund spike-like racemes, or solitary or 2-3 together in
the axils. Calyx campanulate, gibbous, 2-lipped, the lips entire, the upper one with a crest or
protuberance upon its back and often deciduous in fruit, the lower one persistent. Corolla
much exserted, recurved-ascending, dilated above into the throat, glabrous within, the limb
2-lipped ; upper lip arched, entire or emarginate ; lower lip spreading or deflexed, its lateral
lobes small and somewhat connected with the upper, its middle lobe broad, sometimes emar-
ginate, the margins mostly recurved. Stamens 4, didynamous, all anther-bearing, ascending
under the upper lip, the upper pair somewhat the shorter, their anthers 2-celled, ciliate;
anthers of the lower pair of stamens i-celled, also ciliate. Style unequally 2-cleft at the
apex ; ovary deeply 4-parted. Nutlets subglobose or depressed, papillose or tuberculate, borne
on a short or elongated gynobase. [Latin, a dish, from the appendage to the fruiting calyx.]
About 100 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 15 others
occur in the southern and western parts of North America, all known as Skullcap, or Helmet-
flower. Type species : Scutellaria peregrlna L.
* Nutlets wingless, very slightly elevated on the short gynobase.
Flowers 3"-s" long, in axillary and sometimes terminal secund racemes. i. S. lateri flora.
Flowers 6"-is" long, in terminal often panicled racemes.
Plant glabrous or very nearly so ; leaves broad. 2. 5". serrata.
Plants pubescent, puberulent or pilose.
Leaves all except the floral crenate or dentate, broad.
Canescent, not glandular ; corolla canescent. 3. S. incana.
Densely glandular-pubescent ; corolla puberulent. 4. 5". cordifolia.
Pubescent below, glandular above ; corolla nearly glabrous. 5. 5". pilosa.
Leaves all except the lowest entire, narrow. 6. 5". integrifolia.
Flowers solitary in the axils or sometimes also in terminal bracted racemes.
Perennial from a thick woody root. 7. 5". resinosa.
Fibrous-rooted ; perennial by rootstocks or stolons.
Flowers 2"-$" long. 8. S. parvula.
Flowers 8"-i3" long.
io6
LABIATAE.
VOL. III.
Minutely and densely glandular-pubescent, resiniferous. 9. S. Brittonii.
Densely cinerous-pubescent, pale. 10. S.Bushii.
Glabrous or merely slightly puberulent.
Leaves ovate, slender-petioled, cordate, obtuse. n. S.saxatilis.
Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, nearly sessile, acute. 12. S. galericulata.
** Nutlets membranous-winged, elevated on the slender gynobase; flowers axillary.
13. S. nervosa.
i. Scutellaria lateriflora L. Mad-dog or Blue
Skullcap. Fig. 3575.
Scutellaria lateriflora L. Sp. PI. 598. 1753.
Perennial by slender stolons, glabrous throughout
or puberulent above; stem slender, leafy, erect or
ascending, commonly branched, 4'-2i high. Leaves
ovate, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, thin, slender-
petioled, acute or acuminate at the apex, coarsely
dentate-serrate, obtuse, rounded or subcordate at the
base, i '-3' long, the upper gradually smaller, the
uppermost sometimes entire; racemes narrow, se-
cund, axillary or often also terminal and leafy-
bracted, several-many-flowered ; flowers 3"-S" long ;
calyx short; corolla blue, varying to nearly white,
its lips about equal, one-fifth as long as the tube;
nutlets borne on a very short gynobase.
In wet places, Newfoundland to Ontario and British
Columbia, Florida, Mississippi, New Mexico and Ore-
gon. July-Sept. Blue pimpernel. Side-flowering scull-
cap. Madweed. Hoodwort.
2. Scutellaria serrata Andr. Showy Skull-
cap. Fig. 3576.
Scutellaria serrata Andr. Bot. Rep. pi. 494. 1809.
S. laevigata Aiken; Eaton, Man. Ed. 6, 333. 1833.
Perennial, glabrous, or puberulent above; stem
slender, erect, simple or branched, i-2 high. Leaves
ovate or elliptic, slender-petioled, acute at the apex,
narrowed, or the lowest rounded or subcordate at
the base, crenate or dentate, 2'-4' long, the upper-
most reduced to small floral bracts ; racemes almost
always simple and terminal, loosely flowered, the
flowers opposite ; fruiting calyx about 3" long ; co-
rolla i' long, blue, minutely puberulent, its tube nar-
row, gradually expanded above into the throat, its
rather narrow upper lip a little shorter than the
lower; nutlets borne on a short gynobase.
In woods, southern New York and Pennsylvania to
South Carolina, Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee. One
of the handsomest of the American species. Ascends to
3000 ft. in Virginia. May-June.
3. Scutellaria incana Muhl. Downy Skull-
cap. Fig. 3577.
Scutellaria incana Muhl. Cat. 56. 1813.
Scutellaria canescens Nutt. Gen. 2: 38. 1818.
5". serrata Spreng. Syst. 2: 703. 1825. Not Andr. 1809.
Perennial, finely and densely whitish downy, or
the upper surfaces of the leaves glabrous; stem
rather strict, erect, usually much branched above,
2-4 high. Leaves ovate, oval, or oblong, rather
firm, slender-petioled, acute at the apex, crenate-
dentate, narrowed, rounded or the lower subcordate
at the base, 3'-4i' long; racemes terminal, usually
numerous and panicled, several-many-flowered;
fruiting calyx ii'-2' long; corolla g"-io" long, ca-
nescent; upper lip of the corolla slightly longer
than the lower; gynobase very short.
In moist woods and thickets, Ontario to Michigan,
Kansas, Georgia, Florida and Alabama. June-Aug.
GENUS 5.
MINT FAMILY.
4. Scutellaria cordifolia Muhl. Heart-leaved
Skullcap. Fig. 3578.
Scutellaria cordifolia Muhl. Cat. 56. 1813.
Scutellaria versicolor Nutt. Gen. 2: 38. 1818.
Perennial, densely glandular-pubescent ; stem erect,
usually stout, i-3 high, often simple. Leaves
prominently veined, slender-petioled, broadly ovate,
crenate-dentate all around, 2'-4' long, all but the
uppermost cordate at the base; racemes terminal,
narrow, solitary or panicled; bracts ovate, mostly
entire, commonly longer than the pedicels; fruiting
calyx nearly 3" long; corolla puberulent, io"-l2"
long, blue with the lower side lighter or white, its
tube narrow, its throat moderately dilated, its lat-
eral lobes about as long as the upper lip; gynobase
short.
In woods and thickets, especially along streams,
Pennsylvania to Florida, west to Minnesota, Kansas,
Arkansas and Texas. Includes several races. June-
Aug.
5. Scutellaria pilosa Michx. Hairy Skullcap. Fig. 3579.
Scutellaria pilosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:11. 1803.
Scutellaria ovalifolia Pers. Syn. 2: 136. 1807.
5". hirsuta Short, Transyl. Journ. Med. 8: 582. 1836.
Scutellaria pilosa hirsuta A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 : Part
i, 379- 1878.
Perennial, stem slender, simple or branched,
hairy or downy below, sometimes hirsute, glan-
dular-pubescent above, i-3 high. Leaves ovate,
oval, or oblong, petioled, obtuse, or the upper
subacute at the apex, crenate, i'-3' long, nar-
rowed or rounded at the base or the lower sub-
cordate; racemes terminal, solitary or panicled,
sometimes also in the upper axils; bracts oblong
or spatulate, entire, longer than the pedicels;
fruiting calyx about 3" long; corolla blue, 6"-8"
long, minutely puberulent or glabrous, its lower
lip and lateral lobes somewhat shorter than the
arched upper one; gynobase short.
In dry sandy woods and thickets, southern New
York and Pennsylvania to Michigan, Missouri,
Florida and Texas. Races differ in size and in pubes-
cence. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. May-
July.
6. Scutellaria integrifolia L. Larger or
Hyssop Skullcap. Fig. 3580.
Scutellaria integrifolia L. Sp. PI. 599. 1753.
Scutellaria hyssopifolia L. Sp. PI. 599. 1753.
Perennial, hoary with a minute down; stem
slender, erect, rather strict, simple or branched,
6'-22 high. Leaves thin, linear to oblong, peti-
oled, or the upper sessile, obtuse at the apex,
entire, i'-2' long, 2" -6" wide, or the lower ovate,
lanceolate or nearly orbicular, obtuse and some-
times subcordate at the base, often crenate-den-
tate or incised ; racemes solitary or several, term-
inal; bracts linear-oblong, subacute, longer than
the pedicels; fruiting calyx 2"-3" long; corolla
blue, or whitish underneath, io"-i5" long, its
large lips nearly equal; gynobase short
In fields, woods and thickets, Massachusetts to
West Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, Florida, Louisi-
ana and Texas. Consists of several races. May-
Aug. Large-flowered scullcap.
loS
LABIATAE.
VOL. III.
Scutellaria Drummondii Benth., a low annual villous species with flowers solitary in the axils,
admitted into our first edition as recorded from Kansas, is not definitely known north of Texas.
7. Scutellaria resinosa Torr. Resinous
Skullcap. Fig. 3581.
.S". resinosa Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2 : 232. 1827.
5". Wrightii A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 370. 1872.
Perennial from a thick woody root, minutely
canescent or puberulent and usually resiniferous;
stems rather slender, rigid, tufted, leafy, ascend-
ing, 6'-io' high. Leaves ovate, oval, or oblong,
sessile, or the lower short-petioled, entire, obtuse
at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, 3" -6"
long ; flowers solitary in the axils ; fruiting calyx
nearly 3" long; corolla violet or nearly white,
very pubescent, 6"-8" long, its tube narrow and
lips nearly equal ; gynobase short.
On dry plains, Nebraska and Kansas to Texas and
Arizona. May-Aug.
8. Scutellaria parvula Michx. Small Skull-
cap. Fig. 3582.
S. parvula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: n. 1803.
Scutellaria ambigua Nutt. Gen. 2: 37. 1818.
5". parvula var. mollis A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 1 : ^80.
1878.
5". campcstris Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 283.
1894.
Glabrous, or quite densely pubescent, sometimes
slightly glandular, perennial by slender tuberous-
thickened rootstocks; stems erect or ascending,
very slender, usually branched, 3' -12' tall. Leaves
ovate, oval or lanceolate, or the lower nearly
orbicular, entire and sessile, or the lower dentate
and petioled, 3"-i2" long; flowers solitary in
the axils ; fruiting calyx about 2" long ; corolla
2" 4" long, violet, pubescent ; gynobase short.
In sandy soil, Quebec to Ontario, South Dakota,
Florida, Nebraska and Texas. Races differ in pu-
bescence and in leaf-form. April-July. Little scull-
cap.
9. Scutellaria Brittonii Porter. Britton's
Skullcap. Fig. 3583.
Scutellaria resinosa A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part i, 381.
1878. Not Torr. 1827.
Scutellaria Brittonii Porter, Bull. Torr. Club 21: 177.
1894.
Perennial by tuberous-thickened rootstocks, vis-
cidly glandular, pubescent or puberulent, branched
from the base ; stems erect, 4'-8' high, leafy.
Leaves oblong or oval, sessile and entire or the
lowest short-petioled and slightly crenulate, ob-
tuse at the apex, rather prominently veined on
the lower surface, 6"-i 2" long, the upper scarcely
smaller; flowers solitary in the axils; pedicels
mostly shorter than the calyx ; corolla pubescent,
blue, io"-i5" long, the tube narrow below, en-
larged above into the throat ; gynobase short.
Nebraska (according to Coulter) ; Colorado and
Wyoming. June July.
GENUS 5.
MINT FAMILY.
10. Scutellaria Bushii Britton. Bush's Skullcap.
Fig. 3584.
Scutellaria Bushii Britton, Manual, 785. 1901.
Roots thick-fibrous ; stems several or numerous,
tufted, erect or nearly so, finely cinereous-pubescent,
6'-i2' high. Leaves oblanceolate to oblong-oblanceo-
late, obtuse, entire, sessile, f'-ii' long, 2"-^" wide, the
veins rather prominent; flowers solitary in the axils,
short-peduncled, about i' long; corolla short-pubescent.
Barrens, southern Missouri. May-June.
ii. Scutellaria saxatilis Riddell. Rock
Skullcap. Fig. 3585.
S. saxatilis Riddell, Suppl. Cat. PI. Ohio, 14. 1836.
Perennial by filiform runners or stolons,
glabrate or sparingly puberulent; stem slen-
der, weak, ascending or reclining, simple or
branched, 6'-2o' long. Leaves ovate, slender-
petioled, thin, coarsely crenate, obtuse at the
apex, cordate at the base, i'-2' long, or the
lower nearly orbicular, and the upper lanceo-
late, subacute and entire; flowers solitary in
the upper axils, or clustered in a terminal
leafy-bracted loose raceme; bracts longer than
the pedicels ; fruiting calyx about 2" long ; co-
rolla light blue, very nearly glabrous, 8"-io"
long; gynobase short.
On moist banks and in thickets, Delaware to
South Carolina, Ohio and Tennessee. Ascends
to 3000 ft. in Virginia. May~July.
12. Scutellaria galericulata L. Hooded
Willow-herb. Marsh or European
Skullcap. Fig. 3586.
Scutellaria galericulata L. Sp. PI. 599. 1753.
Perennial by filiform stolons, not tuber-bear-
ing, puberulent or pubescent ; stem erect, usually
branched, i-3 high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate
to ovate-oblong, thin, short-petioled, or the upper
sessile, acute at the apex, dentate with low teeth
or the upper entire, subcordate or rounded at
the base, i'-2i' long, the uppermost usually much
smaller and bract-like; flowers solitary in the
axils ; peduncles shorter than the calyx ; corolla
blue, puberulent, nearly or quite l' long, with a
slender tube and slightly enlarged throat; gyno-
base short.
In swamps and along streams, Newfoundland to
Mackenzie, Alaska, New Jersey, the mountains of
North Carolina, Ohio, Nebraska, Arizona and Wash-
ington Also in Europe and Asia. June-Sept.
Scutellaria Churchilliana Fernald, of Maine and
New Brunswick, has smaller flowers, solitary in the
axiis, its leaves much like those of S. laterifiora,
and is, perhaps, a hybrid.
no
LABIATAE.
VOL. III.
13. Scutellaria nervosa Pursh. Veined
Skullcap. Fig. 3587.
.S". nervosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 412. 1814.
Scutellaria teucriifolia J. E. Smith in Rees' Cycl.
32 : no. 15. 1816.
Perennial by filiform stolons; stem glabrous
or sparingly pubescent, erect, slender, simple
or sometimes branched, 6'-2 high. Leaves
thin; glabrous, or sometimes decidedly pubes-
cent, the lower slender-petioled, nearly orbicu-
lar, crenate, often subcordate at the base, the
middle ones larger, ovate, i'-2' long, sessile or
nearly so, obtuse or acute, coarsely dentate or
crenate, the upper lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late, acute, commonly entire; flowers solitary
in the axils; fruiting calyx about 2" long;
corolla blue, 4"-s" long, puberulent, the lower
lip longer than the concave upper one ; nutlets
membranous-winged, borne on a slender gyno-
base.
In moist woods and thickets, southern Ontario,
New York and New Jersey to Illinois and Mis-
souri, North Carolina and Tennessee. Ascends
to 3000 ft. in Virginia. May-Aug.
6. MARRUBIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 582. 1753.
Perennial branching mostly woolly herbs, with petioled dentate rugose leaves, and small
white or purplish flowers in dense axillary clusters, the juice bitter. Calyx tubular, 5-10-
nerved, regularly 5-io-toothed, the teeth nearly equal, or the alternate ones shorter, acute or
aristate, spreading or recurved in fruit. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, entire or
emarginate, the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its broader middle lobe commonly emarginate.
Stamens 4, didynamous, included', the posterior pair the shorter ; anthers 2-celled. Style
2-cleft at the summit, the lobes short. Ovary deeply 4-lobed. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Name
Middle Latin, perhaps from the Hebrew, referring to its bitter qualities.]
About 40 species, natives of the Old World, the
following typical.
i. Marrubium vulgare L. White or
Common Hoarhound. Fig. 3588.
Marrubium vulgare L. Sp. PI. 583. 1753.
Stem erect, stout, woolly, especially below,
i-3 high, the branches ascending. Leaves
oval, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, rugose-
veined, obtuse at the apex, crenate-dentate,
rounded, narrowed or subcordate at the base,
i '-2' long, rough, whitish above, woolly be-
neath ; petioles i'-i' long, usually exceeding
the flowers ; clusters all axillary, densely many-
flowered ; flowers whitish; calyx-teeth usually
10, subulate, more or less recurved, glabrous
above, woolly below.
In waste places, Maine and Ontario to Minne-
sota and British Columbia, North Carolina, Ala-
bama, Texas, Mexico and California. Also in South
America. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of
Asia. Old names, houndbene, marrube, marvel.
7. SIDERITIS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 574. 1753.
Annual or perennial, usually pubescent herbs or shrubs, with opposite, entire or toothed
leaves, and small white, pink, or yellowish flowers in axillary clusters which are separated
or contiguous. Calyx tubular, 5-io-nerved, slightly 2-lipped, the teeth spine-tipped, the
upper middle one broader than the others. Corolla-limb exceeding the calyx, 2-lipped ; upper
lip entire or lobed ; lower lip longer than the upper, with a broad middle lobe. Stamens 4,
GENUS 7.
MINT FAMILY.
ill
didynamous, included, the anterior pair the longer; anthers 2-celled, or those of the anterior
pair more or less imperfect, the sacs divaricate. Style 2-cleft at the summit, lobes obtuse.
Ovary 4-lobed. Nutlets obovoid, smooth. [Greek, iron, referring to its nedicinal use.]
About 45 species, native of the Old World, most numerous
in the Orient. Type species: Sideritis hirsuta L.
i. Sideritis romana L. Simple-beaked Iron-wort.
Fig. 3589.
Sideritis romana L. Sp. PI. 575. 1753.
Annual, softly pubescent with spreading hairs, the stem
erect, 4'-! tall, usually branched. Leaves obovate to
oblong, J'-ii' long, crenate, sessile cr nearly so, ultimately
somewhat veiny; clusters few-flowered; flowers white or
pinkish; calyx-teeth shorter than the tube, 'the middle one
of the upper lip ovate, all subulate-tipped; corolla slightly
exceeding the calyx, the middle lobe of the lower lip
reniform.
In fields, southeastern Pennsylvania. Naturalized from the
Mediterranean region. Also in Bermuda. June-Aug.
8. AGASTACHE Clayt. ; Gron. Fl. Virg.
[VLECKIA Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5 : 308. 1808.]
1762.
[LOPHANTHUS Benth. Bot. Reg. 15: under pi. 1282. 1829. Not Adans. 1763.]
Tall erect perennial herbs, with serrate, mainly ovate, petioled leaves, and yellowish
purplish or blue flowers, verticillate-clustered in thick dense or interrupted bracted terminal
spikes. Calyx narrowly campanulate, somewhat oblique, slightly 2-lipped, 5-toothed, the
teeth of the upper lip somewhat larger than those of the lower, or all about equal. Corolla
strongly 2-lipped, the tube as long as the calyx ; upper lip erect, 2-lobed ; lower lip spreading,
3-lobed, its middle lobe broader than the lateralones and crenulate. Stamens 4, all anther-
bearing, didynamous, the upper pair the longer; anthers 2-eelled, their sacs nearly parallel.
Ovary deeply 4-parted ; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, many spikes.]
'About 8 species, natives of North America. Besides the following, 2 or 3 others occur in the
western United States. Type species : Hyssopus nepetoides L.
Glabrous or very nearly so, stout ; corolla greenish-yellow. i. A. nepetoides.
Pubescent, stout ; corolla purplish ; leaves green both sides. 2. A. scrophulariaefolia.
Glabrous or slightly pubescent, slender ; corolla blue; leaves palo beneath. 3. A. anethiodora.
i. Agastache nepetoides (L.) Kuntze.
Catnep Giant-Hyssop. Fig. 3590.
Hyssopus nepetoides L. Sp. PI. 569. 1753.
Lophanthus nepetoides Benth. Bot. Reg. under
pi. 1282. 1829.
Vleckia nepetoides Raf. Fl. Tell. 3: 89. 1836.
'A. nepetoides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 511. 1891.
Glabrous, or slightly puberulent; stem
stout, 2-5 high, branched, at least above,
sharply 4-angled. Leaves ovate or ovate-
oblong, acuminate or acute at the apex,
rounded, cordate or the upper narrowed at
the base, mostly thin, coarsely dentate, 2'-6'
long; spikes 3'-r8' long, usually very dense;
petioles of the lowest leaves often 2' long;
bracts ovate, acute or acuminate ; calyx-
teeth oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse or sub-
acute, sometimes purplish ; corolla greenish
yellow, about 4" long, scarcely exceeding
the calyx.
In woods and thickets, Quebec and Vermont
to South Dakota, south to Georgia, Tennessee,
Kansas and Arkansas. July-Sept.
112
LABIATAE.
VOL. III.
2. Agastache scrophulariaefolia
(Willd.) Kuntze. Figwort
Giant-Hyssop. Fig. 3591.
Hyssopus scrophulariaefolius Willd. Sp. PI. 3 :
48. 1801.
Lophanthus scrophulariaefolius Benth. Bot.
Reg. under pi. 1282. 1829.
Vleckia scrophulariaefolia Raf. Fl. Tell. 3 : 89.
1836.
Agastache scrophulariaefolia Kuntze, Rev.
Gen. PI. 511. 1891.
Similar to the preceding species, but com-
monly taller, strong-scented, the obtusely
4-angled stem, the petioles and lower sur-
faces of the leaves more or less pubescent,
sometimes villous. Leaves nearly identical
with those of V. nepetoides in size and
outline; spike sometimes interrupted, 3'-i8'
long ; bracts broadly ovate, abruptly acumi-
nate; calyx-teeth lanceolate or ovate-lan-
ceolate, very acute or sometimes acuminate,
whitish or purplish; corolla purplish, 5 "-6"
long, considerably exceeding the calyx.
In woods and thickets, New Hampshire to
Ontario, Wisconsin, North Carolina, Ken-
tucky and Missouri. July-Oct.
3. Agastache anethiodora (Nutt.)
Britton. Fragrant Giant-Hyssop.
Fig. 3592.
Hyssopus anethiodorus Nutt. Fras. Cat. 1813.
Hyssopus anisatus Nutt. Gen. 2: 27. 1818.
Lopanthus anisatus Benth. Bot. Reg. under pi.
1282, 1829.
Vleckia anisata Raf. Fl. Tell. 3 : 89. 1836.
Vleckia anethiodora Greene, Mem. Torr. Club
5: 282. 1894.
A. anethiodora Britton in Britt. & Brown, 111.
Fl. 3 : 85.
Glabrous, or minutely puberulent; stem
rather slender, leafy, usually branched, 2-
4 high. Leaves ovate or triangular-ovate,
firm, mostly short-petioled, acute or acumi-
nate at the apex, truncate, obtuse or some-
times subcordate at the base, sharply ser-
rate, green above, pale and minutely canes-
cent beneath, 2'-3' long, anise-scented ; '
spikes dense or interrupted, seldom 6' long ;
bracts broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate ;
calyx-teeth ovate to lanceolate, acute, pur-
ple; corolla blue, 4"-5" long, somewhat
exceeding the calyx.
On prairies and plains, Minnesota to Mani-
toba, Alberta, Illinois, Nebraska and Colorado.
July-Sept. Anise-hyssop.
9. MEEH ANI A Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 21 : 32. 1894.
A low pubescent spreading or decumbent herb, with long-petioled cordate leaves, trailing
leafy stolons, and large blue flowers in terminal secund bracted spikes. Calyx campanulate,
15-nerved, slightly 2-lipped, its teeth all lanceolate, acute, the 3 upper longer than the 2 lower.
Corolla much exserted, puberulent without, pubescent within, the tube narrow at the base,
gradually widely ampliate into the throat, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip 2-lobed, arched, the
lobes ovate, obtuse ; lower lip about equalling the upper, spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe
emarginate, broader than the lateral ones. Stamens 4, didynamous, all anther-bearing,
included, ascending under the upper lip, the upper pair longer than the lower; anthers
2-celled, the sacs nearly parallel. Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style equally 2-cleft at the summit.
Nutlets oblong, smooth. [Named for Thomas Meehan, of Philadelphia, 1826-1901, botanist
and horticulturist.]
A monotypic genus of eastern North America.
GENUS 9.
MINT FAMILY.
i. Meehania cordata (Nutt.) Britton.
Meehania. Fig. 3593.
Dracocephalum cordatum Nutt. Gen. 2: 35. 1818.
Cedronella cordata Benth. Lab. 502. 1834.
Meehania cordata Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 21 : 33.
pi. 173. 1894.
Flowering stems ascending, 3'-8' high; stolons
very slender, leafy throughout, sometimes 2
long. Leaves all broadly ovate or ovate-orbicu-
lar, thin, obtuse or subacute at the apex, crenate
all around, cordate at the base, sparingly pubes-
cent with scattered hairs on both surfaces, or
nearly glabrous beneath, green on both sides,
i '-2' long, the basal sinus broad; spikes i'-4'
long ; bracts ovate or oblong, acute, membranous,
the lower sometimes crenulate and surpassing
the calyx ; bractlets small, lanceolate ; calyx about
5" long, puberulent, its longer teeth about one-
half the length of the tube; corolla i'-ii' long,
showy.
In rich moist woods and thickets, southwestern
Pennsylvania to Illinois, Tennessee and North
Carolina. May-July.
10. NEPETA [Rivin.] L. Sp. PI. 570. 1753.
Herbs, with dentate or incised leaves, and mostly white or blue rather small flowers in
verticillate clusters, usually crowded in terminal spikes, or axillary and cymose. Calyx tubu-
lar, somewhat oblique at the mouth, 15-nerved, usually incurved, 5-toothed, scarcely 2-lipped,
but the upper teeth usually longer than the lower. Corolla-tube enlarged above, the limb
strongly 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, emarginate or 2-lobed ; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the
middle lobe larger than the lateral ones. Stamens 4, all anther bearing, didynamous, ascend-
ing under the upper lip, the lower pair the shorter; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divaricate.
Ovary deeply 4-parted ; style 2-clef t at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, compressed, smooth.
[Ancient Latin name of catnep.]
'About 150 species, natives of Europe and Asia, the following typical.
i. Nepeta Cataria L. Catmint. Catnep.
Nep. Fig. 3594.
Nepeta Cataria L. Sp. PI. 570. 1753.
Perennial, densely canescent, pale green ; stem
rather stout, erect, branched, 2-3 high, the
branches straight, ascending. Leaves ovate to
oblong, petioled, acute at the apex, coarsely cre-
nate-dentate, mostly cordate at the base, i'-3'
long, greener above than beneath ; flower-clusters
spiked at the ends of the stem and branches, the
spikes i '-5' long; bracts small, foliaceous; bract-
lets subulate ; calyx puberulent, its teeth subu-
late, the upper about one-half the length of the
tube; corolla nearly white, or pale purple, dark-
dotted, puberulent without, 5"-6" long, its lobe a
little longer than the calyx, the broad middle lobe
of its lower lip crenulate.
In waste places, New Brunswick and Quebec to
South Dakota, Oregon, South Carolina, Kansas and
Utah ; also in Cuba. Naturalized from Europe.
Native also of Asia. July-Nov.
ii. GLECOMA L. Sp. PI. 578. 1753.
Low diffuse creeping herbs, with long-petioled nearly orbicular or reniform crenate
leaves, and rather large blue or violet flowers in small axillary verticillate clusters. Calyx
oblong-tubular, 15-nerved, oblique at the throat, not 2-lipped, unequally 5-toothed. Corolla-
tube exserted, enlarged above, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, 2-lobed or emarginate; the
lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe broad, emarginate. the side lobes small. Stamens
4, didynamous, all anther-bearing, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, not exserted,
the upper pair the longer; anther-sacs divergent. Ovary deeply 4-parted. Nutlets ovoid,
smooth. [Greek name for thyme or pennyroyal.]
About 6 species of Europe and Asia, the following typical.
8
LABIATAE.
VOL. III.
i. Glecoma hederacea L. Ground
Ivy. Gill-over-the-Ground.
Field Balm. Fig. 3595.
Glecoma hederacea L. Sp. PI. $78. 1753.
N. Glechoma Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 485.
1834-
N. hederacea B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 43.
1888.
Perennial, pubescent, the creeping stems
leafy, sometimes 18' long, the branches
ascending. Lower petioles commonly
longer than the leaves; leaves green
both sides, \'-\\' in diameter; clusters
few-flowered, the flowers j"-io" long,
short-pedicelled ; bractlets subulate,
shorter than the calyx ; calyx puberulent,
its teeth acute or lanceolate-acuminate,
about one-third as long as the tube;
corolla-tube 2-3 times as long as the
calyx; upper pair of stamens much
longer than the lower.
In waste places, woods and thickets, New-
foundland to Ontario, Minnesota, Oregon,
Georgia, Tennessee, Kansas and Colorado.
Old names, alehoof, cat's-foot, gill, gill-ale,
gill-go-by-the-ground, hayhofe, haymaids,
hove, tunhoof, creeping charlie, robin-run-
away, gill-run-over, crow-vituals, wild
snake-root, hedge-maids. March-May.
12. MOLDAVICA [Tourn.] Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 190. 1763.
Herbs, with dentate entire or incised leaves, and blue or purple flowers in axillary and
terminal bracted clusters, the bracts pectinate in our species. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved,
straight or incurved, 5-toothed, the upper tooth much larger than the others, or 2-lipped with
the 3 upper teeth more or less united. Corolla expanded above, its limb 2-lipped ; upper lip
erect, emarginate; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger than the lateral ones,
sometimes 2-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip, the upper pair
longer than the lower; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divaricate; style 2-cleft at the summit; ovary
deeply 4-parted. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [From Moldavia.]
About 35 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Only the following are known in North
America. Type species : Dracocephalum Molddvica L.
Corolla 2-3 times as long as the calyx; clusters mostly axillary. i. M. parviflora.
Corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx ; clusters mostly terminal, dense. 2. M . Moldavica.
i. Moldavica parviflora (Nutt.) Brit-
ton. American Dragon-head.
Fig. 3596.
Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt. Gen. 2 : 35.
1818.
Annual or biennial, somewhat pubescent,
or glabrous; stem rather stout, usually
branched, 6'-2j high. Leaves lanceolate,
ovate, or oblong, slender-petioled, serrate,
or the lower incised, acute or obtuse at the
apex, rounded or narrowed at the base,
thin, i '-3' long ; clusters dense, many-flow-
ered, crowded in dense terminal spikes,
and sometimes also in the upper axils ;
bracts ovate to oblong, pectinate with awn-
pointed teeth, shorter than or equalling the
calyx; pedicels \"-z" long; upper tooth of
the calyx ovate-oblong, longer than the
narrower lower and lateral ones, all acumi-
nate; corolla light blue, scarcely longer
than the calyx.
In dry gravelly or rocky soil, Quebec and
Ontario to Alaska, New York, Iowa, Missouri
and Arizona. May-Aug.
GENUS 12.
MINT FAMILY.
2. Moldavica Moldavica (L.)
Britton. Moldavian Dragon-
head or Balm. Fig. 3597.
Dracocephalum Moldavica L. Sp. PI. 595.
I753-
Annual, puberulent ; stem erect, usu-
illy widely branched, i-2i high. Leaves
ablong or linear-oblong, dentate or some-
what incised, obtuse at the apex, usually
narrowed at the base, i'-2' long, 2"-6"
wide; clusters loose, few-flowered, com-
monly numerous, mostly axillary ; bracts
narrowly oblong, usually shorter than
the calyx, deeply pectinate with aristate
teeth ; pedicels 2"-$" long ; calyx slightly
curved, the 2 lower teeth somewhat
shorter than the 3 broader equal upper
ones; corolla 2-3 times as long as the
calyx.
In a canon near Spring View, Nebr.
Also in northern Mexico. Introduced
from central Europe. June-Aug.
13. PRUNELLA L. Sp. PI. 600. 1753.
Perennial simple or sometimes branched herbs, with petioled leaves, and rather small
clustered purple or white flowers, in terminal and sometimes also axillary, dense bracted
spikes or heads. Calyx oblong, reticulate-veined, about lo-nerved, deeply 2-lipped, closed in
fruit; upper lip nearly truncate, or with 3 short teeth; lower lip 2-cleft, its teeth lanceolate.
Corolla-tube inflated, slightly narrowed at the mouth, its limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip
entire, arched; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the
upper lip of the corolla, the lower pair the longer; filaments of the longer stamens 2-toothed
at the summit, one of the teeth bearing the anther, the other sterile; anthers 2-celled, the
sacs divergent or divaricate. Ovary deeply 4-parted. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Origin of
name doubtful; often spelled Brunella, the pre-Linnaean form.]
About 5 species, of wide geographic distribution. Only the following typical one occurs in
North America.
i. Prunella vulgaris L. Self-heal. Heal-all. Dragon-head. Fig. 3598.
Prunella vulgaris L. Sp. PI. 600. 1753.
Pubescent or nearly glabrous; stem slen-
der, procumbent or ascending or erect,
usually simple, but sometimes considerably
branched, 2' -2 high. Leaves ovate, oblong
or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute at
the apex, usually narrowed at the base,
entire, crenate, dentate, or incised, i'-4'
long, the lowest commonly shorter and
sometimes subcordate ; spikes terminal, ses-
sile or short-peduncled, very dense, i'-i'
long in flower, becoming 2'-4' long in
fruit; bracts broadly ovate-orbicular, cus-
pidate, more or less ciliate; corolla violet,
purple, or sometimes white, 4"-6" long,
about twice as long as the purplish or green
calyx; calyx-teeth oftn ciliate.
In fields, woods and waste places throughout
nearly the whole of North America. Native
and naturalized from Europe. Native also of
Asia. Thimble-flower. All-heal. Brown-wort.
Carpenter's-herb or -weed. Hook-heal or
-weed. Heart-of-the-earth. Sicklewort. Blue-
curls. May-Oct.
Prunella laciniata L., differing by pin-
natifid or deeply incised leaves, found near
Washington, D. C., and illustrated in our first
edition, is a race of this species.
Ii6 LABIATAE. VOL. III.
14. DRACOCEPHALUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 594. 1753.
[PHYSOSTEGIA Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 504. 1834.]
Erect perennial glabrous or puberulent herbs, with serrate, dentate or entire leaves, and
large or middle-sized, bracted purple violet, pink or white flowers in terminal spikes, or
spike-like racemes. Calyx campanulate or oblong, membranous, swollen and remaining open
in fruit, faintly reticulate-veined and 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Corolla much longer than
the calyx, its tube gradually much enlarged upward, its limb strongly 2-lipped ; upper lip
concave, rounded, nearly or quite entire; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe com-
monly emarginate. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, the
lower pair the longer; filaments pubescent; anthers all alike, 2-celled, the sacs nearly parallel,
the margins of their valves commonly spinulose or denticulate. Ovary 4-parted. Nutlets
ovoid-triquetrous, smooth. [Greek, dragon-head.]
About 7 species, natives of North America, known as False Dragon-head or Lion's-heart.
species : Dracocephalum virginianum L.
Type
Flowers 9" long, or more ; leaves firm.
Spike dense, many-flowered.
Spike loose, few-flowered ; leaf-serrations mostly blunt.
Flowers 5" 7" long ; leaves thin.
Spike loose; 4'-8' long; leaves few and distant.
Spike dense, :'-4' long; stem leafy.
1. D. virginianum.
2. D. denticulatum.
3. D. intermedium.
4. D. Nuttallii.
i. Dracocephalum virginianum L. Dragon-head. Obedient Plant. Lion's
Heart. Fig. 3599.
Dracocephalum virginianum L. Sp. PI. 594. 1753.
Dracocephalum speciosum Sweet, Brit. Fl. Card.
pi. 93. 1825.
Physostegia virginiana Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp.
504. 1834.
Stem erect or ascending, rather stout, sim-
ple or branched above, i-4 tall. Leaves
firm, lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or linear-
lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, sharply
serrate or serrulate, narrowed at the base,
the upper all sessile, 2'-s' long, 2" -7" wide,
the lowest petioled; bracts lanceolate, shorter
than the calyx; spikes dense, becoming 4'-8'
long in fruit, many-flowered ; flowering calyx
campanulate or somewhat turbinate, its teeth
ovate, acute, about one-half as long as the
tube; fruiting calyx oblong, 4"-5" long, the
teeth much shorter than the tube; corolla
pale purple or rose, about i' long, often var-
iegated with white, temporarily remaining in
whatever position it is placed.
In moist soil, Quebec to Ontario, Minnesota, Arkansas, Florida, Louisiana and Texas ; escaped
from gardens eastward. Races differ in width and serration of leaves and in size of flowers.
July-Sept.
Physostegia Digitalis Small, with broadly oblong to elliptic repand or undulate leaves, of the
Southern States, perhaps extends northward into Missouri.
GENUS 14.
MINT FAMILY.
2. Dracocephalum denticulatum Ait. Few-
flowered Lion's Heart. Fig. 3600.
Prasium purpureum Walt. Fl. Car. 166. 1788?
Drac. denticulatum Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 317. 1789.
P. virginiana var. denticulata A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 1 : 383.
1878.
P. denticulata Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 284. 1894.
Stem slender, ascending or erect, simple, or little
branched, i-2 high. Leaves firm or rather thin,
oblong, linear-oblong, or oblanceolate, obtuse or
acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, crenulate,
obtusely dentate, or entire, i'-3' long, 2"-6" wide,
the upper sessile, the lower slender-petioled; spike
loosely few-several-flowered; bracts lanceolate, little
longer than the fruiting pedicels; flowering calyx
oval-campanulate, its teeth acute, about one-third
as long as the tube; fruiting calyx oblong, 3"~4"
long; corolla rose-pink, nearly or quite i' long.
In moist soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois, Florida and
Texas. June-Aug.
3. Dracocephalum intermedium Xutt.
Slender Lion's Heart. Fig. 3601.
Dracocephalum intermedium Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc. (II.) 5: 187. 1833-37-
Physostegia intermedia A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8 :
371- 1872.
Stem very slender, usually quite simple, i-3
high. Leaves usually few pairs, remote, thin,
mostly shorter than the internodes, narrowly
lanceolate or linear, acute or acuminate at the
apex, repand-denticulate, little narrowed at the
base, all sessile, or the lowest petioled, 2'-$' long,
2"~4" wide ; spikes very slender, remotely many-
flowered, 4'-8' long in fruit; lower bracts often
nearly as long as the campanulate calyx; calyx-
teeth acute, shorter than the tube; fruiting calyx
broadly oval, 2"-2j" long; corolla much dilated
above, 5"-7" long.
On prairies, western Kentucky to Missouri, Louis-
iana, Arkansas and Texas. May-July.
4. Dracocephalum Nuttallii Britton. Pur-
ple or Western Lion's Heart.
Fig. 3602.
Physostegia parviflora Nutt. ; Benth. in DC. Prodr.
12: 434. As synonym. 1848. A. Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. 8: 371. Not Dracocephalum parviflorum
Nutt.
Stem rather stout, usually simple, i-3 high.
Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or ovate-
lanceolate, acute, acuminate, or the lower obtuse
at the apex, sharply serrate or dentate, somewhat
narrowed at the base, all sessile or the lowest
petioled, thin, 3'-4' long, 3"-io" wide; spikes
densely several-many-flowered, i'-4' long ; bracts
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, shorter than the
calyx ; flowering calyx campanulate, its teeth
ovate, obtuse or subacute, about one-third as long
as the tube; fruiting calyx globose-oblong, 2"-3"
long; corolla purple, S"-f long.
In moist soil, Wisconsin and Minnesota to Ne-
braska, North Dakota, Saskatchewan, British Colum-
bia and Oregon. June-Aug.
n8
LABIATAE.
VOL. III.
15. SYNANDRA Nutt. Gen. 2 : 29. 1818.
An annual or biennial, somewhat hirsute, simple or little branched herb, with long-
petioled ovate cordate crenate leaves, and large whitish flowers in a terminal leafy-bracted
spike. Calyx campanulate-oblong, membranous, deeply 4-cleft, inflated in fruit, faintly and
irregularly veined, the lobes narrowly lanceolate, the two upper shorter than the lower.
Corolla much longer than the calyx, its tube narrow below, much expanded above, 2-lipped;
upper lip concave, entire; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending
under the upper lip of the corolla; filaments villous; anthers glabrous, 2-celled, the sacs
divaricate, the contiguous ones of the upper pair of stamens sterile and connate. Ovary
deeply 4-lobed ; style unequally 2-clef t at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, smooth, sharply angled.
[Greek, stamens-together.]
A monotypic genus of southeastern North America.
i. Synandra hispidula (Michx.) Britton.
Synandra. Fig. 3603.
Lamium hispidulum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 4. 1803.
Synandra grandiflora Nutt. Gen. 2: 29. 1818.
Torreya grandiflora Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 3 : 356. 1818.
5. hispidula Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 285. 1894.
Stem rather slender, erect or ascending, weak,
\-2\ long, striate. Leaves thin, the lower and
basal ones broadly ovate, or nearly orbicular, pal-
mately veined, acute or obtuse at the apex, deeply
cordate at the base, the blade 2'-4' long, and com-
monly shorter than the petiole; floral leaves sessile,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the
flowers solitary in their axils, the uppermost leaves
very small ; calyx hirsute, its lobes about as long as
the tube; corolla i'-ii' long, showy, the lower lip
with purple lines.
Along streams and in wet woods, Ohio to Illinois,
Virginia and Tennessee. Ascends to 3,500 ft. in Vir-
erinia. May-June.
16. PHLOMIS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 584. 1753.
Tall perennial herbs, or shrubs. Calyx tubular or tubular-campanulate, 5-io-nerved, the
limb mostly equally 5-toothed. Corolla-tube usually with a woolly ring within, shorter than
or exceeding the calyx, the limb strongly 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, concave, arched or some-
times keeled, entire or emarginate; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous,
ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, the anterior pair the longer and their filaments
with hooked appendages at the base ; anther-sacs divergent. Ovary deeply 4-lobed ; style
subulate, 2-cleft at the summit, one of the lobes smaller than the other. Nutlets ovoid,
glabrous, or pubescent above. [Greek, mullen, in allusion to the thick woolly leaves of some
species.]
About 50 species, natives of the Old World. Type
species: Phlomis fruticosa L.
i. Phlomis tuberosa L.
Sage-leaf Mullen.
Jerusalem Sage.
Fig. 3604.
Phlomis tuberosa L. Sp. PI. 586. 1753.
Herbaceous from a thickened root; stem stout,
purplish, glabrous or loosely pubescent above,
usually much branched, 3-6 tall, the branches
nearly erect. Lower leaves triangular-ovate, long-
petioled, acuminate or acute at the apex, coarsely
dentate or incised-dentate, rather thick, deeply
cordate at the base, strongly veined, S'-io' long,
3'-6' wide; upper leaves lanceolate, short-petioled
or sessile, truncate or sometimes narrowed at the
base, the uppermost (floral) very small; clusters
densely many-flowered ; bractlets subulate, ciliate-
hirsute or nearly glabrous; calyx s"-6" long, its
teeth setaceous with a broader base, spreading;
corolla io"-i2" long, pale purple or white, twice
as long as the calyx, densely pubescent, and the
margins of its upper lip fringed with long hairs.
In waste places, south shore of Lake Ontario. Naturalized from southern
Europe. June-Sept.
GENUS 17.
MINT FAMILY.
119
17. GALEOPSIS L. Sp. PI. 579. 1753.
Erect annual branching herbs, with broad or narrow leaves, and rather small yellow red
purple or mottled verticillate-clustered flowers in the upper axils, or forming terminal dense
or interrupted spikes. Calyx campanulate or tubular-campanulate, 5-io-nerved, 5-toothed,
the teeth nearly equal, spinulose. Corolla-tube narrow, the throat expanded, the limb strongly
2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave, entire; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe obcor-
date or emarginate. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla,
the anterior pair the longer; anthers 2-celled, the sacs transversely 2-valved, the inner valve
ciliate, the outer smooth, larger. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nut-
lets ovoid, slightly flattened, smooth. [Greek, weasel-like.]
About 6 species, natives of Europe and Asia. Type species : Galeopsis Tetrahit L.
Plant puberulent; leaves linear to ovate-lanceolate. i. G.Ladanum.
Plant hispid ; leaves ovate. 2. G. Tetrahit.
i. Galeopsis Ladanum L. Red Hemp-
Nettle. Ironwort. Fig. 3605.
Galeopsis Ladanum L. Sp. PI. 579. 1753.
Puberulent, sometimes glandular above ; stem
slender, erect, much branched, 6'-i8' high, the
branches ascending. Leaves linear, ovate-ob-
long, or ovate-lanceolate, mostly short-peti-
oled, acute at both ends, dentate, or nearly
entire, i'-2' long, 2"-8" wide; flower-clusters
mainly axillary, distant ; calyx-teeth subulate-
lanceolate, shorter than or equalling the tube;
corolla 6"-8" long, red or purple to white and
variegated, twice the length of the calyx.
In waste places and on ballast, New Brunswick
to Michigan, New Jersey and Indiana. Adventive
or naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia.
Dog-nettle. July-Oct.
2. Galeopsis Tetrahit L. Hemp-Nettle. Hemp
Dead Nettle. Ironwort. Fig. 3606.
Galeopsis Tetrahit L. Sp. PL 579. 1753.
A coarse and rough-hairy herb, the stem rather
stout, branched, i-3 high, swollen under the joints.
Leaves ovate, membranous, slender-petioled, acumi-
nate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base,
coarsely dentate, 2'-5' long, V-2\' wide; flower-clus-
ters axillary, dense, or in a short leafy-bracted spike ;
calyx-teeth needle-pointed, bristly, as long as or
longer than the tube ; corolla 8"-i2" long, pink or
pale purple variegated with white, about twice the
length of the calyx.
In waste places, Newfoundland to British Columbia
and Alaska, south to North Carolina, West Virginia and
Michigan. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of
Asia. Bee-, dog- or blind-nettle. Stinging or flowering
nettle. Nettle-, wild- or bastard-hemp. Simon's-weed.
June-Sept.
18. LEONURUS L. Sp. PL 584. 1753.
Tall erect herbs, with palmately cleft, parted or dentate leaves, and small white or pink
flowers verticillate in dense axillary clusters. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-nerved, nearly
/regular and equally 5-toothed, the teeth rigid, subulate or aristate. Tube of the corolla
included or slightly exserted, its limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave or nearly flat, entire;
lower lip spreading or deflexed, 3-lobed, the middle lobe broad, obcordate or emarginate.
Stamens 4, didynamous, the anterior pair the longer, ascending under the upper lip of the
corolla; anthers 2-celled, the sacs mostly parallel. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at
the summit. Nutlets 3-sided, smooth. [Greek, lion's-tail.]
About 10 species, natives of Europe and : 'Asia. Type species: Leonurus Cardiaca L.
Lower leaves palmately 2-s-cleft, the upper 3-cleft. i. L. Cardiaca.
Leaves deeply 3-parted, the segments cleft and incised. z. L. sibiricus.
Leaves coarsely dentate or incised-dentate. 3. L. Marrubiastrum.
120
LABIATAE.
VOL. III.
i. Leonurus Cardiaca L. Motherwort.
Fig. 3607.
Leonurus Cardiaca L. Sp. PI. 584. 1753.
Perennial, puberulent ; stem rather stout, strict,
commonly branched, 2-5 tall, the branches
straight and ascending. Leaves membranous,
slender-petioled, the lower nearly orbicular, pal-
mately 3-5-cleft, 2 '-4' broad, the lobes acumi-
nate, incised or dentate; upper (floral) leaves
narrower, oblong-lanceolate or rhombic, 3-cleft,
or the uppermort merely 3-toothed; flower-clus-
ters numerous, exceeded by the petioles ; calyx-
teeth lanceolate, subulate, somewhat spreading,
nearly as long as the tube; corolla pink, purple
or white, 3 "-5" long, its tube with an oblique
ring of hairs within, us upper lip slightly con-
cave, densely white-woolly without, the lower lip
mottled; anther-sacs parallel.
In waste places, Nova Scotia to North Carolina,
South Dakota, Montana, Kansas and Utah. Na-
turalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Also
called cowthwort. Lion's-ear. June-Sept.
2. Leonurus sibiricus L. Siberian Mother-
wort or Lion's-tail. Fig. 3608.
Leonurus sibiricus L. Sp. PI. 584. 1753.
Biennial, puberulent or glabrate; stem stout,
branched, 2-6 high, the branches slender. Leaves
long-petioled, deeply 3-parted into ovate or lan-
ceolate, more or less cuneate, acute or acuminate
deeply cleft and incised segments, the lobes lan-
ceolate or linear, acute; lower leaves sometimes
6' wide, the uppermost linear or lanceolate, slightly
toothed or entire ; clusters numerous, dense, usu-
ally all axillary; calyx campanulate, 3" long,
glabrous or minutely puberulent, its bristle-shaped
teeth slightly spreading, shorter than the tube;
corolla purple or red, densely puberulent without,
4"-6" long, its tube naked within, the upper lip
arched; anther-sacs divergent.
In waste and cultivated soil, southern Pennsylva-
nia and Delaware. Bermuda. Naturalized from
eastern Asia. Widely distributed in tropical Amer-
ica as a weed. May-Sept.
3. Leonurus Marrubiastrum L. Hoar-
hound Motherwort or Lion's-tail.
Fig. 3609.
Leonurus Marrubiastrum L. Sp. PI. 584. 1753.
Biennial, puberulent or pubescent ; stem stout,
branched, 2-5 high. Leaves petioled, ovate
or ovate-oblong, acute or obtuse at the apex,
narrowed at the base, coarsely crenate or in-
cised-dentate, i'-3' long, '-ii' wide, the upper
narrower; flower-clusters dense, numerous,
axillary; calyx finely puberulent or glabrate,
its bristle-shaped somewhat spreading teeth
mostly shorter than the tube ; corolla nearly
white, glabrate, about 4" long, its tube scarcely
exceeding the calyx, naked within, its lower
lip ascending.
In waste places, southern Pennsylvania and
Delaware. Recorded from New Jersey. Natural-
ized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-
Sept.
GENUS 19.
MINT FAMILY.
121
19. LAMIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 579. 1753.
Annual or perennial mostly diffuse herbs, with crenate dentate or incised, usually cordate
leaves, and rather small flowers, verticillate in axillary and terminal clusters. Calyx tubular-
campanulate, about 5-nerved, 5-toothed, the teeth sharp, equal or the upper ones longer.
Tube of the corolla mostly longer than the calyx, dilated above, its limb 2-lipped ; upper lip
concave, erect, usually entire, narrowed at the base; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the middle
lobe emarginate, contracted at the base, the lateral ones sometimes each with a tooth-like
appendage. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, the anterior
pair the longer ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divaricate, often hirsute on the back. Ovary deeply
4-parted; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets smooth or tuberculate. [Greek, throat, from
the ringent corolla.]
About 40 species, natives of the Old World, known as Dead-Nettie or Hedge Dead-Nettie.
Type species : Lamium purpurevun L.
Upper leaves sessile or clasping. i. L. amplexicaule.
Leaves all petioled.
Flowers red or purple.
Corolla 6"-g" long ; leaves not blotched.
Corolla io"-i2" long; leaves commonly blotched.
Flowers white.
2. L. purpureum.
3. L. maculatum.
4. L. album.
i. Lamium amplexicaule L. Henbit.
Greater Henbit. Henbit Dead
Nettle. Fig. 3610.
Lamium amplexicaule L. Sp. PI. 579. 1753.
Biennial or annual, sparingly pubescent;
stems branched from the base or also from
the lower axils, slender, ascending or decum-
bent, 6'-i8' long. Leaves orbicular or nearly
so, coarsely crenate, i'-ii' wide, rounded at
the apex, the lower slender-petioled, mostly
cordate, the upper sessile and more or less
clasping; flowers rather few in axillary and
terminal clusters ; calyx pubescent, its teeth
erect, nearly as long as the tube ; corolla pur-
plish or red, 6"-8" long, its tube very slender,
the lateral lobes of its lower lip very small,
the middle one spotted; upper lip somewhat
pubescent; flowers sometimes cleistogamous.
In waste and cultivated ground, New Bruns-
wick to Ontario, Minnesota, British Columbia,
Florida, Arkansas and California and in Ber-
muda and Jamaica. Naturalized from Europe.
Native also of Asia. Feb Oct.
2. Lamium purpureum L. Red
Dead Nettle. Fig. 3611.
Lamium purpureum L. Sp. PI. 579. 1753-
Annual, slightly pubescent, branched from
the base and sometimes also above; stems
stout or slender, decumbent, 6'-i8' long. Leaves
crenate or crenulate, the lower orbicular or
broadly ovate, slender-petioled, rounded at the
apex, cordate at the base, the upper ovate,
snort-petioled, sometimes acute at the apex,
\'-\\' long; flowers in axillary and terminal
clusters; calyx teeth narrowly lanceolate, acu-
minate, slightly longer than the tube, spread-
ing, at least in fruit ; corolla purple-red, rarely
exceeding \' long, its tube rather stout, the
lateral lobes of its lower lip reduced to I or 2
short teeth, its middle lobe spotted; upper lip
very pubescent.
In waste and cultivated soil, Newfoundland to
Pennsylvania, North Carolina and Missouri. Also
in ballast about the northern seaports. Natural-
ized or adventive from Europe. Native also of
Asia. Old names, red or sweet archangel ; day-,
dog-, french- or deaf-nettle. Rabbit-meat. April-
Oct.
122
LABIATAE.
VOL. III.
Lamium hybridum Vill., occasionally found in waste and cultivated grounds, introduced from
Europe, differs by its more deeply and incisely toothed leaves.
3. Lamium maculatum L. Spotted Dead Nettle. Variegated Dead Nettle.
Fig. 3612.
L. maculatum L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 809. 1763.
Perennial, somewhat pubescent; stems
mostly slender, commonly branched, de-
cumbent or ascending, 8'-ii long. Leaves
crenate or incised-crenate, all petioled, usu-
ally longitudinally blotched along the mid-
rib, broadly ovate or triangular-ovate,
acute or obtuse, truncate or cordate at the
base, I '-2' long, or some of the lower ones
much smaller and nearly orbicular ; clusters
few-flowered, mainly axillary; calyx-teeth
lanceolate-subulate, as long as or longer
than the tube, spreading; corolla io"-i2"
long, purple-red, its tube short, contracted
near the base, with a transverse ring of
hairs within, the lateral lobes of its lower
lip very small.
Along roadsides, escaped from gardens,
Maine and Vermont to Virginia. Native of
Europe and Asia. May-Oct.
4. Lamium album L. White Dead
Nettle. Fig. 3613.
Lamium album L. Sp. PI. 579. 1753.
Perennial, pubescent; stems decumbent or
ascending, rather stout, simple or branched,
i-ii long. Leaves ovate, crenate, dentate
or incised, all petioled, acute or acuminate at
the apex, cordate or truncate at the base,
I '-3' long, or the lower shorter and obtuse;
clusters mostly axillary; calyx-teeth very
slender, subulate, spreading, usually longer
than the tube; corolla white, about i' long,
its tube short, stout, contracted near the base,
with an oblique ring of hairs within, the lat-
eral lobes of its lower lip each with a slender
tooth.
Tn waste places, Ontario to Massachusetts and
Virginia. Also in ballast about the northern sea-
ports. Naturalized or adventive from Europe.
Old names, white archangel ; day-, blind-, dumb-
er bee-nettle; snake-flower, suck-bottle. April-
Oct.
20. BALLOTA L. Sp. PI. 582. 1753.
Perennial pubescent or tomentose herbs, some species shrubby, with dentate or crenate
leaves, and small bracted flowers in axillary clusters. Calyx tubular-funnelform, lo-nerved,
5-io-toothed, the teeth dilated at the base, or sometimes connate into a spreading limb.
Corolla-tube about as long as the calyx, provided with a ring of hairs within, the limb
strongly 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave, emarginate, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the
middle lobe emarginate or obcordate. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper
lip of the corolla, the anterior pair the longer; anther-sacs divergent at maturity. Ovary
deeply 4-lobed; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [The Greek name.]
About 30 species, natives of the Old World, most numerous in the Mediterranean region, the
following typical.
GENUS 20.
MINT FAMILY.
i. Ballota nigra L. Black or Fetid Hoarhound.
Fig. 3614.
Ballota nigra L. Sp. PI. 582. 1753.
Herbaceous, puberulent or pubescent, ill-scented;
stem usually branched, erect, ii-3 high, its hairs
mostly reflexed. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate, or the
lower nearly orbicular, acute or obtuse at the apex,
coarsely dentate, thin, narrowed, truncate or subcor-
date at the base, i'-2' long; clusters numerous, several-
flowered, dense; bractlets subulate, somewhat shorter
than the calyx ; calyx about 4" long, its teeth lanceo-
late, sharp, bristle-pointed, spreading in fruit; corolla
6"-9" long, reddish-purple to whitish, its upper lip
pubescent on both sides ; nutlets shining.
In waste places, eastern Massachusetts to Pennsylva-
nia. Naturalized from Europe. June-Sept. Black arch-
angel. Hairhound. Henbit. Bastard-hoarhound.
21. STACHYS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 580. 1753.
Annual or perennial glabrous pubescent or hirsute herbs, with small or rather large
purple yellow red or white flowers, loosely verticillate-clustered in terminal dense or inter-
rupted spikes, or also in the upper axils. Calyx mostly campanulate, 5-io-nerved, 5-toothed,
the teeth nearly equal in our species. Corolla purple in our species, its tube narrow, not
exceeding the calyx, the limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave, entire or emarginate;
lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe broader than the lateral ones, sometimes 2-lobed.
Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, the anterior pair the
longer, sometimes deflexed or twisted after anthesis; anthers contiguous in pairs, 2-celled,
the sacs mostly divergent. Ovary deeply 4-lobed ; style 2-clef t at the summit into subulate
lobes. Nutlets ovoid or oblong. [Greek, a spike, from the spicate inflorescence.]
About 1 60 species, of wide geographic distribution in the north temperate zone, a few in South
America and South Africa. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the southern and
southwestern United States. Type species : Stachys germanica L.
r A. Perennials.
Leaves, or some of them narrowed or acute at the base, linear to oblong or lanceolate.
Stem glabrous or nearly so, sometimes sparingly hirsute on the angles ; leaves nearly or quite
entire.
Leaves i"-2^" long, linear. i. 5. hyssopifolia.
Leaves 2"- 5" wide, oblong to linear-oblong. 2. S. atlantica.
Stem retrorsely hirsute ; leaves serrate.
Stem hirsute only on the angles ; leaves slightly pubescent. 3. S. ambigua.
Stem densely hirsute all over; leaves densely pubescent. 4. S.arenicola.
2. Leaves rounded, cordate or truncate at the base, oblong, ovate or lanceolate.
Leaves all subsessile or short-petioled.
Glabrous or very nearly so, the stem-angles sparsely bristly.
Stem retrorsely hirsute ; leaves pubescent.
Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate.
Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate.
Leaves, at least the lower, slender-petioled.
Stem glabrous, or nearly so.
Stem retrorsely hirsute or villous.
Petioles less than one-fourth as long as the blades.
Pubescence hirsute.
Pubescence short, dense.
Petioles, at least those of lower leaves, about one-half as long as
blades.
B. Annuals.
Plant low, hirsute.
Plant tall, densely villous.
5. S. latidens.
6. S. palustris.
7. S.Nuttallii.
8. S. tenuifolia.
g. S. asp era.
10. S. salvioides.
the deeply cordate
11. S. cordata.
12. S. arvensis.
13. 5". germanica.
LABIATAE.
VOL. III.
i. Stachys hyssopifolia Michx. Hyssop
Hedge Nettle. Fig. 3615.
5. palustris Walt. Fl. Car. 162. 1788. Not L. 1753.
S. hyssopifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 4. 1803.
Perennial, glabrous or very nearly so through-
out, sometimes slightly hirsute at the nodes ;
stem slender, usually branched, erect or nearly
so, i-i long. Leaves thin, linear, acute at
both ends, or the uppermost rounded at the
base, short-petioled or sessile, entire, or spar-
ingly denticulate with low teeth, i'~2 r long,
i"-2$" wide, the uppermost reduced to short
floral bracts ; clusters few-several-flowered,
forming an interrupted spike; calyx glabrous
or slightly hirsute, 2"-3" long, its teeth lan-
ceolate-subulate, nearly as long as the tube;
corolla about 7" long, light purple, glabrous.
In fields and thickets, Massachusetts to Florida,
Indiana, Michigan and Virginia. July-Sept.
2. Stachys atlantica Britton. Coast' Hedge Nettle.
Fig. 3616.
Stachys atlantica Britton, Man. 792. 1901.
Perennial, glabrous or with a few hairs at the nodes of
the stem, weak, diffuse, 8'-i6' long. Leaves thin, oblong
or linear-oblong, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, narrowed,
or the upper sometimes rounded at the base, remotely den-
ticulate or entire, spreading, 2' long or less, 2"-5" wide;
fruiting calyx glabrous, broadly campanulate, about 2\"
long, its teeth triangular-ovate, acuminate, more than half
as long as the tube; corolla purplish.
In wet meadows and marshes, Long Island to eastern Penn-
sylvania. Perhaps a wet-ground race of the preceding species.
Aug.-Sept.
3. Stachys ambigua (A. Gray) Britton.
Dense-flowered Hedge Nettle. Fig. 3617.
Stachys hyssopifolia var. ambigua A. Gray, Syn. Fl.
2: Part i, 387. 1878.
5". ambigua Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 285. 1894.
Perennial ; stem slender, erect, retrorsely his-
pid, at least below, simple or sparingly branched,
i-2 high. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate,
or linear, pubescent or glabrate, acuminate or
acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, 2"-io"
wide, i '-3' long, serrulate; clusters in a terminal
rather dense spike, and usually also in the upper
axils; calyx more or less hirsute, 22" long, its
lanceolate-subulate teeth more than one-half as
long as the tube ; corolla nearly as in S. hyssopi-
folia.
In moist soil, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania,
Georgia, Wisconsin and Kentucky. July Aug.
GENUS 21.
MINT FAMILY.
4. Stachys arenicola Britton. Sand Hedge
Nettle. Fig. 3618.
Stachys arenicola Britton, Man. 792. 1901.
Perennial, very densely pubescent, ii-3 high.
Leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base, sessile,
finely crenate-dentate, acuminate, 2^-4' long, the
upper much smaller ; upper bracts little longer than
the flowers; calyx-teeth subulate-acicular, about as
long as the tube ; coroll? about 5" long.
In sandy soil, southern New York to Illinois and
Michigan. July-Sept.
5. Stachys latidens Small. Broad-toothed
Hedge Nettle. Fig. 3619.
Stachys latidens Small; Britton, Man. 793. 1901.
Perennial; stem glabrous almost to the inflorescence,
erect, i-2i tall, mostly simple, slightly rough on the
angles. Leaves thin, various, the lower oval or ovate
to oblong, i '-4' long, the upper longer, narrower,
oblong-elliptic to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, all
crenate-serrate with rather small teeth, rather abruptly
narrowed or subcordate at the base, short-petioled ; in-
florescence closely pubescent, the clusters few; calyx
minutely pubescent, often sessile, 2i"-3" long, the tube
campanulate, the teeth triangular, very short ; corolla
about 5" long, purplish.
On mountain slopes and summits, Virginia to North
Carolina and Tennessee. June-Aug.
6. Stachys palustris L. Hedge Nettle.
Marsh or Clown's Woundwort. Fig. 3620.
Stachys palustris L. Sp. PI. 580. 1753.
Perennial, hirsute or pubescent all over; stem
erect, strict, simple or somewhat branched, com-
monly slender, and retrorse-hispid on the angles,
i-4 high. Leaves firm, lanceolate, oblong, or
oblong-lanceolate, sessile, or very short-petioled,
acuminate or acute at the apex, truncate, cordate
or subcordate at the base, 2'-$' long, \'-\' wide,
crenulate or dentate; flower-clusters forming an
elongated interrupted spike, sometimes also in
the upper axils; flowers 6-10 in a whorl; calyx
pubescent, its subulate teeth more than one-half
as long as the tube; corolla purplish to pale red,
purple spotted, 6"-8" long, its upper lip pubescent.
In moist soil, Newfoundland to Oregon, south to
southern New York, Illinois, Michigan, and in the
Rocky Mountains to New Mexico. Also in Europe
and Asia. June-Sept. Old names, clown's-heal or
all-heal. Cock-head. Dead nettle. Rough weed.
June-Sept.
LABIATAE.
VOL. III.
7. Stachys Nuttallii Shuttlw. Nuttall's Hedge
Nettle. Fig. 3621.
Stachys Nuttallii Shuttlw.; DC. Prodr. 12: 469. 1848.
Perennial, conspicuously hirsute, bright green; stem
stiff, erect, li 31 tall, simple. Leaves thinnish, ob-
long, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
serrate-dentate, rounded or truncate at the base, short-
petioled, 2' -4' long; spike interrupted; bracts surpass-
ing the calyx, the upper ones with 3 tooth-like lobes ;
calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, about i
as long as the tube; corolla purple, about 5" long, pu-
bescent; nutlets about i" long.
In woods and on mountain slopes, Maryland and Vir-
ginia to Tennessee. June-Aug.
8. Stachys tenuifolia Willd. Smooth
Hedge Nettle. Fig. 3622.
Stachys tenuifolia Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 100. 1801.
5". glabra Ridd. Suppl. Cat. Ohio PI. 16. 1836.
S. cincinnatensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 531.
1891.
Perennial; stem quite smooth, or slightly
scabrous on the angles, slender, erect or
ascending, usually branched, i-2i high.
Leaves lanceolate, oblong, or ovate-lanceo-
late, slender-petioled, thin, acuminate at the
apex, obtuse or subcordate at the base,
sharply dentate or denticulate, dark green,
2 f -s' long, \'-2' wide; clusters several or
numerous in terminal spikes, or also in the
upper axils; calyx glabrous, or sparingly
hirsute, 2" long, its teeth lanceolate, acute,
one-half as long as the tube or more; co-
rolla about 6"-8" long, pale red and purple.
In moist fields and thickets, New York to Illinois, Kansas, North Carolina and Louisiana.
Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. June-Aug.
Stachys aspera Michx.
Nettle or Woundwort.
Rough Hedge
Fig. 3623.
Stachys aspera Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 5. 1803.
Stachys hispida Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 407. 1814.
S". palustris var. aspera A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 317. 1856.
Perennial, rough hairy; stem erect or ascending,
simple or branched, 2-4 high, commonly retrorse-
hispid on the angles. Leaves firm, oblong, oblong-
lanceolate, or ovate-oblong, crenate-dentate, acute or
acuminate at the apex, truncate, rounded or cordate
at the base, 2'-6' long, \'-2&' wide, the lower slender-
petioled, the upper short-petioled ; spike terminal,
mostly interrupted ; clusters sometimes also in the
upper axils ; calyx about 3" long, hirsute or glabrate,
its teeth triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, about one-
half as long as the tube; corolla red-purple, about 4'
long, its upper lip pubescent.
In moist soil, Ontario to Massachusetts, Florida, Min-
nesota and Louisiana. Ascends to 5300 ft. in Virginia.
June-Sept. Base hoarhound.
GENUS 21.
MINT FAMILY.
127
10. Stachys salvioides Small. Sage-like
Hedge Nettle. Fig. 3624.
Stachys salvioides Small; Fl. SE. U. S. 1032. 1903.
Perennial, rather finely and often closely puberu-
lent or puberulent-pubescent ; stem erect, i-3 tall,
commonly branched, rough along the angles. Leaves
firm, oblong to oblong-ovate or rarely ovate, 2%'-5'
long, or shorter on the lower part of the stem,
pubescent on both sides, acute or acutish, crenate,
truncate or cordate at the base, slender-petioled;
clusters several ; calyx sessile or nearly so, becom-
ing 2i" long, finely pubescent, the tube campanulate-
turbinate, the teeth triangular at mutarity; corolla
nearly 5" long, pale purple.
In stony soil, Virginia and West Virginia to Tennes-
:e. June-Aug.
ii. Stachys cordata Riddell. Light-green
Hedge Nettle. Fig. 3625.
Stachys cordata Riddell, Suppl. Cat. Ohio PI. 15. 1836.
Stachys palustris var. cordata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 317.
1856.
Perennial, hirsute, pale green ; stem slender, weak,
mostly simple, ascending or reclining, 2-3 long.
Leaves membranous, flaccid, ovate, oblong or ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, acute or the lowest obtuse
at the apex, nearly all of them cordate at the base,
dentate or crenate all around, long-petioled, 3'-6'
long, i '-3' wide, the lowest petioles nearly as long
as the blades; spike interrupted; calyx-teeth subu-
late-lanceolate, about half the length of the tube;
corolla purplish, pubescent or puberulent, about 5"
long.
In woods and thickets, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois to
North Carolina and Tennessee. Ascends to 2100 ft. in
Virginia. July-Aug.
12. Stachys arvensis L. Corn or Field Wound wort. Fig. 3626.
Stachys arvensis L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 814. 1763.
Annual, hirsute ; stem very slender, diffusely branch-
ed, decumbent or ascending, 3'-2 long. Leaves
ovate or ovate-oblong, thin, long-petiolcd, obtuse at
the apex, crenate all around, cordate or the upper
rounded at the base, about i' long; lower petioles
commonly as long as the blades ; clusters 4-6-flow-
ered, borne in the upper axils and in short terminal
spikes; calyx about 3" long, its teeth lanceolate,
acuminate, nearly as long as the tube; corolla pur-
plish, 3"-s" long.
In waste places, Maine and Massachusetts to Ne-
braska, in ballast about the eastern seaports, and in the
West Indies, Mexico and South America. Naturalized
from Europe. July-Oct.
Stachys annua L., another European annual species,
the stems erect, glabrous or nearly so, the yellow corolla
much longer than the calyx, has been found in ballast
and waste grounds about the seaports.
LABIATAE.
VOL. III.
i3 Stachys germanica L. Downy Wound-
wort. Mouse-ear. Fig. 3627.
Stachys germanica L. Sp. PI. 581. 1753.
Annual ; stem erect, simple, or somewhat branched,
i-3 high, densely villous. Leaves oval, ovate or
lanceolate, crenate-dentate, villous, the lower round-
ed or subcordate at the base, long-petioled, mostly
obtuse at the apex, the upper short-petioled or ses-
sile, narrowed at both ends; clusters of flowers
dense, borne in most of the axils ; bracts lanceolate,
half as long as the calyx; calyx-teeth ovate, acumi-
nate, awned; corolla purple, its tube about as long
as the calyx.
Roadsides near Guelph, Ontario. Adventive from
Europe. July-Sept.
22. BETONICA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 573.
1753-
Annual or perennial herbs, similar to Stachys. Lower leaves very long-petioled. Ver-
ticils many-flowered, in terminal spikes. Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed, 5-io-nerved. Corolla
purple, the tube exceeding the calyx, the limb strongly 2-lipped ; upper lip concave ; lower
3-cleft, spreading. Stamens and pistil as in Stachys, but the anther-sacs parallel in some
species. Nutlets ovoid, rounded above. [The classical
Latin name of wood betony.]
Ten species, or more, natives of Europe and Asia, the
following typical.
i. Betonica officinalis L. Betony. Wood Betony.
Bishop's-wort. Fig. 3628.
Betonica officinalis L. Sp. PI. 573. 1753.
Stachys Betonica Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 532. 1834.
Perennial, pilose or glabrate, deep green ; stem slen-
der, erect, usually simple, i-3 tall. Leaves oblong or
ovate, obtuse at the apex, crenate all around, firm, cor-
date or truncate at the base, the basal and lower ones
very long-petioled, the blades 3'-6' long, the upper dis-
tant, short-petioled or nearly sessile; lower petioles
ii-4 times as long as the blades; spike short, dense;
bracts ovate, mucronate, about as long as the calyx;
calyx-teeth acicular, half as long as the tube or more;
corolla-tube exserted.
In a thicket at Newton, Mass. Fugitive from Europe.
Herb Christopher. Wild hop. July-Sept.
23. SALVIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 23. 1753.
Herbs, or some species shrubs, with clustered usually showy flowers, the clusters mostly
spiked, racemed, or panicled. Calyx ovoid, tubular or campanulate, mostly naked in the
throat, 2-lipped; upper lip entire or 3-toothed; lower lip 2-cleft or 2-toothed. Corolla
strongly 2-lipped ; upper lip usually concave, sometimes arched, entire, emarginate or 2-lobed ;
lower lip spreading or drooping, 3-cleft or 3-lobed. Anther-bearing stamens 2 (the posterior
pair wanting or rudimentary) ; filaments usually short; connective of the anthers transverse,
linear or filiform, bearing a perfect anther-sac on its upper end, its lower end dilated, capi-
tate or sometimes bearing a small or rudimentary one. Ovary deeply 4-parted ; style 2-cleft
at the summit. Nutlets smooth, usually developing mucilage and spiral tubes when wetted.
[Latin, salvus, safe from its healing virtues.]
About 500 species, of wide distribution in temperate and tropical regions. Besides the follow-
ing, some 25 others occur in southern and western North r America. Type species : Salvia officinalis L.
Leaves mostly basal, only 1-3 pairs on the stem.
Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid or repand ; upper corolla-lip short.
Leaves crenulate ; upper lip arched, longer than the lower.
Stem leafy, bearing several pairs of leaves.
Leaves narrowly oblong, or lanceolate.
Corolla io"-is" long, its tube exserted.
Corolla 4"-6" long, its tube not exserted.
Leaves ovate, or broadly oval.
Upper corolla-lip short, not exceeding the lower.
1. 5". lyrata.
2. S. pratensis.
3. S. Pitcheri.
4. 5. lanceifolia.
GENUS 23.
MINT FAMILY.
129
5. S. urilcifolia.
6. 5". Verbenaca.
7. 5. Sclarea.
Leaves merely crenate or crenulate ; fruiting calyx spreading.
Leaves pinnatifid, sinuate or incised ; fruiting calyx deflexed.
Upper lip of corolla arched, longer than the lower.
i. Salvia lyrata L. Lyre-leaved Sage.
Wild Sage. Cancer-weed. Fig. 3629.
Salvia lyrata L. Sp. PI. 23. 1753.
Perennial or biennial, hirsute or pubescent;
stem slender, simple, or sparingly branched, erect,
i-3 high, bearing i or 2 distant pairs of small
leaves (rarely leafless), and several rather distant
whorls of large violet flowers. Basal leaves tufted,
long-petioled, obovate or broadly oblong, lyrate-
pinnatifid or repand-dentate, thin, 3'-8' long ; stem-
leaves similar, or narrower and entire, sessile, or
short-petioled ; clusters distant, about 6-flowered ;
calyx campanulate, the teeth of its upper lip subu-
late, those of the lower longer, aristulate; corolla
about i' long, the tube very narrow below, the
upper lip much smaller than the lower; fila-
ments slender; anther-sacs borne on both the
upper and lower ends of the connective, the lower
one often smaller.
In dry, mostly sandy woods and thickets, Con-
necticut to Florida, west to Illinois, Arkansas and
Texas. Corolla rarely undeveloped. May-July.
2. Salvia pratensis L. Meadow Sage.
Fig. 3630.
Salvia pratensis L. Sp. PI. 25. 1753.
Perennial, pubescent or puberulent; stem erect,
rather stout, simple or little branched, sparingly
leafy. Basal leaves long-petioled, ovate, oblong or
ovate-lanceolate, irregularly crenulate, obtuse at
the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, thick,
rugose, 2 r -f long; stem-leaves much smaller, nar-
rower, commonly acute, sessile or nearly so;
clusters spicate, the spike elongated, interrupted ;
calyx campanulate, glandular-pubescent, the teeth
of the upper lip minute, those of the lower long,
subulate ; corolla purple, minutely glandular, its
upper lip strongly arched, mostly longer than the
lower; lower end of the connective with a small
or imperfect anther-sac.
Atlantic Co., N. J. Fugitive or adventive from
Europe. May-July.
3. Salvia Pitcheri Torr. Pitcher's Sage.
Tall Sage. Fig. 3631.
Salvia Pitcheri Torr. ; Benth. Lab. 251. 1833.
Salvia azurea var. grandiflora Benth. in DC.
Prodr. 12 : 302. 1848.
Perennial, downy; stem stout, branched or
simple, erect, 2-5 high ; branches nearly erect.
Leaves linear or linear-oblong, dentate to en-
tire, sessile, or narrowed at the base into short
petioles, firm, 2'-$' long, 2"-8" wide, the up-
permost reduced to small bracts; clusters in
long dense terminal spikes, or the lower ones
distant ; calyx oblong-campanulate, densely and
finely woolly, about 3" long, its upper lip en-
tire, obtuse, the lower with 2 ovate acute teeth ;
corolla blue or white, finely pubescent without,
i' long, its lower lip broad, sinuately 3-lobed,
longer than the concave upper one ; lower ends
of the connective dilated, often adherent to
each other, destitute of anther-sacs.
On dry plains, Illinois and Minnesota to Mis-
souri, Kansas, Colorado and Texas. July-Sept.
130
LABIATAE.
VOL. III.
Salvia lanceifolia Poir.
Lance-leaved Sage. Fig. 3632.
5". lanceolata Brouss. App. Elench. PI. Hort. Monsp. 15.
1805. Not Lam.
?S. reflexa Hornem. Enum. PI. Hort. Hafn. 34. 1807.
S. lanceifolia Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 5: 49. 1817.
Annual, puberulent or glabrous; stem leafy, usually
much branched, erect or diffuse, 6'-i8' high. Leaves
oblong, linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, petioled,
mostly obtuse at the apex and narrowed at the base,
crenulate-dentate or entire, I '-2' long, 2"-5" wide, the
upper reduced to lanceolate-subulate, rather persistent
bracts ; flowers mostly opposite, but sometimes 3-4
together in the terminal spike-like racemes ; pedicels
shorter than the campanulate calyx; calyx 2"-3" long,
its upper lip ovate, entire, the lower 2-cleft, the teeth
ovate, mucronate ; corolla blue, about 4" long, its lower
lip narrow, twice as long as the upper; lower ends of
the connectives dilated; style nearly or quite glabrous.
On plains, Indiana to Nebraska, Montana, Colorado,
Texas, Arizona and Mexico. Recorded as introduced in
Ohio. May-Sept.
5. Salvia urticifolia L. Nettle-leaved or
Wild Sage. Fig. 3633.
Salvia urticifolia L. Sp. PI. 24. 1753.
Perennial, pubescent, or nearly glabrous; stem
glandular above, rather slender, ascending or
erect, i-2 high. Leaves thin, ovate, 2'-4' long,
irregularly dentate or crenate-dentate, usually
acute at the apex, abruptly contracted below into
margined petioles; clusters several-flowered, in
terminal interrupted spikes ; bracts early decidu-
ous ; pedicels about as long as the calyx ; calyx
oblong-campanulate, about 3" long, the upper lip
minutely 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft, its teeth
triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, spreading in
fruit; corolla puberulent without, 6"-8" long,
blue and white, the lower lip broad, 3-lobed,
twice as long as the upper; lower ends of the
connectives dilated; style bearded.
In woods and thickets, Pennsylvania to Kentucky,
south to Georgia and Louisiana. April-June.
6. Salvia Verbenaca L. Wild Sage.
Wild Clary. Fig. 3634.
Salvia Verbenaca L. Sp. PI. 25. 1753.
Perennial ; stem glandular-pubescent, erect,
simple or sparingly branched, r-2 high. Leaves
ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, coarsely and
irregularly incised-dentate or pinnatifid, peti-
oled, or the uppermost sessile, the lower 3'-8'
long, obtuse at the apex, cordate at the base,
nearly glabrous, the upper acute, much smaller ;
floral bracts broadly ovate, short ; clusters sev-
eral-flowered in elongated terminal interrupted
spikes ; pedicels shorter than the calyx ; calyx
deflexed in fruit, 3"-4" long, its upper lip re-
curved-spreading, with 3 minute connivent
teeth, the lower one with 2 lanceolate acumi-
nate mucronate teeth; corolla blue, about 4"
long, its upper lip nearly straight, scarcely
longer than the lower; lower ends of the con-
nectives dilated and adnate to each other.
In waste places, Ohio to South Carolina and
Georgia. Naturalized from Europe. Native also
of Asia. Eye-seed. Vervain. June-Aug.
Salvia verticillata L., a European species,
with rough lyrate leaves, has been found wild in
Pennsylvania.
GENUS 23.
MINT FAMILY.
7. Salvia Sclarea L. Clary. Clear-eye.
See-bright. Fig. 3635.
Salvia Sclarea L. Sp. PI. 27. 1753.
Biennial or annual, glandular-pubescent; stem
stout, erect, 2-3i high. Leaves broadly ovate,
rugose, acute or obtuse at the apex, cordate at the
base, irregularly denticulate, the lower long-peti-
oled, 6'-8' long, the upper small, short-petioled
or sessile; clusters several-flowered, numerous in
terminal spikes ; bracts broad, ovate, acuminate,
commonly longer than the calyx, pink or white;
calyx campanulate, deflexed-spreading in fruit,
4"-5" long, its lips about equal, the teeth all subu-
late-acicular ; corolla blue and white, about i'
long; upper lip arched, laterally compressed,
longer than the lower one.
In fields, Pennsylvania to South Carolina, escaped
from gardens. Naturalized from Europe. The
mucilage of the seeds used to clear specks from the
eye. June Aug.
24. MONARDA L. Sp. PI. 22. 1753.
Perennial or annual erect aromatic herbs, with dentate or serrate leaves, and rather
large white red purple yellowish or mottled flowers, in dense capitate clusters, mostly bracteate
and bracteolate, terminal and sometimes also axillary, the bracts sometimes brightly colored.
Calyx tubular, narrow, 15-nerved, nearly or quite equally 5-toothed, mostly villous in the
throat. Corolla glabrous within, usually puberulent or glandular without, the tube slightly
dilated above, the limb 2-lipped ; upper lip erect or arched, emarginate or entire; lower lip
spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger or longer than the others. Anther-bearing stamens
2, ascending, usually exserted, the posterior pair (staminodia) rudimentary or wanting;
anthers linear, versatile, 2-celled, the sacs divaricate, more or less confluent at the base.
Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the apex; nutlets ovoid, smooth. [In honor of Nicolas
Monardes, a Spanish physician and botanist of the sixteenth century.]
About 12 species, natives of North America and Mexico. Type species: Monarda fistulosa L.
Flower-clusters solitary, terminal (rarely also in the uppermost axils) ; stamens exserted.
Leaves manifestly petioled, the petioles commonly slender.
Corolla scarlet, ij^'-a' long; bracts red.
Corolla white, pink, or purple, i'-ij4' long.
Leaves membranous; corolla slightly pubescent, io"-i2" long.
Leaves thin or firm; corolla pubescent, i'-ij^' long.
Pubescence spreading ; leaves thin.
Corolla cream-color, pink, or purplish.
Corolla or bracts deep purple or purple-red.
Pubescence short, canescent ; leaves firm, pale.
Leaves sessile, or very short-petioled.
Flower-clusters both axillary and terminal ; stamens not exserted.
Calyx-teeth triangular; corolla yellowish, mottled.
Calyx-teeth subulate-aristate ; corolla white or purple, not mottled.
Bracts lanceolate, gradually acuminate.
Bracts oblong to oval, not acuminate.
1. M. didyma.
2. M. clinopodia.
3. M. fistulosa.
4. M . media.
5. M. nwllis.
6. M. Bradburiana.
7. M . punctata.
8. M. pectinata.
g. M. dispersa.
i. Monarda didyma L. Oswego Tea.
American Bee Balm. Fig. 3636.
Monarda didyma L. Sp. PI. 22. 1753-
Perennial; stem stout, villpus-pubescent, or
glabrate, 2-3 high. Leaves thin, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, petioled, dark green, usually pubescent
beneath, hairy above, acuminate at apex, rounded
or narrowed at the base, sharply serrate, 3'-6'
long, i '-3' wide; lower petioles often i' long;
flower-clusters almost always solitary, terminal ;
bracts commonly red ; calyx glabrous without,
glabrous or slightly hirsute in the throat, its teeth
subulate, nearly erect, about as long as the diam-
eter of the tube; corolla scarlet, i$'-2' long,
puberulent; stamens exserted.
In moist soil, especially along streams, Quebec to
Ontario and Michigan, south to Georgia and Ten-
nessee. Ascends to 5200 ft. in North Carolina. Red,
low or fragrant balm. Horse- or mountain-mint. In-
dian's-plume. July-Sept.
'32
LABIATAE.
VOL. III.
2. Monarda clinopodia L.
Fig. 3637.
Basal Balm.
Monarda clinopodia L. Sp. PI. 22. 1753.
Pycnanthemum Monardella Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 8.
pi. 34. 1803.
Perennial; stem slender, simple, or with few long
ascending branches, glabrous or somewhat villous,
i-3 high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate or ovate-lan-
ceolate, membranous, bright green, mostly slender-
petioled, more or less villous on the veins beneath
and puberulent above, acuminate at the apex, round-
ed, narrowed or rarely subcordate at the base,sharply
serrate, 2'-^ long, -2' wide; clusters solitary, ter-
minal; bracts pale or white; calyx curved, nearly
glabrous without, somewhat hirsute in the throat,
its teeth subulate, slightly spreading, about as long
as the diameter of the tube; corolla whitish or yel-
lowish-pink, slightly pubescent, io"-i2" long ; stamens
exserted.
In woods and thickets, New York to Illinois, Georgia
and Kentucky. Recorded from Ontario. Ascends to
5000 ft. in North Carolina. June-Aug.
3. Monarda fistulosa L. Wild Bergamot.
Fig. 3638.
Monarda fistulosa L. Sp. PI. 22. 1753.
Perennial, villous-pubescent or glabrate; stem
slender, usually branched, 2-3 high. Leaves
thin but not membranous, green, usually slender-
petioled, lanceolate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate at the apex, serrate, rounded, narrowed
or sometimes cordate at the base, ii'-4' long,
\'-2\' wide ; clusters solitary and terminal, or
rarely also in the uppermost axils ; bracts whitish
or purplish ; calyx puberulent or glabrous, densely
villous in the throat, its subulate teeth rarely
longer than the diameter of the tube; corolla
pubescent, especially on the upper lip, yellowish-
pink, lilac or purplish, i'-ii' long; stamens ex-
serted.
On dry hills and in thickets, Maine and Ontario
to Minnesota, Florida, Louisiana and Kansas. As-
cends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. Oswego-tea. June-
Sept.
4. Monarda media Willd. Purple Ber-
gamot. Fig. 3639.
Monarda media Willd. Enum. 32. 1809.
Monarda fistulosa var. rubra A. Gray, Syn. F!. 2 :
Part i, 374. 1878.
M. fistulosa var. media A. Gray, loc. cit. 1878.
Perennial, sparingly hairy or glabrate ; stem
stout, commonly branched, 2-3i high. Leaves
thin, but not membranous, dark green, ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, or the uppermost lanceo-
late, slender-petioled, acuminate at the apex,
sharply toothed, usually rounded at the base,
3'~5' long, i'-3' wide ; flower-clusters terminal,
solitary, large ; bracts deep purple, very con-
spicuous ; calyx curved, glabrous, or very
nearly so, slightly villous in the throat, teeth
slightly spreading; corolla purple or purple-
red, about i long, its upper lip pubescent;
stamens exserted.
In moist thickets, Maine and Ontario to Penn-
sylvania and Virginia. June-Aug.
GENUS 24.
MINT FAMILY
5. Monarda mollis L. Pale Wild Berga-
mot. Fig. 3640.
Monarda mollis L. Amoen. 'Acad. 3: 399. 1787.
Monarda scabra Beck, Am. Journ. Sci. 10 : 260. 1826.
Perennial; stem slender, puberulent at least
above, usually branched, i-3i high. Leaves
thick or firm, pale, usually short-petioled, acumi-
nate or acute at the apex, rounded, narrowed or
cordate at the base, sharply or sparingly serrate,
canescent or puberulent, rarely nearly glabrous,
sometimes with a few scattered spreading hairs
on the veins or petiole, i'-3i' long, V-i' wide;
flower-clusters terminal, solitary; bracts green or
slightly pink, calyx puberulent, often hairy at the
summit, densely villous in the throat, its short
pointed teeth nearly erect ; corolla yellowish,
lilac or pink, about ij' long, pubescent, some-
times glandular; stamens exserted.
On prairies and plains, mostly in dry soil, Maine to
Ontario, British Columbia, Alabama, Nebraska, Mis-
souri, Texas and Colorado. June-Aug.
6. Monarda Bradburiana Beck. Brad-
bury Monarda. Fig. 3641.
Monarda Bradburiana Beck, Am. Journ. Sci. 10 :
260. 1826.
Perennial, sparingly villous or glabrate;
stem slender, often simple, i-2,high. Leaves
rather thin, bright green, ovate or ovate-lan-
ceolate, sessile, or very nearly so, or partly
clasping by the cordate or subcordate base,
acuminate at the apex, serrate, 2'-3$' long;
flower-clusters solitary and terminal; bracts
green or purplish ; calyx glabrous outside, hir-
sute within and narrowed at the throat, its
teeth long, bristle-pointed, divergent, longer
than the diameter of the tube ; corolla pink or
nearly white, about i' long, its upper lip pu-
bescent or puberulent, the lower commonly
purple-spotted ; stamens exserted.
On dry hills or in thickets, Indiana to Alabama,
west to Kansas and Arkansas. May-July.
Monarda punctata L.
Fig. 3642.
Horse-mint.
Monarda punctata L. Sp. PI. 22. 1753.
Perennial, usually rather densely pubescent or
downy; stem usually much branched, 2-3 high.
Leaves lanceolate, linear-lanceolate or narrowly
oblong, serrate with low teeth, or nearly entire,
usually acute at both ends, green, manifestly peti-
oled, I '-3' long, 2"-?" wide, often with smaller
ones fascicled in their axils; flower-clusters axil-
lary and terminal, numerous ; bracts white or
purplish, conspicuous, acute; calyx puberulent,
villous in the throat, its teeth short, triangular-
lanceolate, acute, not longer than the diameter
of the tube; corolla yellowish, purple-spotted,
about i' long, the stamens equalling or slightly
surpassing its pubescent upper lip.
In dry fields, southern New York to Florida, west
to Minnesota, Kansas and Texas. Rignum. July-Oct.
J 34
LABIATAE.
VOL. III.
8. Monarda pectinata Xutt. Plains Lemon Monarda. Fig. 3643.
M. pectinata Nutt. Proc. Acad. Phila. (II.) i
1848.
182.
Annual, puberulent ; stem stout, simple or branch-
ed, i-2 high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong -lan-
ceolate, mostly sharply serrate or serrulate, acute
at the apex, narrowed at the base, i'-3' long,
2"-6" wide ; flower-clusters axillary and terminal,
several or numerous ; bracts pale, usually grayish
or brownish, gradually awned at the tip ; calyx-
tube nearly glabrous, the throat densely villous,
the teeth bristle-pointed, barbed, lax, nearly half
as long as the tube; corolla pink or nearly white,
not spotted, nearly or quite glabrous, 8"-io"
long; stamens not exserted.
On dry plains, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas
and Arizona. Prairie-bergamot. June-Sept.
Monarda citriodora Cerv., of Mexico, to which
this was referred in our first edition, differs by long
narrow reflexed bracts and shorter calyx-teeth.
Monarda tenuiaristata (A. Gray) Small [M. aris-
tata Nutt., not Hook.] of the south-central States,
with narrower bracts and longer plumose calyx-teeth,
ranges northward into Kansas.
9. Monarda dispersa Small. Purple
Lemon Monarda. Fig. 3644.
M. dispersa Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1038. 1903.
Annual, puberulent ; stem stout, usually
branched, i-2? high. Leaves oblong-spatu-
late, oblanceolate or oblong, or narrowly ob-
long to linear on the upper part of the stem,
i'-4i' long, shallowly serrate; flower clusters
axillary and terminal, often numerous and
usually conspicuous by the broad abruptly
bristle-tipped purple bracts; calyx-tube longer
than in M. pectinata, the teeth usually longer
and more slender, fully half as long as the
tube; corolla pale, usually pink, puberulent,
1 1 "-13" long; stamens mostly not exceeding
the upper lip.
On plains and prairies and in cultivated grounds,
Missouri and Kansas to Georgia, Florida, Texas,
New Mexico and adjacent Mexico. May-Aug.
25. BLEPHILIA Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 98. 1819.
Perennial hirsute or pubescent erect herbs, with axillary and terminal dense glomerules
of rather small purplish or bluish flowers, or the glomerules in terminal more or less inter-
rupted spikes. Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, not villous in the throat, 2-lipped, the upper lip
3-toothed, the lower 2-toothed, the teeth all aristate or those of the lower lip subulate.
Corolla glabrous within, the tube expanded above, the limb 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, entire ;
lower lip 3-lobed, the notched middle lobe narrower than the lateral ones. Anther-bearing
(anterior) stamens 2, ascending, exserted or included; posterior stamens reduced to filiform
staminodia, or none; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divaricate, somewhat confluent at the base.
Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the apex. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, eyelash,
from the fringed calyx-teeth.]
Two species, natives of eastern North America. Type species : Blephilia ciliata (L.) Raf.
Upper leaves lanceolate or oblong, sessile or short-petioled, slightly serrate. i. B. ciliata.
Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, long-petioled, sharply serrate. 2. B. hirsuta.
GENUS 25.
MINT FAMILY.
'35
i. Blephilia ciliata (L.) Raf. Downy Ble-
philia. Fig. 3645.
Monarda ciliata L. Sp. PI. 23. 1753.
Blephilia ciliata Raf. Journ. Phys. 89 : 98. 1819.
Stem puberulent, or short-villous above, commonly
simple, i-2 high. Lower leaves and those of sterile
shoots ovate or oval, slender-petioled, crenate-den-
ticulate, i'-2 7 long, the upper lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, short-petioled or sessile, mostly acute,
longer and narrower, nearly entire; flower-clusters
in a terminal spike and in the uppermost axils;
outer bracts ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, usually
purplish, pinnately veined, ciliate ; calyx hirsute, the
teeth of the upper lip about one-third longer than
those of the lower; corolla purple, villous-pubescent,
S"-6" long; stamens exserted or included.
In dry woods and thickets, Vermont to Minnesota,
south to Georgia, Alabama and Missouri. June-Aug.
Ohio horse-mint.
2. Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Torr. Hairy Blephilia. Fig. 3646.
Monarda hirsuta Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 19. 1814.
Blephilia nepetoides Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 98. 1819.
Blephilia hirsuta Torr. Fl. U. S. 27. 1824.
Stem villous-pubescent, or glabrous, usually branch-
ed, ii-3 high. Leaves membranous, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, rounded, cordate
or narrowed at the base, sharply serrate, slender-
petioled, 2'-4' long, or the lower shorter and broader ;
flower-clusters axillary, or in. a short terminal spike;
outer bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, long-
acuminate, hirsute; calyx-tube nearly glabrous, its
teeth very villous, those of the upper lip much ex-
ceeding the lower; corolla pubescent, pale purple,
rather conspicuously darker-spotted, 4"-5" long.
In woods and thickets, Quebec and Vermont to Min-
nesota, Kansas, Georgia and Texas. Ascends to 4000 ft.
in North Carolina. June-Sept.
26. HEDEOMA Pers. Syn. 2: 131. 1807.
Annual or perennial, strongly aromatic and pungent herbs, with small entire or crenulate
leaves, and small blue or purple flowers in axillary clusters, these crowded into terminal,
leafy-bracted spikes or racemes. Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, villous in the throat, the mouth
mostly contracted in fruit, gibbous on the lower side at the base, or nearly terete, 2-lipped,
or nearly equally 5-toothed, the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla-limb 2-lipped,
the upper lip erect, entire, emarginate or 2-lobed, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Perfect stamens
2, ascending under the upper lip, their anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent or divaricate.
Sterile stamens (staminodia) 2, minute, or none, very rarely anther-bearing. Ovary deeply
4-parted ; style 2-cleft at the summit, glabrous. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, sweet smell.]
About 15 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 8 others occur in the south-
ern and southwestern States. Sometimes called Mock Pennyroyal. Type species here taken as
Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers.
Teeth of the upper lip of the calyx triangular ; leaves serrate ; annual. i. H. pulegioides.
Teeth of both lips of the calyx subulate ; leaves entire.
Calyx-teeth all nearly equal ; annual. 2. H. hispida.
Teeth of the lower lip nearly twice as long as the upper ; perennial. 3. H. longiftora.
i 3 6
LABIATAE.
VOL. III.
i. Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. American Pennyroyal. Fig. 3647.
Melissa pulegioides L. Sp. PI. 593. 1753.
Cunila pulegioides L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 30. 1762.
Hedeoma pulegioides Pers. Syn.- 2: 131. 1807.
Annual ; stem very slender, erect, much branched,
finely soft-pubescent, 6'-i8' high, the branches ascend-
ing. Leaves ovate to obovate-oblong, petioled, sparingly
serrate, mostly obtuse at the apex and narrowed at the
base, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, thin, i'-ii' long,
2 "-8" wide, the upper smaller; clusters few-flowered,
axillary, rather loose; pedicels pubescent, shorter than
or equalling the calyx ; calyx pubescent, gibbous, oblong-
ovoid in fruit, its 3 upper teeth triangular, acute, not
exceeding the 2 subulate hispid lower ones; corolla
bluish-purple, about 3" long; rudimentary stamens
manifest, capitate at the summit, or rarely anther-
bearing.
In dry fields, Cape Breton Island to Ontario and Minne-
sota, Florida, Alabama, Arkansas and Nebraska. Also
called tick-weed and squaw-mint. July-Sept.
2. Hedeoma hispida Pursh. Rojigh Pennyroyal. Fig. 3648.
Hedeoma hispida Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 414. 1814.
Hedeoma hirta Nutt. Gen. i: 16. 1818.
Annual ; stem erect, branched, slender, 3'-8' high,
pubescent, the branches erect-ascending, very leafy
and copiously flowered. Leaves linear, entire, firm,
sessile, or the lower short-petioled, blunt or subacute
at the apex, narrowed at the base, more or less
hispid-ciliate but otherwise mostly glabrous, i'-i'
long, about i" wide, the lower much shorter and
smaller ; clusters axillary, numerous, crowded, sev-
eral-flowered ; pedicels pubescent, shorter than the
calyx; bracts subulate, very hispid, about equalling
the calyx ; calyx oblong, gibbous, hispid, its teeth
all subulate, nearly equal in length, upwardly curved
in fruit, about one-half as long as the tube, the 2
lower ones somewhat narrower and more hispid
than the upper; corolla about 3" long, bluish-purple;
sterile stamens rudimentary or none.
On dry plains, Ontario and New York to Saskatche-
wan, Illinois, Louisiana, Arkansas and Colorado. May-'Aug.
3. Hedeoma longiflora Rydb. Long-flowered
Pennyroyal. Fig. 3649.
Hedeoma longiflora Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 36: 685. 1909.
Perennial from a woody base, with an ashy down
nearly all over; stems much branched, slender, erect,
6'- 1 8 high, the branches ascending. Leaves oblong or
linear-oblong, entire, short-petioled or sessile, obtuse at
the apex, narrowed at the base, spreading, 5"-io" long,
i"-2i" wide, the lowest shorter; clusters axillary,
loosely few-flowered; pedicels puberulent, about one-
half as long as the calyx and equalling or longer than
the subulate bracts; calyx oblong, hirsute, slightly
gibbous, its teeth all subulate, upwardly curved and
connivent in fruit, the 2 lower nearly twice as long
as the 3 upper; corolla purple, 4-6 long; sterile
stamens rudimentary or none.
In dry soil, South Dakota to Nebraska, Kansas and
Texas. Included, in our first edition, in H. Drummondii
Benth. of the Southwest. April-Aug.
GENUS 27.
MINT FAMILY.
'37
27. MELISSA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 592. 1753.
Leafy branching herbs, with broad dentate leaves, and rather small white or yellowish
axillary clustered somewhat secund flowers. Calyx oblong-campanulate, deflexed in fruit,
13-nerved, nearly naked in the throat, 2-lipped; upper lip flat, 3-toothed, the lower 2-parted.
Corolla exserted, its tube curved-ascending, enlarged above, naked within, the limb 2-lipped;
upper lip erect, emarginate; lower lip 3-cleft, spreading. Stamens 4, didynamous, connivent
and ascending under the upper lip of the corolla ; anthers 2-celled, their sacs divaricate.
Ovary deeply 4-parted ; style 2-cleft at the summit, the lobes subulate. Nutlets ovoid, smooth.
[Greek, bee.]
About 4 species, natives of Europe and western
Asia, the following typical.
i. Melissa officinalis L. Garden or Lemon
Balm. Bee-balm. Fig. 3650.
Melissa officinalis L. Sp. PI. 592. 1753.
Perennial, pubescent; stem rather stout, erect
or ascending, i-2i high. Leaves ovate, petioled,
mostly obtuse at both ends, sometimes cordate,
pinnately veined, coarsely dentate or crenate-
dentate, \'-2\' long; flowers several in the axil-
lary clusters; pedicels shorter than the calyx;
calyx about 3" long, the teeth of its lower lip
slightly exceeding those of the upper; corolla
white, 5 "-7" long.
In waste places, thickets and woods, Maine to
Georgia, West Virginia, Missouri and Arkansas,
also in Oregon and California. Naturalized from
Europe. Plant lemon-scented. Balm-leaf or -mint.
Honey-plant. Pimentary. Goose-tongue. Dropsy-
plant. Lemon-lobelia. Sweet-mary. June-Aug.
28. SATUREIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 567. 1753.
Herbs or shrubs, with small entire leaves, sometimes with smaller ones fascicled in their
axils, and bracted purple flowers in dense terminal or axillary clusters. Calyx campanulate,
mostly lo-nerved, 5-toothed, naked or rarely villous in the throat. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the
upper lip erect, flat, entire or emarginate, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, connivent
under the upper lip of the corolla ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs parallel or divaricate. Ovary
deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets oblong or oval. [The classical Latin
name of the plant.]
About 1 8 species, the following typical one intro-
duced as a garden herb from Europe, one of doubt-
ful affinity in Florida, the others of the Mediterra-
nean region.
i. Satureia hortensis L. Savory. Sum-
mer Savory. Fig. 3651.
Satureia hortensis L. Sp. PI. 568. 1753.
Annual, puberulent ; stems erect, slender, much
branched, 6'-i8' high. Leaves linear or linear-
oblong, short-petioled, entire, acute at both ends,
i'-ii' long, i "-2" wide; clusters 3"-5" in diam-
eter, terminal and in many of the upper axils;
bracts linear, small, minute, or wanting; calyx
about equalling the corolla-tube, somewhat pu-
bescent, its teeth subulate, about as long as the
tube, ciliate ; corolla little longer than the calyx ;
stamens scarcely exserted.
In waste places, New Brunswick and Ontario to
Kentucky, west to Nevada. Naturalized or ad-
ventive from Europe. July-Sept.
138
LABIATAE.
VOL. III.
29. CLINOPODIUM L. Sp. PI. 587. 1753.
[CALAMINTHA Moench, Meth. 408. 1794.]
Herbs, or low shrubs, with entire or sparingly dentate leaves, and rather large flowers
variously clustered. Calyx tubular or oblong, mostly gibbous at the base, about 13-nerved,
2-lipped, naked or villous in the throat, the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla
usually expanded at the throat, the tube straight, mostly longer than the calyx, the limb
2-lipped; upper lip erect, entire or emarginate; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, all
anther-bearing, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, somewhat con-
nivent in pairs, the longer mostly exserted; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent or divaricate.
Ovary deeply 4-parted; style glabrous, 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek,
bed-foot, the flowers likened to a bed-castor.]
About 60 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, 4 others occur
in the southeastern United States and in California. The genus has been included in Satureia by
authors. Type species : Clinopodium vulgar e L.
* Flower-clusters dense, axillary and terminal, setaceous-bracted. i. C.vulgare.
** Flower-clusters loose, axillary, or forming terminal thyrses; bracts small.
Plants pubescent ; introduced species.
Clusters peduncled ; calyx not gibbous ; upper leaves very small ; perennial. 2. C. Nepeta.
Clusters sessile ; calyx very gibbous ; plant leafy, annual. 3. C. Acinos.
Plants glabrous ; native species.
Leaves linear or the lower spatulate, entire ; corolla 4" long. 4. C. glabrum.
Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, serrate; corolla 6"-j" long. 5. C.glabellum.
i. Clinopodium vulgare L. Field or Wild Basil. Basil-weed. Fig. 3652.
Clinopodium vulgare L. Sp. PI. 587. 1753.
Melissa Clinopodium Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 393. 1834.
Calamintha Clinop. Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12: 233. 1848.
Perennial by short creeping stolons, hirsute; stem
slender, erect from an ascending base, usually branch-
ed, sometimes simple, i-2 high. Leaves ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, petioled, obtuse or acutish, entire,
undulate or crenate-dentate, rounded, truncate or
sometimes narrowed at the base, thin, i'-2i' long;
flowers in dense axillary and terminal capitate clus-
ters about i' in diameter; bracts setaceous, hirsute-
ciliate, usually as long as the calyx-tube; calyx pu-
bescent, somewhat gibbous, the setaceous teeth of
its lower lip rather longer than the broader ones of
the upper ; corolla purple, pink, or white, little ex-
ceeding the calyx-teeth.
In woods and thickets, Newfoundland to North Caro-
lina, Tennessee, Minnesota and Manitoba, in the Rocky
Mountains to New Mexico and Arizona. Ascends to
4000 ft. in Virginia. Also in Europe and Asia. Stone-
basil. Bed's-foot. Field- or horse-thyme. Dog-mint.
June-Oct.
2. Clinopodium Nepeta (L.) Kuntze. Field Balm. Field or Lesser Calamint.
Basil-thyme. Fig. 3653.
Melissa Nepeta L. Sp. PI. 593. 1753.
Cal. Nepeta Link & Hoffmansg. Fl. Port, i: 14. 1809.
Clinopodium Nepeta Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 515. 1891.
Satureia Nepeta Scheele, Flora 26: 577. 1843.
Perennial by a woody root and short rootstocks,
villous or pubescent; stem rather stout, at length
much branched, the branches nearly straight, ascend-
ing. Leaves broadly ovate, petioled, obtuse or acute,
crenulate with few low teeth, rounded or narrowed
at the base, the lower i'-i' long, the upper much
smaller and bract-like; flowers few in the numerous
loose peduncled axillary cymes, forming an almost
naked elongated thyrsus; bracts very small, linear;
calyx not gibbous, villous in the throat, about li"
long, the teeth of its lower lip twice as long as those
of the upper; corolla light purple 01 almost white,
about 4" long.
In fields and waste places, Maryland to South Caro-
lina, Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky and Arkansas. Ber-
muda. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia.
June-Sept.
GENUS 29.
MINT FAMILY.
139
Clinopodium Calamintha (L.) Kuntze, the cala-
mint of the Old World, with larger leaves and flow-
ers, admitted into our first edition, is not known in
the wild state within our area.
3. Clinopodium Acinos (L.) Kuntze.
Basil-thyme. Basil Balm. Fig. 3654.
Thymus Acinos L. Sp. PI. 591. 1753.
Melissa Acinos Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 389. 1834.
Cal. Acinos Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12: 230. 1848.
Clin. Acinos Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 513. 1891.
Annual, pubescent; stems branched from the
base, very slender, 6'-8' high. Leaves oblong
or ovate-oblong, petioled, acutish at both ends
or the lower obtuse, crenulate or entire, 4"-8"
long ; flowers about 6 in the axils, the clusters
sessile ; bracts shorter than the pedicels ; calyx
gibbous on the lower side, rough-hairy, longer
than its pedicel, contracted at the throat, its subu-
late teeth somewhat unequal in length; corolla
purplish, i-2 times as long as the calyx.
In waste places, Ontario to Massachusetts and
New Jersey. Adventive or naturalized from Europe.
Mother-of-thyme. Polly mountain. May-Aug.
4. Clinopodium glabrum (Nutt.) Kuntze.
Low Calamint or Bed's-foot. Fig. 3655.
Hedeoma glabra Nutt. Gen. i : 16. 1818.
Cal. Nuttallii Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12 : 230. 1848.
Calamintha glabella var. Nuttallii A. Gray, Man.
Ed. 2, 307. 1856.
Clin. glabrum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 515. 1891.
Perennial, glabrous, stoloniferous; stem very
slender, at length much branched, erect or as-
cending, 4'-i2' high. Leaves of the flowering
branches linear, entire, very short-petioled or
sessile, mostly obtuse at the apex, obscurely
veined, 4"-o/ long, i"-i" wide, the margins
slightly revolute ; lower leaves and those of the
stolons shorter and broader, distinctly petioled ;
flowers 1-4 in the axils; bracts minute; pedicels
filiform, mostly longer than the calyx ; calyx not
gibbous, its throat pubescent in a ring within,
its lower teeth somewhat longer than the upper;
corolla purple, about 4" long.
On rocks and banks, Ontario to western New
York, Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, Arkansas and
Texas. May-Aug.
5. Clinopodium glabellum (Michx.)
Kuntze. Slender Calamint or Bed's-
foot. Fig. 3656.
Cunila glabella Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 13. 1803.
Calamintha glabella Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12 : 230.
Clin. glabellum Kuntze. Rev. Gen. PI. 515. 1891.
Perennial, stoloniferous, glabrous; stems
weak, spreading or decumbent, at length freely
branched, elongated, slender, 8'-2 long. Leaves
membranous, oblong, short-petioled, obtuse or
the uppermost subacute at the apex, narrowed
to a cuneate base, distinctly serrate with low
teeth, i'-2' long, 2"-8" wide, the lowest and
those of the stolons sometimes proportionately
broader and shorter; axils 2-5-flowered ; pedi-
cels filiform, commonly twice as long as the
calyx ; bracts minute ; calyx not gibbous, its
throat pubescent in a ring within, its teeth
nearly equal ; corolla purplish, 6"~7" long.
On river banks, Indiana to Kentucky, Tennes-
see and Arkansas. May-July.
140
LABIATAE.
VOL. III.
3 o. HYSSOPUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 569. 1753.
A perennial erect herb, the stem somewhat woody at the base, with narrow, entire leaves,
and small bracted purple or blue flowers, in dense clusters in the upper axils, and forming
elongated terminal more or less interrupted spikes. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, about equally
5-toothed, not hairy in the throat. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, emarginate,
the lower spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe 2-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, the 2 longer
ones exserted, divergent ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divaricate. Ovary deeply 4-parted ; style
2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, somewhat 3-sided, nearly smooth. [Greek, an aromatic
herb.]
A monotypic genus of Europe and Asia.
i. Hyssopus officinalis L.
- 3657.
Hyssop.
Hyssopus officinalis L. Sp. PI. 569. 1753.
Stems usually several together from the woody
base, slender, strict, puberulent, simple or branch-
ed, i-3 high, the branches upright or ascend-
ing. Leaves linear to oblong, sessile or very
nearly so, firm, acute at both ends or the lower
obtuse at the apex, puberulent or glabrate, faintly
veined, ii'-2' long, i"-3" wide, sometimes with
smaller ones or short leafy branches in their
axils ; spike sometimes i-sided, dense, \'-\' broad ;
pedicels short, puberulent ; outer bracts as long
as the calyx; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute, one-
fourth to one-third as long as the tube; corolla
4"-S" long, its tube exceeding the calyx.
Along roadsides and in waste places, Ontario and
Maine to North Carolina, and on the Pacific Coast.
Naturalized from Europe. June-Sept.
31. ORIGANUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 588. 1753.
Perennial branching herbs, some species shrubby, with rather small crenate-dentate or
entire leaves, and small bracted pink or purple flowers, in dense terminal glomerules. Calyx
ovoid or campanulate, villous in the throat, about 13-nerved, 5-toothed or more or less
2-lipped. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, emarginate or 2-lobed, the lower longer,
spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent.
Style 2-cleft at the summit; ovary deeply 4-parted. Nutlets ovoid or oblong, smooth.
[Greek, mountain- joy.]
About 30 species, natives of the Old World, the following typical.
i. Origanum vulgare L. Wild Marjoram.
Winter Sweet. Organy. Fig. 3658.
Origanum vulgare L. Sp. PI. 590. 1753.
Perennial from nearly horizontal rootstocks, villous
or hirsute; stem erect, slender, i-2j high. Leaves
ovate, petioled, obtuse or subacute at the apex, rounded
or subcordate at the base, crenate or entire, i'-ii' long,
often with smaller ones, or short leafy branches, in
their axils; flower-clusters often 2' broad; bracts pur-
plish, ovate or oval, about equalling the nearly regularly
5-toothed calyx; corolla pink, purple or nearly white,
longer than the calyx, the upper lobe broad; all four
stamens, or the two longer, exserted.
In fields and waste places, Ontario to New Jersey and
Pennsylvania. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of
Asia. Called also organs, pot-marjoram. July-Sept.
GENUS 32.
MINT FAMILY.
141
32. THYMUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 590. 1753.
Perennial herbs, or low shrubby creeping plants, with small mostly entire leaves, and
small purple flowers clustered in terminal glomerules, or in the axils of the leaves. Calyx
ovoid, villous in the throat, io-13-nerved, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect-spreading, 3-toothed,
the lower 2-toothed, its teeth long and slender. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect,
emarginate, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, more or less didynamous, mostly ex-
serted ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs parallel or divergent. Ovary deeply 4-parted ; style 2-clef t
at the summit. Nutlets ovoid or oblong, smooth. [Greek, incense.]
About 50 species, natives of the Old World, mostly European. Type species : Thymus vulgaris L.
i. Thymus Serpyllum L. Wild or Creeping
Thyme. Mother of Thyme. Fig. 3659.
Thymus Serpyllum L. Sp. PI. 590. 1753.
Stems more or less pubescent in lines, very slender,
procumbent, tough, much branched, 4'-i2' long, com-
monly forming dense mats. Leaves oblong or ovate-
oblong, petioled, obtuse at the apex, usually narrowed
at the base, entire, glabrous, or sometimes ciliate, 2"-s"
long ; bracts similar to the leaves, but smaller ; flowers
numerous in verticillate clusters crowded in dense short
terminal spikes, or also in the upper axils ; calyx dis-
tinctly 2-lipped, the tube usually pubescent and the teeth
ciliate; corolla longer than the calyx.
In thickets, woods, and along roadsides, Nova Scotia to
southern New York and North Carolina. Naturalized from
Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Sept. Old English
names, brotherwort, hillwort, penny-mountain, shepherd's-
thyme.
33. KOELLIA Moench, Meth. 407. 1794.
[BRACHYSTEMON and PYCNANTHEMUM Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 5, 7. 1803.]
Perennial erect, mostly branched, glabrous cinereous canescent or pubescent herbs, with
small white or purple-dotted flowers, in terminal or sometimes also axillary capitate glom-
erules or cymose clusters. Calyx ovoid, oblong or tubular, io-13-nerved, equally or more
or less unequally 5-toothed, not villous in the throat, the 2 upper teeth sometimes united
below. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip emarginate or entire, the lower 3-cleft, its lobes
obtuse. Stamens 4, didynamous, nearly equal, or the lower pair a little longer; anther-sacs
parallel. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style slender. Nutlets smooth, pubescent, or roughened.
[Named for J. L. C. Koelle, a German botanist of the eighteenth century.]
About 17 species, natives of North r America. Besides the following, i occurs in California and
several in the Southern States. Type species : Koellia capitata Moench. Mostly very fragrant.
Sometimes called Basil, the proper name of Calamint or Ocymum.
* Leaves prevailingly linear, linear-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate.
Calyx-teeth ovate-triangular, acute, one-fourth as long as the tube. i. K. virginiana.
Calyx-teeth subulate, lance-subulate or bristle-tipped.
Leaves linear or lanceolate ; calyx-teeth subulate or lanceolate.
Leaves linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate, entire. 2. K. flexuosa.
Leaves lanceolate, entire, or usually serrate.
Bracts appressed, erect ; clusters dense.
Hirsute or pilose; leaves mainly entire. 3. K.pilosa.
Puberulent, short-pubescent, or glabrate ; leaves mostly denticulate.
4. K. verticillata.
Bracts spreading; clusters loose. 5. K. clinopodioides.
Leaves oblong to linear-oblong, obtuse or subacute ; calyx-teeth awn-like. 6. K. hyssopifolia.
** Leaves prevailingly ovate, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate.
Calyx-teeth bristle-tipped or subulate.
Bracts appressed; clusters dense; calyx-teeth bristle-pointed.
Bracts spreading ; clusters loose ; calyx-teeth subulate.
Calyx-teeth about one-half as long as the tube.
Calyx-teeth as long as the tube.
Calyx-teeth triangular, triangular-lanceolate or lanceolate.
Bracts spreading ; clusters loose ; calyx-teeth short.
Bracts appressed ; clusters dense.
Bracts canescent ; leaves firm, acute.
Bracts ciliate or villous ; leaves membranous, acuminate.
7. K. aristata.
8. K. incana.
g. K. pycnanthemoides.
10. K. albescens.
U.K. mutica.
12. K. montana.
142
LABIATAE.
VOL. III.
i. Koellia virginiana (L.) MacM. Virginia Mountain-Mint. Fig. 3660.
Satureja virginiana L. Sp. PI. 567. 1753.
P. lanceolatum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 409. 1814.
Koellia virginiana MacM. Met. Minn. 452. 1892.
Stem strict, rather stout, glabrous or pubescent,
i-3 high. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceo-
late, fragrant, very short-petioled or sessile, firm,
entire, acuminate at the apex, glabrous or some-
what puberulent beneath, or the uppermost densely
canescent, i'-2 r long, 2"-$" wide, often with short
leafy branches in their axils; glomerules dense,
4"-6" in diameter, terminal, corymbed, canescent;
bracts appressed, rigid, acute, acuminate or subu-
late-tipped, not exceeding the clusters; calyx
cylindraceous, or expanded above, canescent, its
teeth triangular-ovate, equal or nearly so, acute,
little longer than wide, about one-fourth as long
as the tube ; corolla pubescent without, purple-
spotted, its tube longer than the calyx.
In dry fields and thickets, Quebec and Ontario to
Minnesota, south to Georgia, Alabama and Kansas.
Virginia or mountain thyme. Prairie-hyssop. Penny-
royal. Basil. July-Sept.
2. Koellia flexuosa (Walt.) MacM. Narrow-leaved Mountain-Mint. Fig. 3661.
Satureja Thyinus virginicus L. Mant. 2: 409. 1771. Not
5". Virginia a L. 1753.
Origanum flexuosum Walt. Fl. Car. 165. 1788.
Koellia capiiata Moench, Meth. 408. 1794.
Pycnanthemum linifolium Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 409. 1814.
P. flexuosum B.S.P. Prel. Cat. U. S. 42. 1888.
Koellia flexuosa MacM. Met. Minn. 452. 1892.
Stem slender, stiff, nearly glabrous throughout, \\-2\
high. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, entire, glabrous
or the uppermost puberulent, sessile, or the lower very
short-petioled, i'-2' long, i"-ii" wide, rather firm, often
with short leafy branches in their axils; glomerules dense,
terminal, corymbed, 3" -5" broad, canescent; bracts ap-
pressed, acuminate, or subulate-tipped, not longer than
the clusters ; calyx cylindraceous, canescent, its teeth subu-
late and rigid, equal or nearly so, 3-4 times longer than
broad, about one-third as long as the tube; corolla-tube
longer than the calyx.
In fields and thickets, Maine to Florida, New York, Minne-
sota, Kansas and Texas. Little fragrant. July-Sept.
3. Koellia pilosa (Nutt.) Britton. Hairy
Mountain-Mint. Fig. 3662.
Pycnanthemum pilosum Nutt. Gen. 2: 33. 1818.
Pycnanthemum mulicum var. pilosum A. Gray, Syn. Fl.
2: Part i, 355. 1878.
Koellia pilosa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 279. 1894.
Pubescent, at least above, i-2* high. Leaves
lanceolate, very short-petioled or sessile, entire or
very sparingly denticulate, i'-2' long, 3"-6" wide,
firm, acuminate at the apex, mostly narrowed at the
base, commonly with smaller ones, or short leafy
shoots in their axils ; glomerules dense, numerous,
terminal, villous or hirsute-canescent, about 4" in
diameter; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, equalling or
exceeding the clusters ; calyx cylindraceous, narrow,
canescent, its teeth lanceolate-subulate, equal, often
ciliate, about 3 times as long as wide and one-fourth
the length of the tube; corolla pubescent, its tube
little longer than the calyx; stamens exserted.
On prairies and in dry woods, Ontario to Pennsyl-
vania, Georgia, Iowa, Kansas and Arkansas. July-Sept.
Koellia leptodon (A. Gray) Small, of the North Carolina mountains, with bristly-ciliate calyx-
teeth, is recorded as extending to Ohio and Missouri.
GENUS 33.
MINT FAMILY.
4. Koellia verticillata (Michx.) Kuntze. Torrey's Mountain-Mint. Fig.
Brachystemon verticillatutn Michx. Fl. Bor. Arfl. 2 :
6. pi. 31. 1803.
P. Torreyi Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 329. 1834.
Koellia verticillata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 520. 1891.
Puberulent, glabrate or pubescent ; stem slender,
i-2i high. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate
or linear-lanceolate (rarely ovate-lanceolate),
short-petioled or sessile, serrulate or entire, acute
or acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed
at the base, i'-3' long, 3"-io" wide, the upper-
most sometimes canescent; flower-clusters dense,
canescent, $"-6" broad, terminal, corymbose and
commonly also in some of the upper axils; bracts
appressed, lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, equalling
or longer than the clusters ; calyx canescent, its
teeth subulate or lance-subulate, ciliate, 2-3 times
as long as wide, one-fourth to one-third as long
as the tube; corolla pubescent, its tube rather ex-
ceeding the calyx.
In dry fields and thickets, Vermont to Virginia,
west to Missouri. July-Sept.
5. Koellia clinopodioides (T. & G.) Kuntze.
Basil Mountain-Mint. Fig. 3664.
Pycnanthemum clinopodioides T. & G. ; A. Gray, Am.
Journ. Sci. 42: 45. 1842.
Koellia clinopodioides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 520. 1891.
Pubescent or puberulent ; stem slender, i-2| high.
Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, rather thin,
short-petioled, sharply serrate, or the upper entire,
ii'-3' long, 5"-i2" wide, none of them canescent;
flower-clusters loose, terminal and axillary, about i'
broad ; bracts linear-acuminate or subulate-tipped,
not exceeding the clusters, some or all of them
spreading; calyx finely canescent or glabrate, its
teeth subulate, sometimes with a few long hairs,
slightly unequal, about one-third the length of the
tube; corolla-tube longer than the calyx.
In dry soil, Connecticut to Pennsylvania, Virginia and
Tennessee. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. Aug.-Sept.
6. Koellia hyssopifolia (Benth.) Britton. Hyssop Mountain-Mint. Fig. 3665.
P. hyssopifolium Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 329. 1834.
Pycnanthemum aristatum var. hyssopifolium A. Gray,
Syn. Fl. 2: Part i, 354. 1878.
K. hyssopifolia Britton, Mem. 1 orr. Club 5 : 279. 1894.
Puberulent or glabrate ; stem slender, stiff, i-3
high. Leaves oblong, linear-oblong, or lanceolate-
oblong, short-petioled, or the upper sessile, obtuse
or subacute at the apex, narrowed at the base,
entire or denticulate, i'-ii' long, 2"-6" wide,
glabrous or minutely canescent; flower-clusters
dense, minutely canescent, not at all villous, ter-
minal, and usually also in the upper axils, often
i' broad ; bracts linear-oblong, narrowed at each
end, terminated by an awn almost as long as the
body ; calyx cylindraceous, glabrous or very nearly
so, prominently nerved, its teeth bristle-pointed,
slightly widened below, nearly as long as the
tube ; corolla-tube not longer than calyx.
In dry soil, Virginia to Florida. June-Aug.
LABIATAE.'
VOL. III.
7. Koellia aristata (Michx.) Kuntze. Awned
Mountain-Mint. Fig. 3666.
Pyc. aristatum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 8. pi. 33. 1803.
Koellia aristata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 520. 1891.
Similar to the preceding species; stem slender,
stiff, minutely canescent, i i-2i high. Leaves ovate,
or some of them ovate-lanceolate, short-petioled,
sharply serrate, serrulate, or the upper entire, acute
at the apex, rounded at the base, i'-2' long, 4" '-12"
wide, the uppermost usually minutely canescent ;
inflorescence as in the preceding species ; bracts long-
awned, appressed, the awn about one-third the length
of the body; calyx canescent, its teeth equal, bristle-
pointed, widened below, one-third to one-half as
long as the tube; corolla-tube about equalling the
calyx.
In dry pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida and Louisi-
ana, mostly near the coast. Wild basil. July-Sept.
8. Koellia incana (L.) Kuntze. Hoary Mountain-Mint. Fig. 3667.
Clinopodium incanum L. Sp. PI. 588. 1753.
Pycnanthemum incanum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 7. 1803.
Koellia incana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 520. 1891.
Stem pubescent, or glabrous below, stout, li-3
high. Leaves thin, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, peti-
oled, acute at the apex, sharply serrate or serrulate,
white-canescent beneath, puberulent or glabrous
above, ii'-3' long, i'-ii' wide, or the uppermost
smaller and sometimes canescent on both sides ;
clusters loose, terminal and in the upper axils, i'-i$'
broad, canescent, the flowers sometimes secund on
their branches; bracts linear, or the outer broader,
canescent or slightly villous, spreading, mostly
shorter than the clusters ; calyx canescent, slightly
2-lipped, its teeth subulate, somewhat unequal, the
longer one- fourth to one-half as long as the tube,
rarely villous; corolla-tube equalling or longer than
the calyx.
Dry thickets and hillsides, Maine to Ontario, Florida,
Alabama and Missouri. Calamint. Wild basil. Aug.-Oct.
9. Koellia pycnanthemoides (Leavenw.) Kuntze. Southern Mountain-Mint.
Fig. 3668.
Tullia pycnanthemoides Leavenw. Am. Journ. Sci. 20 :
343- PL 5- 1830.
P. Tullia Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 328. 1834.
K. pycnanthemoides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 520. 1891.
P. pycnanthemoides Fernald, Rhodora 10: 86. 1908.
Stem rather stout, pubescent nearly to the base,
2-3 high. Leaves membranous, petioled, mostly
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the apex,
narrowed at the base, sharply serrate, pubescent
beneath, puberulent or glabrate and dark green
above, ii'~3i' long, i'-ij' wide, the lower green, the
upper smaller and white-canescent on both sides;
clusters loose, villous and canescent, terminal and
axillary, i'-2' broad, the flowers often secund ;
bracts linear-oblong, acuminate or subulate-tipped,
villous, spreading; calyx-teeth very unequal, subu-
late, villous, the longer about equalling the tube;
corolla-tube not exceeding the calyx.
In dry woods and on hills, Virginia to Georgia, Ken-
tucky and Tennessee. Calamint. July-Sept.
GENUS 33.
MINT FAMILY.
45
10. Koellia albescens (T. & G.) Kuntze.
White-leaved Mountain-Mint. Fig. 3669.
P. albescens T. & G. ; A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. 42:
45- 1842.
Koellia albescens Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 520. 1891.
Stem slender, soft-pubescent nearly to the base.
i-2 high. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, peti-
oled, acute or subacuminate at the apex, narrowed
or sometimes rounded at the base, sharply serrate
or nearly entire, i'-2i' long, i'-ii' wide, white-
canescent beneath, green above, or the upper canes-
cent on both sides ; clusters loose, terminal and
axillary, densely canescent, not at all villous, at
length about i' broad; bracts linear, or the outer
broader, spreading, sometimes exceeding the clus-
ters; calyx densely canescent, its teeth triangular,
obtuse or acute, slightly unequal, one-fifth to one-
fourth as long as the tube; corolla-tube longer
than the calyx.
In dry woods and thickets, southern Virginia to
Kentucky, Missouri, Arkansas, Florida and Texas.
July-Sept.
ii. Koellia mutica (Michx.) Britton. Short-
toothed Mountain-Mint. Fig. 3670.
Brachystemon muticum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 6. pi. 32.
1803.
Koellia mutica Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 4: 145. 1894.
Stem stiff, puberulent, or glabrous below, i-2$
high. Leaves short-petioled or sessile, strongly veined,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, firm, acute at the apex,
rounded or sometimes subcordate at the base, sharply
serrate or serrulate, ii'-3' long, i'-ij' wide, the lower
mostly glabrous, the uppermost white-canescent on both
sides, much smaller; flower-clusters capitate, dense, ter-
minal, corymbose, often also in the upper axils, pubes-
cent or canescent, 4"-6" broad ; bracts appressed, lan-
ceolate-subulate or the outer broader; calyx pubescent,
its teeth nearly equal, triangular-ovate or triangular-
lanceolate, not much longer than wide, about one-fifth
as long as the tube; corolla-tube exceeding the calyx.
In sandy soil, Maine to Virginia and Florida, west to
Pennsylvania and Missouri. Calamint. July-Sept.
12. Koellia montana (Michx.) Kuntze. Thin-
leaved Mountain-Mint. Fig. 3671.
Pycnanthemum montanum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 8. 1803.
Monardella montana Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 331. 1834.
Koellia montana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 520. 1891.
Stem slender, glabrous or nearly so throughout, 2-3
high. Leaves distinctly petioled, membranous, glabrous,
ovate-lanceolate or the upper lanceolate, long-acuminate
at the apex, usually narrowed at the base, sharply serrate,
2'-$' long, i'-2' wide, none of them canescent ; flower-
clusters rather dense, terminal and in the upper axils, i'-l'
broad ; bracts appressed, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, not exceeding the fully developed clusters,
bearded more or less with long hairs ; calyx tubular,
glabrous or puberulent, or villous above, its teeth triangular-
subulate, equal, one-fifth to one- fourth as long as the
tube; corolla-tube longer than the calyx.
In woods, mountains of southern Virginia to Georgia, Ten-
nessee and Alabama. July-Sept.
34. CUNILA L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1359. 1759.
Perennial branching herbs, or low shrubs, with dentate or entire leaves, and rather
small, clustered, purple or white flowers. Calyx tubular-ovoid, io-13-nerved, villous in the
throat, equally S-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped, longer than the calyx, the upper lip erect, emar-
ginate, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Anther-bearing stamens 2, long-exserted, straight, the
146
LABIATAE.
VOL. III.
posterior pair rudimentary, or wanting; anther-sacs parallel. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style
slender, 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets smooth; scar of attachment basal and small. [Latin
name of some plant.]
About 15 species, natives of America. The following typical species is the only one known
in the United States.
i. Cunila origanoides (L.) Britton. Stone Mint.
Sweet Horse-Mint. American Dittany.
Wild Basil. Fig. 3672.
Satureia origanoides L. Sp. PI. 568. 1753.
Cunila Mariana L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1359. 1759.
Hedyosmos origanoides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 520. 1891.
Cunila origanoides Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 278. 1894.
Plant very aromatic; stem slender, stiff, branched,
glabrous, or pubescent at the nodes, erect, 8'-2o' high,
the branches ascending. Leaves ovate, sessile or very
short-petioled, acute at the apex, sharply serrate, round-
ed, truncate or subcordate at the base, i'-ii' long,
densely punctate ; flowers nearly \' long, numerous in
terminal loose cymose clusters ; corolla purple-pink, one-
half as long as the stamens; posterior pair of stamens
usually rudimentary.
In dry woods and thickets, southern New York to Florida,
west to Ohio, Missouri, Arkansas and Texas. Aug.-Sept.
35. LYCOPUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 21. 1753.
Herbs, perennial by slender stolons or suckers, with erect or diffuse stems, petioled or
sessile leaves, and small white or purple flowers, bracted and 'verticillate in dense axillary
clusters. Calyx campanulate, regular or nearly so, 4-5-toothed, not bearded in the throat,
the teeth obtuse or acute. Corolla funnelform-campanulate to cylindric, equalling or longer
than the calyx, the limb nearly equally 4-cleft, or one of the lobes broader and emarginate.
Perfect stamens 2, anterior, the posterior pair rudimentary, or altogether wanting; anther-
sacs parallel. Ovary deeply 4-parted ; style slender, 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets truncate
at the summit, narrowed below, trigonous, smooth, their margins thickened. [Greek, wolf-foot.]
About 15 species of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, two or three others occur
in western North America. Type species : Lycopus europaeus L.
Calyx-teeth 4 or 5, ovate, shorter than the nutlets.
Base of the stem not tuberous ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate.
Base of the stem tuberous-thickened ; leaves oblong to lanceolate.
Calyx-teeth mostly 5, lanceolate or subulate, longer than the nutlets.
Bracts minute ; corolla twice as long as the calyx.
Leaves sessile.
Leaves narrowed into a manifest petiole.
Bracts lanceolate or subulate ; corolla not twice as long as the calyx.
Leaves pinnatifid or deeply incised.
Leaves merely coarsely dentate or serrate (lower rarely incised).
Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, serrate. 6. L. asper.
Leaves ovate, coarsely dentate. 7. L. europaeus.
i. Lycopus virginicus L. Bugle- weed. Bugle-
wort. Fig. 3673.
Lycopus virginicus L. Sp. PI. 21. 1753.
Perennial by long filiform leafy stolons, glabrous or
puberulent; stem slender, erect or ascending, simple or
branched, 6'-2 high. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate at the apex, sharply dentate, narrowed or
cuneate at the base, petioled, or the upper sessile, dark
green or purple, 1^-3' long, i'-ii' wide; bracts short,
oblong; calyx-teeth 4, or sometimes 5, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, obtuse or subacute; corolla about i" broad,
narrow, nearly twice as long as the calyx, or longer ;
rudimentary posterior stamens minute; nutlets longer
than or about equalling the calyx.
In wet soil, New Hampshire to Florida, Alabama, Mis-
souri and Nebraska. Northern Asia. Sometimes called
wood betony. July-Sept.
1. L. virginicus.
2. L. uniflorus.
3. L. sessilifolius.
4. L. rubellus.
5. L. americanus.
GENUS 35.
MINT FAMILY
2, Lycopus uniflorus Michx. Northern
Bugle-weed. Fig. 3674.
Lycopus uniflorus Michx. FI. Bor. Am. i: 14. 1803.
Lycopus communis Bicknell, Britton Man. 803. 1901.
Green or sometimes purplish, mostly less pu-
berulent than L. virginiciis; stems rather slender,
simple or sparingly branched, 4'-2 tall, rather
acutely angled, tuberous at the base, the stolons
rarely tuber-bearing. Leaves oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, ser-
rate, f'-3f long, sessile or nearly so; calyx-teeth
4 or 5, triangular, ovate or ovate-oblong, rather
obtuse; corolla about il" long, less than twice as
long as the calyx; rudimentary posterior stamens
obsolete or minute; nutlets about as long as the
calyx, oblique at the apex.
In low grounds, Newfoundland to British Colum-
bia, North Carolina, Nebraska and Oregon. Sum-
mer and fall.
Lycopus membranaceus Bicknell, with thinner,
often coarsely-toothed, longer-petioled and larger
leaves, appears to be a race of this species.
3. Lycopus sessilifolius A. Gray. Sessile-
leaved Water Hoarhound. Fig. 3675.
Lycopus europaeus var. sessilifolius A. Gray, Man. Ed.
5, 345. 1867.
Lycopus sessilifolius A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 285.
1870.
Glabrous, or puberulent above, tuberiferous, per-
ennial by stolons and suckers; stem simple, or at
length branched, erect, i-2 high. Leaves ovate-
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, closely sessile, acute
or acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate, some-
what narrowed at the base, i'-2' long; bracts very
small, acute; calyx-teeth usually 5, subulate, rigid,
nearly as long as the tube ; corolla twice as long as
the calyx; rudimentary posterior stamens oval ; nut-
lets shorter than the calyx.
In wet soil, eastern Massachusetts to Florida and
Mississippi, near the coast. Aug.-Oct.
4. Lycopus rubellus Moench. Stalked
Water Hoarhound. Fig. 3676.
Lycopus rubellus Moench, Meth. Suppl. 146. 1802.
Lycopus europaeus var. integrifolius A. Gray, Man.
Ed. 5, 346. 1867.
Glabrous or minutely puberulent, perennial by
leafy stolons ; stem erect or ascending, simple or
at length freely branched, i-3 high. Leaves
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, or narrower, acumi-
nate at the apex, usually dentate, narrowed or
cuneate at the base, 2'-5' long, -\ wide, usually
tapering into a conspicuous petiole ; bracts mi-
nute, acute or acuminate; calyx-teeth triangular-
subulate, herbaceous, one-half as long as the
tube or more ; corolla longer than the calyx ;
rudimentary posterior stamens oval or oblong ;
nutlets much shorter than the calyx.
In wet soil, southern Vermont to Florida, Minne-
sota, Arkansas and Louisiana. Gipsywort. July-
Oct.
LABIATAE.
VOL. III.
5. Lycopus americanus Muhl. Cut-leaved
Water Hoarhound. Fig. 3677.
L. americanus Muhl.; Bart. Fl. Phil. Prodr. 15. 1815.
Lycopus sinuatus Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i : 26. 1817.
Lycopaeus europaeus var. sinuatus A. Gray, Man.
Ed. 5, 346. 1867.
Puberulent or glabrous, perennial by suckers ;
stem stiff, erect, simple or branched, i-2 high.
Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate in outline,
petioled, acuminate at the apex, incised, pinna-
tifid or the uppermost merely serrate, 2'-4' long ;
bracts subulate, the outer ones sometimes exceed-
ing the calyx ; calyx-teeth triangular-subulate,
cuspidate, rigid ; corolla little exceeding the ca-
lyx; rudimentary posterior stamens thickened at
their tips; nutlets much shorter than the calyx.
In wet soil, Newfoundland to British Columbia,
south to Florida, Texas, Utah and California. Gipsy-
wort. Bitter bugle. Paul's-betony. June-Oct.
6. Lycopus asper Greene. Western Water Hoarhound. Fig. 3678.
Lycopus asper Greene, Pittonia 3 : 339. 1898.
Lycopus lucidus var. americanus A. Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. 8: 286. 1870.
Pubescent or glabrate, perennial by stolons; stem
usually stout, erect, strict, leafy, simple, or some-
times branched, i-3 high. Leaves oblong-lanceo-
late, acute at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the
base, sessile, or very short-petioled, 2'-6' long, i'-i'
wide, sharply serrate with acute ascending teeth;
bracts ovate or lanceolate, acuminate-subulate, the
outer ones often as long as the flowers ; calyx-teeth
3, subulate-lanceolate, nearly as long as the tube ;
corolla little longer than the calyx ; rudimentary
stamens slender, thickened at the tips; nutlets much
shorter than the calyx.
In wet soil, Michigan to Kansas, west to Manitoba,
British Columbia, California and Arizona. Regarded in
the first edition of this work as the same as L. lucidus
Turcz. of NW. America and NE. Asia. July-Sept.
7. Lycopus europaeus L. Water or Marsh
Hoarhound. Gipsy-wort. Gipsy-herb.
Fig. 3679.
Lycopits europaeus L. Sp. PI. 21. 1753.
Puberulent or pubescent, perennial by suckers;
stems stout, at length widely branched, \-2\
high. Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong, or oblong-
lanceolate, short-petioled, or the upper sometimes
sessile, coarsely dentate, or the lower incised at
the base, i'-3' long, i'-i' wide; bracts subulate-
lanceolate, the outer shorter than or equalling
the flowers ; calyx-teeth subulate-spinulose ; co-
rolla scarcely longer than the calyx ; rudimentary
posterior stamens obsolete; nutlets shorter than
the calyx.
In waste places, Massachusetts to Virginia. Natu-
ralized from Europe. Green archangel. Bitter bugle-
weed. July-Sept.
36. MENTHA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 576. 1753.
Erect or diffuse odorous herbs, with simple sessile or petioled mostly punctate leaves,
and small whorled purple pink or white flowers, the whorls axillary or in terminal dense or
interrupted spikes. Calyx campanulate to tubular, lo-nerved, regular, or slightly 2-lipped,
GENUS 36.
MINT FAMILY.
149
5-toothed. Corolla-tube shorter than the calyx, the limb 4-cleft, somewhat irregular, the
posterior lobe usually somewhat broader than the others, entire or emarginate. Stamens 4,
equal, erect, included or exserted, sometimes imperfect; filaments glabrous; anthers 2-celled,
the sacs parallel. Ovary 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, smooth.
[Name used by Theophrastus ; from the nymph Minthe.]
About 30 species, natives of the north temperate zone. The more or less characteristic odors
of the species change during the progress of the life of the plant. Type species : Mentha spicata L.
* Whorls of flowers in terminal spikes, or some in the upper axils.
Plants glabrous or very nearly so.
Spikes slim, narrow, mostly interrupted ; leaves sessile, or nearly so.
Spikes thick, mostly dense, at first short ; leaves petioled.
Leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute.
Leaves ovate, obtuse, or the upper acute, subcordate.
Plants villous, hirsute or canescent, at least at the nodes.
Spikes slim or narrow, often interrupted.
Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute.
Leaves elliptic or ovate-oblong, obtuse, reticulated beneath.
Spikes thick (6"), dense, elongated or short.
Leaves sessile ; spikes i'-3' long ; plant canescent.
Leaves distinctly petioled, or the uppermost sessile ; spikes short.
Leaves simply serrate.
Leaves mostly incised, the margins crisped and wavy.
** Whorls of flowers all axillary.
Upper leaves much smaller than the lower.
Upper leaves not conspicuously reduced.
Stem pubescent.
Leaves rounded or obtuse at the base.
Leaves narrowed, mostly cuneate at the base.
Stem glabrous or nearly so.
1 . M. spicata.
2. M. piperita.
3. M. citrata.
4. M. longifolia.
5. M. rotundifolia.
6. M. alopecuroides.
j. M. aqua tic a.
8. M. crips a.
g. M. Cardiaca.
10. M. arvensis.
11. M. canadensis.
12. M. gentilis.
i. Mentha spicata L. Spearmint. Lamb or
Common Mint. Our Lady's Mint. Fig. 3680.
Mentha spicata L. Sp. PI. 576. 1753.
Mentha spicata var. viridis L. loc. cit. 1753.
Mentha viridis L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 804. 1763.
Glabrous, perennial by leafy stolons ; stem erect,
branched, i-ii high. Leaves lanceolate, sessile or
short-petioled, sharply serrate, acute or acuminate
at the apex, narrowed at the base, the largest about
2^' long; whorls of flowers in terminal narrow acute
usually interrupted spikes, which become 2' -4' long
in fruit, the one terminating the stem surpassing the
lateral ones; bracts subulate-lanceolate, ciliate, some
of them usually longer than the flowers ; calyx cam-
panulate, its teeth hirsute or glabrate, subulate, nearly
as long as the tube ; corolla glabrous.
In moist fields or waste places, Nova Scotia to On-
tario, Minnesota, Washington, Florida, Texas and Cali-
fornia. Naturalized from Europe. Also in Bermuda.
Native also of Asia. Garden-, brown- or mackerel-mint.
Sage-of-bethlehem. July-Sept.
2. Mentha piperita L. Peppermint. Fig. 3681.
Mentha piperita L. Sp. PI. 576. 1753.
Perennial by subterranean suckers ; stems glabrous,
mostly erect, branched, i-3 high. Leaves lanceo-
late, petioled, dark green, acute at the apex, rounded
or narrowed at the base, rather firm, sharply serrate,
glabrous on both sides, or pubescent on the veins
beneath, the larger ii'-3' long, x'-ii' wide; whorls
of flowers in terminal dense or interrupted spikes,
which are thick and obtuse, and become i'-3' long
in fruit, the middle one at length overtopped by the
lateral ones ; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, not longer
than the flowers, or the lower occasionally folia-
ceous ; calyx tubular-campanulate, glabrous below,
its teeth subulate, ciliate, one-half as long as the
tube or more; corolla glabrous; style occasionally
3-cleft.
In wet soil, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota,
south to Florida, Tennessee and ; Arkansas. Also in
California, Bermuda and Jamaica. Naturalized from
Europe. Lamb- or brandy-mint. July Sept.
LABIATAE.
VOL. III.
3. Mentha citrata Ehrh. Bergamot Mint.
Fig. 3682.
Mentha citrata Ehrh. Beitr. 7: 150. 1792.
Perennial by leafy stolons, glabrous throughout;
stem weak, branched, decumbent or ascending, l-2
long. Leaves petioled, thin, ovate or ovate-orbicular,
obtuse or the upper acute at the apex, rounded or
subcordate at the base, sharply serrate with low
teeth, the larger about 2' long, I'-iY wide; whorls
of flowers in terminal dense thick obtuse spikes, and
commonly also in the uppermost axils ; spikes scarcely
more than i' long in fruit; calyx glabrous, its teeth
subulate, one-half as long as the tube, or longer;
corolla glabrous.
In wet soil, Connecticut to New York, Ohio, Michigan
and Missouri. Naturalized from Europe. Also in Ber-
muda and Porto Rico. July-Sept.
4. Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. Horse
Mint. Fig. 3683.
Mentha spicata var. longifolia L. Sp. PI. 576. 1753.
Mentha longifolia Huds. Fl. Angl. 221. 1762.
Mentha sylvestris L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 804. 1763.
Perennial by suckers, canescent or puberulent
nearly all over ; stems mostly erect, branched, or
simple, \-2\ high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate-
lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, or very
short-petioled, acute at the apex, usually rounded
at the base, sharply serrate, i '-3' long, \'-\y wide,
sometimes glabrous above ; whorls of flowers in
terminal narrow dense or interrupted acute spikes,
which become 2'-$' long in fruit; bracts lanceo-
late-subulate, the lower equalling or longer than
the flowers ; calyx tomentose or canescent, its
teeth subulate, one-half as long as the campanu-
late tube; corolla puberulent.
In waste places, Connecticut to Delaware, New Jer-
sey and Ohio. Naturalized from Europe. Brook- or
fish-mint. Water or European horse-mint. July-Oct.
5. Mentha rotundifolia (L.) Huds.
Round-leaved Mint. Fig. 3684. .
Mentha spicata var. rotundifolia L. Sp. PI. 576.
1753-
Mentha rotundifolia Huds. Fl. Angl. 221. 1762.
Perennial by leafy stolons, canescent or
tomentose-puberulent, somewhat viscid ; stems
ascending or erect, simple or branched, usu-
ally slender, ii-2i high. Leaves elliptic, or
ovate-oblong, short-petioled, or sessile and
somewhat clasping by the subcordate or
rounded base, obtuse at the apex, crenate-
serrate with low teeth, i'-2' long, g"-is"
wide, more or less rugose-reticulated be-
neath; whorls of flowers in terminal dense
or interrupted spikes which elongate to 2'-^'
in fruit; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, com-
monly shorter than the flowers; calyx-teeth
setaceous, usually about one-half as long as
the tube; corolla puberulent.
In waste places, Maine to Florida, Ohio, Ar-
kansas, Texas and Mexico. Bermuda. Pata-
gonia- or apple-mint. Horse-mint. Wild mint.
Naturalized from Europe. July-Sept.
GENUS 36. MINT FAMILY
6. Menthaalopecuroides Hull Woolly Mint.
Fig. 3685.
Mentha alopecuroides Hull. Brit. Fl. 221. 1799.
Perennial by suckers, white-woolly; stem stout,
leafy, erect or ascending, simple or branched, ii-3
high. Leaves broadly oval, sessile, or partly clasping
by a subcordate or rarely rounded base, obtuse at the
apex, sharply and rather coarsely serrate, pinnately-
veined, the lower 2 1 '-3' long, ii'-2' wide ; spikes rather
thick, dense, stout, obtuse, 2' -3' long in fruit; bracts
lanceolate, shorter than the flowers ; calyx-teeth seta-
ceous, one-half as long as the campanulate tube, or
more; corolla pubescent.
Along roadsides, Connecticut to New Jersey, Pennsyl-
vania, Wisconsin and Missouri. Naturalized . from
Europe. July-Oct.
7. Mentha aquatica L. Water Mint. Fish
Mint. Fig. 3686.
Mentha aquatica L. Sp. PI. 576. 1753.
Perennial by suckers, hirsute or pubescent, rarely
glabrate; stem stout, erect, leafy, usually branched,
ii-2i high, its hairs reflexed. Leaves broadly
ovate, petioled, acute, subacute or the lower obtuse
at the apex, rounded, subcordate or rarely narrowed
at the base, sharply serrate, the larger ii'-3' long
and nearly as wide; whorls of flowers in terminal
dense short thick rounded spikes, and usually also
in the upper axils ; spikes seldom more than i' long
in fruit; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the flowers;
calyx hirsute, its teeth lanceolate-subulate or tri-
angular-lanceolate, one-third to one-half as long as
the nearly cylindric tube; corolla sparingly pubescent.
In wet places, Nova Scotia to Pennsylvania and
Georgia. Naturalized from Europe. Aug.-Oct.
8. Mentha crispa L. Crisped-leaved,
Curled or Cross Mint. Fig. 3687.
Mentha crispa L. Sp. PI. 576. 1753.
Mentha aquatica var. crispa Benth. Lab. Gen. &
Sp. 177. 1833.
Sparingly pilose-pubescent at least at the
nodes, petioles and veins of the lower surfaces
of the leaves; stem rather weak, usually much
branched, ii-3 long. Leaves distinctly peti-
oled, or the uppermost sessile, ovate in out-
line, mostly acute at the apex, rounded, trun-
cate or subcordate at the base, their margins
crisped, wavy and incised, or the uppermost
merely sharply serrate ; whorls of flowers in
dense thick rounded terminal spikes, which
become i'-i4' long in fruit; calyx sparingly
pubescent or glabrous, its teeth subulate, more
than one-half as long as the campanulate tube;
corolla glabrous.
In swamps and roadside ditches, Connecticut
to New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Balm-mint.
Aug.-Oct.
LABIATAE.
VOL. III.
g. Mentha Cardiaca Gerarde. Small-leaved
Mint. Fig. 3688.
M ent ha Card iaca Gerarde; Baker, Journ. Bot. 2 : 245. 1865.
Pubescent or glabrate, often much branched, ib s -2$
high, the upper branches ascending. Leaves lanceolate
to oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or
acute at the apex, the lower 2' -3' long, the upper much
smaller, all sharply serrate; flowers whorled in the
upper axils ; calyx-teeth subulate, about one-half as long
as the tube.
Wet grounds, mostly along rivers and streams, Nova
Scotia to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and District of Colum-
bia. July-Sept.
ro. Mentha arvensis L. Corn Mint. Field
Mint. Fig. 3689.
Mentha arvensis L. Sp. PI. 577. 1753.
Perennial by suckers, pubescent or glabrate; stems
erect or ascending, simple or branched, 6'-2 high, slen-
der. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, oval or ovate, petioled,
acute at the apex or the lower obtuse, crenate-serrate
with bluntish teeth, rounded at the base, i'-2i' long,
i'-i' wide, the upper not much smaller than the lower;
whorls of flowers all axillary, usually about equalling
the petioles; calyx pubescent, campanulate, its teeth
triangular, about as long as the width of their base,
acute or sometimes obtuse, one-third as long as the tube.
In dry waste places, New Brunswick to northern New
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Florida. Also in
California and Mexico. Naturalized from Europe. Lamb's-
tongue. Wild pennyroyal. July-Sept.
ii. Mentha canadensis L. American Wild Mint. Fig. 3690.
Mentha canactensis L. Sp. PI. 577. 1753.
Mentha borealis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 2. 1803.
Mentha canadensis var. glabrata Benth. in DC.
Prodr. 12: 173. 1848.
Perennial by suckers; stem more or less pubes-
cent with spreading or scarcely reflexed hairs, or
glabrate, erect, simple, or branched, usually slen-
der, 6'-2$ high. Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong,
or oblong-lanceolate, slender-petioled, acute at the
apex, or the lower obtuse, sharply serrate, nar-
rowed to a somewhat cuneate acute or obtuse
base, glabrous or very sparingly pubescent, the
larger 2'-$ long, $'-:' wide; whorls of flowers
all axillary, often shorter than the petioles ; calyx
oblong-campanulate, densely or sparingly pubes-
cent all over, its teeth one- fourth to one-third as
long as the tube.
In moist soil, New Brunswick to Manitoba, Brit-
ish Columbia, Virginia, Nebraska, New Mexico and
Nevada. Consists of several races, differing in
pubescence, leaf-form and size. Odor like Penny-
royal. July-Oct.
GENUS 36.
MINT FAMILY.
12. Mentha gentilis L. Creeping or Downy
Whorled Mint. Spearmint. Fig. 3691.
Mentha gentilis L. Sp. PI. 577. 1753-
Mentha saliva L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 805. 1763.
Perennial by suckers ; stem rather stout, ascend-
ing or erect, branched, glabrous or puberulent
with short reflexed hairs, i-2 high. Leaves
ovate or oval, short-petioled, sparingly pubescent
with scattered hairs on both surfaces, often blotch-
ed, pinnately veined, acute at both ends, sharply
serrate, the larger i'-2' long, the upper some-
times much smaller than the lower; whorls of
flowers all axillary ; pedicels glabrous ; calyx cam-
panulate, glabrous below, its teeth subulate, ciliate,
one-half as long as the tube; corolla glabrous.
In waste places and along streams, Nova Scotia to
northern New York, Iowa, North Carolina and Ten-
nessee. Naturalized from Europe. Aug.-Oct.
37. COLLINSONIA L. Sp. PL 28.
1753-
Tall perennial aromatic herbs, with large membranous petioled leaves, and terminal
loosely panicled racemes of small, yellowish, mostly opposite flowers. Calyx campanulate,
short, io-nerved,2-lipped, declined in fruit, usually pubescent in the throat ; upper lip 3-toothed;
lower 2-cleft. Corolla much longer than the calyx, obliquely campanulate, 5-lobed, 4 of the
lobes nearly equal, the 5th pendent or declined, fimbriate or lacerate, much larger, appearing
like a lower lip. Anther-bearing stamens 2, not declined, much exserted, coiled before
antithesis; bases of the filaments connected by a woolly ring; anthers 2-celled, or the sacs
at length partially confluent. Ovary deeply 4-parted. Nutlets smooth, globose. [Named for
Peter Collinson, 1693-1768, an English botanist, and correspondent of Linnaeus.]
Three species, natives of eastern North America, the following typical.
i. Collinsonia canadensis L.
Horse- or Ox-balm.
Fig. 3692.
Citronella. Rich-weed.
Collinsonia canadensis L. Sp. PI. 28. 1753.
Stem stout, erect or ascending, branch-
ed, 2-5 high, glabrous, or glandular-
pubescent above. Leaves ovate or ovate-
oblong, acuminate at the apex, narrowed,
obtuse or sometimes cordate at the base,
the lower slender-petioled, 6'-io' long, the
upper nearly sessile, much smaller, all
coarsely dentate ; racemes numerous, in
terminal panicles sometimes i long; pedi-
cels ascending, 3"-6" long in fruit, subu-
late-bracteolate at the base ; flowers lemon-
scented ; calyx-teeth subulate, those of the
lower lip much longer than the upper;
corolla light yellow, s"-7" long; anther-
bearing stamens 2, the upper pair rudi-
mentary ; fruiting calyx ribbed, 3" -4" long.
In moist woods, Quebec and Ontario to
Wisconsin, south to Florida, Alabama and
Arkansas. Root large, thick, woody. Knob-
or horse-weed. Knob-grass or -root. Collin-
son's-flower. Rich leaf. Stone-root. July-Oct.
38. PERIL-LA Ard.; L. Gen. PI. Ed. 6, Add. 578. 1764.
Annual herbs, with petioled purple or discolored leaves, and small flowers in loose
bracted racemes. Calyx campanulate, lo-nerved, S-cleft, nearly regular in flower, enlarging,
declined and becoming 2-lipped in fruit, the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft, the throat
not bearded. Corolla-tube not longer than the calyx, the throat obliquely campanulate, the
limb 5-cleft, the lower lobe slightly the larger. Stamens 4, nearly equal, or the posterior
154
LABIATAE.
VOL. III.
pair shorter, erect, divergent ; anthers 2-celled. Style deeply 2-cleft; ovary 4-parted. Nutlets
globose, reticulated. [The native name in India.]
One or 2 species, natives of Asia, the following
typical.
i. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton.
Perilla. Beef-steak Plant. Fig. 3693.
Ocimmn frutescens L. Sp. PI. 597. 1753.
Perilla ocinwides L. Gen. Ed. 6, Add. 578. 1764.
P. frutescens Britton, Mem. Torr. Cl. 5 : 277. 1894.
Purple or purple-green, sparingly pubes-
cent; stem stout, erect, much branched, l-3
high, leafy. Leaves long-petioled, broadly
ovate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at
the base, coarsely dentate or incised, 3'-6'
long and nearly as wide; racemes terminal
and axillary, many-flowered, 3'-6' long; pedi-
cels spreading, If "-3" long in fruit; calyx
minute in flower, much enlarged, gibbous at
the base and densely pilose-pubescent in
fruit; corolla purple or white, ii" long, with
a woolly ring within.
In waste places, escaped from gardens, Con-
necticut to Florida, Illinois, Missouri and Texas.
Native of India. July-Oct.
39. ELSHOLTZIA Willd. in Roem. & Ust. Mag. Bot. 11:3. 1790.
Herbs, with thin mostly petioled leaves, and small or minute clustered flowers, in ter-
minal bracted spikes. Calyx campanulate or ovoid, 10-nerved, scarcely oblique, enlarging
in fruit, not bearded in the throat, 5-toothed, the teeth nearly equal. Corolla-tube little
longer than the calyx, straight, or a little curved, the limb oblique, or slightly 2-lipped,
4-lobed ; upper lobe erect, concave, emarginate, the 3 others spreading. Stamens 4, divergent,
didynamous, ascending, exserted, the upper pair shorter; anthers 2-celled, or the sacs more
or less confluent. Style 2-cleft at the summit. Ovary 4-parted. Nutlets ovoid or oblong,
tuberculate, or nearly smooth. [Named in honor of
J. S. Elsholtz, a Prussian botanist.]
About 20 species, natives of Asia. Type species :
Elsholtzia cristata Willd.
i. Elsholtzia Patrinii (Lepech.) Garcke.
Elsholtzia. Fig. 3694.
Mentha Patrinii Lepech. Nov. Act. Petrop. 13 : 336. 1802.
E. cristata Willd. in Roem. & Ust. Mag. Bot. 11:3. 1790.
Elsholtzia Patrinii Garcke, Garcke, Fl. Dcutsch. Ed. 4,
257. 1858.
Annual, glabrous or nearly so; stems weak, erect
or ascending, at length widely branched, i-2 high.
Leaves long-petioled, ovate or oblong, acute or
acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, crenate-
dentate, i'-3' long; spikes terminal, very dense, i'-3'
high, about thick; flowers several in the axils of
each of the broadly ovate membranous green reticu-
lated mucronate bracts ; calyx hirsute, shorter than
the bract; corolla i" long, pale purple.
Notre Dame du Lac, Temiscouata Co., Quebec. Natu-
ralized from Asia. July- Aug.
Family 27. SOLANACEAE Pers. Syn. i : 214. 1805.
POTATO FAMILY.
Herbs, shrubs, vines, or some tropical species trees, with alternate or rarely
opposite, exstipulate entire dentate lobed or dissected leaves, and perfect regular
or nearly regular cymose flowers. Calyx inferior, gamosepalous, mostly 5-lobed.
Corolla gamopetalous, rotate, campanulate, funnelform, salverform or tubular,
mostly 5-lobed, the lobes induplicate-valvate or plicate in the bud. Stamens as
many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, inserted on the tube,
all equal and perfect in the following genera, except in Petunia, where 5 are didy-
namous and the fifth smaller or obsolete; anthers 2-celled, apically or longitudinally
GENUS I.
POTATO FAMILY.
'55
dehiscent. Disk present, or none. Ovary entire, superior, 2-celled (rarely 3-5-
celled) ; ovules numerous on the axile placentae, anatropous or amphitropous ;
style slender, simple ; stigma terminal ; fruit a berry or capsule. Seeds numerous,
the testa sometimes roughened; embryo terete, spiral, curved, or nearly straight;
endosperm fleshy ; cotyledons semiterete.
About 75 genera and 1750 species, widely distributed, most abundant in tropical regions.
* Fruit a pulpy berry; corolla plicate, its lobes generally induplicate.
Anthers unconnected, destitute of terminal pores, dehiscent.
Fruiting calyx bladdery-inflated.
Fruiting calyx s-angled and deeply s-parted ; ovary 3-s-celled. i. Physalodes.
Fruiting calyx s-lobed, not parted, lo-ribbed, often s-io-angled, reticulated, wholly enclosing
the berry ; ovary 2-celled.
Corolla open-campanulate, yellowish or whitish, often with a dark center; seeds with a
thin margin, finely pitted. 2. Physalis.
Corolla flat-rotate, violet or purple; seeds thick, rugose-tuberculate. 3. Quincula.
Fruiting calyx somewhat enlarged, but closely fitted to the fruit, thin, obscurely veiny, open at
the mouth.
Corolla rotate, whitish ; lobes of fruiting calyx much exceeding the berry. 4. Leucophysalis.
Corolla rotate, whitish, sometimes tinged with purple ; fruiting calyx not exceeding the
berry. 5. Chamaesaracha.
Anthers connivent or slightly connate; fruiting calyx not enlarged.
Anthers short or oblong, opening by a terminal pore or short slit in our species. 6. Solanum.
Anthers long, tapering from base to summit, longitudinally dehiscent. 7. Lycopersicon.
** Fruit a nearly dry berry; corolla campanulate, little or not at all plicate, its lobes imbricated.
8. Lyciuin.
*** Fruit a capsule; corolla funnelform.
Capsule circumscissile toward the top, which separates as a lid ; corolla irregular. 9. Hyoscyamus.
Capsule opening by valves.
Capsule generally prickly. 10. Datura.
Capsule not prickly.
Flowers paniculate or racemose; stamens nearly uniform in length. n. Nicotiana.
Flowers solitary; stamens very unequal. 12. Petunia.
i. PHYSALODES Boehm. in Ludwig, Def. 41. 1760.
[NICANDRA Adans. Fam. PI. 2 : 219. 1763.]
An annual erect branching glabrous herb, with alternate petioled thin sinuate-dentate or
lobed leaves, and large light blue peduncled nodding flowers, solitary in the axils. Calyx
5-parted, 5-angled, much inflated in fruit, its segments ovate, connivent, cordate or sagittate
at the base, strongly reticulated. Corolla broadly campanulate, plicate in the bud, slightly
5-lobed. Stamens 5, included, inserted on the corolla near its base; filaments filiform, dilated
and pilose below; anthers oblong, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 3~5-celled; style
slender; stigma 3-5-lobed. Berry globose, nearly dry, enclosed in the calyx. [Greek, Physalis-
like.]
A monotypic Peruvian genus.
1. Physalodes physalodes (L.) Britton.
Apple-of-Peru. Fig. 3695.
Atropa physalodes L. Sp. PI. 181. 1753.
Physalodes peruvianum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 452.
1891.
P. physalodes Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 287. 1894.
Stem angled, 2-5 high. Leaves ovate or
oblong, acuminate but blunt-pointed, narrowed at
the base, 3'-8' long, i'-4' wide; petioles longer
than the peduncles; flowers i'-ij' long and
broad ; corolla-limb almost entire ; fruiting calyx
i'-ii' long and thick, its segments acute at the
apex, their basal auricles acute or cuspidate; berry
about *' in diameter, loosely surrounded by the
calyx.
In waste places, escaped from gardens, Nova Sco-
tia to Ontario, Florida, Tennessee and Missouri.
Adventive from Peru. Plant with the aspect of a
large Physalis. Leaves similar to those of Stramo-
nium. July-Sept.
2. PHYSALIS L. Sp. PI. 182. 1753*
Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes a little woody below, with entire or sinuately
toothed leaves. Peduncles slender, in ours solitary from the axils of the leaves. Calyx
campanulate, 5-toothed, in fruit enlarged and bladdery-inflated, membranous, 5-angled, or
prominently lo-ribbed and reticulate, wholly inclosing the pulpy berry, its teeth mostly
* Text contributed to our first edition by Dr. P. A. RYDBERG, here somewhat revised.
i 5 6
SOLANACEAE.
VOL. III.
connivent. Corolla yellowish or whitish, often with a darker brownish or purplish center,
open-campanulate, or rarely campanulate-rotate, plicate. Stamens inserted near the base of
the corolla; anthers oblong, opening by a longitudinal slit. Style slender, somewhat bent;
stigma minutely 2-cleft. Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped, flattened, with a thin edge, finely
pitted. [Greek, bladder, referring to the inflated calyx.]
Probably 75 species, or more. Two are of European origin, and about half a dozen are natives
of India and Australia, the rest are American; about 30 occur in the United States. Type
species : Physalis Alkekengi L.
* Annuals with branched fibrous roots.
t Plants more or less pubescent (except in races of P. barbadensis.)
Fruiting calyx sharply s-angled, more or less acuminate at the summit and sunken at the base ;
calyx-lobes (at flowering time) lanceolate or acuminate, as long as the tube or longer.
Leaves ovate, oblique, acute or acuminate, subentire at the base ; upper part repand or .suben-
tire ; fruiting calyx small and short ; stem slender, diffuse, sharply angled. i. P. pubescens.
Leaver cordate, oblique, strongly sinuate to the base ; stem stout, obtusely angled ; fruiting
calyx rounded. 2. P. pruinosa.
Leaves cordate, scarcely oblique, more or less abruptly acuminate, acutely repand-dentate ; stem
tall, acutely angled ; fruiting calyx larger, long-acuminate. 3. P. barbadensis.
Fruiting calyx obtusely or indistinctly 5-io-angled; calyx-lobes (at flowering time) triangular,
generally shorter than the tube. 4. P. missouriensis.
ft Plants glabrous, or the upper part sparingly beset with short hairs, or a little puberulent
when young; fruiting calyx obtusely s-io-angled, not sunken at the base.
Corolla yellow, sometimes with the center a little darker but never brown or purple.
Peduncles generally much longer than the fruiting calyx ; leaves sinuately toothed or subentire.
5. P. pendula.
Peduncles scarcely exceeding the fruiting calyx ; leaves sharply dentate. 6. P. angulata.
Corolla yellow, with a brown or purple center. 7. P. ixocarpa.
** Perennial by thick roots and rootstocks.
t Pubescence not stellate (although in P. pumila of branched hairs).
Pubescence on the leaves none, on the upper part of the stem and the calyx sparse and short, if any.
Fruiting calyx ovoid, nearly filled by the berry, scarcely sunken at the base.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate to broadly ovate, usually thin. 8. P. subglabrata.
Leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate, or linear. 9. P. longifolia.
Fruiting calyx pyramidal, very much inflated and deeply sunken at the base ; leaves broadly
ovatu, usually coarsely dentate. 10. P. macrophysa.
Pubescence sparse, consisting of flat, sometimes jointed, and in P. pumila branched hairs; in
P. virginiana sometimes a little viscid.
Fruiting calyx ovoid, scarcely angled and scarcely sunken at the base ; leaves thick, obovate or
spatulate to rhomboid, subentire.
Leaves obovate or spatulate; hairs all simple. n. P.lanceolata.
Leaves broader, often rhomboid ; hairs on the lower surface branched. 12. P. pumila.
Fruiting calyx pyramidal, more or less s-angled and deeply sunken at the base ; leaves ovate to
lanceolate, generally more or less dentate. 13- P- virginiana.
Pubescence dense, short, more or less viscid or glandular, often mixed with long flat jointed hairs.
Leaves large; blade generally over 2' long and more or less cordate. 14. P. heterophylla.
Leaves less than 2' long, rounded ovate or rhombic, scarcely at all cordate at the base ; calyx,
peduncles and younger branches with long white flat and jointed hairs. 15. P. comata.
Leaves small, i'-i^' in diameter, nearly orbicular, sometimes a little cordate at the base, not
coarsely toothed; stem diffuse or prostrate. 16. P.rotundata.
tt Pubescence dense, cinereous, beautifully stellate. 17. P.viscosa.
i. Physalis pubescens L. Low Hairy
Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3696.
Physalis pubescens L. Sp. PI. 183. 1753.
Annual; stem generally diffuse or spreading,
much branched, angled, often a little swollen at
the nodes, villous-pubescent or sometimes nearly
glabrous ; leaves thin, I'-ai' long, ovate, acute
or acuminate, at the base oblique, slightly cor-
date and generally entire, upward repand-den-
ticulate or entire, pubescent, sometimes becoming
nearly glabrous except along the veins ; peduncles
short, i "-2" long, or in fruit about 5"; calyx-
lobes narrow but not with a subulate tip; corolla
3"-S" in diameter, yellow with dark centre; an-
thers usually purplish ; fruiting calyx membra-
nous, io"-is" long, pyramidal, ovoid-acuminate,
more or less retuse at the base.
In sandy soil, Pennsylvania to Florida, Arkansas
and California ; also in Mexico, the West Indies,
Central and South America and India. Called also
dwarf cape-gooseberry and strawberry-tomato. July-
Sept.
GENUS 2.
POTATO FAMILY.
2. Physalis prumosa L. Tall Hairy
Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3697.
Physalis pruinosa L. Sp. PI. 184. 1753.
P. pubescens Dunal, in DC. Prodr. 13: part i,
446. 1852.
Annual; stem stout, generally erect, and
more hairy than the preceding and the two
following species ; stem obtusely angled, finely
villous or somewhat viscid; leaves firm, ii'-4'
long, finely pubescent, ovate, cordate, generally
very oblique at the base, and deeply sinuately
toothed with broad and often obtuse teeth ;
peduncles i"-2" long, in fruit about 5"; calyx
villous or viscid ; lobes as long as the tube,
narrow but not subulate-tipped; corolla 2" -4"
in diameter; anthers yellow, or tinged with
purple; fruiting calyx a little firmer and more
pubescent than in the preceding, reticulate,
lo"-is" long, ovoid, sunken at the base; berry
yellow or green.
In cultivated soil, Massachusetts to Ontario,
Florida, Iowa, Missouri and Colorado. July-Sept.
3. Physalis barbadensis Jacq. Barbadoes
Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3698.
Physalis barbadensis Jacq. Misc. 2: 359. 1781.
Physalis obscura Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 149. 1803.
Physalis barbadensis obscura Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club
4: 327. 1896.
Annual; stem tall and erect or widely spreading,
acutely 3-4-angled, pubescent, viscid, or nearly gla-
brous; leaves ii'-2i' long, ovate or heart-shaped, acute,
or abruptly acuminate, sharply repand-dentate, pubes-
cent with short hairs; peduncles short, ii"-2" long, but
in fruit sometimes 10", calyx generally densely viscid-
hirsute, lobes lanceolate, acuminate, but not subulate-
tipped ; corolla 24"-5" in diameter ; anthers generally
purplish ; fruiting calyx longer than in the two pre-
ceding species, i'-ii' long, acuminate and reticulate,
retuse at the base.
Sandy soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois, Missouri, Florida,
Mexico, the West Indies and South America. July-Sept.
4. Physalis missouriensis Mack. & Bush.
Missouri Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3699.
Physalis missouriensis Mack. & Bush, Fl. Jackson
Co. 167. 1902.
Annual ; stem spreading, often zigzag, branched,
striate, _r slightly angled, villous with short hairs.
Leaves $'-34' long, ovate, oblique and cuneate,
obtuse, or cordate at the base, acute but not acu-
minate, repand or sinuately dentate, hairy, at least
on the veins ; peduncles i"-24" long, erect, in fruit
2i"-5". reflexed, shorter than the fruiting calyx;
calyx villous, lobes shorter than the tube, triangu-
lar; corolla i4"-4" in diameter, yellow; fruiting
calyx 7"-io" long, round-ovoid, nearly filled by
the berry, scarcely sunken or commonly rounded
at the base.
Missouri and Kansas to Arkansas and Oklahoma.
July-Sept. Referred in our first edition to the
tropical P. Lagdscae R. & S.
i 5 8
SOLANACEAE.
VOL. III.
5. Physalis pendula Rydberg. Lance-leaved
Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3700.
Physalis pendula Rydberg ; Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 983. 1903.
Annual, stem erect, generally i| high, branched,
angled, glabrous ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late, thin, usually coarsely toothed ; calyx cylindric-
campanulate, its lobes broadly triangular, shorter
than the tube; peduncles filiform, about i' long, erect
with nodding flower, in fruit li'-2' long and re-
flexed ; corolla 3 "-4" in diameter, campanulate, yel-
low, without a dark spot ; anthers yellow, more or
less tinged with purple, fruiting calyx about 10" long,
rounded ovoid, indistinctly 10-angled and purple
veined, nearly filled by the berry.
Illinois to Kansas and Texas. July-Sept. Referred in
the first edition to P. lanceifolia Nees.
6. Physalis angulata L. Cut-leaved Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3/01.
Physalis angulata L. Sp. PI. 183. 1753.
Annual, erect, ii-3 high, glabrous; stem
angular, usually much branched ; leaves ovate, with
more or less cuneate base, somewhat sinuately
toothed with long-acuminate teeth ; blades 2'-2j'
long, on slender petioles i'-2' long, thin, the veins
not prominent ; peduncles slender, io"-is" long,
erect, in fruit often reflexed but seldom exceed-
ing the fruiting calyx in length ; calyx smooth,
lobes triangular to lanceolate, generally shorter
than the tube; corolla 2\"-^" in diameter; anthers
more or less purplish tinged; fruiting calyx about
\\' long, ovoid, 5-io-angled, sometimes purple-
veined, nearly filled by the yellow berry.
In rich soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois, Minnesota,
Missouri, Texas, Central America, Brazil and the
West Indies. Also in India. July-Sept.
7. Physalis ixocarpa Brot. Tomatillo.
Mexican Ground-Cherry. Strawberry
Tomato. Fig. 3702.
Physalis ixocarpa Brot. ; Horneman, Hort. Hafn.
Suppl. 26. 1819.
P. aequata Jacq. f . ; Nees, Linnaea 6: 470. 1831.
Annual, stem at first erect, later widely spread-
ing, much branched, angled, glabrous, or the
younger parts sparingly hairy; leaves from cor-
date to ovate, with a cuneate base which is some-
what oblique, sinuately dentate or entire, i'-2i'
long; peduncles short, i"-2l" long; calyx sparingly
hairy, its lobes short, broadly triangular, shorter
than the tube ; corolla bright yellow with purple
throat, s"~7" (sometimes nearly 10") in diameter;
fruiting calyx round-ovoid, obscurely lo-angled,
often purple-veined, filled by the purple berry,
which sometimes bursts it.
Native of Mexico. It is often cultivated for its
fruit and frequently escapes from cultivation, New
York to Texas and California.
GENUS 2.
POTATO FAMILY.
'59
8. Physalis subglabrata Mackenzie and
Bush. Smooth Ground-Cherry.
Fig- 3/03-
? Physalis philadelphica Lam. Encycl. 2: 101. 1786.
P. subglabrata Mackenzie & Bush, Trans. Acad. St.
Louis 12: 86. 1902.
Perennial from a deep rootstock, tall, erect, 2i-5
high ; stem angled, dichotomously branched, gla-
brous, or sometimes slightly pubescent with sparse
and short hairs on the upper parts; blades ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, often very oblique at the base and
more or less acuminate, entire or repand-denticulate,
2^-4' long, on petioles ii'-2i' long, often in pairs;
peduncles slender, 5"-io" long, generally longer than
the flower; calyx glabrous, or minutely ciliolate,
lobes ovate-lanceolate or trangular, sometmes broadly
ovate and unequal, generally equalling the tube ;
corolla yellow or greenish yellow with purplish
throat, |'-i' in diameter; anthers tinged with pur-
ple; fruiting calyx at first somewhat lo-angled and
sunken at the base, at last often filled with or burst
by the large red or purple berry.
Ontario and Rhode Island to Georgia, Minnesota, Kentucky and Colorado. July-Sept.
9. Physalis longifolia Nutt Long-leaved Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3704.
Physalis longifolia Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5:
193- 1833-37.
Physalis lanceolata var. laevigata A. Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. 10: 68. 1874.
Perennial from a thick rootstock ; stem in the com-
mon form stout and tall, i^-3 high, slightly angled,
branched above, the branches strict, glabrous.
Leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate, or linear, tapering
into a short stout petiole 5"-io" long, subentire or
repand; peduncles s"-io" long, in fruit often re-
curved ; calyx generally glabrous, its lobes triangular-
lanceolate, about the length of the tube; corolla 6"-
10" in diameter, yellow with a dark, commonly
brownish center; anthers yellow, tinged with purple;
fruiting calyx ovoid, about li' long, not sunken at
the base ; berry yellow, the lower portion and the
stipe glutinous.
In rich soil, Iowa to South Dakota, Montana, Arkan-
sas, Utah and Mexico. July-Sept.
10. Physalis macrophysa Rydb. Large-
bladder Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3705.
P. macrophysa Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Club 22: 308. 1895.
Perennial ; rootstock rather thick and fleshy ; stem
erect, ii-3 high, comparatively slender, angled,
perfectly glabrous, or the upper parts sparingly pu-
bescent with very short hairs. Leaves large, thin,
ii'-3$' long, i '-2' wide, the lower obtuse, the upper
acute or acuminate; petioles slender, io"-2o" long;
peduncles s"-8" long, erect, in fruit reflexed ; calyx
smooth, its lobes ovate-triangular or broadly lanceo-
late, generally a little shorter than the tube; corolla
yellow with a dark center, about 10" in diameter ;
anthers generally yellow, sometimes tinged with pur-
ple; fruiting calyx large, ij'-ii' long, i'-ii' in diam-
eter, pyramidal to ovoid-conic, indistinctly lo-angled,
deeply sunken at the base; berry small, in the center
of the calyx.
In rich soil, Kansas and Arkansas to Texas. May
July. Rare.
i6o
SOLANACEAE.
VOL. III.
ii. Physalis lanceolata Michx. Prairie
Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3706.
Physalis lanceolata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 149. 1803.
Physalis Pennsylvania var. lanceolata A. Gray, Man.
Ed. 5, 382. 1867.
Perennial; rootstock apparently slender and creep-
ing; stem about i% high, first erect, later spreading
or diffuse, only slightly angled, sparingly hirsute with
flat hairs. Leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate or spatu-
late, tapering into the petiole, acute or obtuse, nearly
always entire, rarely wavy, but never sinuately tooth-
ed, thickish, sparingly hairy with short hairs; pe-
duncles s"-io" long, in fruit reflexed; calyx strigose
or villous, rarely glabrous, its lobes triangular-lan-
ceolate ; corolla dullish yellow with a brownish cen-
ter, about 8" in diameter; fruiting calyx round-
ovoid, not sunken at the base, indistinctly lo-angled;
berry yellow or greenish yellow.
On dry prairies, South Carolina to Illinois, South Da-
kota, Wyoming, Kansas and New Mexico. July-Sept.
12. Physalis pumila Nutt. Low Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3707.
Physalis pumila Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5:
193- 1834-
Physalis lanceolata var. hirta A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
10 : 68. 1874.
Perennial from a slender rootstock, ii-3 high;
stem hirsute, obscurely angled. Leaves thick, broadly
ovate to oblong, acute at both ends and somewhat
rhomboid, the lower often obtuse and obovate, gen-
erally much larger than in the preceding ; blades
2 r ~4' long, entire or seldom sinuate, on petioles
io"-i5" long, strigose with many-branched hairs
especially on the lower surface; peduncles s"-io"
long, in fruit reflexed and ii'-2' long; calyx
densely hirsute, not stellate-pubescent, its lobes tri-
angular, generally a little shorter than the tube;
corolla yellow with brown center, 8"-io" in diam-
eter; fruiting calyx usually more elongated than in
the preceding, \\'-2' long, oblong-ovoid, a little
sunken at the base, indistinctly lo-angled.
Plains and prairies, Illinois to Colorado and Texas.
July-Sept.
13. Physalis virginiana Mill. Virginia Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3708.
Physalis virginiana Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 4. 1768.
Physalis pennsylvanica A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 382. 1867.
Not L. 1753.
Physalis virginiana intermedia Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club
4: 345. 1896.
Perennial; rootstock thick and somewhat fleshy;
stem i$-3 high, erect, dichotomously branched,
somewhat angular, more or less strigose-hairy with
flat hairs, sometimes a little glandular, or sometimes
nearly glabrous. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering to
both ends, \\'-2\ r long, generally more or less sin-
uately dentate, often yellowish green ; peduncles 5"-io"
long, generally erect, in fruit curved but scarcely re-
flexed ; calyx strigose, hirsute, or at least puberulent,
its lobes triangular or broadly lanceolate, nearly equal-
ling the tube ; corolla sulphur-yellow with purplish
spots, '-:' in diameter; anthers yellow; fruiting calyx
pyramidal-ovoid, 5-angled, sunken at the base; berry
reddish.
Rich soil, especially in open places, Ontario to Manitoba.
Connecticut, Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Consists of
numerous races, differing in pubescence. July-Sept. Wild cherry.
GENUS 2.
POTATO FAMILY.
161
14. Physalis heterophylla Nees. Clammy Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3709.
Physalis viscosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 157. 1814. Not
L- 1753-
Physalis heterophylla Nees, Linnaea 6: 463. 1831.
Physalis virginiana A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 : Part i, 235.
1878. Not Mill. 1768.
Perennial from a slender creeping rootstock, ii-3
tall, at first erect, later generally decumbent and
spreading, viscid and glandular, and villous with
long spreading jointed flat hairs; leaves large, blade
generally over 2' long, usually broadly cordate, often
acute and very rarely with an elongated tip, thick,
more or less sinuately toothed, or sometimes suben-
tire; calyx long-villous, lobes triangular, generally
shorter than the tube; corolla 8"-io" in diameter,
greenish yellow with a brownish or purplish center;
anthers mostly yellow; berry yellow.
In rich soil, especially where the surface has been
disturbed, New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, Florida,
Colorado and Texas. The most common of our species,
and includes several races.
Physalis peruviana L., a native of South America, is cultivated for its fruit and often escapes.
It resembles P. heterophylla, but differs in the leaves, which have a long tip, and in the pubes-
cence, which is shorter, denser, and not at all viscid. Cape-gooseberry. Strawberry-tomato.
Peruvian ground-cherry. Husk-tomato.
15. Physalis comata Rydberg. Hillside
Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3710.
P. comata Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Club 22: 306. 1895.
Perennial, erect, about ii high; pubescence fine
and short, that on the calyx, peduncles and upper
branches mixed with long white flat jointed hairs.
Like P. heterophylla Nees (P. virginiana Gray, not
Mill.), but leaves smaller, blade not over 2' long,
round-ovate, scarcely at all cordate at the base, about
2' long, thin, somewhat repand-dentate, or nearly
entire ; petioles as long as the leaves ; peduncles as
long as the fruiting calyx, or longer; corolla green-
ish yellow, with brown center, 6"-io" in diameter ;
fruiting calyx of thin texture, round-ovoid, some-
what lo-angled, scarcely sunken at the base.
Hillsides of Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado and Texas.
Rare.
1 6. Physalis rotundata Rydberg. Round-
leaved Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3711.
Physalis hederaefolia Holzinger, Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb.
i : 212. 189^. Not Gray.
P. rotundata Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club 4: 352. 1896.
Diffuse and spreading, zigzag, generally dichoto-
mously much branched, from a perennial rootstock,
densely and finely viscid-pubescent, usually more
glandular than the preceding. Leaves nearly orbicu-
lar with more or less cordate base, i'-iS' in diam-
eter, with small teeth; petioles short, more or less
winged; peduncles short, in fruit scarcely more
than half the length of the calyx; corolla 8" in
diameter, greenish yellow with a brownish center;
fruiting calyx ovoid, slightly angled, scarcely sunken
at the base.
Dry plains, South Dakota to Texas and New Mexico.
July-Sept.
SOLANACEAE.
VOL. III.
17. Physalis viscosa L. Stellate Ground-
Cherry. Yellow-henbane. Fig. 3712.
Physalis viscosa L. Sp. PI. 183. 1753.
Physalis pennsylvanica L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1670. 1763.
Perennial from a slender creeping rootstock; stems
slender, creeping, with a dense ashy stellate pubes-
cence, or in age rarely glabrate. Leaves elliptic,
oval or ovate, obtuse, thinish, entire or undulate, in
the typical South American race often cordate at
the base, but rarely so in our plant; peduncles i'-i'
long; calyx stellate-pubescent, its lobes triangular,
generally shorter than the tube ; corolla greenish
yellow with a darker center, 8"-io" in diameter ;
fruiting calyx io"-is" long, round-ovoid, scarcely
sunken at the base; berry orange or yellow.
On sea beaches, or in sand near the coast, Virginia
and North Carolina to Florida. Eastern South America.
Physalis Alkekengi L., Strawberry tomato or Winter cherry, is a native of Europe and Asia,
often cultivated for its fruit and sometimes escapes from cultivation. The flowers are whitish,
the limb distinctly 5-lobed ; leaves broadly deltoid, acute at both ends, repand or angulately
toothed.
3. QUINCULA Raf. Atl. Journ. 145. 1832.
A low and diffuse somewhat scurfy herb, with a stout perennial root. Leaves from sinuate
to pinnatifid, somewhat fleshy. Peduncles most commonly in pairs from the axils of the
leaves, sometimes solitary, or in fascicles of 3-5. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, in fruit
inflated, sharply 5-angular and reticulate, enclosing the fruit, the lobes connivent. Corolla
flat-rotate, pentagonal in outline, veiny, violet or purplish. Anthers opening by a longi-
tudinal slit. Seeds comparatively few, kidney-shaped, somewhat flattened, with thick margins,
rugose-tuberculate. [Name unexplained.]
A monotypic genus of central North America.
i. Quincula lobata (Torr.) Raf. Purple-
flowered Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3713.
Physalis lobata Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 226. 1827.
Quincula lobata Raf. Atl. Journ. 145. 1832.
Perennial, low, spreading or prostrate, more or
less scurfy-puberulent ; stem obtusely angled and
striate, much branched. Leaves oblanceolate or
spatulate to oblong, sinuately toothed, or pinnatifid
with rounded lobes, or rarely subentire, cuneate at
the base, thickish and veiny, tapering into margined
petioles ; peduncles i'-2' long, in fruit reflexed ; calyx-
lobes triangular, acute, shorter than the tube ; corolla
purplish, io"-is" in diameter; anthers yellow, tinged
with purple; fruiting calyx about as wide as long,
sharply 5-angled, sunken at the base.
On high plains, Kansas to California, Texas, New
Mexico and Mexico. May-Sept.
4. LEUCOPHYSALIS Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club 4: 365. 1896.
A tall erect viscid and villous annual, with entire leaves, the blade decurrent on the
petiole. Peduncles generally in fascicles of 2-4 in the axils. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, at
first a little inflated, but soon filled by and closely fitted to the berry, thin, neither angled
nor ribbed, faintly veiny, open at the mouth, the lobes exceeding the fruit. Corolla rotate,
white, sometimes tinged with purple and generally creamy or yellow in the center, the limb
plicate. Stamens inserted near the base of the corolla; filaments long and slender; anthers
oblong, opening by a longitudinal slit. Style and stigmas as in Physalis. Seeds kidney-
shaped, flattened, punctate. [Greek, white Physalis.]
A monotypic genus of northern North America.
GENUS 4.
POTATO FAMILY.
163
i. Leucophysalis grandiflora (Hook.)
Rydberg. Large White Ground-
Cherry. Fig. 3714.
P. grandiflora Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 90. 1834.
Leucophysalis grandiflora Rydberg, Mem. Torr.
Club 4: 366. 1896.
Erect, tall, ii-3 high; stem somewhat
angled, striate, more or less villous. Leaves
large, 4'-8' long, ovate to lanceolate-ovate,
generally acute and entire, somewhat decur-
rent on the petiole, more or less villous and
viscid, especially on the veins of the lower
surface; peduncles several from each axil,
'-!' long, villous; calyx villous, its lobes
lanceolate, equalling the tube; corolla large,
li'-li' in diameter, rotate, white with a more
or less yellowish center; filaments slender;
anthers short, yellow, often tinged with pur-
ple; fruiting calyx ovoid, early filled by the
berry.
Sandy soil, Quebec to Saskatchewan, Mich-
igan and Minnesota. May-July.
5. CHAMAESARACHA A. Gray, Bot. Cal. i : 540. 1876.
Perennials, with entire to pinnatifid leaves, the blades decurrent on the petioles. Peduncles
solitary, or in fascicles of 2-4 in the axils. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, in fruit somewhat
enlarged, but not bladdery-inflated, close-fitting to the berry, thin, not angled nor ribbed, and
faintly if at all veiny, open at the mouth, not exceeding the berry. Corolla rotate, white or
cream-colored, often tinged with purple, the limb plicate. Stamens inserted near the base
of the corolla; filaments long and slender; anthers oblong, opening by longitudinal slits;
style and stigma as in Physalis. Seeds kidney-shaped, flattened, rugose-favose or punctate.
[Ground-Saracha, the latter a genus named in honor of Isidore Saracha, a Spanish Bene-
dictine botanist.]
An American genus, consisting of half a dozen species, natives of Mesco and the south-
western United States. Type species: Chamaesaracha Coronopus (Dunal) A. Gray.
Pubescence dense, puberulent and hirsute.
Pubescence sparse, puberulent or stellate, hirsute (if at all) only on the calyx.
1. C. conioides.
2. C. Coronopus.
i. Chamaesaracha conioides (Moricand) Brit-
ton. Hairy Chamaesaracha. Fig. 3715.
Solatium conioides Moric. ; Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13 : Part
i, 64. 1852.
Withania (?) sordida Dunal, loc. cit., 456. 1852.
Chamaesaracha sordida A. Gray, Bot. Cal. i : 540. 1876.
Chamaesaracha conioides Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 :
287. 1895.
Much branched from a perennial base, at first up-
right, at length spreading, cinereous-puberulent with
short branched somewhat glutinous or viscid hairs,
generally also viscidly hirsute or villous with long and
branched hairs, especially on the calyx ; leaves oblan-
ceolate to obovate-rhombic, usually acutish and taper-
ing into a short petiole, generally deeply lobed, but
varying from subentire -to pinnatifid; calyx-lobes tri-
angular, generally acutish; corolla about \' in diam-
eter, white, cream-colored or sometimes violet-pur-
plish; berry 2i"-4" in diameter.
In dry clayey soil, southern Kansas to California and
Mexico. M^y-Sept.
SOLANACEAE.
VOL. III.
2. Chamaesaracha Coronopus (Dunal)
A. Gray. Smoothish Chamaesaracha.
Fig. 3716.
Solatium Coronopus Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13: Part i,
64. 1852.
C. Coronopus A. Gray, Bot. Cal. i : 540. 1876.
Branched and diffuse from a perennial base;
stem obtusely angled; pubescence on the stem
and leaves more or less roughish pruinose or
stellate, often scarcely any ; on the calyx stellate
or sometimes hirsute. Leaves linear or lanceo-
late, tapering at the base, more or less sinuately
lobed, occasionally subentire, sometimes pinna-
tifid; calyx-lobes triangular, acute; corolla white
or ochroleucous, the appendages of the throat
often protuberant; berry 2*"-4" in diameter,
nearly white.
In clayey soil, Kansas to Utah, California and
Mexico. May-Sept.
6. SOLANUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 184.
1753-
Herbs or shrubs, often stellate-pubescent, sometimes climbing. Flowers cymose, umbel-
liform, paniculate, or racemose, white, blue, purple, or yellow. Calyx campanulate or rotate,
mostly 5-toothed or S-cleft. Corolla rotate, the limb plaited, S-angled or 5-lobed, the tube
very short. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments short; anthers linear or
oblong, acute or acuminate, connate or connivent into a cone, the cells dehiscent by a terminal
pore, or sometimes by a short introrse terminal slit, or sometimes also longitudinally. Ovary
usually 2-celled; stigma small. Berry mostly globose, the calyx either persistent at its base
or enclosing it. [Name, according to Wettstein, from solamen, quieting.]
About 1000 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in tropical America.
Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the southern and western United States. Type
species : Solanum nigrum L.
* Glabrous or pubescent herbs, not prickly.
Plants green ; pubescence simple, or some of it stellate ; flowers white.
Leaves repand or entire ; ripe berries black.
Leaves deeply pinnatifid ; ripe berries green.
Plant silvery stellate-canescent ; flowers violet.
** Stellate-pubescent and prickly herbs.
Berry not enclosed by the calyx ; perennials.
Hirsute ; leaves 'ovate or oblong, sinuate or pinnatifid.
Densely silvery-canescent ; leaves linear or oblong, repand or entire.
Pubescent ; leaves ovate, s-7-lobed.
Berry partly or wholly invested by the spiny calyx ; annuals.
Lowest anther larger than the other four.
Plant densely stellate-pubescent ; corolla yellow.
Plant glandular-pubescent, with few stellate hairs ; corolla violet.
Anthers all equal.
*** Climbing vine, not prickly; leaves hastate or s-lobed.
i. Solanum nigrum L. Black, Deadly or
Garden Nightshade. Morel. Fig. 3717.
Solanum nigrum L. Sp. PI. 186. 1753.
Annual, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent with
simple hairs, green; stem erect, branched, i-2^
high. Leaves ovate, petioled, more or less inequi-
lateral, i '-3' long, entire, undulate, or dentate, thin,
acute, acuminate or acutish at the apex, narrowed
or rounded at the base ; peduncles lateral, umbel-
lately 3-io-flowered, \'-\\' long ; pedicels 3" -7" long ;
flowers white, 4"-S" broad ; calyx-lobes oblong, ob-
tuse, spreading, much shorter than the corolla, per-
sistent at the base of the berry ; filaments somewhat
pubescent ; anthers obtuse ; berries black when ripe,
smooth and glabrous, globose, 4"-s" in diameter, on
nodding peduncles.
In waste places, commonly in cultivated soil, Nova
Scotia to the Northwest Territory, south to Florida and
Texas. Widely distributed in nearly all countries as a
weed, and includes numerous races, differing principally
in leaf-form and pubescence. Petty-morel. Duscle.
Hound's-berry. July-Oct.
S. nigrum.
S. triflonitn.
S. elaeagnifolium.
S. carolinense.
S. elaeagnifolium.
S. Torreyi.
6. S. rostratum.
j. S. citrullifolium.
8. S. sisymbrifolium.
9. S. Dulcamara.
GENUS 6.
POTATO FAMILY.
165
Solanum villosum (L.) Mill., with coarsely den-
tate leaves, the pubescence villous and somewhat
viscid, has been found in ballast about the seaports.
2. Solatium triflorum Nutt. Cut-leaved
Nightshade. Fig. 3718.
Solanum triflorum Nutt. Gen. i: 128. 1818.
Annual, sparingly pubescent with simple hairs,
or glabrous; stem branched, i-3 high. Leaves
pinnatifid or some of them pinnately lobed, acute
at the apex, petioled, 2,'-^' long, the lobes trian-
gular-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, entire or dentate,
the sinuses rounded ; peduncles lateral, i-3-flow-
ered, i'-i' long; pedicels 3 "-7" long, reflexed in
fruit ; calyx-segments lanceolate, shorter than the
corolla, persistent at the base of the berry; co-
rolla white, 4"-5" broad; anthers obtuse; berries
green when mature, globose, smooth and glabrous,
about 5" in diameter.
On prairies and in waste places, Ontario to Mani-
toba, Kansas, New Mexico and Arizona. Introduced
in Missouri. May-Oct.
Solanum carolinense L. Horse-Nettle. Sand-Brier. Fig. 3719.
Solanum carolinensis L. Sp. PI. 184. 1753.
Perennial, green, finely stellate-pubescent
with 4-8-rayed hairs ; stem erect, branched,
i-4 high, the branches, petioles, midveins
and sometimes the lateral veins of the leaves
armed with straight subulate yellow prickles.
Leaves oblong or ovate, repand, lobed, or pin-
natifid, 2'-6' long, the lobes obtuse or acutish;
petioles 3"-io" long ; flowers cymose-racemosc,
appearing terminal, but really lateral, as is
manifest in fruit; pedicels 3 "-7" long, re-
curved in fruit; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acumi-
nate, about one-half the length of the corolla,
persistent at the base of the berry; corolla-
lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute ; anthers elon-
gated ; berries orange-yellow, smooth and
glabrous, 8"-io" in diameter.
In dry fields and in waste places, southern On-
tario to Vermont, Massachusetts and Florida, west
to Illinois, Nebraska and Texas. Adventive in its
northeastern range. Apple-of-sodom. Radical-
weed. Bull-nettle. Tread-softly. May-Sept.
4. Solanum eiaeagnifolium Cav. Silver-
leaved Nightshade. Fig. 3720.
5". eiaeagnifolium Cav. Icon. 3: 22. pi. 243. 1794.
Perennial, densely and finely stellate-pubescent,
silvery-canescent all over; stem branched, i-3
high, armed with very slender sharp prickles, or
these wanting. Leaves lanceolate, oblong, or
linear, petioled, i'-4' long, 3"-i2" wide, mostly
obtuse at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the
base, repand-dentate or entire ; flowers cymose,
8"-i2" broad, violet or blue; peduncles short and
stout, appearing terminal, but soon evidently lat-
eral; calyx-lobes lanceolate or linear-lnceolate,
acute; anthers linear; ovary white-tomentose ;
berries globose, yellow or darker, smooth and
glabrous, 4"-6" in diameter.
On dry plains and prairies, Missouri and Kansas
to Texas and Arizona. Trompillos. May-Sept.
SOLANACEAE.
VOL. III.
5. Solarium Torreyi A. Gray. Torrey's
Nightshade. Fig. 3721.
6". Torreyi A. Gray, Proc. Am. 'Acad. 6: 44. 1862.
Perennial, hoary with a stellate pubescence of
8-i2-rayed hairs, more or less armed with small
subulate prickles. Leaves ovate in outline, 3'-6'
long, sinuately 5-7-lobed, the lobes entire or undu-
late, obtuse; cymes appearing terminal, soon evi-
dently lateral, branched, loosely several-flowered ;
flowers showy, large; calyx-lobes ovate, abruptly
long-acuminate, persistent at the base of the
berry; corolla violet, I'-iJ' broad, its lobes ovate,
acute; berry globose, smooth and glabrous, i' or
more in diameter, yellow when ripe.
On dry plains and prairies, Kansas to Texas,
ported from Missouri.
Re-
6. Solanum rostratum Dunal. Sand
Bur. Beaked or Prickly Nightshade.
Buffalo-bur. Fig. 3722.
Solanum rostratum Dunal, Sol. 234. pi. 24. 1813.
S 1 . heterandrum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 156. pi. 7.
1814.
Annual, densely stellate-pubescent with 5-8-
rayed hairs, usually copiously armed with
yellow subulate prickles ; stem erect, branched,
i-2i high. Leaves ovate or oval in outline,
irregularly pinnately 5~7-lobed or i-2-pinna-
tifid, 2'-$' long, petioled, the lobes mostly
oblong, obtuse ; flowers racemose, yellow, about
i 'broad; racemes lateral; pedicels stout, 3" -6"
long, erect both in flower and fruit ; calyx
densely prickly, surrounding and wholly en-
closing the berry, the prickles becoming as
long as the fruit, or longer; calyx-lobes lan-
ceolate, acuminate; corolla about i' broad,
slightly irregular, its lobes ovate, acute; sta-
mens and style declined, the lowest stamen
longer with an incurved beak ; fruit, includ-
ing its prickles, i' in diameter or more.
On prairies, South Dakota to Texas and Mexico. Occasional in waste places, Ontario to New
Hampshire, Tennessee and Florida, adventive from the west. Texas-nettle. Prickly potato. May-
Sept. The original food of the Colorado beetle.
7. Solanum citrullifolium Braun. Melon-
leaved Nightshade. Fig. 3723.
Solanum citrullifolium Braun, Ind. Sem. Frib. 1849.
Annual, glandular-pubescent, or a few 4-5-rayed
hairs on the leaves, copiously armed with slender
yellow subulate prickles, diffusely branched, i-3
high. Leaves irregularly bipinnatifid, resembling
in outline those of the watermelon, 2'-6' long ; ra-
cemes lateral, several-flowered ; flowers I'-ii' broad,
violet ; stamens and style declined ; lowest anther
violet, larger than the four other yellow ones ; co-
rolla somewhat irregular, its lobes ovate, acuminate ;
fruit similar to that of the preceding species.
In dry soil, Iowa and Kansas to Texas, Mexico and
New Mexico. Referred in our first edition, to S.
heterodoxum Dunal. July Sept.
GENUS 6.
POTATO FAMILY.
8. Solatium sisymbriifolium Lam. Viscid
Nightshade. Fig. 3724.
Solatium sisymbriifolium Lam. 111. 2: 25. 1793.
Annual, branched, 2-4 high, villous-pubescent
with long viscid hairs and armed all over with bright
yellow prickles. Leaves thin, deeply pinnatifid into
oblong toothed or sinuate lobes; flowers li'-ii'
broad, light blue or white; stamens and style nearly
erect; anthers all equal, yellow; corolla slightly
irregular, its lobes deltoid or ovate-deltoid, acute or
obtusish ; fruit included in the accrescent calyx
which has a prickly tube and thinnish lobes.
In waste places and on ballast, especially about sea-
ports, from Massachusetts to the Gulf States. Intro-
duced from tropical America. June-Sept.
9. Solanum Dulcamara L. Climbing or Bitter Nightshade. Blue Bindweed.
Fellenwort. Bittersweet. Dogwood. Fig. 3725.
Solanum Dulcamara L. Sp. PI. 185. 1753.
Perennial, pubescent with simple hairs or gla-
brate, stem climbing or straggling, somewhat
woody below, branched, 2-8 long. Leaves peti-
oled, ovate or hastate in outline, 2'-^' long, i'-2$'
wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, usually
slightly cordate- at the base, some of them entire,
some with a lobe on one side near the base, some
deeply 3-lobed or 3-divided, with the terminal
segment much the largest; cymes compound, lat-
eral; pedicels slender, articulated at the base,
spreading or drooping; flowers blue, purple or
white, s"~7" broad ; calyx-lobes short, oblong,
obtuse, persistent at the base of the berry; corolla
deeply 5-cleft, its lobes triangular-lanceolate, acu-
minate; berry oval or globose, red.
In waste places or in moist thickets, sometimes
appearing as if indigenous, Nova Scotia to Minne-
sota, Washington, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and
Kansas. May-Sept. Woody nightshade. Poison-
flower. Poison- or snake-berry. Scarlet berry. Natu-
ralized from Europe. Native also of Asia.
Solanum triquetrum Cav., a Texan and Mexican nearly glabrous herb, scarcely climbing, with
somewhat ridged stems, 3-lobed deltoid-cordate or hastate leaves, lateral few-flowered cymes and
globose red berries, is reported from Kansas.
Solanum Melongena L., the egg-plant, with blue or purplish flowers, and an ovoid or obovoid
berry up to 6' long, is occasionally found in waste grounds. It is native of Asia,
species : Lycium afrum L.
7. LYCOPERSICON Mill. Card. Diet. Abr. Ed. 4. 1754.
Annual, or rarely perennial, coarse branching or feebly climbing herbs, with i-2-pinnately
divided leaves, and lateral irregular raceme-like cymes of small yellowish flowers opposite
the leaves. Calyx 5-parted, or rarely 6-parted, the segments linear or lanceolate. Corolla
rotate, the tube very short, the limb 5-cleft or rarely 6-cleft, plicate. Stamens 5 (rarely 6),
inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments very short; anthers elongated, connate or
connivent, introrsely longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-3-celled; style simple; stigma small,
capitate. Berry in the wild plants globose or pyriform, much modified in cultivation, the
qalyx persistent at its base. [Greek, wolf-peach.]
About 4 species, natives of North America, the following typical.
SOLANACEAE.
VOL. III.
i. Lycopersicon Lycopersicon (L.)
Karst. Tomato. Love Apple.
Cherry Tomato. Fig. 3726.
Solatium Lycopersicum L. Sp. PI. 185. 1753.
L. esculentum Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8. 1768.
Lycopersicum Lycopersicum Karst. Deutsch. Fl.
966. 1880-83.
Viscid-pubescent, much branched, i-3
high, the branches spreading. Leaves peti-
oled, pinnately divided, 6'-i8' long, the seg-
ments stalked, the larger 7-9, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, mostly acute, dentate, lobed or
again divided, 2'-^' long, with several or
numerous smaller, sometimes very small ones
interspersed; clusters several-flowered; pe-
duncles i '-3' long ; flowers s"-8" broad ; calyx-
segments about equalling the corolla; berry
the well-known tomato or love-apple.
Escaped from cultivation and occasionally
spontaneous from New York and Pennsylvania
southward. Jews' ear. June-Sept.
8. LYCIUM L. Sp. PI. 191. 1753.
. Shrubs, or woody vines, often spiny, with small alternate entire leaves, commonly with
smaller ones fascicled in their axils, and white greenish or purple, axillary or terminal, soli-
tary or clustered flowers. Calyx campanulate, 3~5-lobed or -toothed, not enlarged in fruit,
persistent at the base of the berry. Corolla funnelform, salverform, or campanulate, the tube
short or slender, the limb 5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed), the lobes obtuse. Stamens 5 (rarely 4),
exserted, or included; filaments filiform, sometimes dilated at the base; anther-sacs longi-
tudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-celled; style filiform; stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Berry glo-
bose, ovoid, or oblong. [Named from the country Lycia.]
About 75 species, widely distributed in temperate and warm regions. Besides the following,
introduced from Europe, some 17 native species occur in the western parts of North America. Type
species : Lycium afreum L.
i. Lycium halimifolium Mill. Matrimony Vine. Box-thorn. Fig. 3727.
Lycium halimifolium Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 6. 1768.
Lycium Barbarwn var. vulgare Ait. f. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2,
2: 3. 1811.
Lycium vulgare Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13 : Part i, 509. 1852.
Glabrous, spiny or unarmed; stems slender, climb-
ing or trailing, branched, 6-25 long, the branches
somewhat angled, the spines, when present, slender,
about long. Leaves lanceolate, oblong, or spatu-
late, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed into short
petioles, firm, i'-ii' long, 2"~4" wide; flowers 2-5
together in the axils, or solitary; peduncles filiform,
spreading, 6"-i2" long; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, or
obtuse, i$" long; corolla funnelform, purplish chang-
ing to greenish, 4"-6" broad, its lobes ovate-oblong;
stamens slightly exserted; berry oval, orange-red.
In thickets and waste places, escaped from gardens,
Ontario to Virginia, Minnesota and Kansas. Introduced
from Europe. Bastard jessamine. Jasmine. Jackson-vine.
May- Aug.
9. HYOSCYAMUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 179. 1753.
Erect coarse viscid-pubescent narcotic annual biennial or perennial herbs, with alternate
mostly lobed or pinnatifid leaves, and large nearly regular flowers, the lower solitary in the
axils, the upper in a more or less i-sided spike or raceme. Calyx urn-shaped or narrowly
campanulate, 5-cleft, striate, enlarged and enclosing the capsule in fruit. Corolla funnel-
form, the limb somewhat oblique, 5-cleft, the lobes more or less unequal, spreading. Stamens
declined, mostly exserted; filaments filiform; anthers oblong or ovate, their sacs longitudi-
GENUS 9.
POTATO FAMILY.
169
nally dehiscent. Ovary 2-celled; style slender; stigma capitate. Capsule 2-celled, circum-
scissile above the middle. [Greek, hog-bean.]
About 15 species, natives of the Mediterranean region, the following typical.
i. Hyoscyamus niger L. Black Hen-
bane. Hog's-bean. Fig. 3728.
Hyoscyamus niger L. Sp. PI. 179. 1753.
Annual or biennial, villous and viscid, of
an ill odor; stem stout, i-2i high. Leaves
ovate, lanceolate, or oblong in outline, 3' -7'
long, acute or acuminate at the apex, sessile,
or the upper clasping the stem, irregularly
lobed, cleft or pinnatifid; flowers very short-
pedicelled, i'-2' broad ; calyx-lobes triangular-
ovate, acute ; corolla greenish-yellow, strongly
reticulated with purple veins, its lobes ovate,
obtusish; capsule globose-oblong, about 5"
high.
In waste places, Nova Scotia to Ontario, New
York and Michigan. Naturalized from Europe.
Fetid nightshade. Insane-root. Belene. Chenile.
Poison-tobacco. June-Sept.
10. DATURA L. Sp. PI. 179. 1753.
Annual or perennial erect tall branching
narcotic herbs, some tropical species shrubs
or trees, with alternate petioled entire sinuate-
dentate or lobed leaves, and large solitary erect
short-peduncled white purple or violet flow-
ers. Calyx elongated-tubular or prismatic, its
apex S-cleft or spathe-like, in the following species circumscissile near the base which is per-
sistent and subtends the globose ovoid prickly capsule. Corolla funnelform, the limb plaited,
S-lobed, the lobes broad, acuminate. Stamens included or little exserted; filaments filiform,
very long, inserted at or below the middle of the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-celled, or falsely
4-celled; style filiform; stigma slightly 2-lobed. Capsule 4-valved from the top, or bursting
irregularly. [The Hindoo name, dhatura.]
About 12 species, of wide geographic distribution. Type species: Datura Stramonium L.
The following are introduced weeds.
Glabrous or very sparingly pubescent; leaves lobed, calyx prismatic. i. D. Stramonium.
Finely glandular-pubescent ; leaves entire or undulate ; calyx tubular. 2. D. Metel.
i. Datura Stramonium L. Stramonium.
Jamestown or Jimson-weed. Thorn-
Apple. Fig. 3729.
Datura Stramonium L. Sp. PI. 179. 1753.
Datura Tatula L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 256. 1762.
Annual, glabrous or the young parts spar-
ingly pubescent ; stem green to purple, stout,
i-5 high. Leaves thin, ovate in outline, acute
or acuminate at the apex, mostly narrowed at
the base, 3'-8' long, irregularly sinuate-lobed,
the lobes acute; petioles i'-4' long; flowers
white or violet, about 4' high, the limb i-T-2'
broad ; calyx prismatic, less than one-half the
length of the corolla; capsule ovoid, densely
prickly, about 2' high, the lower prickles shorter
than the upper or all about equal.
In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Flor-
ida, west to Minnesota and Texas. Naturalized
from tropical regions. June Sept. Peru-, mad-
or devil's-apple. Devil's-trumpet. Jamestown-lily.
Fire-weed. Dewtry. Races differ in color of
flowers and in length of the prickles on the pods.
SOLANACEAE.
VOL. HI.
2. Datura Metel L. Entire-leaved
Thorn-Apple. Fig. 3730.
Datura Metel L. Sp. PI. 179. 1753.
Annual, densely and finely glandular-pubes-
cent; stem stout, much branched, 4-8 high.
Leaves broadly ovate, acute at the apex, ine-
quilateral, rounded or subcordate at the base,
4'-io' long, entire or merely undulate; petioles
I '-3' long; flowers white, 6'-/ high, the limb
3'-4' broad; calyx tubular, about one-half as
long as the corolla; capsule globose or ovoid-
globose, obtuse, prickly and pubescent, I'-ii'
in diameter.
In waste places, escaped from gardens, Rhode
Island to Florida. Native of tropical America.
July-Sept.
ii. NICOTIANA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 180. 1753.
Annual or perennial viscid-pubescent acrid narcotic herbs or shrubs, with large alternate
entire or slightly undulate leaves, and rather large white yellow greenish or purplish flowers,
in terminal, often bracted, racemes or panicles. Calyx tubular-campanulate or ovoid, 5-cleft.
Corolla funnelform, salverform, or nearly tubular, the tube usually longer than the limb,
5-lobed, the lobes spreading. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla; filaments
filiform; anthers ovate or oblong, their sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-celled (rarely
4-celled) ; style slender; stigma capitate. Capsule 2-valved, or sometimes 4-valved at the
summit. Seeds very numerous, small. [Named for John Nicot, French ambassodar to
Portugal, who sent some species to Catherine de Medici, about 1560.]
About 50 species, mostly natives of America. Besides the following, some 10 others occur in
the southern and western United States. Type species: Nicotiana Tabacum L.
Corolla i' long, the tube cylindric ; calyx-lobes triangular. i. N.rustica.
Corolla 4' 6' long, the' tube very slender ; calyx-lobes linear or narrowly
lanceolate. 2. N. longiflora.
i. Nicotiana rustica L. Wild To-
bacco. Fig. 3731.
Nicotiana rustica L. Sp. PI. 180. 1753.
Annual; stem rather slender, 2-4 high.
Leaves broadly ovate, thin, entire, slender-
petioled, 2'-8' long, i'-6' wide; petioles
i'-5i' long; flowers greenish-yellow, about
i' long, panicled ; pedicels 3"-6" long, rather
stout ; calyx-lobes broadly triangular, acute,
shorter than the tube; corolla-tube cylin-
dric, somewhat enlarged above, the lobes
short, obtuse, slightly spreading; capsule
globose, glabrous, about 5" in diameter,
2-valved, longer than the calyx.
In fields and waste places, escaped from
gardens, Ontario to Minnesota, south to south-
ern New York and Florida. Cultivated by the
Indians, its origin unknown. Leaves greenish
when dry. Indian, Syrian or real-tobacco.
June-Sept.
GENUS ii.
POTATO FAMILY.
171
2. Nicotiana longiflora Cav. Long-flowered
Tobacco. Fig. 3732.
Nicotiana longiflora Cav. Descr. PI. 106. 1802.
Annual, minutely rough-puberulent and viscid ; stem
erect, slender, branched, ii-3 high. Basal leaves
ovate-lanceolate or broadly oblanceolate, obtuse, 6'-io'
long, i '-3' wide, tapering into slender winged petioles;
stem-leaves linear or lanceolate, sessile, 2'-4' long ;
flowers in terminal racemes, short-pedicelled, 4'-6' long ;
calyx oblong, pubescent, its narrow lobes nearly as long
as the tube ; corolla white or purplish, viscid, the tube
slender, i"-ii" in diameter, expanding above, the lobes
ovate-lanceolate, acute; capsule oblong.
Near Harrisburg and Easton, Pa. Escaped from gar-
dens. Native of South America. Aug.-Oct.
12. PETUNIA Juss. Ann. Mus. Paris 2: 215.
pi. 47. 1803.
Viscid-pubescent annual or perennial branching herbs,
with entire leaves, and axillary or terminal solitary white
violet or purple flowers (in cultivation sometimes variegated). Calyx deeply 5-cleft or
5-parted, the segments narrow. Corolla funnelform or salverform, the limb plicate, spread-
ing, slightly irregular. Stamens 5, inserted on the throat of the corolla, 4 of them didy-
namous, perfect, the fifth smaller or obsolete; filaments slender; anthers ovoid, 2-lobed.
Disk fleshy. Ovary 2-celled; ovules numerous in each cavity; style filiform; stigma 2-lamel-
late. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, the valves entire. Seeds small, the testa rugose. [Petun,
an Indian name of tobacco.]
About 12 species, natives of South America. Type species: Petunia pamiflora Juss.
Corolla white, its tube cylindric. i. P. a.rillaris.
Corolla violet-purple, its tube campanulate. 2. P. violacea.
i. Petunia axillaris (Lam.) B.S.P. White
Petunia. Fig. 3733.
Nicotiana axillaris Lam. Encycl. 4: 480. 1797.
Petunia nyctaginiflora Juss. Ann. Mus. Paris, 2: 215.
pi. 47. f. 2. 1803.
Petunia axillaris B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 38. 1888.
Very viscid; stem stout, about i high. Leaves
ovate to obovate, obtuse or blunt-pointed at the
apex, sessile, or the lower narrowed into short mar-
gined petioles, 3'-4' long, i'-2 r wide; peduncles
slender, 2'-4' long, often longer than the leaves;
calyx-segments linear-oblong, obtuse ; corolla white,
its tube cylindric, slightly enlarged above, i'-ii'
long, 3-4 times as long as the calyx, its limb about
2' broad, the lobes rounded.
In waste places, escaped from gardens, southern New
York and Pennsylvania. Native of Brazil. July-Sept.
2. Petunia violacea Lindl. Violet Petunia
Fig- 3734-
Petunia violacea Lindl. Bot. Reg. pi. 1626. 1833.
Similar to the preceding species, but usually
'rather lower, and the stem slender. Leaves ovate
or obovate, all but the uppermost petioled, mostly
obtuse, i'-2i' long; peduncles slender, i'-2' long;
calyx-segments linear, subacute, or obtuse ; co-
rolla violet- purple, its tube campanulate, 9"-is"
long, the limb less abruptly spreading, i'-ii'
broad, the lobes subacute.
In waste places, escaped from gardens, southern
New York and Pennsylvania. Native of southern
Brazil and Paraguay. June-Sept.
Petunia parviflora Juss., a prostrate pubescent
annual, with small linear to spatulate leaves, and a
funnelform corolla 4 "-5" long, has been found on
ballast about the eastern seaports, from South
America.
i? 2 SCROPHULARIACEAE. VOL. III.
Family 28. SCROPHULARIACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 288. 1826.
FIG WORT FAMILY.
Herbs, shrubs or trees, with opposite or alternate exstipulate leaves, and
perfect mostly complete and irregular Mowers (corolla wanting in one species of
Synthyris). Calyx inferior, persistent, 4-5-toothed, -cleft, or -divided, or some-
times split on the lower side, or on both sides, the lobes or segments valvate,
imbricate or distinct in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, the limb 2-lipped, or
nearly regular. Stamens 2, 4 or 5, didynamous, or nearly equal, inserted on the
corolla and alternate with its lobes ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs equal, or unequal,
or sometimes confluent into one. Disk present or obsolete. Pistil I, entire or
2-lobed ; ovary superior, 2-celled, or rarely i -celled ; ovules mostly numerous, rarely
few, anatropous or amphitropous, borne on axile placentae ; style slender, simple ;
stigma entire, 2-lobed or 2-lamellate. Fruit mostly capsular and septicidally or
loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds mostly numerous, the testa reticulated, pitted,
striate, ribbed, or nearly smooth ; endosperm fleshy ; embryo small, straight or
slightly curved ; cotyledons little broader than the radicle.
About 165 genera and 2700 species, widely distributed, most abundant in temperate regions.
1. Anther-bearing stamens 5; corolla rotate; leaves alternate. (VERBASCEAE.) i. Verbascum.
2. Anther-bearing stamens 2 or 4; leaves opposite, verticillate or alternate.
* Corolla spurred, saccate or gibbous on the lower side at the base. (ANTIRRHINEAE.)
Corolla spurred at the base.
Leaves palmately 3-5-veined. 2. Cymbataria.
Leaves pinnately veined.
Flowers solitary in the axils.
Throat of the corolla closed by the palate ; leaves broad. 3. Kickxia.
Throat of the corolla not closed by the palate ; leaves narrow. 4. Chaenorrhinum,
Flowers in terminal racemes. 5. Linaria.
Corolla saccate or gibous at the base. 6. Antirrhinum.
** Corolla neither spurred, saccate nor gibbous on the lower side.
t Anther-bearing stamens 4, the fifth sterile or rudimentary. (CHELONEAE.)
Sterile stamen a scale adnate to the upper side of the corolla. 7. Scrophularia.
Sterile stamen elongated, longer or shorter than the others.
Corolla tubular, 2-lipped, the lobes of the lower lip flat.
Sterile stamens shorter than the others ; seeds winged. 8. Chelone.
Sterile stamen about equalling the others ; seeds wingless. 9. Pentstemon.
Corolla 2-cleft, declined ; middle lobe of the lower lip conduplicate. 10. Collinsia.
ft Stamens 4, all anther-bearing, or 2 sterile, or 2 only.
a. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing; large Asiatic tree. (PAULOWNIEAE.)
ii. Paulownia.
b. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing; herbs; corolla 2-lipped; stamens not enclosed
in upper lip of corolla. (MIMULEAE.)
Calyx prismatic, 5 -angled, 5-toothed. 12. Mimulus.
Calyx s-parted, not prismatic.
Calyx-segments equal; leaves pinnatifid in our species. 13. Conobea.
Calyx-segments unequal, the upper one the largest.
Corolla nearly regular, about equally 5-lobed. 14. Bramia.
Corolla manifestly 2-lipped.
Leaves palmately nerved; flower with an hypogynous disk. 15. Hydrotrida.
Leaves pinnately veined; no hypogynous disk. 16. Mecardonia.
C. Stamens 4, 2 anther-bearing and 2 sterile, or 2 only; corolla obviously 2-lipped. (GRATIOLEAE.)
Calyx s-parted ; upper lip of corolla present.
Sterile filaments short or none.
Anther-sacs transverse, separated. 17. Gratiola.
Anther-sacs parallel, contiguous. 18. Sophrononthe.
Sterile filaments slender, 2-lobed. 19. Ilysanthes.
Calyx 4-toothed ; upper lip of corolla obsolete ; low mud plant. 20. Micranthemum.
d. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing; corolla nearly regular; flowers on scapes. (LIMOSELLEAE.)
21. Limosella.
e. Stamens 2 only (rarely 4 in Synthyris} ; corolla rotate, salverform, tubular, or
none. (VERONICEAE.)
Leaves alternate ; flowers spicate ; corolla 2-3-lobed or none. 22. Synthyris.
Leaves, at least the lower, opposite or verticillate ; corolla 4-lobed.
Corolla rotate or salverform ; capsule obcordate or emarginate, compressed. 23. Veronica.
Corolla tubular-funnelform ; capsule ovoid, not compressed. 24. Leptandra.
f. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing; corolla campanulate, salverform or funnelform, scarcely 2-lipped.
Leaves alternate; flowers in i-sided racemes. (DIGITALEAE.) 25. Digitalis.
Leaves, at least the lower, opposite. (BUCHNEREAE.)
Corolla salverform ; flowers in a long spike. 26. Buchnera.
Corolla campanulate or funnelform.
Stamens nearly equal ; calyx-lobes as long as the tube. 27. Afselia.
KEY TO GENERA.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
173
Stamens strongly didynamous, unequal ; calyx-teeth shorter than the tube.
Anthers awned at the base; corolla yellow. 28. Dasystoma.
Anthers awnless ; corolla purple, pink or rarely white.
Anthers all alike ; flowers pedicelled ; leaves not auricled. 29. Agalinis.
Anthers of the shorter stamens smaller; leaves auricled at base. 30. Otophylla.
g. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla. (EUPHRASIEAE.)
Ovules several or numerous ; capsule many-seeded.
Anther-sacs dissimilar, the inner one pendulous by its apex; leaves mostly alternate.
Upper lip of the corolla much longer than the lower. 31. Castilleja.
Upper lip of the corolla scarcely longer than the lower. 32. Orthocarpus.
Anther-sacs similar and parallel ; leaves mostly opposite.
Calyx 2-bracteolate at the base, oblique, 5-toothed. 33. Schwalbea.
Calyx not bracteolate, 4-s-toothed, or cleft or split.
Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed, its margins recurved ; calyx 4-cleft. 34. Euphrasia.
Margins of the upper lip of the corolla not recurved.
Calyx scarcely or not at all inflated in fruit ; galea entire.
Calyx 4-toothed or 4-cleft ; capsule straight.
Seeds spreading, numerous. 35. Bartsia.
Seeds pendulous, few. 36. Odontites.
Calyx split on the lower side or on both sides ; capsule oblique.
Galea short-beaked or beakless. 37. Pedicularis.
Galea filiform-beaked. 38. Elephantella.
Calyx ovoid, much inflated and veiny in fruit. 39. Rhinanthus.
Ovules only i or 2 in each cell of the ovary ; capsule i-4-seeded ; leaves opposite. 40. Melampyrum.
i. VERBASCUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 177. 1753.
Biennial or rarely perennial, mostly tall and erect herbs, with alternate dentate pinnatifid
or entire leaves, and rather large yellow purple red or white flowers, in terminal spikes,
racemes or panicles. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corolla flat-rotate or slightly con-
cave, 5-lobed, the lobes a little unequal, the upper exterior, at least in the bud. Stamens 5,
inserted on the base of the corolla, unequal, all anther-bearing; filaments of the 3 upper
stamens, or of all 5, pilose; anther-sacs confluent into one. Ovules numerous; style dilated
and flattened at the summit. Capsule globose to oblong, septicidally 2-valved, many-seeded,
the valves usually 2-cleft at the apex. Seeds rugose, not winged. [The Latin name of the
great mullen; used by Pliny.]
About 125 species, natives of the Old World. Besides the following, another is naturalized in
the western United States. Type species: Verbascum Thapsus L.
Plants densely woolly ; flowers in dense terminal spikes, or spike-like racemes.
Leaves strongly decurrent on the stem. i. V . Thapsus.
Leaves not decurrent, or but slightly so. 2. V. phlomoides.
Leaves white-tomentose beneath ; flowers in large terminal panicles. 3. V . Lychnitis.
Plant glabrous or sparingly glandular ; flowers racemose. 4. V. Blattaria.
i. Verbascum Thapsus L. Great Mullen. Velvet or Mullen Dock. Fig. 3735.
Verbascum Thapsus L. Sp. PI. 177. 1753.
Erect, stout, simple or with some erect
branches, densely woolly all over with
branched hairs; stem 2-7 high, wing-
angled by the bases of the decurrent leaves.
Leaves oblong, thick, acute, narrowed at
the base, dentate or denticulate, 4-12' long,
the basal ones borne on margined petioles;
flowers yellow, 8"-i2" broad, sessile, nu-
merous in dense elongated spikes rarely
branched above ; stamens unequal, the three
upper shorter with white hairy filaments
and short anthers, the two lower glabrous
or nearly so with larger anthers ; capsule
about 3" high, slightly longer than the
woolly calyx.
In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to
South Dakota, California, Florida and Kansas.
Often a troublesome weed. Naturalized from
Europe. Native also of Asia. Among some 40
English names are hedge-, hig- or high-taper.
Candlewick. Cow's or bullock's-lungwort.
Aaron's- or Adam's-rod or -flannel. Feltwort.
Hare's-beard. Jacob's-, Jupiter's- or Peter's-
staff. Ice-leaf. Torches. Flannel-leaf. Old
man's-flannel or blanket-leaf. Woolen, i. e.,
mullen. Shepherd's-club. Velvet-plant. June-
Sept.
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
VOL. III.
2. Verbascum phlomoides L. Clasp-
ing-leaved Mullen. Fig. 3736.
Verbascum phlomoides L. Sp. PI. 1194. 1753.
Stem rather stout, usually simple, i-4
high. Leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate,
crenate, crenulate, or entire, woolly-tomen-
tose on both sides, sessile or somewhat
clasping, or slightly decurrent on the stem,
or the lower often petioled with truncate
or subcordate bases; flowers yellow, or
cream-color, i' broad or more, usually in a
solitary elongated tomentose spike-like ra-
ceme; pedicels clustered, shorter than the
calyx; stamens as in V. Thapsus; capsule
4"-5" long, exceeding the tomentose calyx.
Eastern Massachusetts to Kentucky. Ad-
ventive or fugitive from Europe or eastern
Asia. June-Aug.
3. Verbascum Lychnitis L. White Mullen.
Fig. 3737-
Verbascum Lychnitis L. Sp. PI. 177. 1753.
Stem angled, rather stout, paniculately branched
above, 2-4^ high, densely covered, as well as
the lower surfaces of the leaves, with a white
canescent nearly stellate pubescence. Leaves ob-
long, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, crenate-dentate,
2'~7' long, the upper acute, sessile, but not decur-
rent on the stem, the lower obtuse or acute at the
apex and narrowed into margined petioles ; flow-
ers in a large terminal panicle, racemose on its
branches, white or cream-color, 5 "-6" broad,
nearly sessile; pilose hairs of the 3 shorter fila-
ments white; capsule about 2" high, equalling or
exceeding the calyx.
In fields and waste places, Ontario to New Jersey
and Pennsylvania. Reported from Kansas. Natural-
ized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June Sept.
Its down once used for lighting, hence Lichnitis,
lamp.
4. Verbascum Blattaria L. Moth Mullen.
Fig- 3738.
Verbascum Blatteria L. Sp. PI. 178. 1753.
Stem erect, strict, slender, terete, glabrous or
sparingly glandular-pubescent, usually quite simple,
2-6 high. Leaves oblong, ovate or lanceolate,
dentate, laciniate, or pinnatifid, acute or acuminate,
the upper \'-2.\' long, truncate or cordate-clasping
at the base, the lower and basal ones sessile or
somewhat petioled, sometimes i long, seldom pres-
ent at flowering time; raceme i-2 long, loose;
pedicels spreading, i'-i' long, bracted at the base;
corolla yellow or white, about i' broad, with brown
marks on the back ; filaments all pilose with violet
hairs ; capsule depressed-globose, 3" in diameter,
longer than the calyx.
In fields and waste places, Quebec to Florida, west to
Oregon and California. Naturalized from Europe.
Native also of Asia. June-Nov. Said to repel the
cockroach (Blatta), whence the name Blattaria; fre-
quented by moths, hence moth-mullen.
Verbascum virgatum Stokes, a similar Old World
species, found on Cape Breton Island and naturalized
in the Pacific States, has fruiting pedicels shorter than
the capsules.
GENUS 2. FIGWORT FAMILY. 175
2. CYMBALARIA Medic. Phil. Bot. 2: 70. 1791.
Perennial creeping or spreading herbs, with long-petioled, mostly lobed, palmately veined
leaves, and solitary axillary white to violet flowers. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla irregular,
2-lipped, short-spurred ; upper lip 2-lobed, lower lip 3-lobed ; throat nearly or quite closed by
the palate. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending, included, the filaments filiform. Style very
slender. Capsule dehiscent by 2 terminal 3-toothed pores. Seeds numerous, small. [From
the Greek for cymbal.]
About 9 species, natives of the Old World, the following typical.
i. Cymbalaria Cymbalaria (L.) Wettst. Kenil-
worth or Coliseum Ivy. Fig. 3739.
Antirrhinum Cymbalaria L. Sp. PI. 612. 1753.
Linaria Cymbalaria Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 17. 1768.
Cymbalaria Cymbalaria Wettst. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl.
Fam. 4: Abt. 3b, 58. 1891.
Perennial, glabrous; stem trailing, branched, often
rooting at the nodes, 3'-i2' long. Leaves slender-petioled,
reniform-orbicular, palmately 3-5-veined, 3-5-lobed, i'-i'
in diameter, the lobes broad and obtuse ; petioles usually
as long as the blade ; flowers axillary, solitary, blue or
lilac, 4"-s" long ; peduncles slender, recurved, shorter
than the petioles ; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute ;
palate yellowish; capsule globose, several-seeded; seeds
rugose, wingless.
Waste places and roadsides, adventive from Europe, On-
tario to New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and in seaport
ballast. Other English names are ivy-leaved toadflax, ivy-
weed. Climbing or roving sailor. Aaron's-beard. Wander-
ing jew. Mother-of-thousands. Oxford-weed. Pennywort.
June- Aug.
3. KICKXIA Dumort. Fl. Belg. 35. 1827.
[ELATINOIDES Wettst. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 4: Abt. 3b, 58. 1891.]
Mostly annual spreading or creeping herbs, with pinnately veined, short-petioled entire
toothed or lobed leaves, and solitary axillary white yellow or variegated flowers. Calyx
5-parted. Corolla irregular, spurred, 2-lipped, the throat closed by the palate. Stamens 4,
didynamous, included; filaments filiform. Capsule subglobose, or ovoid, opening by i or 2
terminal slits, pores or valves. Seeds numerous, ovoid, mostly rough or tubercled. [In
honor of Jean Kickx, 1775-1831, professor in Brussels.]
About 25 species, natives of the Old World. Type species : Antirrhinum Elatlne L.
Leaves ovate-orbicular, cordate or rounded at the base.
Leaves hastate.
1. K. spuria.
2. K. Elatine.
i. Kickxia spuria (L.) Dumort. Round-leaved Toad-Flax. Fig. 3740.
Antirrhinum spurium L. Sp. PI. 613. 1753.
Linaria spuria Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 15. 1768.
Kickxia spuria Dumont. Fl. Belg. 35. 1827.
Elatinoides spuria Wettst. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl.
Fam. 4: Abt. 3b, 58. 1891.
Annual, pubescent all over ; stems prostrate, branched
or simple, 3'-2 long. Leaves short-petioled, ovate-
orbicular, entire, or sometimes dentate, mucronulate at
the apex, cordate or rounded at the base, i'-i' in diam-
eter; petioles i"-2" long; flowers solitary in the axils,
small; peduncles filiform, very pubescent, often much
longer than the leaves ; calyx-segments ovate, acute at
the apex, cordate or rounded at the base, one-half as
long as the corolla ; corolla yellowish with a purple
upper lip, the spur curved, about as long as the tube;
capsule subglobose, shorter than the calyx; seeds ru-
gose, not winged.
In waste places and ballast, New York to North Caro-
lina and Missouri. Adventive from Europe. This and the
next called also cancerwort and female-fluellin. June-
Sept.
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
VOL. III.
2. Kickxia Elatine ( L. ) Dumort. Sharp-pointed
Fluellin or Toad-Flax. Fig. 3741.
Antirrhinum Elatine L. Sp. PI. 612. 1753.
Linaria Elatina Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 16. 1768.
Kickxia Elatine Dumont. Fl. Belg. 35. 1827.
Elatinoides Elatine Wettst. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl.
Fam. 4: Abt. 3b, 58. 1891.
Annual, pubescent ; stems prostrate, usually branched,
slender, 6'-2 long. Leaves short-petioled, ovate, i'-i'
long, acute or acutish at the apex, triangular, hastate,
truncate, or subcordate at the base, the basal auricles
divergent, acute; petioles i"-3" long; flowers solitary
in the axils, about 3" long; peduncles filiform, gla-
brous, or somewhat hairy, usually longer than the
leaves; calyx-segments narrowly lanceolate, acute; co-
rolla yellowish, purplish beneath, its spur slender,
straight, declined ; capsule subglobose, shorter than the
calyx ; seeds wingless.
In sandy waste places, Canada ( ?) ; Massachusetts to
Georgia and Missouri. Naturalized from Europe. Na-
tive also of Asia. Called also canker- root. June-Sept.
4. CHAENORRHINUM [DC.] Lange; Willk. & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp. 2:
577- 1870.
Herbs with alternate, usually entire leaves, and violet, blue or white axillary flowers.
Calyx 5-parted, the segments narrow. Corolla similar to that of Linaria, but with an open
throat and a straight upper lip. Stamens 4, didynamous; filaments slender. Style filiform.
Capsule inequilateral, one carpel larger than the other. Seeds ovoid or cuneate, ribbed.
[Greek, open nose, referring to the open corolla- throat.]
About 20 species, chiefly in the Mediterranean region and Asia. Type species : Antirrhinum
minus L.
i. Chaenorrhinum minus (L.) Lange. Small Snap-dragon. Fig. 3742.
Antirrhinum minus L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 852. 1763.
Linaria minor Desf. Fl. Atlant. 2: 46. 1800.
Chaenorrhinum minus Lange; Willk. & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp.
2: 579. 1870.
Annual, glandular-pubescent all over; stem 5'-i3' tall,
often branched. Leaves linear-spatulate to linear, mostly
obtuse, 5"-is" long, narrowed at the base; flowers shorter
than the pedicels, blue or bluish, 2i"-4" long; calyx-seg-
ments linear to linear-spatulate, somewhat shorter than the
corolla; spur short and stout, much shorter than the body
of the corolla; capsule globose-ovoid.
Waste grounds and ballast, New Brunswick to New York,
Pennsylvania and Michigan. Adventive from Europe.
5. LINARIA [Tourn.] Mill. Card. Diet. Abr.
Ed. 4. 1754.
Herbs, some exotic species shrubby, with alternate entire
dentate or lobed leaves, or the lower and those of sterile
shoots opposite or verticillate, and yellow white blue purple
or variegated flowers, in terminal bracted racemes or spikes.
Calyx 5-parted, the segments imbricated. Corolla irregu-
lar, spurred at the base, or the spur rarely obsolete, 2-lipped,
the upper lip erect, 2-lobed, covering the lower in the bud,
the lower spreading, 3-lobed, its base produced into a palate
often nearly closing the throat. Stamens 4, didynamous,
ascending, included ; filaments and style filiform. Capsule ovoid or globose, opening by i
or more mostly 3-toothed pores or slits below the summit. Seeds numerous, wingless or
winged, angled or rugose. [Latin, linum, flax, which some species resemble.]
About 150 specieSj of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in the Old World. Besides
the following, another species occurs in Florida. The corolla, especially the terminal one of the
raceme, occasionally has 5 spurs and is regularly s-lobed, and is then said to be in the Peloria state.
Type species : Antirrhinum Linaria L.
Flowers yellow, 8" 15" long; leaves linear; flowers 12" 15" long.
Leaves alternate. i. L. Linaria.
Lower leaves whorled. 2. L. supina.
Flowers blue to white, 3" 6" long.
Spur of corolla filiform, curved ; native species. 3.
Spur of the corolla short, conic; European adventive species.
L. canadensis.
4. L. repens.
GENUS 5.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
177
i. Linaria Linaria (L.) Karst. Ranstead. Butter-and-Eggs. Fig. 3743.
Antirrhinum Linaria L. Sp. PI. 616. 1753.
Linaria vulgar is Hill, Brit. Herb. 108. 1756.
Linaria Linaria Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 947. 1880-83.
Perennial by short rootstocks, pale green and slightly
glaucous; stems slender, erect, very leafy, glabrous, or
sparingly glandular-pubescent above, simple or with
few erect branches, i-3 high. Leaves linear, sessile,
entire, acute at both ends, mostly alternate, 4'-ii' long,
i"-ii" wide; flowers densely racemose, light yellow,
I'-ii' long, the spur of the erect corolla somewhat
darker, the palate orange-colored ; pedicels 2"-4" long,
nearly erect; calyx-segments oblong, acutish, about ij"
long; spur subulate, nearly as long as the body of the
corolla; middle lobe of the lower lip shorter than the
other two; capsule ovoid, the seeds rugose, winged.
In fields and waste places, Newfoundland to Oregon,
Virginia and New Mexico. Naturalized from Europe.
Native also of Asia. June-Oct. Brideweed. Flaxweed.
Eggs and bacon. Yellow toad-flax. Impudent lawyer. Jacob's-ladder.
Rancid. Wild flax or tobacco. Devil's flax. Snap-dragon. Devil's-
flower. Dead men's bones. Bread and butter. Continental weed.
Gallwort. Rabbit-flower. Widely distributed in temperate regions as
a weed.
Linaria genistaefolia (L.) Mill., found many years ago at the
northern part of New York Island, and admitted into the first edi-
tion of this work, has not recently been collected in America.
2. Linaria supina Desf. Supine Linaria. Fig. 3744.
Linaria supina Desf. Fl. Atlant. 2: 44. 1800.
Perennial by short rootstocks, bright green; stems few or
numerous, decumbent, 4'-o/ long, glabrous or slightly glandular-
pubescent. Leaves linear-spatulate to narrowly linear, the lower
ones whorled, the upper alternate, mostly s"-is" long; flowers
few together in short racemes, nearly similar to those of L.
Linaria, but smaller; capsule globose or ovoid-globose.
Waste places and ballast, northern Atlantic seaboard. Naturalized
from Europe.
3. Linaria canadensis (L.) Dumort. Blue or Wild Toad-Flax. Fig. 3745.
Antirrhinum canadense L. Sp. PI. 6:8. 1753.
Linaria canadensis Dumont, Bot. Cult. 2 : 96. 1802.
Biennial or annual, glabrous, green, sometimes
fleshy ; flowering stems erect or ascending, very
slender, simple, or branched, 4'-2$ high, the sterile
shoots spreading or procumbent, very leafy. Leaves
linear or linear-oblong, 4"-i5" long, \"-\" wide,
entire, sessile, those of the sterile shoots, or some
of them, usually opposite; flowers 3"-4" long, in
slender long racemes ; pedicels 2"-^" long, erect and
appressed in fruit, minutely bracted at the base;
calyx-segments lanceolate, acute or acuminate, about
as long as the capsule; spur of the corolla filiform,
curved, as long as the tube or longer ; palate a white
convex 2-ridged projection; capsule opening by 2
apical valves, each valve becoming 3-toothed ; seeds
angled, wingless.
In dry soil, Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Minne-
sota, Oregon, Texas and California. Also in Central *
and South America. A dwarf form with no corolla is frequent. May-Sept
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
VOL. III.
4. Linaria repens (L.) Mill. Pale-
blue Toad-Flax. Fig. 3746.
Antirrhinum repens L. Sp. PI. 614. 1753.
Linaria repens Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 6.
1768.
L. striata DC. Fl. France, 3: 586. 1805.
Glabrous, perennial by a horizontal or
creeping rootstock ; stem erect, or the base
decumbent, 8'-3o' high, usually branched,
the branches slender. Leaves linear, en-
tire, short-petioled or sessile, i'-2' long,
I "-2" wide, narrowed to both ends, the
lower crowded, sometimes whorled, the
upper more scattered ; flowers in slender
terminal elongating racemes ; pedicels 2"-
5" long; bracts narrowly linear, acute;
corolla nearly white, but striped with blue
or purple, about 6" long ; spur short, conic;
capsule subglobose ; seeds wrinkled, wing-
less.
Newfoundland, and in ballast about the
Atlantic seaports. Adventive from Europe.
Summer.
6. ANTIRRHINUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 612. 1753.
Annual or perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, or the lower and those of sterile shoots
opposite, and mostly large red purple yellow or white flowers, in terminal racemes, or soli-
tary in the upper axils. Calyx 5-parted, the segments imbricated. Corolla irregular, gibbous,
or saccate, but not spurred at the base, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, 2-lobed, the lower spread-
ing, 3-lobed, its base produced into a palate nearly or quite closing the throat. Stamens 4,
didynamous, included; filaments filiform, or dilated at the summit. Style filiform. Capsule
ovoid or globose, opening by chinks or pores below the summit. Seeds numerous, oblong,
truncate, rugose or smooth, not winged. [Greek, nose-like.]
About 40 species, natives of Europe, Asia and western North America. Besides the following
introduced species, some 18 others inhabit the western United States. Type species: Antirrhinum
ma jus L.
Flowers i' ij' long; calyx-segments ovate, much shorter than the corolla.
Flowers 5 "-7" long; calyx-segments linear, as long as the corolla.
i. Antirrhinum majus L. Great Snap-
dragon. Lion's-mouth. Fig. 3747.
Antirrhinum majus L. Sp. PI. 617. 1753.
Perennial, glabrous below, usually more or
less glandular-pubescent above; stem branched
or simple, i-3 high. Leaves lanceolate, linear
or oblong-lanceolate, entire, short-petioled, acute
at both ends, rather firm, glabrous, i'-3' long,
i"-S" wide; flowers racemose, purplish-red (of
a variety of colors in cultivated forms), i'-ii'
long; pedicels rather stout, 3"-6" long, erect in
fruit ; calyx-segments oval to ovate, obtuse, 2"-
3" long; capsule obliquely ovoid, 4"-s" high,
opening by 2 pores just below the summit or
at length apically 2-valved, much longer than
the calyx.
In waste places, sparingly escaped from gardens
in the Atlantic States. Adventive from Europe.
Other English names are rabbit's mouth, bonny rab-
bits, calf-snout, dragon's-, tiger's-, dog's- or toad's-
mouth. Bulldogs. Lion's-snap. June-Sept.
1. A. majus.
2. A, Orontium.
GENUS 6.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
179
2. Antirrhinum Orontium L. Lesser
Snapdragon. Fig. 3748.
Antirrhinum Orontium L. Sp. PI. 617. 1753.
Annual, glabrous or pubescent; stem erect,
simple, or branched, slender, about i high.
Leaves narrowly linear, or the lower linear-
spatulate, almost sessile, narrowed at both
ends, i '-2' long, \"-2." wide; flowers solitary
in the upper axils, purple, mostly distant,
5"-7" long; peduncles shorter than the flow-
ers ; calyx-segments linear, somewhat unequal,
as long as the corolla, elongated in fruit so
as much to exceed the pubescent capsule.
Fields and waste places, Ontario, New Eng-
land, New York, Vancouver Island and Jamaica.
Adventive from Europe. Native Mso of Asia.
Corn-snapdragon. June-Aug.
7. SCROPHULARIA [Tourn.] L.
Sp. PI. 619. 1753.
Perennial strong-smelling herbs, some ex-
otic species shrubby, with mostly opposite
large leaves, and small purple greenish or yel-
low proterogynous flowers, in terminal pani-
cled cymes or thyrses. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft. the segments or lobes mostly obtuse.
Corolla irregular, the tube .globose to oblong, not gibbous nor spurred at the base, the limb
S-lobed, the 2 upper lobes longer, erect, the lateral ones ascending, the lower spreading or
reflexed. Stamens 5, 4 of them anther-bearing and didynamous, declined, mostly included,
their anther-sacs confluent into one, the fifth sterile, reduced to a scale on the roof of the
corolla tube. Style filiform ; stigma capitate or truncate. Capsule ovoid, septicidally dehis-
cent. Seeds rugose, not winged. [Named for its repute as a remedy for scrofula.]
About 120 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, most abundant in southern Europe.
Besides the following, 2 or 3 others occur in the western United States. Type species : Scrophularia
nodosa L.
Corolla dull outside; sterile stamen deep purple. i. 5". marylandica.
Corolla shining outside; sterile stamen greenish yellow.
Upper lip of the corolla as long as the tube ; panicle-branches sparingly glandular ; leaf-blades
not hastate-incised at the base. 2. S. leporella.
Upper lip of the corolla much shorter than the tube ; panicle-branches densely glandular ; leaf-
blades, especially the lower ones, incised-hastate at the base. 3. S. occidentalis.
i. Scrophularia marylandica L. Mary-
land Figwort, Heal-all or Pilewort.
Fig. 3749-
Scrophularia marylandica L. Sp. PI. 619. 1753.
Scrophularia nodosa var. marylandica A. Gray,
Syn. Fl. 2: Part i, 258. 1878.
Glabrous below, somewhat glandular-pubes-
cent above ; stem slender, 4-angled with grooved
sides, usually widely branched, erect, 3-io
high. Leaves membranous, slender-petioled,
usually puberulent beneath, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, sharply ser-
rate, narrowed, truncate or subcordate at the
base, 3'-i2' long; flowers greenish-purple,
3"-4" long, very numerous in the nearly leaf-
less thyrses; bractlets mostly opposite, pedi-
cels slender, ascending, 4"-i2" long; calyx-
lobes broadly ovate, obtuse, about the length
of the tube; corolla green, dull without, brown-
ish purple and shining within, little contracted
at the throat, the two lateral lobes slightly
spreading, the upper lip erect, its lobes short,
rounded ; capsule subglobose, with a slender
tip; sterile stamen deep purple.
In woods and thickets, Maine to South Dakota, North Carolina, Georgia and Tennessee.
Scrofula-plant. Carpenter's-square. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. July-Sept.
i So
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
VOL. III.
Scrophularia neglecta Rydb. differs from S. marylandica in the pubescent leaves, the larger
corollas and larger capsules ; it occurs in the western part of our range.
2. Scrophularia leporella Bicknell. Hare
Figwort. Fig. 3750.
Scrophularia leporella Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club 23 :
317. 1896.
Stem puberulent below, viscid-glandular above,
sharply 4-angled with flat sides, 3-8 tall, simple,
or somewhat branched. Leaves short-petioled,
ovate to lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, mostly
narrowed at the base, but sometimes subcordate,
glabrous on both sides when mature, usually in-
cised-dentate, 2'-io' long; flowers 4"-5" long, in
elongated narrow thyrses ; bractlets mostly alter-
nate ; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, or acute ; corolla
contracted at the throat, green to purple and
shining without, dull within, the two lateral lobes
erect; lobes of the upper lip often narrowly
oblong; sterile stamen greenish yellow; capsule
ovoid-conic.
In woods and along roadsides, Vermont to Minne-
sota, Virginia and Kansas. Ascends to 3500 ft. in
Virginia. May-July.
3. Scrophularia occidentalis (Rydb.) Bicknell. Western Figwort. Fig. 3751.
Scrophularia nodosa occidentalis Rydb. Contr. Nat. Herb.
3: 517. 1896.
Scrophularia occidentalis Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club 23 :
315. 1896.
Similar to 5". leporella in habit, but with densely
glandular panicle-branches. Stem more or less glandu-
lar ; leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
incised or incised-serrate, at least those of the lower
leaves hastately incised at the base ; corolla 4"-5" long,
the upper lip much shorter than the tube; capsules
ovoid, 3i"-4" long.
In low grounds and thickets, South Dakota to Oklahoma,
Washington and California. June-Aug.
8. CHELONE [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 6n. 1753.
Perennial, mostly glabrous branched or simple herbs,
with opposite serrate petioled leaves, and large white
red or purple flowers, in terminal and axillary dense
spikes. Calyx 5-parted, bracted at the base, the seg-
ments ovate or lanceolate. Corolla irregular, the tube
elongated, enlarged above, the limb 2-lipped ; upper lip
concave, emarginate or entire, exterior in the bud ;
lower lip spreading, woolly within, 3-lobed, its lateral lobes sometimes longer than the middle
one. Stamens 5, included, 4 of them antheriferous, didynamous, the fifth sterile, smaller;
filaments slender, woolly; anthers woolly, cordate. Style filiform; stigma small, capitate.
Capsule ovoid, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, compressed, winged. [Greek, tor-
toise, the head of which the corolla resembles.]
Three species, natives of eastern North America. Type species : Chelone glabra L.
Corolla white to purplish ; bracts not ciliolate.
Corolla red or rose-purple ; bracts ciliolate.
Leaves oblong or lanceolate.
Leaves ovate, acuminate ; mountain plant.
1. C. glabra.
2. C. obliqua.
3. C. Lyoni.
GENUS 8.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
181
i. Chelone glabra L. Snake-head.
Turtle-head. Fig. 3752.
Chelone glabra L. Sp. PI. 611. 1753.
Stem slender, erect, obtusely 4-sided,
simple or sometimes branched, strict, i-3
high, the branches erect. Leaves linear-
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, sharply ser-
rate with low appressed teeth, acuminate
at the apex, narrowed at the base, short-
petioled, 3 '-6' long, i'-ii' wide, the prin-
cipal veins about 10 on each side of the
midvein ; flowers white or faintly pink,
about i' long; bracts glabrous, not ciliolate ;
calyx-segments ovate-oblong, obtuse; cap-
sule ovoid, obtuse, about high, twice as
long as the calyx.
In swamps and along streams, Newfound-
land to Florida, Manitoba, Alabama and Kan-
sas. Ascends to 3000 ft. in the Adirondacks.
Shell-flower. Cod-head. Bitter-herb. Balmony.
Salt-rheum weed. Turtle-bloom. Fish-mouth.
Lower leaves sometimes broadly oval. July-
Sept.
2. Chelone obliqua L. Red Turtle-head.
Fig. 3753-
Chelone obliqua L. Syst. Ed. n, no. 4. 1767.
Stem slender, ascending, i-2 high, usually branch-
ed, the branches spreading or ascending. Leaves ob-
long, or broadly lanceolate, acuminate at the apex,
mostly narrowed at the base, petioled, sharply ser-
rate with somewhat spreading teeth, or laciniate, 2 f -6'
long, 4'-2$' wide ; petioles 2"-6" long ; principal veins
about 10 on each side; flowers red or rose^purple,
about i' long; bracts and calyx-segments ciliolate
and usually puberulent; capsule similar to that of
the preceding species.
In wet thickets and along streams, Virginia to Illinois,
south to Florida. July-Sept.
3. Chelone Lyoni Pursh. Lyon's Turtle-head.
Fig- 3754-
Chelone Lyoni Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 737. 1814.
Stem slender, erect or nearly so, simple or branched.
i-3 high. Leaves ovate, acuminate at the apex,
rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base; 3'-"'
long, i'-4' wide, usually slender-petioled, sharply ser-
rate with divergent teeth, the principal veins 8-10 on
each side; flowers red or rose-purple, about i' long;
bracts and calyx-segments ciliolate and puberulent.
In swamps and wet thickets, mountains of Virginia,
North Carolina and Tennessee to Georgia. July-Sept.
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
VOL. III.
9. PENTSTEMON Mitchell; Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 511. 1789.
Perennial herbs, mostly branched from the base only, with opposite or rarely verticillate
leaves, or the upper occasionally alternate, and large, usually showy, blue purple red or white
flowers, in terminal thyrses, panicles, or racemes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments imbricated.
Corolla irregular, the tube elongated, more or less enlarged above, the limb 2-lipped ; upper
lip 2-lobed; lower lop 3-lobed. Stamens 5, included, 4 of them antheriferous and didy-
namous, the fifth sterile, as long as or shorter than the others; anther-sacs divergent or
connivent. Style filiform; stigma capitate. Capsule ovoid, oblong, or globose, septicidally
dehiscent. Seeds numerous, angled or even, wingless. [Greek, five stamens.]
About 100 species, natives of North America and Mexico. Type species: Pentstemon pubes-
cens Soland.
* More or less pubescent or glandular, at least the calyx and pedicels.
Corolla J^' i J4' long; leaves entire, serrate, or denticulate.
Stem pubescent or puberulent nearly or quite to the base.
Thyrsus open, panicle-like.
Corolla large, over 10" long; stem hirsute or canescent, often glandular.
Corolla densely bearded in the throat ; outer calyx-segments ovate or ovate-lanceolate.
i. P. hirsutus.
Corolla scarcely bearded in the throat ; outer calyx-segments lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate. 2. P. canescens.
Corolla small, less than 10" long; stem puberulent. 3. P. pallidus.
Thyrsus narrow, raceme-like or spike-like.
Corolla-tube abruptly enlarged ; sterile filament densely woolly. 4. P. erianthera.
Corolla-tube gradually enlarged; sterile filament slightly bearded. 5. P.albidus.
Only the inflorescence, or pedicels, or calyx pubescent.
Thyrsus open, panicle-like.
Stem leaves oblong, ovate, or lanceolate.
Calyx-lobes lanceolate to ovate, much less than 5" long.
Corolla purplish ; tube not gibbous above the point of enlargement.
6. P. Pentstemon.
Corolla white or pinkish ; tube gibbous above the point of enlargement.
7. P. Digitalis.
Calyx-lobes linear-subulate from a narrowly lanceolate base, becoming fully 5" long.
8. P. calycosus.
Stem leaves linear-lanceolate. 9- P- gracilis.
Thyrsus narrow, interrupted; calyx viscid. 10. P. tubiflonts.
Corolla 2.' long, the tube much enlarged above; leaves dentate. n. P. Cobaea.
** Completely glabrous throughout, mostly glaucous.
Leaves lanceolate, oblong, ovate, obovate, or orbicular.
Stem leaves rounded, clasping ; flowers 2' long.
Stem leaves acute or acuminate; flowers 9"-is" long.
Corolla 9" 10" long; stem leaves lanceolate.
Corolla i'-i l /2 r long; stem leaves mostly oblong.
Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate ; flowers densely thyrsoid.
Bracts lanceolate, small ; flowers 6"-8" long.
Bracts ovate, acuminate, large; flowers i' long or more.
12. P. grandiflorus.
13. P. acuniinatus.
14. P. glaber.
15. P. angustifolius.
1 6. P. Haydeni.
i. Pentstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd.
Hairy Beard-tongue. Fig. 3755.
Chelone hirsuta L. Sp. PI. 611. 1753-
P. pubescens Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 : 360. 1789.
Pentstemon hirsulus Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 227. 1801.
Stem slender, erect, downy nearly or quite to
the base, i-3 high. Leaves puberulent or gla-
brous, denticulate or the uppermost entire,^ the
basal oblong or ovate, obtusish at the apex, 2'-4i'
long, i'-a' wide, narrowed into petioles, the up-
per sessile, lanceolate, mostly acuminate, sessile
or slightly clasping ; inflorescence thyrsoid, rather
loose, glandular-pubescent ; pedicels mostly short ;
corolla purplish or violet, the tube gradually
dilated above, 2-grooved on the lower side, about
i' long, the throat nearly closed by the villous
palate at the base of the lower lip; sterile fila-
ment densely bearded for about one-half its
length.
In dry woods and thickets, Maine to Ontario,
Florida, Minnesota, Alabama and Missouri. Er-
roneously recorded from Texas. May-July.
GENUS 9.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
2. Pentstemon canescens Britton. Gray
Beard-tongue. Fig. 3756.
Pentstemon laevigatus var. canescens Brrtton, Mem.
Torr. Club 2: 30. 1890.
P. canescens Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 291. 1894.
Densely and finely canescent or puberulent, or
the leaves sometimes nearly glabrous ; stem rather
stout, i-3 high. Leaves denticulate, the lower
and basal ones oval, obtuse, narrowed into long
margined petioles, the next i or 2 pairs con-
tracted below the middle and somewhat fiddle-
shaped, 3'-6' long, the upper ovate or ovate-lan-
ceolate, acuminate, clasping; thyrsus elongated,
open, glandular-pubescent, leafy-bracted below ;
pedicels very short; calyx-segments lanceolate,
acuminate ; corolla purple or nearly white, about
l' long, slightly or not at all bearded in the
throat ; sterile filament slightly bearded for about
one-third its length ; capsule ovoid, glabrous,
longer than the calyx.
In dry woods, Virginia, West Virginia and North
Carolina to western Kentucky. Recorded from Mis-
souri. May-June.
3. Pentstemon pallidus Small. Pale Beard-
tongue. Fig. 3757.
Pentstemon pallidus Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1060. 1903.
Puberulent, or sometimes canescent-puberulent; stem
3-^) tall. Basal and lower stem-leaves with oblong
elliptic or nearly spatulate blades; upper stem-leaves
few, the blades oblong, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
rather remotely toothed, partly clasping; panicles nar-
row; calyx-segments ovate, becoming triangular, acute,
closely puberulent or pubescent during anthesis ; corolla
white or purplish, g"-io" long, the tube rather grad-
ually dilated, the throat sparingly bearded; sterile fila-
ment bearded with very short hairs.
In sandy soil or swamps, Connecticut and New York to
Missouri, Florida and Oklahoma. June-July.
4. Pentstemon erianthera Pursh. Crested
Beard-tongue. Fig. 3758.
Pentstemon erianthera Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 737. 1814.
Pentstemon cristatus Nutt. Gen. 2: 52. 1818.
Puberulent below, glandular-villous and viscid
above ; stem rather stout, leafy, 6'-i8' high. Leaves
firm, entire or repand, the lower and basal ones
oblong or spatulate, obtuse or acutish, 2'-^' long,
narrowed into margined petioles, the upper sessile
or somewhat clasping, acute or acuminate ; thyrsus
dense, narrow, leafy-bracted ; flowers almost ses-
sile ; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
villous when young; corolla about i' long, rather
abruptly dilated above, red or purple, its lower
lip villous within; sterile filament densely long-
bearded.
On plains and bluffs, South Dakota to Manitoba,
Montana, Nebraska and Nevada. May-July.
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
VOL. III.
5. Pentstemon albidus Xutt. White-flowered
Beard-tongue. Fig. 3759.
Pentstemon albidus Nutt. Gen. 2: 53. 1818.
Stems puberulent below, densely glandular-pubes-
cent above, rather stout, 6'-io' high. Basal and lower
leaves spatulate or oblong, obtusish, mostly entire,
the upper lanceolate or oblong, sessile, denticulate,
acute or acuminate, ij'-2i' long, 3"-6" wide; thyrsus
narrow, raceme-like, leafy-bracted, interrupted ; ca-
lyx-segments lanceolate, acuminate, viscid, one-half
as long as the corolla-tube; corolla white or nearly
so, 8"-io" long, funnel form, the tube gradually di-
lated upward, the limb nearly equally 5-lobed, the
lobes spreading ; sterile filament slightly bearded with
short hairs.
On plains, Minnesota and South Dakota to Assini-
boia, Colorado, Nebraska and Texas. June- Aug.
6. Pentstemon Pentstemon (L.) Brit-
ton. Smooth Beard-tongue.
Fig. 3760.
Chelone Pentstemon L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 850. 1763.
Pentstemon laevigatus Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew.
2 : 300. 1789.
P. Pentstemon Britt. Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 291. 1894.
Glabrous, except the somewhat glandular-
pubescent inflorescence ; stem slender, 2-3
high. Basal and lower leaves oblong or oval,
obtuse, 3'-6' long, narrowed into margined
petioles, denticulate; upper leaves sessile or
slightly clasping, acute, oblong, or lanceolate,
denticulate; thyrsus open, usually many-flow-
ered ; flowers nearly sessile ; calyx-segments
lanceolate, acute, short ; corolla purple or pur-
plish, 8"-io" long, the tube gradually enlarged
above, the throat wide open, scarcely or not at
all bearded, the lobes spreading; sterile fila-
ment thinly bearded for about one-half its
length, or more densely bearded above.
Occasionally escaped
Woods and thickets, Pennsylvania to Florida, Kentucky and Louisiana,
from cultivation further north and east. May-July.
7. Pentstemon Digitalis (Sweet) Nutt.
Foxglove Beard-tongue. Fig. 3761.
Chelone Digitalis Sweet, Brit. Fl. Card. 2 : pi. 120.
1825-27.
Pentstemon Digitalis Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
(II.) 5: 181. 1833-37-
Pentstemon laeingatus var. Digitalis A. Gray, Syn.
Fl. 2: Part i, 268. 1878.
Glabrous, except the glandular-pubescent in-
florescence ; stem rather stout, 2-5 high.
Lower and basal leaves oblong or oval, obtuse
or acutish, entire or repand, 2' -7' long, nar-
rowed into margined petioles; upper leaves
ovate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile
and more or less cordate-clasping at the base,
acuminate, sharply denticulate ; thyrsus open,
many-flowered; pedicels i"~z" t long; calyx-
segments lanceolate, corolla white, I'-ii' long,
the tube abruptly dilated, the limb moderately
2-lipped, the throat open; sterile filament
bearded above.
In fields and thickets, Maine to New York, Illi-
nois, Kansas, Virginia and Arkansas. Doubtless
escaped from cultivation in its northeastern range.
May-July.
GENUS 9.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
8. Pentstemon calycosus Small. Long-sepaled
Beard-tongue. Fig. 3762.
Pentstemon calycosus Small, Bull. Torr. Club 25 : 470.
1898.
Glabrous except a few scattered hairs in the in-
florescence and lines of puberulence on the inter-
nodes, deep green. Leaves various, the basal spatulate,
2 r -6' long, entire or undulate, with winged petioles;
lower stem-leaves similar to the basal, the upper lan-
ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, finely
repand or distinctly serrate, rounded at the base and
clasping; calyx-segments with a lanceolate base and
a slender tip, often becoming 5" long; corolla purple,
I2"-I5" long; sterile filament sparingly bearded.
On bluffs. Kentucky to Missouri, Alabama and Arkan-
sas. May-June.
9. Pentstemon gracilis Xutt. Slender
Beard-tongue. Fig. 3763.
Pentstemon gracilis Nutt. Gen. 2: 52. 1818.
Glabrous or very nearly so up to the glandular-
pubescent inflorescence ; stem slender, strict, 6'-i8'
high. Basal and lower leaves linear-oblong or
spatulate, mostly obtuse, denticulate, or entire,
i '-3' long, narrowed into margined petioles; upper
leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate or the uppermost
lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate; thyrsus open,
several-many-flowered; pedicels 2 "-4" long; ca-
lyx-segments lanceolate, acute or acuminate ; co-
rolla purple, g"-i2" long, its tube gradually en-
larged above, its throat wide open ; sterile filament
bearded for about one-half its length; capsule one-
third longer than the calyx.
On moist prairies, Manitoba to Minnesota, Mis-
souri, Athabasca, Oklahoma and Colorado. May-July.
10. Pentstemon tubiflorus Nutt. Funnel-
form Beard-tongue. Fig. 3764.
Pentstemon tubiflorus Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
(II.) 5: 181. 1833-37.
Glabrous, except the viscid-pubescent calyx and
pedicels; stem slender, strict, 2-3$ high, leafless
above. Leaves oblong, ovate, or lanceolate, i'~4'
long, obtusish or acute, the basal narrowed into
broad margined petioles, the upper sessile or clasp-
ing, entire or merely undulate; thyrsus narrow,
interrupted, the clusters several-flowered ; pedicels
i"-3" long, calyx-segments ovate, acuminate, short,
striate-nerved ; corolla nearly funnelform, white
or purplish, less than i' long, nearly as broad
when expanded, its tube gradually enlarged, the
limb nearly equally five-lobed, the lobes spread-
ing; sterile filament short bearded above; capsule
ovoid, acute, about twice as long as the calyx.
In moist soil, Missouri, Kansas and Arkansas.
May-July.
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
VOL. III.
ii. Pentstemon Cobaea Xutt. Cobaea
Beard-tongue. Fig. 3765.
Pentstemon Cobaea Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.)
5 : 182. 1833-37.
Stem stout, densely and finely pubescent below,
glandular-pubescent above, i-2 high. Leaves
oblong to ovate, firm, 3'-$' long, dentate, the lower
mostly glabrous and narrowed into margined peti-
oles, the upper sessile or cordate-clasping, usually
pubescent ; thyrsus short, several-many-flowered,
open ; flowers about 2' long ; calyx-segments lan-
ceolate, acuminate, 5"-7" long; corolla purple,
puberulent without, glabrous within, its tube nar-
row up to the top of the calyx, then abruptly
dilated and campanulate, the limb scarcely 2-lipped,
the lobes short, rounded, spreading; sterile fila-
ment sparingly bearded ; capsule ovoid, acute, pu-
bescent, reticulate-veined, as long as the calyx.
On dry prairies, Missouri and Kansas to Texas.
Recorded from Ohio. May-July.
12. Pentstemon grandiflorus Nutt.
Large-flowered Beard-tongue.
Fig. 3766.
P. grandiflorus Nutt. in Fras. Cat. 1813.
Glabrous and somewhat glaucous ; stem stout,
2-4 high. Leaves all entire and obtuse, the
basal ones obovate, narrowed into broad peti-
oles, those of the lower part of the stem ses-
sile, oblong or oval, i'-2*' long, the upper
nearly orbicular, cordate-clasping, shorter;
thyrsus open, leafy-bracted, the bracts orbicu-
lar, cordate; pedicels 2"-6" long; flowers
nearly 2' long; calyx-segments lanceolate,
acute, 3"-4" long; corolla lavender-blue, the
tube rather abruptly dilated above the calyx,
the limb somewhat 2-lipped ; sterile filament
incurved, villous and capitate at the summit;
capsule acute, 8"-io" high, three times as long
as the calyx.
On prairies, Illinois to Minnesota, North Da-
kota, Kansas and Colorado. Locally introduced
eastward. June-Aug.
13. Pentstemon acuminatus Dougl. Sharp-
leaved Beard-tongue. Fig. 3767.
Pentstemon acuminatus Dougl.; Lindl. Bot. Reg. pi.
1285. 1829.
Glabrous and glaucous ; stem rather stout, strict,
6'-2 high, leafy. Leaves firm, entire, the lower
and basal ones oblong or spatulate, obtuse or
acute, narrowed into petioles, the upper sessile or
clasping, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2'-3'
long; thyrsus narrow, sometimes i-sided, usually
leafy-bracted below ; pedicels becoming 4"-8 '
long in fruit; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute,
2"-3" long; corolla blue, g"-io" long, its tube
rather gradually dilated, the limb 2-lipped ; sterile
filament bearded along the dilated summit; cap-
sule acute, twice as long as the calyx.
In dry soil, Minnesota to Nebraska, Texas, Mani-
toba, Alberta, Oregon and New Mexico. St. Joseph's-
wand. May-Aug.
GENUS g.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
14. Pentstemon glaber Pursh. Large
Smooth Beard-tongue. Fig. 3768.
Pentstemon glaber Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 738. 1814.
Glabrous, somewhat glaucous; stem ascending
or erect, rather stout, leafy, i-2 high. Leaves
entire, firm, the basal and lower ones narrowed
into petioles, the middle ones oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, the upper lanceo-
late, acuminate, sessile, scarcely clasping; thyrsus
narrow, elongated, densely many-flowered ; pedi-
cels 3"-7" long in fruit; calyx-segments ovate-
lanceolate, scarious-margined, abruptly acumi-
nate^"-^' long, their margins commonly eroded;
corolla blue or purple, i'-ii' long, rather abruptly
expanded above the calyx, the limb somewhat
2-lipped, the lobes rounded ; sterile filament
bearded at the slightly enlarged summit; capsule
narrowly ovoid, acute, about twice as long as
the calyx.
In moist soil, South Dakota to Nebraska, Wyo-
ming and Arizona. Far western plants previously
referred to this species prove to be distinct. May Aug.
15. Pentstemon angustifolius Pursh.
Pale-blue Beard-tongue. Fig. 3769.
P. angustifolius Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 738.
Pentstemon coeruleus Nutt. Gen. 2: 52.
1814.
1818.
Glabrous and glaucous ; stem slender, erect,
leafy, 6' -15' high. Leaves all linear or linear-
lanceolate, entire, the lower narrowed into
petioles, obtusish at the apex, the upper ses-
sile, acute, \\'-2\' long, ii"-2" wide; thyrsus
narrow, spike-like, mostly dense; bracts lan-
ceolate, acuminate; pedicels very short; ca-
lyx-segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
2" 3" long; corolla blue, or nearly white,
8"-io" long, the tube gradually enlarged, the
limb somewhat 2-lipped; sterile filament
bearded at the summit.
In dry soil, western Nebraska to North Da-
kota and Montana. May-July.
16. Pentstemon Haydeni S. Wats. Hay-
den's Beard-tongue. Fig. 3770.
P. Haydeni S. Wats. Bot. Gaz. 16: 311. 1891.
Glabrous, not at all glaucous or slightly so;
stem decumbent, simple or branched, leafy, i-2
high. Leaves linear or elongated-lanceolate, en-
tire, sessile and slightly clasping, acute, acumi-
nate, or the lowest obtusish at the apex, 2'-s'
long, I "-5" wide; thyrsus narrow, dense; bracts
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, large, cordate-clasp-
ing, acute, or acuminate; fruiting pedicels 2"-3"
long; calyx-segments lanceolate, striate-nerved,
acuminate, 3"~5" long; corolla blue, i" long or
more, the tube broadly dilated above the calyx,
the limb nearly equally 5-lobed; capsule acute,
twice as long as the calyx.
In moist soil, Nebraska, Kansas and Wyoming.
i88
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
VOL. III.
10. COLLINSIA Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil, i : 190. pi p. 181.7.
Winter-annual or biennial herbs, with opposite or verticillate leaves, and blue pink white
or variegated flowers, verticillate, or solitary in the axils. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Corolla
irregular, the tube short, the limb 2-lipped ; upper lip 2-cleft, the lobes erect or recurved ;
lower lip larger, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes spreading or drooping, flat, the middle one condu-
plicate, keel-like, enclosing the 4 declined stamens and the filiform style. Stamens didy-
namous. Corolla with a gland on the upper side of the tube near the base. Filaments fili-
form ; anther-sacs confluent at the apex. Stigma small, capitate or 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid
or globose, septicidally 2-valved, the valves 2-cleft. Seeds few, large, peltate, concave on
the inner side. [Named for Zaccheus Collins, botanist, of Philadelphia, 1764-1831.]
About 20 species, natives of North America. Type species : Collinsia verna Nutt.
Corolla 5 "-8" long, the throat shorter than the limb.
Leaves, at least the lower, ovate or oblong; corolla-lobes notched.
Leaves lanceolate ; corolla-lobes obcordate.
Corolla 2" 3" long, the throat longer than the limb.
1. C. verna.
2. C. violacea.
3. C. tenella.
i. Collinsia verna Nutt. Blue-eyed Mary. Innocence. Broad-leaved Collinsia.
Fig. 3771.
C. verna Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil, i : 190. pi. g. 1817.
Glabrous or puberulent; stem slender, weak,
6'-2 long, simple or branched. Leaves thin, oppo-
site, the lower broadly ovate or orbicular, obtuse
at the apex, rounded, narrowed or subcordate at
the base, crenate or entire, slender-petioled; mid-
dle leaves sessile or cordate-clasping, ovate or
oblong, obtuse, dentate, i'-2' long, floral leaves
ovate to spatulate, mostly acute, dentate or entire;
upper whorls 4-6-flowered ; peduncles i'-i' long;
corolla 6"-8" long, its throat equalling or shorter
than the calyx, its lower lip blue, the upper purple
or nearly white, the lobes emarginate or truncate ;
capsule globose, 2i"-3" in diameter, shorter than
the linear calyx-lobes.
In moist woods and thickets, Ontario and western
New York to Wisconsin, south to Pennsylvania,
Kentucky and Kansas. April-June.
The California Collinsia bicolor Benth., which
differs from this by short-peduncled flowers, is re-
corded as found introduced in Illinois.
2, Collinsia violacea Nutt. Violet or Nar-
row-leaved Collinsia. Fig. 3772.
Collinsia violacea Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.)
5: 179. 1833-37.
Similar to the preceding species, stem slender,
erect, usually branched, 6'-iS' high. Leaves lan-
ceolate or oblong-lanceolate, rather thick, entire or
denticulate, obtuse or obtusish, the lower opposite,
petioled, the middle similar, sessile, i'-2 r long, 3"-5"
wide, the floral linear or linear-lanceolate, opposite
or verticillate ; upper whorls 2-S-flowered : corolla
5"-6" long, violet, its lobes obcordate or emargi-
nate; capsule globose, about 2" in diameter, shorter
than the lanceolate acute calyx-lobes.
Rich soil, Missouri, Kansas and Arkansas to Texas.
April-May.
GENUS 10.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
3. Collinsia tenella (Pursh) Piper.
Small-flowered Collinsia. Fig. 37/3.
Antirrhinum tenellum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.
421. 1814.
Collinsia parviflora Dougl. ; Lindl. Bot. Reg.
pi. 1082. 1827.
C. tenella Piper, Contr. Nat. Herb, n : 496.
1906.
Puberulent, at length diffusely branched;
stems very slender, 3'-! 5' long. Leaves
oblong or lanceolate, mostly obtuse at the
apex and narrowed at the base, i'-i' long,
entire, or sparingly toothed, the lower op-
posite, sometimes broader, petioled, the
floral sessile, opposite or verticillate ; upper
whorls 2-6-flowered ; pedicels commonly
longer than the flowers ; corolla 3"~4" long,
about twice as long as the calyx, blue or
whitish, the throat longer than the limb;
capsule globose, i"-ii" in diameter, little
shorter than the lanceolate calyx-lobes.
In moist places, Ontario to British Colum-
bia, Michigan, Colorado, Arizona and Utah.
April-June.
ii. PAULOWNIA Sieb. & Zucc. Fl. Jap. i : 25. pi. 10" 1835.
A large tree, with the aspect of Catalpa, with broad opposite entire or 3-lobed, petioled
pubescent leaves, and large violet flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the
lobes short. Corolla irregular, the tube elongated, enlarged above, the 5 lobes spreading,
somewhat unequal. Stamens 4, didynamous, included; anther-sacs divaricate. Style slender,
slightly thickened toward the summit, stigmatic on the inner side. Capsule coriaceous, ovoid,
acute, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, striate, winged. Flowers expanding before
the leaves appear. [Named for Anna Paulowna, daughter
of the Czar Paul I.]
A monotypic Japanese genus.
i. Pauiownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Baill. Pau-
lownia. Fig. 3774.
Bignonia tomentosa Thunb. Fl. Jap. 252. 1784.
Pauiownia imperialis Sieb. & Zucc. Fl. Jap. I : 27. 1835.
Pauiownia tomentosa Baill. Hist. PI. 9: 434. 1888.
A tree with thin flaky bark, reaching a maximum
height of about 70 and a trunk diameter of 4, the
branches stout, spreading. Leaves broadly ovate, 6'-i5'
long, 4'-8' wide, long-petioled, canescent on both sides
when young, glabrate above when old, the petioles
terete; flowers about 2\' long, numerous in large erect
terminal panicles; pedicels stout, densely tomentose;
calyx 5-lobed, the lobes thick, tomentose ; corolla slightly
irregular, puberulent without; capsule 2' high, i' in
diameter.
I
Escaped from cultivation, southern New York and New
Jersey to Georgia. May-July.
12. MIMULUS L. Sp. PL 634. 1753.
Erect or decumbent herbs, with opposite mostly dentate leaves. Flowers axillary, soli-
tary, peduncled, pink, violet, or yellow, usually showy. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed,
the upper tooth usually the largest. Corolla irregular, its tube cylindric with a pair of ridges
on the lower side within, its limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect or reflexed, 2-lobed; lower lip
spreading, 3-lobed, the lobes rounded. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the corolla-tube;
anther-sacs divergent, or sometimes confluent at the summit. Style filiform; stigma 2-lamel-
late. Capsule oblong or linear, loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded, enclosed by the calyx.
[Diminutive of mimus, a mimic actor.]
About 40 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 30 others occur in the
western United States and British Columbia. Type species : Mimtilus ringens L.
Corolla violet, or rarely white ; eastern species.
Leaves sessile, clasping ; peduncles longer than the calyx. i. M. ringens.
Leaves petioled ; peduncles shorter than the calyx. 2. M. alatus.
Corolla yellow ; western ; two species adventive in the East.
Plants glabrous or glabrate.
190
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
VOL. III.
Erect; branches spreading; leaves ovate; flowers i' long.
Diffuse ; leaves nearly orbicular ; flowers about 6" long.
Plant villous and viscid, diffuse, musk-scented.
3. M. Langsdorffii.
4. M. Geyeri.
5. M. moschatus.
i. Mimulus ringens L. Square-stemmed
Monkey-flower. Fig. 3775.
Mimulus ringens L. Sp. PI. 634. 1753.
Glabrous, perennial by rootstocks ; stem erect, 4-sided
or somewhat 4-winged, usually much branched, i-3
high. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate,
pinnately veined, acuminate or acute at apex, serrate,
auriculate-clasping at the base, or the lower merely
sessile, 2'-4' long, J'-i' wide; peduncles slender, i'-2'
long in fruit, 2-4 times as long as the calyx; calyx-
teeth lanceolate-subulate ; corolla violet, rarely white,
about i' long, the throat narrow, exceeding the calyx ;
base of lower lip puberulent within ; fruiting calyx
oblong, 6"-8" long; seeds oblong, minute, reticulated.
In swamps and along streams, Nova Scotia to Vir-
ginia, Tennessee, Manitoba, Nebraska and Texas. As-
cends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. June-Sept.
2. Mimulus alatus Soland. Sharp-winged
Monkey-flower. Fig. 3776.
Mimulus alatus Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 361.
1789.
Similar to the preceding species, glabrous; stem
sharply 4-angled, the angles more or less winged.
Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, acute
or acuminate at the apex, dentate-serrate, nar-
rowed at the base, petioled, 2'-s' long, g"-i8"
wide; petioles i'-l' long, narrowly margined;
peduncles stout, shorter than the calyx; corolla
violet, i' long; calyx-teeth short, broad, abruptly
mucronulate; seeds smooth.
In swamps, Ontario to Connecticut, Illinois, Kan-
sas, Georgia and Texas. June-Sept.
3. Mimulus Langsdorffii Donn.
Langsdorff's Yellow Monkey-
flower. Fig. 3777.
Mimulus Langsdorffii Donn ; Sims. Bot. Mag.
pi. 1501. 1812.
Mimulus guttatus DC. Cat. Hort. Monsp. 127.
1818.
Perennial by stolons, glabrous or puberu-
lent; stem rather stout, simple or branched;
branches spreading. Leaves ovate to obo-
vate, dentate or denticulate, obtuse at the
apex, rounded, narrowed or cordate at the
base, i '-3' long, the lower short-petioled,
the upper smaller, sessile or clasping; pe-
duncles shorter than or equalling the flow-
ers; calyx oblique; corolla yellow, i'-2'
long, the lower lip bearded at the base,
often blotched with red or purple; fruiting
calyx about i' long; seeds longitudinally
striate.
In wet meadows, Norfolk, Conn., and south-
ern New York. Introduced from California.
Summer.
GENUS 10.
FIGWORT FAMILY
4. Mimulus Geyeri Torn Geyer's Yellow
Monkey-flower. Fig. 3778.
M. Geyeri Torr. in Nicollet, Rep. Up. Miss. 157. 1843.
Mimulus Jamesii T. & G. j Bcnth. in DC. Prodr. 10 :
371. 1846.
M. glabratus var. Jamesii A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. Ed.
2, 2 1 : 447. 1886.
Perennial by stolons, glabrous or nearly so;
stems slender, creeping, diffusely branched, root-
ing at the nodes, 6'-i8' long. Leaves broadly
ovate, orbicular or broader, very obtuse, denticu-
late or entire, membranous, truncate, subcordate,
or rarely narrowed at the base, palmately veined,
short-petioled or the upper sessile, i'-i' in diam-
eter; peduncles slender, longer than the oblique
calyx in fruit, about as long as the leaves ; calyx
scarcely toothed, 3"-4" long at maturity; corolla
yellow, 4"-6" long, the lower lip bearded at the
base within, the throat broad ; seeds nearly smooth.
In brooks and swamps, Ontario to Illinois, Ne-
braska, Wyoming and Colorado. June-Sept.
5. Mimulus moschatus Dougl. Musk-flower.
Musk-plant. Fig. 3779.
M. moschatus Dougl. ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. pi. 1118. 1827.
Perennial, villous-pubescent, viscid, musk-scented ;
stems creeping and ascending, branched, slender, 6'-i2'
long. Leaves ovate or oblong, short-petioled, acute or
obtuse at the apex, denticulate, rounded or subcordate
at the base, i'-2' long, s"-i2" wide; peduncles slender,
longer than the calyx; flowers i' long or less; calyx-
teeth lanceolate, acuminate, nearly equal; corolla yel-
low, 2-3 times as long as the calyx.
In wet places, Newfoundland to Pennsylvania, Ontario
and Michigan ; apparently introduced from western North
America, where it is widely distributed. June-Sept.
Mazus japonicus (Thunb.) Kuntze, a low herb with
mostly basal, slender-petioled obovate repand leaves and
racemose violet flowers, the campanulate calyx not angled,
has been found at Washington, D. C, and abundantly
about New Orleans, La. It is native of eastern Asia.
13. CONOBEA Airbl. PI. Guian. 2: 639. pi. 258. 1775.
Herbs, with opposite pinnately parted pinnatifid incised or serrate leaves, and small blue
or white peduncled flowers, solitary or two together in the axils. Calyx 5-parted, the seg-
ments narrow, equal. Corolla irregular, the tube cylindric, the limb 2-lipped ; upper lip emargi-
nate or 2-lobed ; lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending, included ; filaments
filiform; anther-sacs parallel, not confluent. Style incurved at the summit; stigma 2-lamel-
late. Capsule globose, oblong or linear, septicidally dehiscent, the valves entire or 2-cleft.
Seeds numerous, oblong, striate. [Guiana name.]
About 8 species, natives of America. Besides the fol-
lowing, another occurs in the southwestern United
States. Type species : Conobea aquatica Aubl.
i. Conobea multifida (Michx.) Benth.
Conobea. Fig. 3780.
Capraria multifida Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 22. pi. 35.
1803.
Conobea multifida Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 391. 1846.
Annual, finely viscid-pubescent; stem at length
diffusely branched, 4'-8' high, very leafy. Leaves
petioled, 4'-i' long, pinnately parted into 3-7 linear
or linear-oblong obtuse entire or incised segments;
flowers greenish-white, 2"-2j" long, mostly solitary
in the opposite axils, about as long as their filiform
peduncles ; calyx-segments linear-subulate, slightly
shorter than the corolla ; capsule narrowly ovoid,
glabrous, about equalling the calyx.
Along streams and rivers, Ontario to Ohio, Iowa,
Kansas, Kentucky, Alabama and Texas. Introduced
along the Delaware below Philadelphia. June-Sept.
192
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
VOL. III.
14. BRAMIA Lam. Encycl. i : 459. 1783.
[MONNIERA P. Br. Civ. & Nat. Hist. Jam. 269. pi. 28. f. 3. Hyponym. 1755. Not L. 1759.]
[HERPESTIS Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 3 : 186. pi. 214. 1805.]
Diffuse or prostrate herbs, with opposite mostly entire obtuse leaves, and small peduncled
flowers, mostly solitary in the axils. Calyx subtended by 2 bracts, 5-parted, the upper seg-
ment the broadest. Corolla blue or white, nearly regular, the tube cylindric, the limb nearly
equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Style slender; stigma capitate, or 2-
lobed. Capsule globose or ovoid, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous. [From Brami,
a Malabar name.]
About 20 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Type species : Bramia indica Lam.
Leaves spatulate or cuneate; capsules acuminate at the apex. i. B. Monniera.
Leaves obovate or orbicular-obovate ; capsules blunt at the apex. 2. B.rotundifolia.
i. Bramia Monniera
Drake. Monnier's Hedge-Hyssop. Fig. 3781.
Gratiola Monniera L. Cent. PI. 2. 1756.
Herpestis Monniera H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 366. 1817.
M. Monniera Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 292. 1894.
Bacopa Monniera Wettst. in Engler & Prantl, Nat.
Pfl.4 3b : 77- 1891.
Bramia Monniera Drake, Fl. Polyn. Franc. 142. 1892.
Perennial, glabrous, fleshy ; stem creeping, root-
ing at the nodes, branched, 6'-i8' long. Leaves
spatulate or cuneate-obcordate, sessile, rounded
at the apex, entire, or sparingly denticulate, 3"-
10" long, i"-2i" wide; peduncles mainly in alter-
nate axils, slender, 2-bracteolate at the summit, in
fruit longer than the leaves; flowers pale blue, 5"
long; upper calyx-segment ovate, acute; corolla
obscurely 2-lipped; stamens nearly equal; stigma
slightly 2-lobed; capsule ovoid, acute, shorter
than the calyx.
On shores, near the coast, Maryland to Florida,
Texas and Mexico. Widely distributed in tropical
regions of the Old World and the New. June-Oct.
Herb-grace. Water-hyssop.
2. Bramia rotundifolia (Michx.) Britton.
Fig. 3782.
M. rotundifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 22. 1803.
Herpestis rotundifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 418.
1814.
Bacopa rotundifolia Wettst. in Engler & Prantl,
Nut. Pfl. 4 3b : 76. 1891.
Perennial by stolons, succulent ; stems creep-
ing and spreading, branched or simple, villous-
pubescent, i-2 long. Leaves obovate or or-
bicular, palmately veined, entire, or slightly
undulate, narrowed to a sessile or clasping
base, i'-i' broad, glabrous, not punctate; pe-
duncles stout, shorter than the leaves, solitary
or 2 together in the axils, longer than the
flowers ; flowers blue, 3"-4" long ; upper calyx-
segment oval; corolla 2-lipped, longer than
the calyx ; stamens approximate in pairs ;
stigma 2-lobed ; disk obsolete ; capsule oblong,
obtuse, ii" high, at length 4-valved, shorter
than the calyx.
On muddy shores, Illinois to South Dakota,
Tennessee and Texas. June-Sept.
Round-leaved Hedge-Hyssop.
GENUS 15.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
'93
15. HYDROTRIDA Willd.
Perennial aromatic succulent creeping herbs, usually pubescent. Stems terete. Leaves
opposite; blades broadest below the middle, palmately nerved, entire or shallowly toothed,
punctate, partly clasping. Flowers solitary on short axillary peduncles. Calyx subtended
by 2 small bractlets. Sepals nearly distinct, the outer ones cordate, the upper one broadest.
Corolla blue or white, manifestly 2-lipped, the upper lip merely notched. Hypogynous disk
present. Stamens 4, included ; filaments adnate to near the throat of the corolla-tube. Cap-
sule ovoid to conic, septicidally dehiscent, the valves cleft. Seeds numerous. [Name
unexplained.]
About 8 species, of the southeastern United States, the West Indies and South America. Type
species : Herpestis obovata Poepp. (See Linnaea 5 : 107.)
i. Hydrotrida caroliniana (Walt.) Small.
Blue Hedge-Hyssop. Fig. 3783.
Obolaria caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 166. 1788.
Monniera amplexicaulis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 22. 1803.
Herpestis amplexiculis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 418. 1814.
M. caroliniana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 463. 1891.
Septilia caroliniana Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1064. 1903.
Perennial by stolons, more or less pubescent, fleshy;
stems creeping and ascending, rooting at the lower
nodes, 6'-2 long, simple, or sparingly branched,
leafy. Leaves ovate to oval, sessile and clasping by
a subcordate base, obtuse at the apex, parallel-veined,
punctate, entire, the margins ciliolate or naked; pe-
duncles shorter than the leaves ; usually shorter
than the calyx ; upper calyx-segment ovate, cordate ;
flowers blue, 4"-s" long, ephemeral; disk 10-12-
toothed; stamens approximate in pairs.
In wet pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida and
Louisiana. June-Oct.
16. MECARDONIA R. & P. Syst. 164. 1798.
Perennial relatively rigid herbs, with 4-angled erect or diffuse, but rarely creeping stems.
Leaves opposite; blades toothed, narrowed at the base, pinnately nerved. Flowers solitary
on slender axillary peduncles subtended by two small bractlets. Calyx not subtended by bract-
lets; sepals 5, unequal, the upper one broadest; corolla white, purple or yellow, 2-lipped, the
upper lip notched Stamens adnate to near the corolla-throat. Hypogynous disk wanting.
Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule septicidal, the valves cleft. Seeds numerous. [Named in honor of
Anton Meca y Cardona, a founder of the botanical garden at Barcelona.]
About 10 species, natives of warm and tropical America. Besides the following, some 4 others
inhabit the southeastern United States. Type species : Mecardonia ovata R. & P.
i. Mecardonia acuminata (Walt.) Small. Purple Hedge-Hyssop. Fig. 3784.
Gratiola acuminata Walt. Fl. Car. 61. 1788.
Matourea nigrescens Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. i : 173.
1835.
Herpestis nigrescens Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. 2 : 56.
1836.
Monniera acuminata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 463. 1891.
Mecardonia acuminata Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1065.
1903.
Perennial, glabrous ; stem erect, branched above,
i-2 high, very leafy. Leaves oblong or oblong-
'anceolate, serrate, at least above the middle,
short-petioled or sessile, obtuse or acute at the
apex, narrowed or somewhat cuneate at the base,
i '-2' long, faintly veined ; peduncles in alternate
and opposite axils, ascending, in fruit longer than
th^e leaves, not bracteolate at the summit ; flowers
5"-6" long, purple or purplish ; upper calyx-seg-
ment lanceolate, acute; corolla 2-lipped, the lower
lip longer than the upper; stamens approximate
in pairs ; capsule oblong, 4-valved, 3"-4" high,
about equalling the calyx.
In wet soil, Maryland to Florida, Missouri and
Texas, mostly near the coast. Plant blackening in
drying. June-Sept.
13
i 9 4
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
VOL. III.
17. GRATIOLA L. Sp. PI. 17. 1753.
Erect or diffuse glabrous or glandular-pubescent herbs, with opposite sessile, entire or
dentate leaves, and yellow or whitish peduncled flowers solitary in the axils. Peduncles
2-bracteolate at the summit in the following species. Calyx S-parted, the segments narrow,
slightly unequal. Corolla irregular, its tube cylindric, its limb more or less 2-lipped ; upper
lip entire, emarginate, or 2-cleft; lower lip 3-lobed. Perfect stamens 2, the anterior pair
wanting, or represented by rudiments; filaments filiform; anther-sacs distinct, transverse and
separated by a broad connective. Style filiform; stigma dilated, slightly 2-lobed. Capsule
loculicidally and septicidally dehiscent, ovoid or globose, 4-valved. Seeds numerous, longi-
tudinally and transversely striate. [Latin, grace or favor, from its reputed healing properties.]
About 30 species, of wide geographic distribution in temperate and warm regions. Besides the
following, some 9 others occur in southern and western North America. Type species : Gratiola
officinalis L.
Sterile filaments minute or none.
Glandular-puberulent ; flowers 4"-s" long; capsule ovoid. i. G. virginiana.
Glabrous ; flowers 7" long ; capsule globose. 2. G. sphaerocarpa.
Sterile filaments 2, slender, capitate at the summit.
Leaves lanceolate, entire or remotely denticulate. 3. G. aurea.
Leaves ovate or oblong, sharply serrate. 4. G. viscosa.
i. Gratiola virginiana L. Clammy Hedge-
Hyssop. Fig. 3785.
Gratiola virginiana L. Sp. PI. 17. 1753.
Annual; stem erect, at length widely branched,
glandular-puberulent, at least above, 3'-i2' high.
Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, nar-
rowed to both ends, denticulate, i'-2' long, 2"-5"
wide, glabrous or nearly so; peduncles slender,
glandular, shorter than or equalling the leaves;
flowers 4"-S" long; bractlets as long as the calyx,
or longer; calyx about one-half as long as the yel-
lowish corolla-tube ; limb of the corolla short, white ;
sterile filaments minute or none; anther-sacs trans-
verse, separated by a broad connective; capsule
broadly ovoid, 2" high, as long as the calyx.
In wet places, Quebec to British Columbia, south to
Florida, Texas and California. Ascends to 3000 ft. in
Virginia. Water jessamine. May-Oct.
2. Gratiola sphaerocarpa Ell. Round-
fruited Hedge-Hyssop. Fig. 3786.
Gratiola sphaerocarpa Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i : 14.
1816.
Annual (or perennial?), glabrous; stem as-
cending or erect, rather stout, simple or branched,
6'-i2' high. Leaves oblong or obovate-oblong,
sessile, dentate or denticulate, 3-5-nerved, acute
or obtusish at the apex, narrowed at the base,
i '-2' long, 3"-8" wide; peduncles stout, little cr
not at all longer than the calyx; bractlets about
equalling the calyx; calyx-lobes linear; calyx
nearly one-half as long as the corolla; flowers
about 7" long; corolla-tube yellow, the limb
paler ; anther-sacs broad, transverse ; sterile fila-
ments wanting; capsule globose, 3" in diameter.
In wet places, southern New Jersey to Florida,
Illinois, Missouri, Texas and Mexico. June-Sept.
17.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
'95
3. Gratiola aurea Muhl. Goldenpert.
Golden Hedge-Hyssop. Fig. 3787.
Gratiola aurea Muhl. Cat. 2. 1813.
Perennial, glandular-puberulent above, or gla-
brate; stems decumbent, creeping or ascending,
simple or branched, 4,'-i2 long, somewhat 4-sided.
Leaves lanceolate to linear-oblong, i'-i' long,
i "-3" wide, sparingly denticulate, scarcely nar-
rowed to the sessile and somewhat clasping
base; peduncles filiform, in fruit equalling or
longer than the calyx; corolla bright yellow,
6" -7" long, 3 times as long as the calyx; sterile
filaments 2, capitate at the summit; anther-sacs
of the fertile stamens broad, transverse ; capsule
globose-ovoid, shorter than or equalling the calyx.
In sandy wet places, Quebec and Ontario to New
Jersey and Virginia. Recorded from Florida. June-
Sept.
4. Gratiola viscosa Schwein. Viscid
Hedge-Hyssop. Fig. 3788.
Gratiola viscosa Schwein. ; LeConte, Ann. Lye. N.
Y. i : 1 06. 1823.
Annual; stem weak, finely viscid-pubescent,
slender, commonly simple, 6'-i8' long. Leaves
ovate, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, sharply
serrate, acute at the apex, sessile, cordate-clasp-
ing at the base, i'-i' long; peduncles slender,
shorter than or exceeding the leaves; bractlets
and calyx-segments foliaceous, entire or dentate,
one-third to one-half as long as the yellow or
purplish corolla ; flowers s"-6" long ; sterile fila-
ments 2, capitate at the summit ; anther-sacs of
the fertile stamens transverse, separated by the
broad connective; capsule subglobose, shorter
than the calyx.
In brooks and swamps, Delaware to Kentucky,
Georgia and Tennessee. May-Sept.
1 8. SOPHRONANTHE Benth. ; Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 445 1836.
Annual or perennial rigid caulescent herbs, with rough-pubescent foliage. Leaves oppo-
site ; blades entire or toothed, sessile. Flowers solitary in the axils, short-peduncled or nearly
sessile. Calyx sessile in 2 bractlets ; sepals 5, nearly distinct. Corolla white or purplish,
2-lipped. Stamens 2, included. Staminodia filiform, capitate at the apex. Anther-sacs par-
allel, contiguous. Capsule somewhat elongated, acuminate. [Greek, referring to the included
anthers.]
Two known species of eastern North America. Type species : Sophronanthe hispida Benth.
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
VOL. III.
i. Sophronanthe pilosa (Michx.) Small.
Hairy Hedge-Hyssop. Fig. 3789.
Gratiola pilosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 7. 1803.
Sophronanthe pilosa Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1067. 1903.
Perennial (?), hirsute; stems slender, erect,
strict, simple, or branched, 6'-2 high. Leaves
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, dentate or denticulate,
sessile, acute or obtusish at the apex, rounded,
truncate or subcordate at the base, \'-\' long;
flowers nearly or quite sessile, commonly numer-
ous, about 4" long; corolla purplish or white,
slightly longer than the calyx and bractlets;
sterile filaments 2, capitate at the summit; anther-
sacs of the fertile stamens parallel, contiguous ;
capsule oblong-conic, acuminate, about the length
of the calyx, or shorter.
In dry soil, southern New Jersey to Florida, Arkan-
sas and Texas. May-Aug.
19. ILYSANTHES Raf. Ann. Nat. 13. 1820.
Annual or biennial glabrous slender branching herbs, with opposite, mostly dentate and
sessile leaves, and small purplish peduncled flowers solitary in the axils. Peduncles not
bracteolate. Calyx 5-parted, the segments linear. Corolla irregular, the tube somewhat
expanded above, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip 2-cleft, erect; lower lip larger, 3-lobed, spread-
ing. Fertile stamens 2, included, their anther-sacs divergent; sterile stamens 2, 2-lobed, one
of the lobes capitate, glandular, the other glabrous, shorter. Style slender; stigma slightly
2-lobed. Capsule oblong or ovoid, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, wrinkled. [Greek,
mud-flower.]
About 10 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, 2 or 3 others occur
in the southeastern United States. Type species: Ilysanthes riparia Raf.
Peduncles longer than the leaves ; calyx-segments shorter than the capsule. i. I. dubia.
Peduncles shorter than the leaves; calyx-segments mostly as long as the capsule, or longer.
2. /. attenuata.
i. Ilysanthes dubia (L.) Barnhart. Long-stalked False Pimpernel. Fig. 3790.
Gratiola dubia L. Sp. PI. 17. 1753.
Capraria gratioloides L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 876. 1763.
Ilysanthes riparia Raf. Ann. Nat. 13. 1820.
Ilysanthes gratioloides Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10 :
419. 1846.
Ilysanthes dubia Barnhart, Bull. Torr. Club 26 :
376. 1899.
Stem slender, mostly erect, at length dif-
fusely branched, 3'-8' long. Leaves ovate,
ovate-oblong, or the lower obovate, sessile or
very nearly so, or slightly clasping at the base,
remotely denticulate or entire, obtuse or acutish
at the apex, thickish, 3~7-nerved, i'-i' long,
the upper ones commonly much smaller ; pe-
duncles slender, considerably exceeding the
leaves ; flowers 3"-s" long ; calyx-segments
linear, about one-half the length of the corolla,
shorter than the capsule; capsule narrowly
ovoid-oblong, bluntish, 2"-3" high; seeds i"
long, reddish, the ends usually truncate.
In wet places, Massachusetts to Florida, west
to Ontario, Minnesota and Texas. Also on the
Pacific Coast, and in the West Indies and South
America. July-Sept.
GENUS 19.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
2. Ilysanthes attenuata (Muhl.) Small.
Short-stalked False Pimpernel.
Fig. 3791-
Lindernia attenuata Muhl. Cat. 59. 1813.
Ilysanthes gratloloides curtipedicellata Bush, Bull.
Torr. Club 21 : 494. 1894.
/. attenuata Small, Bull. Torr. Club 23: 297. 1896.
Stern erect or ascending, 3'-i6' long, the branches
spreading. Leaves oblong to ovate, or sometimes
obovate, i'-ii' long, thinnish, obtuse, serrate with
a few low teeth, 3-5-nerved, narrowed into short
petioles, or sessile; peduncles shorter than the
leaves; calyx-segments linear-subulate, as long as
the capsule, or longer ; corolla 2"-6" long ; cap-
sule narrowly ovoid, about 2" long, pointed ; seeds
slightly curved, ii"-2" long, yellowish brown, the
ends usually rounded.
In wet places, New Brunswick and Ontario to Wis-
consin, south to Florida and Arkansas. Ascends to
2000 ft. in Virginia. Perhaps not specifically dis-
tinct from the preceding. May-Oct.
20. MICRANTHEMUM Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 10. pi 12. 1803.
Creeping or ascending, branched small leafy annual glabrous herbs, with opposite obovate
oval or orbicular sessile entire leaves, and minute white or purplish short-peduncled flowers,
solitary in some of the axils. Calyx 4~5-lobed or 4~5-parted. Corolla very irregular, the
tube short, the upper lip shorter than the lower, or wanting, the lower 3-lobed, spreading or
ascending, the middle lobe the largest. Stamens 2, anterior; filaments short, somewhat
dilated or appendaged at the base; anthers small, their sacs distinct, parallel, or slightly
divergent. Style short ; stigma 2-lobed. Capsules globose, 2-celled by a membranous parti-
tion or becoming i-celled. Seeds several or numerous, minute. [Greek, small flower.]
About 1 6 species, natives of America. Besides the following, another occurs in the southern
United States. Type species : Micranthemum orbiculatum Michx.
i. Micranthemum micranthemoides (Nutt.) Wettst. Nuttall's Micranthemum.
Fig. 3792.
Hemianthus micranthemoides Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil.
i : 119. pi. 6. 1817.
Micranthemum Nuttallii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 331. 1867.
Micranthemum micranthemoides Wettst. in Engl. &
Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 4 : Abt. 3b. 77. 1891.
Somewhat fleshy; stem filiform, creeping, the
branches ascending, \'-2\' high. Leaves obovate to
oval, obtuse, i"-2j" long; flowers about \" long,
borne on peduncles of about the same length; calyx
campanulate in flower, pbovoid in fruit, 4-lobed,
usually split along one side ; peduncles recurved in
fruit ; upper lip of the corolla nearly obsolete ; mid-
dle lobe of the lower lip longer than the lateral ones;
appendages at the bases of the stamens nearly as
long as the filaments ; capsule obovoid-globose, I" in
diameter, as long as the calyx.
In tidal mud. New Jersey to Florida. Aug. Oct.
This species is the type of the genus Hemianthus Nutt.,
which has been regarded as distinct from Micranthe-
by other authors, a view which may be maintained.
21. LIMOSELLA L. Sp. PI. 631. 1753.
Low glabrous succulent floating or creeping, tufted annual herbs (or perennial by stolons?),
with filiform stems rooting at their nodes, basal slender-petioled entire leaves, and filiform
i-flowered scape-like peduncles, the flowers small, white, pink, or purple. Calyx campanu-
late, S-lobed. Corolla nearly regular, open-campanulate, the tube short, the limb 5-cleft.
Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla-tube, scarcely exserted ; filaments short ; anther-sacs con-
fluent. Style short; stigma capitate. Ovary 2-celled at the base, i-celled above. Capsule
globose or oblong, becoming i-celled, many-seeded. [Greek, mud seated.]
About 6 species, of wide geographic distribution. Type species : Limosella aquatica L.
198
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
VOL. III.
i. Limosella aquatica L. Mudweed. Mudwort. Fig. 3793.
Limosella aquatica L. Sp. PI. 631. 1753.
Limosella tenuifolia Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 29.
1804.
Limosella australis R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl.
i : 443. 1810.
Leaves i'-5' long, the blade oblong, linear-
oblong, narrowly linear or spatulate, ob-
tuse, one-fourth or one-third as long as
the filiform petiole. Peduncles shorter than
the leaves, arising with the petioles from
the base of the plant or from nodes of the
creeping or floating stem; corolla pink or
white, about i" broad, scarcely longer than
the calyx; calyx-lobes ovate, acute or acut-
ish, about the length of the tube; stamens
inserted high up on the corolla-tube ; fila-
ments somewhat longer than the anthers;
capsule globose or oblong-globose, obtuse,
\\" high, longer than the calyx.
On muddy shores and in brooks, Labrador
and. Hudson Bay to the Northwest Territory,
south to New Jersey, and in the Rocky Moun-
tains to Colorado, and in the Sierra Nevada to
California. Also in Europe, Australia and
South America. June-Aug.
22. SYNTHYRIS Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 454. 1846.
Perennial herbs, with thick rootstocks, simple erect stems, large petioled basal leaves,
those of the stem much smaller, alternate, sessile, or clasping, bract-like. Flowers small, pink
or purple, in terminal dense elongated spikes or racemes. Calyx 4-5-parted, the segments
oblong or linear. Corolla oblong or campanulate, 2-4-lobed, or parted, or wanting, the lateral
lobes, when present, exterior in the bud. Stamens 2 (occasionally 4), posterior, inserted on
the corolla, or on the outer side of the hypogynous disk, exserted; filaments slender; anther-
sacs parallel or divergent, not confluent. Ovary 2-celled or rarely 3-celled; style filiform;
stigma capitate. Capsule compressed, obtuse, or emarginate, many-seeded, loculicidally dehis-
cent. Seeds flat, oval, or orbicular. [Greek, closed doors, referring to the capsule-valves.]
Our species were referred, in the first edition of this work, to the Old World genus Wulfenia.
About 10 species, natives of North America and Europe. Type species: Synthyris reni-
f or mis Benth.
Corolla present, usually 2-lobed.
Corolla none.
1. S.Bullii.
2. S. rubra.
i. Synthyris Bullii (Eaton) Heller. Bull's Synthyris. Fig. 3794.
Gymnandra Bullii Eaton; Eaton & Wright, 259. 1840.
Synthyris Houghtoniana Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10 : 454.
1846.
Wulfenia Houghtoniana Greene, Erythea 2: 83. 1894.
Gymnandra Bullii Barnhart, Bull. Torr. Club 26 : 378. 1899.
Synthyris Bullii Heller, Muhlenbergia i : 4. 1900.
Pubescent; stem stout, \-2\ high. Basal leaves
ovate or orbicular, rounded at the apex, truncate, cor-
date or reniform at the base, crenulate all around, 2'-$'
long, 5~7-nerved, petioled, the petiole usually shorter
than the blade; stem-leaves small, '-i' long, sessile
or slightly clasping, crenulate, obtuse, or acute, passing
gradually into the bracts of the dense spike ; flowers
greenish yellow, 2"-3" long ; corolla present, variously
2-4-lobed (commonly 2-lobed), little, if any, longer than
the calyx, its lobes obtuse, the stamens inserted on its
base; spike much elongated in fruit; capsule emargi-
nate, slightly exceeding the calyx.
On dry prairies, Ohio to Minnesota, Michigan and Iowa.
May-July.
GENUS 22.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
199
2. Synthyris rubra (Hook.) Benth. Western Synthyris. Fig. 3795.
Gymnandra rubra Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 103. pi. 172.
1838.
Synthyris rubra Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10 : 455. 1846.
Wulfenia rubra Greene, Erythea 2: 83. 1894.
Besseya rubra Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Club 30: 280. 1903.
Similar to the preceding species but lower, pubescent
or tomentose, seldom over i high. Basal leaves ovate
or oblong, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed, trun-
cate or cordate at the base, iJ'-3' long, crenulate, peti-
oled, indistinctly nerved; stem-leaves ovate or lanceo-
late, acute, sessile, crenulate, or entire, \'-\' long; spike
very dense, i'-2' long in flower, 2'-$' long in fruit, its
bracts purplish; corolla none; stamens inserted on the
outer side of the hypogynous disk; capsule little com-
pressed, emarginate, slightly longer than the calyx.
In dry soil, South Dakota to Nebraska, British Columbia and Utah. May-June.
23. VERONICA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 9. 1753.
Annual or perennial herbs (some exotic species shrubs or trees), with opposite and alter-
nate, rarely verticillate leaves, and mostly small blue purple pink or white flowers, terminal
or axillary, racemose, spicate, or solitary. Calyx mostly 4-parted, sometimes 5-parted, the seg-
ments oblong or ovate. Corolla rotate, its tube very short, deeply and more or less unequally
4-lobed (rarely 5-lobed), the lower lobe commonly the narrowest. Stamens 2, divergent,
inserted on either side and at the base of the upper corolla-lobe ; anthers obtuse, their sacs
confluent at the summit; filaments slender. Ovary 2-celled; style slender; stigma capitate;
ovules few or numerous in each cavity. Capsule more or less compressed, sometimes very
flat, emarginate, obcordate, or 2-lobed, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds smooth or rough, flat,
plano-convex, or excavated on the inner side. [Named for St. Veronica.]
About 200 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, 3 others occur in
northwest America. Type species : Veronica officinalis L.
* Flowers racemose in the axils of the leaves, bracteolate.
Glabrous, or minutely glandular above (No. 3 rarely hairy) ; brook or swamp plants.
Leaves ovate, oval, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate ; capsule compressed.
Stem leaves sessile, partly clasping, serrulate or entire.
All the leaves petioled, serrate.
Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate ; capsule very flat.
Pubescent, dry soil plants ; leaves crenate or dentate.
Leaves oval or obovate, petioled ; pedicels shorter than the calyx. 4. V. officinalis.
Leaves ovate, nearly or quite sessile ; pedicels longer than the calyx. 5. V. Chamaedrys.
1. V. Anagallis-aquatica.
2. V. americana.
3. V '. scutellata.
** Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, or solitary in the axils.
Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes.
Leaves all sessile ; capsule elliptic, emarginate.
Lower leaves petioled ; capsule orbicular, obcordate.
Flowers solitary in most of the axils ; peduncles shorter than the leaves.
Erect ; glabrous or glandular ; capsule emarginate.
Diffuse ; pubescent ; capsule obcordate.
Flowers solitary in the axils ; peduncles as long as the leaves, or longer.
Leaves ovate or oblong, crenate or dentate.
Corolla not longer than the calyx ; capsule narrowly emarginate.
Corolla longer than the calyx ; capsule broadly emarginate.
Leaves orbicular, or broader, 3-s-lobed or -crenate.
6. V. Wormskioldii.
7. V. serpyllifolia.
8. V. peregrina.
9. V. arvensis.
10. V. agrestis.
11. V. Tournefortii.
12. V. hederaefolia.
2OO
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
VOL. III.
i. Veronica Anagallis-aquatica L. Water
Speedwell or Pimpernel. Fig. 3796.
Veronica Anagallis-aquatica L. Sp. PI. 12. 1753.
Perennial by stolons or leafy shoots developed in
autumn ; stem rather stout, glabrous, or glandular-
puberulent above, erect or decumbent, often rooting
at the lower nodes, usually branched, i-3 high.
Leaves of sterile autumn shoots orbicular to obovate,
obtuse, serrulate, narrowed into margined petioles,
those of the flowering stems ovate, oblong, or lan-
ceolate, sessile and more or less clasping or the
lowest short-petioled, serrulate or entire, ii'~4' long,
\'-2.' wide; racemes peduncled, borne in most of the
axils, a'-s' long; bractlets shorter than or exceeding
the pedicels ; flowers blue, or purplish striped, 2 '
broad ; capsule compressed, not very flat, nearly or-
bicular, 2-lobed, emarginate, ii" high; seeds flat.
In brooks and swamps, Nova Scotia to British Co-
lumbia, south to North Carolina, Nebraska and New
Mexico. Also in Europe and Asia. The plant of the
Atlantic Coast appears as if introduced. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. May-Sept.
2. Veronica americana Schwein. American Brooklime. Fig. 3797.
V. americana Schwein. ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10 : 468. 1846.
Similar to the preceding species, perennial by stolons
or leafy shoots, glabrous throughout; stem decumbent,
usually branched, rooting at the lower nodes, 6'-3 long.
Leaves oblong, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, all distinctly
petioled, sharply serrate, truncate, rounded, or subcor-
date at the base, obtuse or acutish at the apex, i'-3'
long, i'-i' wide; racemes peduncled, borne in most of
the axils, loose, elongated, sometimes 6' long; bractlets
shorter than the pedicels ; flower blue or nearly white,
usually striped with purple, 2" broad; capsule nearly
orbicular, compressed, but not very flat, emarginate, ii"
high; seeds flat.
In brooks and swamps, Anticosti to Alaska, south to
Pennsylvania, Nebraska, New Mexico and California.
Ascends to 2600 ft. in the Catskills. Wallink. Blue-bells.
April-Sept.
Veronica Beccabunga L., a European brooklime, similar
to V. americana in habit, but with crenate or low-serrate
broad tipped leaves, is naturalized about Quebec and has been found on ballast about seaports in
New York and New Jersey.
3. Veronica scutellata L. Marsh or Skullcap
Speedwell. Fig. 3798.
Veronica scutellata L. Sp. PI. 12. 1753.
Glabrous, or very sparingly pubescent, rarely quite
hairy, perennial by leafy shoots or stolons; stems slen-
der, decumbent or ascending, leafy, simple or branched,
commonly rooting at the lower nodes, 6'-2 high. Leaves
linear or linear-lanceolate, sessile and slightly clasping,
remotely denticulate, acute, i'-3' long, i"-3" wide; ra-
cemes borne in nearly all the axils, or only in the alter-
nate ones, equalling or longer than the leaves ; bractlets
much shorter than the filiform spreading pedicels; flow-
ers blue, 2"-3" broad ; capsule broader than high, very
flat, deeply emarginate at the summit, slightly so at the
base, 2"-2\" broad ; seeds flat.
In swamps, Labrador to British Columbia, south to south-
ern New York, Minnesota and California. Also m Europe
and Asia. May-Sept.
GENUS 23.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
201
4. Veronica officinalis L. Common Speed-
well. Fluellin. Gipsy-weed. Fig. 3799.
Veronica officinalis L. Sp. PI. n. 1753.
Perennial by stolons, pubescent all over; stem as-
cending, 3'-io' high. Leaves oblong, oval, or obo-
vate, petioled, '-2' long, obtuse at the apex, serrate,
narrowed into the petioles; racemes spike-like, nar-
row, dense, elongated, often borne only in alternate
axils, much longer than the leaves; subulate bract-
lets and the calyx longer than the pedicels; flowers
pale blue, 2"-3" broad ; capsule obovate-cuneate,
compressed, broadly emarginate, 2" high, ii" broad;
seeds numerous, flat.
In dry fields and woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario,
South Dakota, North Carolina and Tennessee. As-
cends to 5600 ft. in Virginia. Also in Europe and Asia.
Appears, in most places, as if introduced. Paul's-betony.
Ground-hele. Upland speedwell. May-Aug.
Veronica longifolia L., an erect European species
with lanceolate petioled acuminate sharply serrate
leaves, has been found in waste grounds and fields
from Nova Scotia to New York.
5. Veronica Chamaedrys L. Germander
Speedwell. Fig. 3800.
Veronica Chamaedrys L. Sp. PI. 13. 1753.
Perennial ; stem ascending, simple or branched,
slender, pubescent in two lines, 4^-12' high. Leaves
ovate, sessile, or very nearly so, pubescent, trun-
cate, rounded or cordate at the base, incised-
dentate, obtuse at the apex, -i long; racemes
borne in opposite or alternate axils, peduncled,
more or less pubescent, loose, 2 r -6' long ; pedicels
filiform, longer than the calyx and usually longer
than the bractlets ; flowers light blue, 3"-4"
broad; capsule obcordate, narrowed at the base;
seeds numerous, flattish.
In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia and
Quebec to southern New York and Pennsylvania.
Naturalized from Europe. Other English names
are blue eye, eyebright, angel's-eye, god's-eye, bird's-
eye, cat's-eye, base vervain. Forget-me-not. May-
July.
Veronica Teucrium L., also European, similar to
V. Chamaedrys, but with oblong to lanceolate
crenate leaves, has been found in New England and
Ohio.
6. Veronica Wormskioldii R. & S. Worms-
kiold's Speedwell. Fig. 3801.
V. Wormskioldii R. & S. Syst. i: 101. 1817.
Perennial, pubescent or nearly glabrous; stems
ascending or erect, slender, usually simple, 2'-i2'
high. Leaves oblong, ovate, or elliptic, sessile, mostly
rounded at both ends, crenulate or entire, J'-i' long;
flowers in a short narrow raceme at the end of the
stem, light blue, 2"-3" broad ; pedicels shorter than
the calyx in flower, much shorter than the bractlets,
2"-3" long in fruit; capsule ellipsoid or slightly obo-
void, moderately compressed, emarginate, 2 '-3" high ;
seeds numerous, flattish.
Labrador; mountains of Quebec and New England
to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado
and in the Sierra Nevada to Nevada. Summer. Re-
ferred in our first edition to V. alpina L.
202
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
VOL. III.
7. Veronica serpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaved
Speedwell. Fig. 3802.
Veronica serpyllifolia L. Sp. PI. 12. 1753.
Perennial, puberulent or glabrous; stems slender,
decumbent, branched, the branches ascending or
erect, 2'-io' high. Leaves all opposite and petioled,
or the uppermost sessile, oblong, oval, or ovate, |'-i'
long, crenulate or entire; flowers in short narrow
racemes at the end of the stem and branches; pedi-
cels equalling or longer than the calyx, usually shorter
than the bractlets ; corolla blue with darker stripes,
sometimes white, 2"-^" broad ; capsule broader than
high, broadly obcordate or emarginate at the summit,
about i" long, about equalling the calyx; seeds flat,
numerous.
In fields and thickets, Labrador to Alaska, south to
Georgia, New Mexico and California. Also in Europe,
Asia and South America. Ascends to 2600 ft. in the
Catskills. Paul's-betony. April-Aug.
Veronica humifusa Dickson, differing in larger flow-
ers and more pubescent inflorescence, is apparently a
northern race of this species, also occurring in Europe.
8. Veronica peregrina L. Purslane Speedwell.
Neckweed. Fig. 3803.
Veronica peregrina L. Sp. PI. 14. 1753.
Annual, glabrous, or glandular-puberulent ; stem
erect or ascending, simple or branched, 3'-i2' high.
Leaves oblong, oval, linear or slightly spatulate, 3"-io"
long, obtuse or acutish, the lowest opposite, short-
petioled, or sessile, broader than the upper and usually
denticulate, the upper alternate, sessile, mostly entire,
each with a short-pedicelled flower in its axil ; flowers
nearly white, about i" broad; pedicels much shorter
than the calyx ; capsule nearly orbicular, obcordate,
usually a little shorter than the calyx, \"-\\" high,
many-seeded, the seeds flat.
In moist places, and common as a weed in cultivated
soil, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Florida,
Mexico and California. Also in Central and South Amer-
ica, distributed as a weed in the Old World. May-Oct.
9. Veronica arvensis L. Corn or Wall
Speedwell. Fig. 3804.
Veronica arvensis L. Sp. PI. 13. 1753.
Annual, pubescent; stem slender, at first sim-
ple and erect, at length much branched and dif-
fuse, 3'-io' long. Lower leaves ovate or oval,
opposite, obtuse at both ends, crenate or crenu-
late, 2"-6" long, the lowest petioled ; upper leaves
sessile, alternate, ovate or lanceolate, acute or
acutish, commonly entire, each with a short pedi-
celled minute flower in its axil; pedicels shorter
than the calyx; corolla blue, or nearly white, i"
broad or less ; capsule broadly obovate, obcordate,
i" high.
In fields, woods and waste places and in culti-
vated soil, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota,
south to Florida, Kansas and Texas. Also in Ber-
muda. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of
Asia. March-Sept.
GENUS 23.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
203
10. Veronica agrestis L. Procumbent, Field
or Garden Speedwell. Fig. 3805.
Veronica agrestis L. Sp. PI. 13. 1753.
Annual, pubescent; stems creeping or procumbent,
very slender, branched, 3'-8' long, the branches as-
cending or spreading. Leaves broadly ovate or oval,
obtuse at the apex, rounded, truncate or subcordate
at the base, crenate, all short-petioled, or the upper-
most sessile, the lowest opposite, the upper alternate
and each with a slender-peduncled small blue flower
in its axil ; peduncles equalling or longer than the
leaves ; corolla not exceeding the calyx ; capsule
broader than high, compressed, but not very flat, nar-
rowly emarginate at the summit, i" high, 2" broad;
seeds few, hollowed out on the inner side.
In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to New Jersey
and Louisiana. Naturalized from Europe. Native also
of Asia. Other English names are germander-chickweed
and winter-weed. May-Sept.
ii. Veronica Tournefortii Gmelin. Tonrnefort's Speedwell.
well. Fig. 3806.
Byzantine Speed-
Veronica Tournefortii Gmelin, Fl. Bad. I : 39. 1805.
Veronica agrestis var. bysantina Sibth. & Smith,
Fl. Grace, i : pi. 8. 1806.
V. Buxbaumii Tenore, Fl. Nap. i : 7. pi. I. 1811.
V. byzantina B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 40. 1888.
Annual, pubescent; stems diffusely branched,
spreading or ascending, 6' -15' long. Leaves
ovate or oval, short-petioled, obtuse or acutish,
sometimes narrowed at the base, crenate-dentate
or somewhat incised, 4"- 12" long, the lowest
opposite, the upper all alternate and each with
a slender-peduncled rather large blue flower in
its axil; peduncles filiform, as long as the leaves
or longer; corolla exceeding the calyx, 3 "-4"
broad ; capsule twice as broad as high, 3" broad,
with a wide and shallow emargination at the
summit; seeds few or several, hollowed out on
the inner side.
In waste places, Nova Scotia to southern New
York and Ohio ; Colorado to California. Adventive
or naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia.
Bird's-eye. Cat's-eye. May-Sept.
12. Veronica hederaefolia L. Ivy-leaved
Speedwell. Fig. 3807.
Veronica hederaefolia L. Sp. PI. 13. 1753.
Annual, pubescent ; stems slender, diffusely
branched, 3'-i8' long. Leaves orbicular or
broader, truncate or subcordate at the base,
3~5-lobed or 3-5-crenate, petioled, i'-i' in diam-
eter, the lower opposite, the upper all alternate
and with slender peduncled small blue flowers
in their axils; peduncles filiform, often longer
than the leaves ; corolla 2" broad, scarcely
longer than the calyx ; capsule little compressed,
2-lobed, broader than high, shorter than the
densely ciliate sepals, 2-4-seeded; seeds exca-
vated on the inner side.
In thickets, fields and waste places, southern
New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey to South
Carolina. Naturalized from Europe. Native also
of Asia. April-Get. Ivy-chickweed. Mother-of-
wheat. Small henbit. Winter-weed. Morgeline.
204
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
VOL. III.
24. LEPTANDRA Nutt. Gen. 1:7. 1818.
Tall stout erect perennial herbs, with verticillate or opposite leaves, and small minutely
bracted white or blue flowers, in dense peduncled spike-like racemes, terminal, or in the
upper axils. Calyx 4-parted, short. Corolla tubular, or salverform, nearly regular, 4-lobed,
the tube cylindric, longer than the lobes. Stamens 2, exserted, inserted low down on the
corolla-tube; filaments filiform; anthers obtuse, short. Style about as long as the stamens,
stigma minute. Capsule narrowly ovoid, scarcely compressed, not emarginate nor obcordate,
4-valved at the apex. Seeds numerous, oval, minutely reticulated. [Greek, slender stamens,
referring to the filaments.]
Two species, the following typical one native of eastern North America, the other of north-
eastern Asia.
i. Leptandra virginica (L.) Nutt. Beaumont's-,
Bowman's- or Culver's-root. Fig. 3808.
Veronica virginica L. Sp. PI. 9. 1753.
Leptandra virginica Nutt. Gen. 1:7. 1818.
Stem glabrous, or very nearly so, simple, strict, 2-7
high. Leaves verticillate in 3's-9's or some of the upper-
most opposite, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, short-
petioled, long-acuminate at the apex, sharply serrulate,
narrowed at the base, pinnately veined, glabrous both
sides, or pubescent beneath, 3'-6' long, i'-i' wide; spike-
like racemes several or rarely solitary, 3'-o/ long, very
dense, the terminal one first developing ; pedicels and
bractlets about as long as the calyx; calyx-segments
ovate-lanceolate, acute; corolla tubular, white or bluish,
2" long; capsule ovoid-oblong, \"-\\" long, 2-3 times
as long as the calyx.
In meadows, moist woods and thickets, Ontario to Mani-
toba, Massachusetts, Alabama and Texas. Recorded from
Nova Scotia. Ascends to 2700 ft. in Virginia. Black-root.
Culver's-physic. Brinton's-root. Oxadaddy. Quitch. Tall
speedwell. June-Sept.
25. DIGITALIS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 621. 1753.
Tall biennial or perennial herbs, the stems simple, or branched at the base, with alternate
dentate or entire leaves, and large showy purple yellowish or white flowers, in long terminal
commonly i-sided racemes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments imbricated. Corolla declined,
somewhat irregular, the tube contracted above the ovary, then rather abruptly expanded,
longer than the 4-5-lobed slightly 2-lipped limb; upper lip broadly emarginate or 2-cleft;
lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe largest, the lateral ones exterior in the bud. Stamens 4,
didynamous, ascending, mostly included ; anthers approximate in pairs. Style slender ; stigma
2-lobed. Capsule ovoid, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, rugose. [Latin, digitale,
the finger of a glove, which the flowers resemble.]
About 20 species, native of Europe and Asia, the
following typical.
i. Digitalis purpurea L. Purple Fox-
glove. Thimbles. Fairy Cap. Fig. 3809.
Digitalis purpurea L. Sp. PI. 621. 1753.
Usually biennial, pubescent; stem stout, erect,
2-5 high. Basal and lower leaves ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, 6'-io' long, slender-petioled,
acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, dentate ;
upper leaves similar, smaller, sessile; racemes I
long or more, dense, i-sided; flowers purple to
white, i$'-2' long, drooping; upper calyx-segment
narrower than the four other foliaceous ones ;
corolla spotted within.
Cape Breton Island and New York, naturalized
from Europe, sparingly escaped from cultivation;
also from Washington to California. June-Aug.
Among some 60 English names are folk's-glove [by
corruption fox-glove], f. e., fairy's-glove, fairy-
thimbles, -fingers, -weed, fairy-bells, pop-dock, or
-glove. Rabbit's-flower. Cottagers. Lion's-mouth.
Scotch mercury. Throatwort. Lady-fingers, -glove, -thimble. Dog's-finger. Witches'-thimbles.
GENUS 26.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
205
26. BUCHNERA L. Sp. PI. 630. 1753.
Erect, perennial or biennial, simple or branched, strict hispid or scabrous herbs, black-
ening in drying, the lower leaves opposite, the upper sometimes alternate. Flowers rather
large, white, blue, or purple, in dense terminal bracted spikes, the lower commonly distant.
Calyx tubular, or oblong, s-io-nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla salverform, its tube cylindric,
somewhat curved, its limb deeply and nearly equally 5-cleft, spreading, the lateral lobes
exterior in the bud. Stamens 4, didynamous, included ; anther-sacs confluent into I. Style
slender, thickened or club-shaped above; stigma small, entire or emarginate. Capsule oblong
or ovoid, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, reticulated. [Named for J. G. Buchner.]
About 30 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. Besides the following, another
occurs in the southern United States. Type species: Buchnera americana L.
i. Buchnera americana L. Blue-hearts.
Fig. 3810.
Buchnera americana L. Sp. PI. 630. 1753.
Hispid and rough; stem slender, stiff, i-2| high.
Leaves usually all opposite, prominently veined, the
lowest obovate or oblong, obtuse, narrowed into very
short petioles, the middle ones oblong or oblong-lan-
ceolate, dentate, obtuse, or acute at the apex, narrowed
at the base, sessile, the upper lanceolate or linear-lan-
ceolate, entire or nearly so; spike peduncled, 6'-io' long
in fruit, the flowers mostly opposite, nearly i' long;
bractlets shorter than the calyx ; calyx strigose ; corolla
purple, its lobes obovate, obtuse, 3"-4" broad ; capsule
slightly oblique, 4" high, a little longer than the calyx.
In sandy or gravelly soil, New Jersey to western New
York, southern Ontario and Minnesota, south to Virginia,
Louisiana, Kansas and Arkansas. June-Sept.
27. AFZELIA J. G. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2: 927. 1796.
[SEYMERIA Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 736. 1814.]
Erect stout branched annual or perennial herbs, mostly with opposite leaves, at least the
lower i-2-pinnately parted or dissected, and yellow flowers solitary in the axils, or in ter-
minal bracted spikes or racemes. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corolla slightly
irregular, campanulate or rotate, the tube short, broad, the limb S-lobed, the lower lobe
exterior in the bud. Stamens 4, slightly unequal, scarcely or not at all exserted; filaments
short, villous, at least near the base; anthers 2-celled, the sacs parallel, distinct. Style short
or slender. Capsule globose or ovoid, acute and more or less compressed at the summit.
Seeds numerous, reticulated. [Named for Adam Afzelius, 1750-1812, professor at Upsala.]
About 10 species, natives of North America, Mexico and Madagascar. Besides the following,
4 others inhabit the southern United States. Type species: Anonymos cassioides Walt.
i. Afzelia macrophylla (Nutt.) Kuntze.
Mullen Foxglove. Fig. 3811.
Seymeria macrophylla Nutt. Gen. 2: 49. 1818.
Gerardia macrophylla Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. i : 205.
1835.
A. macrophylla Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 457. 1891.
Annual (?), puberulent or glabrate; stem spar-
ingly branched, or simple, 4-6 high. Lower
leaves long-petioled, pinnately parted, 6'-i5' long,
their segments lanceolate, coarsely dentate, irregu-
larly incised, or pinnatifid; upper leaves short-
petioled or sessile, oblong or lanceolate, i'-3' long,
entire, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed at
the base, each with a sessile flower in its axil;
flowers 5"-7" long; calyx-lobes lanceolate or
ovate, acute, about as long as the tube ; corolla
2-3 times as long as the calyx, woolly in the
throat ; style short, club-shaped ; capsule globose-
ovoid, 3"-4" high, twice as long as the calyx.
In moist thickets and along streams, Ohio to
Iowa, Nebraska, Kentucky and Texas. Aug.-Oct.
28. DASYSTOMA Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 99. 1819.
Large erect simple or branched, glandular-puberulent, pubescent or glabrous, annual or
perennial herbs, partly parasitic on the roots of other plants, with opposite whorled or some
alternate leaves, and large showy yellow flowers, in terminal mostly leafy-bracted racemes
206
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
VOL. III.
or panicles. Calyx campanulate or turbinate, 5-lobed, the lobes longer than or equalling
the tube, sometimes foliaceous. Corolla slightly irregular, funnelform, or campanulate-
funnelform, the tube villous or pubescent within, the limb spreading, 5-lobed. Stamens 4,
didynamous, included, villous or pubescent; filaments slender; anthers all alike, their sacs
distinct, parallel, awned at the base. Style filiform. Capsule oblong, acute, loculicidally
dehiscent, longer than/ the calyx. [Greek, thick or hairy mouth, referring to the corolla.]
Six species, natives of eastern North America. Type species : Dasistoma aurea Raf.
Plant glandular-pubescent ; corolla pubescent without. i. D pedicularia.
Puberulent, cinereous or glabrous ; corolla glabrous without.
Cinereous-puberulent.
Leaves entire, dentate, or some of the lower pinnatifid, firm.
Leaves entire, undulate or the lower pinnatifid, with entire lobes. 2. D. flava.
Upper leaves mostly serrate, lower pinnatifid with toothed lobes. 3. D. serrata.
Leaves, at least all but the uppermost, pinnatifid. 4. D. grandiflora.
Glabrous or very nearly so throughtout.
Leaves all pinnatifid, thin. 5. D. laevigata.
Leaves entire, or the lowest dentate or incised. 6. D. virginica.
i. Dasystoma pedicularia (L.) Benth.
Fern-leaved or Lousewort False Fox-
glove. Fever- weed. Fig. 3812.
Gerardia pedicularia L. Sp. PI. 6n. 1753.
Dasystoma pedicu 'aria Benth. in DC. Prodr.
10: 521. 1846.
Annual or biennial, more or less glandu-
lar-pubescent, viscid, and with some longer
hairs; stem rather slender, much branched,
leafy, i-4 high. Leaves sessile, or the
lower petioled, i-2-pinnatifid, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate in outline, usually broadest
at the base, i'-3' long, the segments incised
or crenate-dentate ; pedicels slender, ascend-
ing, mostly longer than the calyx, i'-2' long
in fruit ; calyx-lobes oblong, foliaceous,
usually incised or pinnatifid, 3"-4" long,
corolla i'-ii' long, pubescent without, limb
about i' broad; capsule pubescent, 5" -6"
long, beak flat.
In dry woods and thickets, Maine and On-
tario to Minnesota, Florida and Missouri.
Races differ in pubescence and in leaf-divi-
sion. Lousewort. Bushy gerardia. Aug.-
Sept.
Dasystoma pectinata (Nutt.) Benth., ofthe Southern States, ranging north to Kentucky
and Missouri, appears to be a very glandular race.
2. Dasystoma flava (L.) Wood. Downy
False Foxglove. Fig. 3813.
Gerardia flava L. Sp. PI. 610. 1753.
D. aurea Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 99. 1819.
D. pubescens Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10 : 520. 1846.
Dasystoma flava Wood, Bot. & Flor. 230. 1873.
Perennial, downy, grayish; stem strict, erect,
simple, or with a few nearly erect branches, 2-4
high. Leaves oblong, lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late, usually opposite, rarely whorled in 3's, firm,
entire, or the lower sinuate-dentate or sometimes
pinnatifid, 3'-6' long, short-petioled, the lobes ob-
tuse; the upper much smaller and sessile, passing
into the bracts of the raceme ; pedicels stout, usu-
ally shorter than the calyx even in fruit; calyx-
lobes lonceolate, entire, about as long as the tube;
corolla \\'-2.' long, glabrous outside, its tube
much expanded above ; capsule 8"-io" long, pu-
bescent, twice as long as the calyx.
In dry woods and thickets, Maine to Ontario and
Wisconsin, south to southern New York, Georgia
and Mississippi. Yellow foxglove. July-Aug.
GENUS 28.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
3. Dasystoma serrata (Benth.) Small.
Serrate False Foxglove. Fig. 3814.
D. Drummondii serrata Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10 :
521. 1846.
G. grandiflora integriuscula A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N.
Am. a 1 : 291. 1871.
Gerardia grandiflora serrata Robinson, in A. Gray,
Man. Ed. 7, 730. 1908.
Dasystoma serrata Small, Bull. Torr. Club 28: 451.
1901.
Perennial, grayish puberulent or finely pubes-
cent; stems i-3i tall, often widely branched.
Leaf-blades of the lower part of the stem pin-
natifid and their segments entire, merely serrate
and much smaller above ; calyx-tube 2i" 3"
broad during anthesis ; calyx-lobes linear-lanceo-
late to lanceolate, entire; corolla i'-i' long;
capsules ovoid or globose-ovoid, 5"-/i" long,
short-beaked.
In dry soil, Missouri to Louisiana and Texas.
July-Sept.
4. Dasystoma grandiflora (Benth.) Wood.
Western False Foxglove. Fig. 3815.
Gerardia grandiflora Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. i : 206.
1835-
D. Drummondii Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10 : 520. 1846.
D. grandiflora Wood, Bot. & Flor. 231. 1873.
Perennial, cinereous-puberulent and roughish ;
stem much branched, very leafy to the top, 2-3
high, the branches ascending or spreading. Leaves
short-petioled, thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate in
outline, all pinnatifid or deeply incised, 2'-4' long,
the lobes acute or obtuse, serrate, or nearly entire;
upper leaves smaller, sessile ; pedicels, even in fruit,
snorter than the calyx ; calyx-lobes oblong or ovate,
dentate or entire, about as long as the tube; corolla
\\'-2.' long, glabrous without, its tube much ex-
panded above.
In dry woods and thickets, Minnesota and Wisconsin
to Tennessee, Kansas and Texas. July-Aug.
5. Dasystoma laevigata Raf. Entire-
leaved False Foxglove. Fig. 3816.
Gerardia laevigata Raf. Ann. Nat. 13. 1820.
Dasystoma quercifolia var. integrifolia Benth. in
DC. Prodr. 10 : 520. 1846.
Dasystoma laevigata Raf. ; Chapm. Fl. S. States,
Ed. 2, 636. 1883.
Perennial, glabrous or very nearly so, not
glaucous; stem strict, simple, or sparingly
branched, i-3 high, the branches ascending.
Leaves usually all petioled, lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, ii'~4' long, entire, or the lowest
dentate or incised ; pedicels shorter than the
calyx, or in fruit longer; calyx-lobes ovate-
lanceolate, equalling or shorter than the tube;
corolla glabrous without, i'-ij' long, the limb
fully as broad, the tube much expanded above;
capsule glabrous, twice as long as the calyx.
In dry thickets, Pennsylvania to Michigan,
Georgia and Missouri. July-Aug.
208
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
VOL. Ill
6. Dasystoma virginica (L.) Britton. Smooth False Foxglove. Fig. 3817.
Rhinanthus virginicus L. Sp. PI. 603. 1753.
Gerardia quercifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 423. pi. 19.
1814.
D. quercifolia Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10 : 520. 1846.
D. virginica Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 295. 1894
Perennial, glabrous and glaucous ; stem strict,
rather stout, usually branched, 3-6 high, the
branches ascending. Leaves usually all petioled,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate in outline, the lower
l-2-pinnatifid, 4'-6' long, the upper pinnatifid or
deeply incised, the lobes lanceolate or oblong,
acute, entire, or dentate; fruiting pedicels longer
than the calyx ; calyx-lobes ovate or ovate-lanceo-
late, acute, entire, about equalling the tube; co-
rolla ii'-2' long, glabrous outside, its tube not
widely expanded above; capsule glabrous, twice
as long as the calyx.
In dry or moist woods, Maine to Minnesota, south
to Florida and Illinois. Golden-oak. July-Sept.
Dasystoma calycosa Mackenzie & Bush has been
distinguished from D. virginica by its more finely
divided leaves, its elongate spreading branches and
its long and narrow calyx-lobes ; it occurs in Missouri and Arkansas.
2g. AGALINIS Raf. N. Fl. 2: 61. 1836.
Erect branching annual or perennial herbs, some South American species shrubby, mainly
with opposite and sessile leaves. Flowers showy, usually large, purple, violet, yellow, red, or
rarely white, racemose, or paniculate, or solitary and axillary. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed,
or 5-lobed. Corolla somewhat irregular, campanulate, or funnelform, the tube broad, short,
or elongated, the limb 5-lobed, slightly 2-lipped, the lower lobes exterior in the bud. Stamens
4, didynamous, included; filaments more or less pubescent; anthers 2-celled, their sacs obtuse
or mucronate at the base, style filiform. Capsule globose or ovoid, loculicidally dehiscent,
many-seeded. Seeds numerous, mostly angled. [Greek, remarkable flax.]
About 45 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 10 others occur in the
southern United States. Most of the species blacken in drying. Type species : Agalinis palustris
Raf. (Gerardia purpurea L.) The generic name Gerardia (Plumier) L., used for these plants
in our first edition, is typified by Gerardia tuberosa L. (Stenandrim tuberosum (L.) Britton, of
the Acanthaceae).
Pedicels in flower shorter than the calyx, or but 1-2 times as long.
Corolla io"-i3" long.
Calyx-teeth minute; root perennial. i. A.linifolia.
Calyx-teeth triangular, lanceolate or oblong, acute ; annuals.
Leaves very scabrous, filiform ; capsule oblong. 2. A. aspera.
Leaves slightly scabrous, linear ; capsule globose.
Calyx-teeth as long as the tube or longer. 3. A. heterophylla.
Calyx-teeth shorter than the tube.
Stem smooth or nearly so; branches spreading; !eaves rarely clustered in axils.
4. A. purpurea.
Stem scabrous ; branches virgate ; leaves much clustered in axils.
5. A. fasciculata.
Corolla s"-8" long.
Calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, acute. 6. A. paupercula.
Calyx-teeth broad, short, obtuse. 7. A. maritima.
Pedicels in flower 2-6 times as long as the calyx.
Leaves flat, linear, spreading or ascending ; capsule globose.
Leaves J4"-i" wide, l /2'-i l /2 r long; pedicels spreading. 8. A. tenuifolia.
Leaves i "-2" wide, ij4'-3' long; pedicels ascending. 9. A. Besseyana.
Leaves subulate, or filiform, the margins often revolute.
Corolla-lobes obcordate or deeply emarginate. 10. A. parvifolia.
Corolla-lobes rounded or slightly emarginate.
Corolla 5 "-7" long; pedicels erect-ascending. n. A. Skinneriana.
Corolla 8"-io" long; pedicels spreading-ascending.
Calyx-teeth broadly triangular. 12. A. setacea.
Calyx-teeth linear-subulate. 13. A. Gattingeri.
GENUS 29
FIGWORT FAMILY.
i Agalinis linifolia (Nutt.) Britton
Agalinis. Fig. 3818.
Gerardia linifolia Nutt. Gen. 2 : 47. 1818
Flax-leaved
Perennial, glabrous and smooth ; stem branched, 2-3
high. Leaves narrowly linear, rather thick, i'-2' long,
i"-ii" wide, erect the upper much smaller and subulate;
pedicels erect, in flower equalling or a little longer than
the calyx, longer in fruit ; calyx campanulate, truncate, its
teeth minute; corolla purple, about i' long, narrower than
that of the two following species, villous within, the lobes
ciliate; filaments and anthers densely villous; anther-sacs
mucronate at the base; capsule globose, 2"-$" in diameter,
but little longer than the calyx.
In moist pine barrens, Delaware to Florida. Aug.-Sept.
Rough
2. Agalinis aspera (Dougl.) Britton.
Purple Agalinis. Fig 3819.
G aspera Dougl.; Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10 : 517. 1846.
Annual, i-2 high, hispidulous-scabrous with rough
stiff short whitish hairs, branched, the branches nearly
erect. Leaves narrowly linear, i'-ij' long, less than i"
wide, erect or ascending; pedicels equalling or becom-
ing a little longer than the turbinate calyx; calyx-teeth
triangular-ovate or triangular-lanceolate, acute, one-
fourth to one-third as long as the tube; corolla deep
purple, about i' long, nearly or quite glabrous within,
very pubescent without, the lobes ciliate; filaments vil-
lous ; anthers all alike, obtuse at the base ; capsule ob-
long, 3"-4" high, considerably longer than the calyx.
On dry plains and prairies, Indiana to North Dakota,
Missouri, Kansas and Arkansas. Recorded from Colorado.
Aug.-Oct.
Agalinis heterophylla (Nutt.) Small.
Prairie Agalinis. Fig. 3820.
Gerardia heterophylla Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 5:
180. 1837.
Gerardia crustata Greene, Leaflets 2: 108. 1910.
Annual, more or less scabrous; stems 6'-2 tall,
branching above, the branches ascending. Leaves
linear, or narrowly linear-lanceolate below, -2' long,
rarely 2" broad, acute, erect or erect-ascending, de-
cidedly scabrous along the margins ; pedicels shorter
than the calyx, enlarged upward ; calyx campanulate,
3"-4" long, its teeth lanceolate or subulate-lanceolate,
about as long as the tube ; corolla rose-purple, about
f long; capsules globose-oblong or globose-ovoid,
2*"-3" long.
On prairies and in wet woods, Missouri and Arkansas
to Texas. Aug.-Oct.
14
2IO
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
VOL. II I.
4. Agalinis purpurea (L.) Britton. Large
Purple Agalinis. Fig. 3821.
Gerardia purpurea L. Sp. PI. 610. 1753.
G. racemulosa Fennel, Torreya n : 15. 1911.
Annual, glabrous, smooth, or roughish ; stem
slender, branched, i-2i high, the branches
spreading. Leaves narrowly linear, usually widely
spreading, I'-li' long, about i" wide, rarely with
smaller ones fascicled in their axils ; flowers race-
mose on the branches, purple (rarely white),
about i' long and broad; pedicels shorter than
or but little longer than the campanulate calyx,
even in fruit; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate or
ovate-oblong, acute, one-third to one-half the
length of the tube; corolla much expanded above,
villous or nearly glabrous within, pubescent with-
out, the lobes ciliolate; anthers all alike, the sacs
mucronulate at the base; filaments villous; cap-
sule globose, 2"-3" in diameter, longer than the
calyx.
In moist fields and meadows, Maine to Florida,
Indiana, Wisconsin, Missouri and Texas. Aug.-Oct.
5. Agalinis fasciculata (Ell.) Raf. Fascicled
Agalinis. Fig. 3822.
Gerardia fasciculata Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2 : 115.
Gerardia fasciculata Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 115. 1824.
Annual, finely pubescent and scabrous; stems ii-4 tall,
often puberulent or sparingly hispidulous, fastigiately branch-
ed. Leaves numerous, the larger ones with conspicuous clus-
ters of smaller ones in their axils, linear, mostly less than i"
wide, acute, very scabrous; flowers racemose, often numer-
ous, purple, about i' long; pedicel shorter than the calyx;
calyx-tube campanulate, li'-il" high, the teeth usually mi-
nute, often less than \" long; corolla abruptly expanded
above the short tube, minutely pubescent without, copiously^
pubescent within, the lobes ciliolate ; capsule -z"-2\" in diam-"
eter, becoming longer than the calyx.
In marshes or sometimes in dry soil, Virginia to Florida and
Texas. Aug.-Oct.
6. Agalinis paupercula (A Gray) Britton.
Small-flowered Agalinis. Fig. 3823.
Gerardia purpurea var. paupercula A. Gray, Syn. 2 :
Part i, 293. 1878.
Gerardia intermedia Porter; A. Gray, loc. cit. As
synonym. 1878.
G. paupercula Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 295. 1894.
Annual, glabrous and smooth or very nearly
so; stems strict, branched above, 6'-i8' high, the
branches nearly erect. Leaves narrowly linear,
i'-i' long, i"-i" wide, spreading or ascending;
pedicels equalling the calyx, or longer in fruit;
calyx campanulate, its teeth about one-half the
length of the tube, triangular-lanceolate, acute, or
acuminate ; corolla 6"-io" long, puberulent, rose
purple, its limb about as broad, somewhat villous
in the throat within, the lobes ciliate; stamens
very villous ; anther-sacs mucronulate at the base ;
capsule globose-oblong, 3" high, longer than the
calyx.
In bogs and low meadows, Nova Scotia to New
Jersey, Tennessee, Manitoba and Wisconsin ; appar-
ently also in Georgia and South Carolina. July-Sept.
GENUSi29.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
211
7. Agalinis maritima Raf. Sea-side or Salt-
marsh Agalims. Fig. 3824.
Gerardia maritima Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 361. 1808.
A. maritima Raf. New Fl. N. A. 2 : 62. 1836.
Annual, smooth and glabrous, fleshy; stem erect,
usually branched, 4-16' high, the branches ascend-
ing. Leaves linear, thick, i'-i' long, i" wide or less,
obtuse, spreading, the upermost very small and subu-
late, scarcely longer than the pedicels; pedicels in
flower shorter than or equalling the calyx, about
twice as long in fruit ; calyx-teeth broad, short, ob-
tuse; corolla rose purple, 5 "-9" long, glabrous, the
limb about as broad ; anther-sacs mucronulate at the
base ; capsule globose-oblong, 2"-3" high.
In salt marshes, Maine to Florida. July-Aug. The
southern plant lias larger flowers than the northern.
Flowers before the upland species.
8. Agalinis tenuifolia (Vahl.) Raf. Slender Agalinis. Fig. 3825.
Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 79. 1794.
A. tenuifolia Raf. New Fl. N. A. 2 : 64. 1836.
Annual, glabrous ; stem very slender, panicu-
lately branched, 6'-24' high, the branches spread-
ing or ascending. Leaves very narrowly linear,
flat, acute, \'-\\' long, i"-i" wide, spreading;
pedicels mostly equalling or longer than the flow-
ers; calyx campanulate, its teeth very short,
pointed; corolla light purple, spotted, rarely
white, 6"-9" long, vertically compressed when
fully expanded, minutely puberulent, or glabrous ;
anther-sacs mucronate at the base; capsule glo-
bose or slightly obovoid, 2"-2i" in diameter,
longer than the calyx.
In dry woods and thickets, Quebec to Georgia,
west to western Ontario, Kansas and Texas. Aug.-
Oct.
9. Agalinis Besseyana Britton. Bessey's
Agalinis. Fig. 3826.
Gerardia tenuifolia var. macrophylla Benth. Comp.
Bot. Mag. i : 209. 1835. Not G. macrophylla Benth.
Gerardia Besseyana Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 295.
1894.
Annual; stem glabrous, rather stout, strict,
branched, i-2 high, the branches ascending or
nearly erect. Leaves linear, i'-2' long, i"-2"
wide, scabrous, acute, ascending ; pedicels ascend-
ing, longer than the flowers ; calyx campanulate,
its teeth triangular-subulate, one-third to one-
half the length of the tube; corolla purple, 5"-6"
long; capsule globose, 2"-3" in diameter, exceed-
ing the calyx.
On dry hills and prairies, Ontario to South Da-
kota, Colorado, Louisiana and Kansas. Recorded
east to Connecticut. July-Sept.
212
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
VOL. I II.
10. Agalinis parvifolia (Chapm.) Small.
Ten-lobed Agalinis. Fig. 3827.
Gerardia parvifolia Chapm. Fl. S. U. S. 300. 1860.
Gerardia decemloba Greene, Pittonia 4 : 51. 1899.
Annual, pale green, usually roughish ; stems 8'-2^
tall, simple or branched above, striate-angled, the
branches mostly ascending. Leaves few, remote,
linear-spatulate, to narrowly linear, more or less
revolute, 2i"-io" long or rarely slightly longer,
scabrous-pubescent above; pedicel exceeding the ca-
lyx ; calyx campanulate or turbinate-campanulate, i"-
ij" high, the lobes minute, triangular; corolla light
rose-colored, about J' long, or less, the lobes obcor-
date or deeply emarginate ; capsules globose-ovoid,
or oval, i4"-2 ' long, apiculate.
In dry sandy soil or on banks, Massachusetts to Flor-
ida and Louisiana. Aug.-Oct.
3828.
ii. Agalinis Skinneriana (Wood) Britton. Skinner's Agalinis.
Gerardia Skinneriana Wood, Classbook 408. 1847.
?G. tenuifolia asperula A. Gray, Bot. Gaz. 4: 153. 1879.
Annual, roughish; stem strict, striate, branched,
or sometimes simple, 6'-i8' high, very slender, the
branches erect or ascending. Leaves setaceous, as-
cending or commonly erect and appressed, i'-i' long,
\" wide or less, the uppermost minute; pedicels
longer than the calyx, scarcely longer than the flow- \
ers, 2-4 times the length of the capsule; calyx-teeth
minute ; corolla light purple, s"-6" long and about
as broad, glabrous without, its lobes ciliolate ; capsule
oblong, 2"-3" high, considerably longer than the
calyx.
In dry sandy woods and thickets, Indiana to Minne-
sota and Kansas. Recorded from Ontario. Aug.-Oct.
Gerardia viridis Small, differing by more widely
spreading pedicels and narrow calyx-teeth often one-
half as long as the tube, inhabits the western Gulf
States and is recorded as extending northward into Mis-
souri.
12. Agalinis setacea (Walt.) Raf. Thread-
leaved Agalinis. Fig. 3829.
Gerardia setacea Walt. Fl. Car. 170. 1788.
A. setacea Raf. New Fl. N. A. 2 : 64. 1836.
G. Holmiana Greene, Pittonia 4: 52. 1899.
Annual, smooth or slightly scabrous; stems i-2
tall, loosely branching, the branches mostly ascend-
ing. Leaves rather numerous, mostly opposite, linear-
filiform or setaceous-filiform, J' It' long, scabrous
or nearly smooth; pedicels very slender, f'lj' long;
calyx campanulate, ii"-2" long, the lobes broadly
triangular, about $ as long as the tube ; corolla rose
purple, s"-8" long or rarely larger; capsules subglo-
bose or globose-oval, 2"-2.\" in diameter.
In dry soil or pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida and
Texas. Aug.-Oct.
GENUS 29.
FIGWORT FAMILY
13. Agalinis Gattingeri Small. Gattinger's
Agalinis. Fig. 3830.
Gerardia Gattingeri Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1078. 1903.
Annual, smooth or slightly scabrous; stem 8'-2
tall, wiry, with smooth very slender long branches.
Leaves numerous, linear-filiform or almost fili-
form, i'-ii' long, acute, smooth or slightly rough-
ened; pedicels spreading or ascending, filiform,
i'-i' long, less than twice the length of the leaves ;
calyx campanulate, its teeth subulate or linear-
subulate, much shorter than the tube; corolla rose
purple, 8"-io" long; capsules subglobose, if "-2" in
diameter.
In dry soil or woods, Wisconsin and Iowa to Ten-
nessee and Texas. Aug.-Oct.
30. OTOPHYLLA Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 512. 1846.
Annual caulescent herbs, with hirsute-pubescent foliage. Leaves opposite ; blades entire
or pinnately divided, all or some of them auricled at the base, sessile. Flowers in terminal
spikes. Calyx of 5 partially united sepals. Corolla purple or rarely white; tube broadly
dilated at the throat ; lobes spreading. Stamens 4, didynamous, included ; filaments glabrous
or nearly so; anthers awnless, those of the shorter stamens much smaller than those of the
longer. Style slender. Stigma entire. Capsule oval or globose-oval, often minutely pointed.
Seeds angled. [Greek, meaning lobed leaf.]
Two species in eastern North America. Type species : Gerardia auriculata Michx.
Leaf-blades, or some of them, with 2 auricles at the base; corolla 8"-io" long; capsules over
5" long. i. O. auriculata.
Leaf-blades parted into 3-7 linear segments; corolla i'-i%' long; capsules about K' long.
2. O. densiflora.
i. Otophylla auriculata (Michx.) Small. Auricled Gerardia. Fig. 3831.
G. auriculata Michx. FI. Bor. Am. 2: 20. 1803.
Otophylla auriculata Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1075. 1903.
Annual, scabrous ; stem slender, simple, or
branched above, hirsute, i-2 high. Leaves lan-
ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex,
sessile, mostly rounded and 2-lobed at the base,
or quite entire, i'-2' long, the basal lobes oblong
or lanceolate, obtusish, short; flowers solitary in
the upper axils, sessile, purple, 8"-io" long; ca-
lyx S-cleft, its lobes lanceolate, acute, slightly
unequal, as long as or longer than the tube ; co-
rolla densely puberulent outside, glabrous within ;
filaments glabrous ; anther-sacs obtuse at the
base; capsule oval-oblong, about i' high, a little
shorter than the calyx.
In moist open soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois, Min-
nesota, North Carolina and Kansas. Adventive at
Woodbridge, N. J. July-Sept.
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
.VOL. III.
2. Otophylla densiflora (Benth.) Small.
Cut-leaved Gerardia. Fig. 3832.
G. densiflora Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. i : 206. 1835.
Otophylla densiflora Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1075. 1903.
Annual, scabrous and short-hispid; stems stiff,
erect, branched, or simple, i-2j high, very leafy.
Leaves sessile, ovate in outline, ascending, about
i' long, pinnately parted nearly to the midvein
into 3-7 narrowly linear acute rigid segments less
than i" wide; flowers i'-i' long, rose purple,
sessile in the upper axils ; calyx 5-cleft, its lobes
linear, acuminate, ciliate, about as long as the
tube ; corolla glabrous both outside and within ;
filaments glabrous or villous; capsule about i'
high, shorter than the calyx.
On dry prairies, Kansas to Texas. Aug.-Oct.
31. CASTILLEJA Mutis; L. f. Suppl.
47. 1781.
Herbs, parasitic on the roots of other plants, with alternate leaves, and red yellow purple
or white flowers, in dense leafy-bracted spikes, the bracts often brightly colored and larger
than the flowers. Calyx tubular, laterally compressed, cleft at the summit on the upper side,
or also on the lower, the lobes entire or 2-toothed. Corolla very irregular, its tube not longer
than the calyx, its limb 2-lipped; upper lip (galea) arched, elongated, concave or keeled,
laterally compressed, entire, enclosing the 4 didynamous stamens ; lower lip short, 3-lobed.
Anther-sacs oblong or linear, unequal, the outer one attached to the filament by its middle,
the inner one pendulous from its apex. Style filiform; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Capsule
ovoid or oblong, loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds reticulated. [Named for Cas-
tillejo, a Spanish botanist.]
About 50 species, mostly natives of the New World. In addition to the following, about 30
others occur in the western parts of North America. Type species : Castilleja fissifolia L. f.
* Plants villous-pubescent.
Bracts broad, dilated, lobed, or entire.
Stem leaves deeply and irregularly cleft into narrow segments. i. C. coccinea.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, or rarely with a few lobes. 2. C. indivisa.
Bracts linear or linear-lanceolate, entire. 3. C. minor.
** Plants glabrous, woolly at the summit, or cinereous-puberulent.
Glabrous, or tomentose at the summit ; leaves lanceolate, mostly entire. 4. C. acuminata.
Cinereous-puberulent, pale ; stem leaves cleft. 5- C. sessiliflora.
i. Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng. Scarlet
Painted-cup. Indian Paint-brush or
Pink. Prairie-fire. Fig. 3833.
Bartsia coccinea L. Sp. PI. 602. 1753.
Castilleja coccinea Spreng. Syst. 2: 775. 1825.
Annual or biennial, villous-pubescent; stem
rather slender, simple, or with few erect branches,
i-2 high. Leaves sessile, parallel-veined, the
basal oblong, obovate, or linear, tufted, mostly
entire, i'-3' long, those of the stem deeply 3-5-
cleft into linear obtusish segments, the bracts
broader and shorter, 3-5-lobed or cleft, bright
red or scarlet, conspicuous ; flowers sessile, 10"-
12" long, usually not exceeding the bracts ; calyx
cleft both above and below into 2 dilated entire
or retuse oblong and obtuse lobes, sometimes
scarlet ; corolla greenish-yellow, its tube shorter
than the calyx, its upper lip much longer than
the lower ; capsule oblong, acute, s"-6" long.
In meadows and moist thickets, Maine and Ontario
to Manitoba, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kansas and
Texas. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. Bracts and
calyx rarely yellow. Red indians. Election-posies.
Wickawee. Bloody-warrior. Nose-bleed. May-July.
GENUS 31.
FIGWORT FAMILY
2. Castilleja indivisa Engelm. Entire-leaved
Painted-cup. Fig. 3834.
Castilleja indivisa Engelm. ; Engelm. & Gray, Bost.
Journ. Nat. Hist. 5 : 255. 1845.
Winter-annual; stem villous-pubescent, usually
simple, 8'-i8' high. Leaves sessile, parallel-veined,
linear to linear-lanceolate, i'-4' long, iJ"-3" wide,
entire, or rarely with 2-4 lateral lobes; no tuft of
basal leaves; bracts dilated, obovate to spatulate,
bright red; flowers sessile, about i' long or less,
not longer than the bracts; calyx cleft as in the
preceding species, and corolla similar.
In sandy soil, Kansas to Texas. Spring.
3. Castilleja minor A. Gray. Small-flow-
ered Painted-cup. Fig. 3835.
Castilleja affinis var. minor A. Gray, Bot. Mex.
Bound. Surv. 119. 1859.
Castilleja minor A. Gray, in Brew. & Wats. Bot. Cal.
i: 573- 1876.
Annual, villous-pubescent; stem slender, strict,
simple, or with i or 2 erect branches, i-2*
high. Leaves all linear-lanceolate and entire,
parallel-veined, sessile, acuminate, 2'-$' long, the
bracts similar, smaller, red or red-tipped, very
narrow, equalling or longer than the short-pedi-
celled flowers; calyx green, cleft on both sides to
about the middle, the lobes lanceolate, acute, en-
tire, or 2-toothed; corolla yellow, 6"-io" long, its
upper lip much longer than the small lower one ;
capsule oblong, acute, 6"-8" long.
In moist soil, Nebraska to New Mexico, west to
Nevada and Arizona. Indian-pink. May-July.
4. Castilleja acuminata (Pursh) Spreng.
Lance-leaved Painted-cup. Fig. 3836.
Bartsia acuminata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 429.- 1814.
Castilleja acuminata Spreng. Syst. 2 : 775. 1825.
C. septentrionalis Lindl. Bot. Reg. pi. 925. 1825.
Castilleja pallida var. septentrionalis A. Gray, in
Brew. & Wats. Bot. Cal. i : 575. 1876.
Perennial, glabrous or loosely tomentose above ;
stems slender, commonly clustered, 6'-2 high,
usually simple. Leaves sessile, 3~5-nerved, mostly
quite entire, the lower linear, the upper lanceo-
late, acuminate or acute at the apex, somewhat
narrowed at the base, 2'-4' long; bracts oblong,
oval, or obovate, obtuse, dentate, or entire, yel-
lowish, greenish-white or purple, as long as the
sessile flowers; calyx cleft on both sides to about
the middle, the lobes lanceolate, usually again
2-cleft ; corolla 6"-8" long, its upper lip 2-4 times
au long as the lower; capsule oblong, 6"-8" high.
In moist soil, Newfoundland and Labrador to
Hudson Bay, the mountains of- New England, On-
tario and Minnesota. Plants previously referred to
this species from farther west are now regarded as
distinct from it. June-Aug. Pale painted-cup.
2l6
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
VOL. III.
5. Castilleja sessiliflora Pursh. Downy
Painted-cup. Fig. 3837.
Castilleja sessiliflora Pursh, Am. Sept. 738. 1814.
Perennial, cinereous-puberulent all over;
stems stout, simple, or branched from near
the base, 6' -is' high, densely leafy. Leaves
sessile, i'-2 r long, the lowest commonly linear,
obtuse and entire, the others laciniate into
narrow, entire or cleft segments; bracts green,
similar to the upper leaves, shorter than the
sessile flowers ; calyx deeper cleft on the lower
side than on the upper, its lobes linear-lanceo-
late, acute; corolla yellowish, ij' long, the
upper lip about twice as long as the lower, the
lobes of the latter linear; capsule oblong-
lanceolate, acute, 6"-8" long.
On dry prairies, Illinois to Manitoba, Sas-
katchewan, Nebraska, Wyoming and Texas. May-
July.
32. ORTHOCARPUS Nutt. Gen. 2 : 56. 1818.
Annual or rarely perennial herbs, mostly with alternate leaves, and yellow white or pur-
plish flowers, in bracted usually dense spikes, the bracts sometimes brightly colored. Calyx
tubular or tubular-campanulate, 4-cleft, or sometimes split down both sides. Corolla very
irregular, the tube slender, the limb 2-lipped ; upper lip little if any longer than the 3-lobed
i-3-saccate lower one. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip ; anther-sacs
dissimilar, the outer one affixed by its middle, the inner pendulous from its upper end, com-
monly smaller. Style filiform; stigma entire. Capsule oblong, loculicidally dehiscent, many-
seeded. Seeds reticulated. [Greek, erect-fruit]
About 30 species, natives of America, mostly of the western United States, i or 2 Andean.
Type species : Orthocarpus luteus Nutt.
i. Orthocarpus luteus Nutt. Yellow Ortho-
carpus. Fig. 3838.
Orthocarpus luteus Nutt. Gen. 2: 57. 1818.
Annual, rough-pubescent or puberulent; stem strict,
erect, branched above, or simple, 6'-i8' high, densely
leafy. Leaves erect or ascending, linear or lanceolate,
entire, or sometimes 3-cleft, I'-ii' long, i"-2" wide,
sessile, long-acuminate ; bracts of the dense spike lan-
ceolate, broader and snorter than the leaves, entire or
3-cleft, acute, green, mostly longer than the flowers;
flowers bright yellow, 4" -5" long; calyx-teeth acute,
shorter than the tube ; corolla about twice as long as
the calyx, puberulent without, its upper lip ovate, ob-
tuse, about as long as the saccate 3-toothed lower one;
capsule about as long as the calyx-tube.
On dry plains and prairies, Manitoba to Minnesota and
Nebraska, west to British Columbia and California. July-
Sept.
33. SCHWALBEA [Gronov.] L. Sp. PI. 606. 1753.
A perennial erect finely pubescent and minutely glandular, simple or sparingly branched,
leafy herb, with sessile entire 3-nerved leaves, and rather large yellowish-purple flowers in a
terminal bracted spike. Calyx tubular, somewhat oblique, io-12-ribbed, 2-bracteolate at the
base, 5-toothed, the upper tooth much the smallest, the 2 lower ones partly connate; corolla
very irregular, the tube cylindric, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip arched, concave, entire; lower
lip somewhat shorter, 3-lobed, 2-plaited. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending within the upper
lip of the corolla; anther-sacs equal. Style filiform. Capsule oblong, many-seeded. Seeds
linear, with a lodse reticulated testa. [Named for C. G. Schwalbe, of Holland, who wrote
(1719) on Farther India.]
A monotypic genus of eastern North America.
GENUS 33.
i. Schwalbea americana L.
Fig. 3839-
FIGWORT FAMILY.
Chaff-seed.
Schwalbea americana L. Sp. PI. 606. 1753.
Stem slender, strict, i-2 high. Leaves ob-
long or ovate-oblong, entire, acute at both ends,
I'-ii' long, 2"-8" wide, the upper gradually
smaller and passing into the bracts of the rather
loose spike; flowers very nearly sessile, i'-ii'
long, longer than the bracts ; bractlets at the base
of the calyx linear, shorter than its tube; corolla-
tube slightly exceeding the lower lobes of the
calyx, these connate to near their apices; capsule
enclosed by the calyx.
In wet sandy soil, eastern Massachusetts to Flor-
ida and Louisiana, near the coast. May-July.
34. EUPHRASIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 604. 1753.
Annual or perennial low mostly branched herbs, parasitic on other plants, with opposite
dentate or incised leaves, and small blue purplish yellow or white often variegated flowers in
terminal leafy-bracted spikes. Calyx not bracteolate at the base, campanulate or tubular,
4-cleft (rarely 5-cleft with one of the lobes much smaller than the others). Corolla very
irregular, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, scarcely concave, 2-lobed, its margins recurved ; lower
lip larger, 3-lobed, spreading, its lobes either emarginate or obtuse. Stamens 4, didynamous,
ascending under the upper lip of the corolla ; anther-sacs equal and parallel, mucronate at the
base. Capsule oblong, loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds oblong, longitudinally
ribbed. [Greek, delight]
About no species, natives of temperate and cold regions of both the northern and southern
hemispheres. Besides the following, another occurs in northwestern North America. Type species :
Euphrasia officinalis L.
Flowers 2 %"-4" long.
Leaves markedly pubescent on both sides. i. E. arctica.
Leaves glabrate or sparingly pubescent. z. E. americana.
Flowers i I / 2 "-2" long.
Stem 3' 20' long ; flowers racemose-spicate. 3. E. Randii.
Stem i '-2' high ; flowers subcapitate. 4. E. Oakesii.
\ i. Euphrasia arctica Lange. Glandular Eye-
bright. Fig. 3840.
Euphrasia arctica Lange, Bot. Tidskr. 4: 47. 1870.
Euphrasia latifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 430.
Not Willd.
1814.
Annual; stem erect, simple, or with a few erect
branches from near the base, pubescent with crisped
hairs, 2' -7' high. Leaves ovate to obovate, obtuse,
pubescent on both sides, 2-S-toothed on each margin,
the teeth sharp or blunt; spike i'~4' long, the bracts
imbricated, at least above, broadly oval to orbicular,
cuneate at the base, sharply toothed, glandular-
pubescent beneath or also on the margins ; calyx-
teeth acute; corolla 3"-4" long, lilac, or variegated,
the lobes of its lower lip nearly parallel; capsule
oblong-elliptic, ciliate on the margins, and more or
less pubescent or pilose, about as long as the calyx.
Bluffs and slopes, Greenland to Hudson Bay, New
Brunswick, Maine and Minnesota. Has been erro-
neously referred to E. hirtella Jordan. Summer.
2lS
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
VOL. III.
2. Euphrasia americana Wettst. Hairy Eye-
bright. Eyebright. Fig. 3841.
Euphrasia americana Wettst. Mon. Euph. 127. 1896.
E. canadensis Townsend, Journ. Bot. 36: i. 1898.
Annual, stem pubescent with crisped hairs, often
at length much branched, 4'-io' high. Leaves gla-
brous, or sparingly pubescent, ovate to oval, obtuse or
acutish at the apex, 3-5-toothed on each side, 3"-6"
long, ii"-4i" wide, the teeth acute; bracts cuneate
or obtuse at the base, dentate, pubescent, not glandu-
lar, slightly shorter than the flowers; calyx-teeth
lanceolate, acuminate ; corolla 3"-4" long, purplish
or nearly white, the somewhat spreading lobes of
its lower lip emarginate; capsule narrow, cuneate,
2"~3" high, about equalling the calyx.
In fields and on hills, Maine and New Hampshire to
New Brunswick and Newfoundland. Summer.
Euphrasia officinalis L. is not known from North
America.
3. Euphrasia Randii Robinson. Rand's Eye-
bright. Fig. 3842.
Euphrasia Randii Robinson, Rhodora 3: 273. 1901.
E. Randii var. (?) Farlowii Robinson, loc. cit. 274. 1901.
Annual ; stem simple or branched, erect or decumbent,
3'-2o' long, purplish, covered with whitish hairs. Leaves
ovate to suborbicular or fan-shaped, finely pubescent on
both sides, 4-6-toothed on each margin, the teeth obtuse
or acutish; flowers spicate-racemose; calyx pubescent,
its teeth triangular-lanceolate; corolla about 2" long,
violet to nearly white, with a yellow eye ; capsule oblong-
elliptic, ciliate, notched.
Thickets and grassy places, Newfoundland to Quebec and
Maine. July-Aug.
4. Euphrasia Oakesii Wettst. Oakes' Eyebright. Fig. 3843.
Euphrasia Oakesii Wettst. Mon. Euph. 142. 1896.
Stem erect or ascending, very slender or filiform, simple,
I '-2' high, somewhat pubescent. Stem leaves 2 or 3 pairs.
Bracts and leaves orbicular or broadly oval, narrowed or
nearly truncate at the base. 2"-3" long, obtuse, pubescent,
not glandular, with 2-5 blunt teeth on each side; spike
short, capitate, only 3"-5" long, the bracts densely imbri-
cated ; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, short ; corolla
\\"-2" long, purplish-white with a yellow eye; capsule
oblong-elliptic, ciliate, longer than the calyx.
White Mountains of New Hampshire and on Mt. Katahdin,
Maine. July-Aug.
Euphrasia Williamsii Robinson, found on Mt. Washington,
N. H., differs in being nearly glabrous, with a brown-purple
corolla.
T
35. BARTSIA L. Sp. PI. 602. 1753.
Annual or perennial herbs, partly parasitic on the roots of other plants, with opposite
leaves, and purple pink red or yellow flowers, in terminal leafy-bracted spikes. Calyx cam-
panulate or tubular, 4-toothed or 4-cleft. Corolla very irregular, the tube straight or recurved,
the limb 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, concave, entire, the margins not recurved j lower lip spread-
GENUS 35.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
219
ing, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla; anther-
sacs similar, parallel. Capsule globose, oblong, or ovoid, loculicidally dehiscent, several-
many-seeded. Seeds horizontal, striate, or ribbed. [Named for John Bartsch, a Prussian
botanist, died 1738.]
About 6 species of the northern hemisphere. Only the following is known to occur in North
America. Type species : Bartsia viscdsa L.
i. Bartsia alpina L. Alpine Bartsia.
Fig. 3844.
Bartsia alpina L. Sp. PI. 602. 1753.
Perennial by short rootstocks, pubescent; stem erect,
leafy, simple, or rarely with I or 2 short branches, 4'-io'
high. Leaves sessile, ovate, or ovate-oblong, crenate-
dentate, obtuse or acutish, rounded and sometimes
slightly clasping at the base, i'-i' long; bracts similar,
smaller, mostly shorter than the flowers; spike \'-z'
long; flowers 8"-io" long, sometimes borne also in the
upper axils; calyx 4-cleft nearly to the middle; corolla
purple, its tube much longer than the calyx; anthers
pubescent, at least on the back; capsule ovoid-oblong,
equalling or longer than the calyx.
Labrador to Greenland and the Arctic Sea.
Europe. Summer.
Also in
36. ODONTITES Gmel. Fl. Sib. 3: 213. 1768.
Annual erect herbs, half parasitic on the roots of other plants, with small opposite leaves,
and yellow or red flowers in terminal bracted spikes or racemes. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla
with a narrow tube and a strongly 2-lipped limb, the upper lip concave, entire, or 2-lobed, the
lower 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending; anther-sacs similar. Capsule
mostly subglobose, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds few, pendulous. [Greek, referring to its
supposed value as a cure for toothache.]
About 20 species, mostly natives of the Mediterranean region, the following typical.
i. Odontites Odontites (L.) Wettst. Red
Bartsia. Red Eyebright. Fig. 3845.
Euphrasia Odontites L. Sp. PI. 604. 1753.
Bartsia Odontites Huds. Fl. Angl. Ed. 2268. 1778.
Odontites Odontites Wettst. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl.
Fam. 4: Abt. 3b, 102. 1891.
Annual, appressed-pubescent, roughish ; stem slen-
der, at length much branched, 6'-i 5' high, the branches
erect or ascending. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, or
oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex,
serrate with low distant teeth, slightly narrowed at
the base, i'-i*' long, i"-3" wide; spikes slender,
becoming 2'-$' long in fruit, somewhat i-sided ;
bracts similar to the leaves, but smaller ; flowers nu-
merous, 4"-s" long; calyx 4-cleft; corolla red or
pink, its tube somewhat longer than the calyx; an-
thers slightly pubescent; capsule oblong, shorter
than the calyx.
In fields and waste places, coast of Maine to Nova
Scotia. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia.
June-Sept.
37. PEDICULARIS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 607. 1753.
Herbs, with alternate opposite or rarely verticillate, pinnately lobed cleft or pinnatifid
leaves, and yellow red purple or white flowers, in terminal spikes or spike-like racemes.
Calyx tubular, cleft on the lower side or sometimes also on the upper, or 2-5-toothed. Corolla
strongly 2-lipped, the tube cylindric, the upper lip (galea) laterally compressed, concave or
22O
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
VOL. III.
2. P. euphrasioides.
3. P. palustris.
conduplicate, sometimes short-beaked; lower lip erect or ascending, 3-lobed, the lobes spread-
ng or reflexed, the middle one the smallest. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending within the
upper lip of the corolla; anthers approximate in pairs, their sacs transverse, equal, parallel,
obtuse or rarely mucronate at the base. Capsule compressed, oblique or curved, beaked,
many-seeded, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds reticulate, pitted, striate or ribbed. [Latin, per-
taining to lice, long supposed to breed lice in sheep that feed on these plants.]
About 125 species, mostly natives of the northern hemisphere. In addition to the following,
some 30 others inhabit the western parts of North America. Mostly known as Lousewort ; a few
red-flowered species are called Red Rattle. Type species : Pedicularis sylvdtica L.
Beak of the galea conic, decurved, i" long. i. P. lapponica.
Beak of the galea very short, or none.
Annuals or biennials; stems leafy, freely branching; northern.
Puberulent ; upper leaves crenulate, lower pinnatiha.
Glabrous or very nearly so ; leaves all pinnatifid.
Perennials; stems leafy, simple (rarely branched in No. 6).
Corolla yellow, or the galea red ; plants 6' 3 high ; eastern species.
Leaves pinnately lobed ; capsule ovate, scarcely longer than the calyx.
4. P. lanceolata.
Leaves pinnately parted ; capsule lanceolate, 3 times as long as the calyx.
5. P. canadensis.
Lower leaves pinnately divided ; capsule ovate. 6. P. Furbishiae.
Galea crimson or purple; plant i'-4' high ; arctic. 7. P. ftammea.
Perennial ; stem scapose, or i-leaved ; flowers capitate ; arctic. 8. P. capitata.
i. Pedicularis lapponica L. Lapland Pedicularis. Fig. 3846.
Pedicularis lapponica L. Sp. Pi. 609. 1753.
Perennial, puberulent ; stems simple, or sparingly
branched, leafy, 4'-8' high. Leaves sessile, or very
short-petioled, alternate or the lowest opposite, lanceo-
late or linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish at the apex,
i'-ii' long, pinnately incised into numerous approxi-
mate oblong serrulate lobes; spike short, the flowers
almost capitate, light yellow, 6" -7" long; calyx cleft on
the lower side, 2-toothed on the upper; galea erect,
arched, tipped by an abruptly spreading or recurved
conic beak about i" long.
In open places, Labrador and Greenland to the Arctic
Sea. Also in Arctic Europe and Asia. Summer.
Pedicularis pedicellata Bunge, an Alaskan species is re-
corded by Bunge from Labrador. It is distinguished from
the above by its scapose stem, deeply pinnatifid leaves and
pedicellate lower flowers. We have not seen specimens
from the eastern side of the continent.
2. Pedicularis euphrasioides Steph. Eyebright Pedicularis. Fig. 3847.
P. euphrasoides Steph.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 204. 1801.
Biennial or annual, puberulent; stem branched,
6'-i5' high, the branches ascending. Lower leaves
petioled, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate in outline,
2'~4' long, 4"-8" wide, pinnatifid into oblong, obtuse,
crenate-dentate segments ; upper leaves sessile, linear
or linear-oblong, smaller, merely crenulate; flowers
in a short terminal spike and solitary in the upper
axils ; calyx cleft on the lower side, 2-3-toothed on
the upper, shorter than the corolla-tube ; corolla yel-
low, or the galea purplish, about 6" long; galea as
long as the tube, tipped with a very short truncate
beak, minutely 2-toothed on the lower side at the
apex ; capsule apparently shorter than the calyx.
Labrador to Greenland, the Arctic Sea, Alaska and
British Columbia. Also in northern Asia. Summer.
GENUS 37.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
221
3. Pedicularis palustris L.
Pedicularis palustris L. 607. 1753.
?P. parviflora J. E. Smith in Rees' Cyclop. 26 : No. 4.
1814.
Pedicularis IVlassoviana Stev. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc.
6: 2g. pi. 9, f. i. 1823.
Pedicularis palustris var. IVlassoviana Bunge ;
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 3: 283. 1847-49.
Biennial or annual, glabrous throughout, or the
petiole-bases ciliate ; stem erect, much branched,
i-2 high. Leaves i'-z' long, alternate, or some
of them opposite, oblong-lanceolate in outline,
all pinnatifid into oblong crenate or incised seg-
ments ; flowers in terminal rather loose spikes
and solitary in the upper axils, 7"-g" long; calyx
2-cleft, the lobes with an incised crested border;
corolla purple, sometimes white, its tube twice as
long as the calyx, the lip much shorter, the galea
arched at the top, blunt or apiculate, not beaked,
bearing a pair of minute teeth below its summit;
capsule obliquely ovate, twice as long as the calyx
when mature.
In wet situations, Labrador to Alaska, south to
Quebec, the Northwest Territory and Oregon. Eu-
rope. Summer. Red rattle, Cow's-wort.
Purple Pedicularis. Marsh Lousewort. Fig. 3848.
4. Pedicularis lanceolata Michx. Swamp
Lousewort. Fig. 3849.
Pedicularis lanceolata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 18. 1803.
Pedicularis auriculata J. E. Smith in Rees' Cyclop. 26:
No. 4. 1814.
Perennial, glabrous or very nearly so throughout;
stem stout, simple, or branched above, i-3 high, the
branches erect. Leaves alternate and opposite, lanceo-
late, or linear-lanceolate, 2'-5' long, pinnately lobed,
the lower petioled, the upper sessile, the lobes oblong,
obtuse, short, crenate-dentate, the margins cartilagi-
nous ; spikes short ; calyx 2-lobed, the lobes with folia-
ceous margins ; corolla yellow, 8"-io" long, the galea
arched, terminated by a very short truncate beak, the
lower lip erect-ascending ; capsule ovate, little exceed-
ing the calyx, about 5" high.
in swamps, Ontario to Connecticut, North Carolina,
Manitoba, Ohio, Michigan, South Dakota and Nebraska.
Aug.-Oct.
5. Pedicularis canadensis L. Wood or Head Betony. Lousewort. Fig. 3850.
Pedicularis can'adensis L. Mant. 86. 1767.
Perennial, hirsute, pubescent, or glabrate be-
low; stems commonly tufted, ascending or
erect, 6'-i8' high, simple. Leaves alternate or
some of them opposite, oblong-lanceolate, 3'-5'
long, all but the uppermost slender-petioled,
pinnately parted into oblong, obtuse, incised or
dentate lobes ; flowers spicate, the spike short
in flower, s'-e long in fruit, the lower bracts
usually foliaceous, the others small; calyx cleft
on the lower side ; 2-3-crenate on the upper,
oblique; corolla yellow, or reddish (rarely
white), 7"-io" long, the tube much longer than
the calyx, the galea arched, incurved, not beaked,
minutely 2-toothed below the apex ; capsule
lanceolate, oblique, 7"-8" long, 2" wide, about
3 times as long as the calyx.
In dry woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Mani-
toba, Florida, Mississippi, Kansas, Colorado and
North Mexico. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia.
High heal-all. Beefsteak-plant. Lousewort-fox-
glove. Snaffles. April-June.
222
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
VOL. III.
6. Pedicularis Furbishiae S. Wats. Miss
Furbish's Pedicularis. Fig. 3851.
P. Furbishiae S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 375. 1882
Perennial, pubescent, at least above; stem strict,
simple, 2-3 high. Leaves lanceolate, alternate, or
some of them opposite, the lower long-petioled, 4'-6'
long, pinnately divided into ovate or oblong, pinna-
tifid or incised segments, the upper sessile, pinnately
parted or lobed ; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes entire or
dentate ; narrow, somewhat unequal ; corolla yellow,
7"-9" long, the galea arched, truncate, not beaked,
2-cuspidate at the apex; capsule ovate.
In swamps and along streams, Maine and New Bruns-
wick. July-Sept.
7. Pedicularis flammea L. Red-tipped
Pedicularis. Fig. 3852.
Pedicularis flammea L. Sp. PI. 609. 1753.
Perennial, glabrous, or somewhat woolly;
stem simple, 2,'-^' high, with several linear-
oblong, pinnately parted leaves. Basal and
lower leaves slender-petioled, i'-ij' long, the
uppermost sessile, the lobes ovate or oblong,
incised-serrate ; flowers about 6" long, pedi-
celled in a short spike-like raceme, longer than
the narrow bracts; calyx 5-toothed, the teeth
lanceolate, acute, unequal; corolla-tube and the
lower lip greenish yellow, the galea slightly
arched, very blunt, much longer than the lower
lip, its summit crimson of purple; capsule lan-
ceolate, 6"-8" long, 2-3 times as long as the
calyx; fruiting pedicels 3"-s" long.
Labrador and Greenland, west to Alaska. Also
in arctic and alpine Europe^ Summer.
8. Pedicularis capitata Adams. Capitate Pedicularis.
Fig- 3853-
Pedicularis capitata Adams, Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 5: too. 1817.
Perennial, pubescent or glabrous ; stem scapose, leafless, or
i-leaved, i'-5' high. Leaves slender-petioled, often shorter
than the scape, pinnately divided, the segments ovate or ob-
long, incised; flowers several in a capitate cluster at the end
of the scape, i'-ii' long; calyx s-cleft, the lobes foliaceous,
incised or crenate; corolla described as white; galea scarcely
broadened above, slightly curved, very obtuse, twice as long
as the lower lip ; capsule oblong, a little longer than the calyx,
beaked on the outer side near the summit.
Arctic America ; Hudson Bay to Alaska. Summer.
38. ELEPHANTELLA Rydb. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Card, i : 362. 1900.
Herbs similar to Pedicularis in habit. Leaves pinnately parted or pinnately divided.
Inflorescence erect. Calyx 2-lipped, often campanulate. Corolla very strongly 2-lipped, the tube
short, the upper lip (galea) produced into an elongated slender beak which is soon turned
upward, the lower lip very broad. [Greek, little elephant, referring to the resemblance of
the galea of the corolla to an elephant's head.]
Two or three species of northern regions. Type species : Elephantella groenlandica (Retz.) Rydb.
GENUS 38.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
223
i. Elephantella groenlandica (Retz.) Rydb.
Fig. 3854-
P. groenlandica Retz. Fl. Scand. Ed. 2, 145. 1795-
Elephantella groenlandica Rydb. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Card. I :
363. 1900.
Perennial, glabrous; stem simple, erect, i-ii high.
Leaves alternate, lanceolate in outline, acute or acumi-
nate, pinnately parted or the lower pinnately divided
into lanceolate, acute, crenulate or incised segments,
the upper sessile, the lower slender-petioled, 2'-6' long;
spike i '-6' long, very dense ; calyx 5-toothed, nearly as
long as the corolla-tube, the teeth short, acutish; co-
rolla red or purple, the galea produced into a filiform
beak 6"-8" long, which is decurved against the lower
lip and upwardly recurved beyond it; body of the
corolla 2i"-3" long; capsule obliquely ovate, about
3" long.
In wet soil, Labrador, Greenland and Hudson Bay to
Athabasca, British Columbia, south in the Rocky Moun-
tains to New Mexico, and in the Sierra Nevada to Cali-
fornia. Summer.
Long-beaked Pedicularis.
39. RHINANTHUS L. Sp. PI. 603. 1753.
Annual erect mostly branched herbs, with opposite leaves, and yellow blue violet or
variegated flowers, in terminal i-sided leafy-bracted spikes, or solitary in the upper axils.
Calyx compressed, 4-toothed, much inflated, membranous and conspicuously veiny in fruit.
Corolla very irregular, 2-lipped, the upper lip (galea) compressed, arched, minutely 2-toothed
below the entire apex, the lower lip 3-lobed, shorter, the lobes spreading. Stamens 4, didy-
namous, ascending under the galea; anthers pilose, the sacs obtuse at the base, transverse,
distinct. Capsule orbicular, flat, loculicidally dehiscent, several-seeded. Seeds nearly orbicu-
lar, winged. [Greek, nose-flower, from the beaked corolla.]
About 3 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Type species : Rhinanthus Crista-galli L.
i. Rhinanthus Crista-galli L. Rattle. Rattle-box. Yellow or Penny Rattle.
Fig. 3855.
Rhinanthus Crista-galli L. Sp. PI. 603. 1753.
Rhinanthus minor Ehrh. Beitr. 6: 44. 1791.
Glabrous, or pubescent above ; stem slender, usu-
ally branched, 6'-i8' high, the branches erect or
ascending. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
sessile, coarsely serrate-dentate, acute or obtuse, i '-2'
long, 2"-4" wide; bracts broader, ovate, or ovate-
lanceolate, incised-dentate, the teeth acuminate or
subulate-tipped ; flowers yellow, 6"-8" long ; corolla-
tube longer than the calyx, commonly with a purple
spot on one or both lips, the teeth of the upper lip
broad ; fruiting calyx ovate-orbicular, 4"-6" in diam-
eter; capsule orbicular, or broader, nearly as broad
as the calyx, very flat, not oblique,
Newfoundland and Labrador to Alaska and Oregon,
south to Quebec, the White Mountains of New Hamp-
shire, New York and in the Rocky Mountains to New
Mexico ; on the Atlantic Coast from Connecticut to New
Brunswick. Common in northern Europe and Asia.
Consists of several races, sometimes regarded as species,
differing in habit and in color of the corolla-lips. Called
yellow cockscomb, also rattle-bags. Penny-grass. Money-grass. June-Aug.
Rhinthus major Ehrh., found many years ago in fields at Plymouth, Massachusetts, differs
in having the teeth of the upper corolla-lip elongated, its flowers somewhat larger. It is a native
of Europe.
224
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
VOL. III.
40. MELAMPYRUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 605. 1753.
Annual branching herbs, with opposite leaves, and small white yellow violet or variegated
flowers, solitary in the upper axils, or in terminal bracted spikes. Calyx 4-toothed, the 2
upper teeth somewhat the longer. Corolla irregular, 2-lipped, the tube narrow, gradually
enlarged above, the upper lip compressed, obtuse or emarginate with a groove behind the
margins, or these recurved or with a tooth on each side; lower lip spreading or ascending,
3-toothed, 2-grooved beneath. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip ; anther-
sacs distinct, parallel obtuse or mucronulate at the base. Capsule flat, oblique, loculicidally
dehiscent, 2-4-seeded. Seeds smooth, strophiolate. [Greek, black wheat.]
About 10 species, all of the northern hemisphere. Only the following are known in North
America. Type species : Melampyrum arvense L.
Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, the floral 2-4-toothed at the base ; capsule much longer than
wide, long-beaked. i. M. lineare.
Leaves ovate, all entire ; capsule slightly longer than wide, short-beaked. 2. M. latifolium.
i. Melampyrum lineare Lam. Narrow-leaved Cow-Wheat. Fig. 3856.
Melampyrum lineare Lam. Encycl. 4: 22. 1797.
M. americanum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 16. 1803.
Puberulent ; stem slender, obscurely 4-sided
above, at length widely branched, 6'-ii high.
Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate to ovate,
short-petioled, acuminate or acute at the apex,
narrowed, obtuse, or the upper truncate at the
base, \'-2\' long, iJ"-6" wide, the lower entire,
the upper floral ones ovate or lanceolate, with
2-6 bristle-pointed teeth near the base or entire;
flowers short-peduncled, 4"-6" long; calyx about
one-third the length of the corolla, its subulate
teeth longer than its tube ; corolla white or whitish,
puberulent, the lower lip yellow; capsule 4"-s"
long, about 2" wide, twice as long as the calyx,
long-beaked.
In dry woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to British
Columbia, south to Georgia, Tennessee, Iowa, Mon-
tana and Idaho. Consists of several races, differing
Ascends 3500 ft. in Virginia. May- Aug.
in leaf-form.
2. Melampyrum latifolium Muhl. Broad-
leaved Cow-Wheat. Fig. 3857.
Melampyrum latifolium Muhl. Cat. 57. 1813.
Similar to the preceding, widely branched, i-ii
high ; but the leaves all entire, short-petioled, the lowest
small, spatulate, obtuse, the middle ones lanceolate or
ovate, acuminate, narrowed at the base, 2'-3' long, the
floral ovate or ovate-lanceolate, shorter, acute, mostly
rounded at the base ; corolla purple, veiny, larger ; cap-
sule little longer than wide, short-beaked.
In dry woods, Delaware (according to Muhlenberg) ;
mountains of Virginia to Georgia and Tennessee. June-
Aug.
GENUS i.
BLADDERWORT FAMILY.
225
Family 29. LENTIBULARIACEAE Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 686. 1847.*
BLADDERWORT FAMILY.
Aquatic plants, or if terrestrial usually on moist ground, the leaves in a basal
rosette, or borne along floating stems, or more or less root-like, or wanting. In-
florescence scapose. Flowers solitary or racemose, perfect, irregular. Calyx
inferior, 2 5-lobed or parted, persistent. Corolla hypogynous, gamopetalous,
2-lipped, the upper lip entire or 2-lobed, the lower lip entire or 3-lobed, usually
with a nectariferous spur. Stamens 2, borne upon the base of the corolla ; anther-
sacs confluent into I. Ovary superior, usually subglobose, i -celled; placenta sub-
globose, central, free; ovules 2 or more, usually very numerous; style short or
obsolete; stigma 2-lipped, the anterior lip larger, lamelliform. Fruit a capsule,
bursting irregularly, or dehiscent by valves. Seeds variously appendaged or sculp-
tured ; embryo in the axis, often imperfectly developed ; endosperm none.
About 1 6 genera and 300 species, of world-wide distribution.
Scapes without bracts or scales, i-flowered; leaves in a basal rosette. i. Pinguicula.
Scapes with one or more bracts, with or without scales ; leaves usually alternate, often dissected
or root-like and bladder-bearing.
Bracts at the base of the pedicels without bractlets ; calyx not enclosing the fruit.
Branches verticillate, and verticillately or oppositely decompound ; lateral lobes of lower lip
of corolla saccate. 2. Vesiculina.
Branches alternate or none ; lateral lobes of lower lip of corolla not saccate.
Bracts, and scales if present, flat, basally attached ; aquatic. 3. Utricularia.
Bract solitary, tubular, surrounding the scape ; scales none. 4. Lecticula.
Bracts and scales peltate ; terrestrial. 5. Setiscapella.
Bracts at the base of the pedicels accompanied by a pair of bractlets ; calyx enclosing the fruit ;
terrestrial. 6. Stomoisia.
i. PINGUICULA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 17. 1753.
Acaulescent herbs, with fibrous roots, naked i-flowered circinate scapes, and leaves in
a basal rosette, the upper surface commonly glandular and covered with a viscid secretion.
Calyx 5-lobed, more or less 2-lipped, the upper lip 3-lobed, the lower 2-lobed. Corolla 5-lobed,
more or less 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed; base of the corolla saccate
and contracted into a nectariferous spur. Capsule 2- valved. Seeds oblong, reticulate. [Latin,
pinguis, fat, from the apparent greasiness of the leaves of several species.]
About 35 species, of wide distribution in the northern hemisphere, and southward along the
Andes to Patagonia. Besides the following, 4 others are found in the southeastern United States.
Type species : Pinguicula vulgaris L.
Scapes villous, \'-z' high ; corolla pale violet, less than 6" long.
Scapes glabrous or nearly so, z'-6' high ; corolla violet-purple, more than 7" long.
1. P. villosa.
2. P. vulgaris.
i. Pinguicula villosa L. Hairy Butterwort.
Fig- 3858.
Pinguicula villosa L. Sp. PI. 17. 1753-
Pinguicula acutifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : u. 1803.
Scapes slender, densely villous, i'-2 f high, becoming ii'-5'
high in fruit. Leaves 3-6, the blades oval, obtuse or emargi-
nate, 3"-6" long, the margins usually inrolled ; calyx minute,
\"-\" long, the lobes acute, the 2 lower ones smaller and
partly united ; corolla pale violet with a yellowish striped
throat, 4"-6" long including the slender obtuse spur, 2-lipped,
the upper lip erect, 2-lobed. the lower spreading, 3-lobed ; cap-
sule subglobose, about i" in diameter.
In bogs, circumpolar; southward in America to Labrador, Hud-
son Bay, Yukon, and Alaska. June-July.
* Text contributed by Dr. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART.
15
4
5
LENTIBULARIACEAE.
VOL. III.
2. Pinguicula vulgaris L. Common Butter-
wort. Bog Violet. Fig. 3859.
Pinguicula vulgaris L. Sp. PI. 17. 1753.
Scapes glabrous or nearly so, i'-6' high, little if
at all elongating in fruit. Leaves 3-7, the blades
ovate to elliptic, obtuse, i'-ii' long, the margins
usually inrolled; calyx ii"-2j" long, the lobes ob-
tuse, the 2 lower ones more or less united ; corolla
violet-purple, /'-lo" long including the subulate
acute spur, 2-lipped, the lips equally spreading, the
upper 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed; capsule ovoid,
3"-4" long, 2i"-3" in diameter.
On wet rocks or gravelly places, circumpolar ; south-
ward in America to Newfoundland, New Brunswick,
Vermont, northern New York, Michigan, Minnesota,
Montana, and British Columbia. June-July. Bean-
weed. Yorkshire sanicle. Sheep-root or -rot. Rot-grass.
Sheepweed. Steep or earning-grass, from its use in
curdling milk.
Pinguicula alpina L., reported from Labrador on
account of a single specimen said to have been col-
lected there many decades ago, probably does not occur
in North America. It has flowers about the size of
those of P. vulgaris, but nearly white and with a very
much shorter obtuse spur.
2. VESICULINA Raf. Fl. Tellur. 4: 109. 1838.
Aquatic herbs, with horizontal submerged stems, the branches verticillate, and verticil-
lately or oppositely decompound. Leaves, at least in the adult plant, none. Bladders terminal
on the ultimate branches, the mouth naked or with a single median hairy proboscis. In-
florescence racemose, i-4-flowered; scales on the lower portion of the scape none; pedicels
from the axils of bracts, without bractlets, erect in fruit. Calyx 2-lobed, the lobes herba-
ceous, concave. Corolla strongly 2-lipped, the upper lip not lobed, the lower lip 3-lobed, the
lateral lobes saccate and together constituting a prominent 2-lobed palate, the middle lobe
flat, comparatively inconspicuous. Anthers not lobed. Capsule many-seeded. Seeds tuber-
culate. [Latin, vesicula, a little bladder.]
About 6 species, confined to the New World. Type species : Utricularia saccata LeConte.
i. Vesiculina purpurea (Walt.) Raf.
Purple Bladderwort. Fig. 3860.
Utricularia purpurea Walt. Fl. Car. 64. 1788.
U. saccata LeConte ; Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i : 21. 1816.
Vesiculina saccata Raf. Fl. Tellur. 4: 109. 1838.
Vesiculina purpurea Raf. loc. cit. 1838.
Stems i-3 long, the internodes i'-2' long, the
primary branches in whorls of 5-7, verticillately
decompound. Leaves none; bladders i"-ii" long,
without bristles, the exterior surface of the valve
with a central tuft of glandular hairs; scape 2'-6'
high, 2-4-flowered ; bracts membranaceous, basally
attached, or more commonly with a free portion
below the line of insertion ; pedicels 3"-4" long,
half longer in fruit; calyx-lobes subequal, \\"
long ; corolla red-purple, the upper lip subrhom-
boid, about 4" long and 6" broad, concave, the
lower lip 4"-6" long and broad, with a yellow
spot at the base; spur conic, appressed to and
shorter than the lower lip; capsule li" in diam-
eter ; seeds numerous, minute, tuberculate-spiny,
especially toward each end.
In ponds, Maine to Florida and Louisiana, near
the coast, also Michigan and Indiana to Minnesota.
Hooded or horned milfoil. July-Sept.
3. UTRICULARIA L. Sp. PI. 18. 1753.
Aquatic herbs, with horizontal submerged leafy stems. Leaves alternate, dissected, some-
times root-like, 2-8-parted from the very base, and thus often appearing opposite or verti-
cillate, the segments dichotomously or pinnately dissected, some or all of them bladder-bearing.
Bladders with a pair of bristles and more or less other armature about the mouth. Inflores-
cence racemose, the raceme sometimes reduced to a single flower ; scales on the lower portion
of the scape, when present, basally attached, sometimes replaced by a whorl of inflated
GENUS 3.
BLADDERWORT FAMILY.
227
floats ; pedicels from the axils of basally inserted but sometimes auriculate bracts, without
bractlets. Calyx 2-lobed, the lobes concave, herbaceous, usually spreading under the mature
capsule. Corolla strongly 2-lipped, the palate at the base of the lower lip, prominent, usually
2-lobed. Anthers not lobed. Capsule few-many-seeded. Seeds more or less peltate, flat-
topped, the margin variously winged or wingless. [Latin, utriculus, a little bag.]
About 75 species, of world-wide distribution. Besides the following, 2 or 3 others occur in
the southeastern United States. Type species : Utricularia vulgaris L.
Scape without floats.
Stems creeping on the bottom in shallow water ; some or all of the leaves root-like.
Spur and palate conspicuous ; pedicels ascending in fruit.
Segments of leaves all capillary ; lips of corolla nearly equal in length.
Spur stout, conic, shorter than the lower lip. i. U.gibba.
Spur slender, equalling or exceeding the lower lip.
Spur tapering from base to apex ; leaves all alike, bladder-bearing ; scapes 2'-$'
high. 2. U. pumila.
Spur conic at base, linear above; leaves not all bladder-bearing; scapes 4'-i6'
high. 3. U. fibrosa.
Segments of some leaves linear, flat, bristly-serrulate ; upper lip of corolla about half
length of lower lip. 4. U. intermedia.
Spur a mere sac; palate obsolete; pedicels recurved in fruit. 5. U. minor.
Stems free-floating, except for a single point of attachment.
Scapes 2-5-flowered, without scales ; cleistogamous flowers also present. 6. U. geminiscapa.
Scapes 6-20-flowered, with 1-5 scales; cleistogamous flowers none. 7. U. macrorhiza.
Scape with a whorl of more or less united, conspicuous, inflated floats.
Scape from floats to lowest pedicel 2' long or less ; corolla 6 "-9" long. 8. U. radiata.
Scape from floats to lowest pedicel 3' long or more; corolla io"-i2" long. 9. U. inflata.
i. Utricularia gibba L. Humped or Swollen-
spurred Bladderwort. Fig. 3861.
Utricularia gibba L. Sp. PI. 18. 1753.
U. fornicata LeConte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. i : 76.
1824.
Stems creeping on the 'bottom in shallow water,'
radiating from the base of the scape; leaves alter-
nate, mostly once or twice dichotomous, the seg-
ments few, capillary, bladder-bearing. Scapes soli-
tary, |'-4' high, i-3-flowered, with i scale or none;
pedicels i"-$" long, erect-ascending; calyx-lobes
i"-i4" long ; corolla yellow, the upper lip subtrian-
gular, 2"-3" long, 3"-4" broad, the lower about 3"
long and broad, the palate prominent, 2-lobed ; spur
conic, very obtuse, snorter than the lower lip; cap-
sule globose, ii"-2" in diameter.
In shallow water, Maine to Michigan, south to Flor-
ida and Texas. June-Sept.
2. Utricularia pumila Walt. Two-flowered
Bladderwort. Fig. 3862.
Utricularia pumila Walt. Fl. Car. 64. 1788.
Utricularia bi flora Lam. 111. i : 50. 1791.
U. longirostris LeConte; Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i : 21.
1816.
U. macrorhyncha Barnh. Bull. Torr. Club 25: 515.
1898.
Stems creeping on the bottom in shallow water,
radiating from the base of the scape; leaves
alternate, dichotomously divided, the segments
capillary, bladder-bearing. Scapes solitary or two
together, 2'-$' high, i-4-flowered, with 1-3 scales
or none; pedicels 2.\"-9>" long, erect-ascending;
corolla yellow, the upper lip more or less 3-lobed,
4"~5" Jong, 6"-7" broad, the lower 4"-5" long
and broad, the palate prominent, 2-lobed ; spur
slenderly conic or subulate, obtuse or emarginate,
equalling or usually exceeding the lower lip;
capsule globose, li" in diameter.
In shallow water, Massachusetts to Florida and
Louisiana, near the coast. July-Aug.
LENTIBULARIACEAE.
VOL. III.
3. Utricularia fibrosa Walt. Fibrous Blad-
derwort. Fig. 3863.
Utricularia fibrosa Walt. Fl. Car. 64. 1788.
U. striata LeConte ; Torn Cat. PI. N. Y. 89. 1819.
Stems creeping on the bottom in shallow water,
radiating from the base of the scape. Leaves
alternate, trichotomous at base, the rays di- or
trichotomously divided, the segments capillary,
fewer and more or less root-like when bladder-
bearing. Scapes solitary or 2 together, 4'-i6'
high, 2-6-flowered, with I or 2 scales or none ;
pedicels 2i"-6" long, one-half longer in fruit,
ascending; calyx-lobes i"-ii" long, a little longer
in fruit; corolla yellow, the upper lip broadly
triangular, faintly 3-lobed, 3J"-s" long, 6"-j'
broad, radiately striate, the lower slightly 3-lobed,
3i"-5" long and broad, the palate prominent,
2-lobed ; spur conic at base, slender above, obtuse
or emarginate, appressed to and equalling or ex-
ceeding the lower lip ; capsules 2."-2.\" in diameter.
In shallow water, Long Island to Florida and Mis-
sissippi, near the coast. June-Aug.
4. Utricularia intermedia Hayne. Flat-
leaved Bladderwort. Fig. 3864.
U. intermedia Hayne, in Schrad. Journ. Bot. iSoo 1 :
18. 1801.
Stems creeping on the bottom in shallow water,
radiating from the base of the scape. Leaves
alternate, those on some branches or portions of
branches 2$ "-7" long, trichotomous at base, the
rays di- or trichotomously divided, with linear,
flat, bristly-serrulate segments, and without blad-
ders, those on other branches or portions of
branches shorter and root-like, with fewer capil-
lary segments and a few large bladders up to
2\" long; scapes solitary, 2'-8' high, i-4-flowered,
with i or several auriculate scales ; pedicels 4"-io"
long, erect-ascending; calyx-lobes \"-\\" long, a
little larger in fruit ; corolla yellow, the upper
lip broadly triangular, 2$"-3" long, 3$ "-4" broad,
the lower slightly 3-lobed, 5"-6" long and broad,
the palate prominent; spur conic at base, cylindric
above, acute, about I as long as the lower lip;
capsules \\" in diameter.
In shallow water, Newfoundland to British Co-
lumbia, south to New Jersey, Indiana and California.
Also in Europe. May-Aug. Commonly propagated
by the velvety winter-buds.
5. Utricularia minor L. Lesser Bladder-
wort. Fig. 3865.
Utricularia minor L. Sp. PI. 18. 1753.
Stems creeping on the bottom in shallow water,
4'-! 2' long, sparingly branched. Leaves alter-
nate, with few divisions, usually only 4"-Ti"
long, and bearing 1-5 bladders each ; larger blad-
derless leaves, i"-3" long, with flat segments,
sometimes occurring on special branches or seg-
ments of the main stem; scapes solitary, filiform,
2'-6' high, 3-6-flowered, with 2-5 minute auricu-
late scales ; pedicels capillary, i"-4" long, re-
curved in fruit ; calyx-lobes about \" long ; co-
rolla pale yellow, the upper lip minute, i"-2"
long and half as wide, the lower 2"-4" long, the
palate nearly obsolete; spur very short and sac-
cate; capsules about \" in diameter.
In shallow water, circumpolar, southward in
America to Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania,
Ohio, Indiana, Colorado and California. June-
July. Often propagated by winter-buds.
GENUS 3.
BLADDERWORT FAMILY.
6. Utricularia geminiscapa Benj. Hid-
den-fruited Bladderwort. Fig. 3866.
Utricularia geminiscapa Benj. Linnaea 20: 305.
1847.
U. clandestina Nutt. ; A. Gray, Man. 287. 1848.
Stems about 8'-io' long, floating horizontally
beneath the surface of the water, sparingly
branched. Leaves alternate, about 10" long,
4-7-dichotomous, and bladderless, or more or
less reduced and bladder-bearing; scape slen-
der, 2'-s' high, 2-5-flowered, without scales;
cleistogamous flowers solitary on short pedun-
cles, I at the base of the scape and others scat-
tered along the stems, often in pairs; pedicels
of conspicuous flowers 2"-3" long; corolla
yellow, 3" long or more, the lower lip longer
and broader than the upper, 3-lobed, with a
prominent palate; spur a little shorter than
the lower lip, obtuse.
In shallow water, New Brunswick to Virginia.
Hooded or horned milfoil. July-Aug.
7. Utricularia macrorhiza LeConte.
Greater Bladderwort. Hooded
Water Milfoil. Pop-weed.
Fig. 3867.
Utricularia macrorhiza LeConte, Ann. Lye. N. Y.
i : 73. 1824.
U. vulgaris var. americana A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5,
318. 1867.
Stems i-3 long, floating horizontally be-
neath the surface of the water, sparingly
branched. Leaves alternate, J'-2' long, dichot-
omous at the base, each ray pseudo-pinnately
divided, bladder-bearing, the bladders some-
times 2" long; scape stout, 3 '-24' high, 6-20-
flowered, with 1-5 auriculate scales; pedicels
3"-8" long, becoming 5"-io" long and recurved
at maturity of fruit; corolla yellow, 7"-io"
long, the lower lip a little longer and much
broader than the upper, with a spreading, un-
dulate, slightly 3-lobed border, and a promi-
nent palate ; spur shorter than the lower lip,
subulate, upwardly curved, acute or obtuse.
In stagnant water or sluggish streams, New-
foundland to Yukon, south to Maryland, Missouri,
Oklahoma, Arizona, and Lower California. May-Aug. Often propagated by winter-buds. Very
variable, but appears to differ constantly from the related and equally variable^European species,
Utricularia vulgaris L., by the longer stems, the
shape and direction of the spur, and the minute-
ness of the appendages (rudimentary stolons) at
the base of the scape.
8. Utricularia radiata Small. Small
Swollen Bladderwort. Fig. 3868.
Utricularia inflata var. minor Chapm. Fl. S. U. S.
282. 1860. Not U. minor L. 1753.
Utricularia radiata Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1090. 1903.
Stems long, floating horizontally beneath
the surface of the water. Leaves alternate,
6-io-dichotomous, usually less than li' long,
bladder-bearing; scape i-4-flowered, with a
whorl of 4-7 inflated floats, above the floats
ii'-4' high; floats up to i*' long, lobed and
finely dissected toward the apex ; pedicels 4"-
10" long; corolla 6"-g" long, the upper lip
suborbicular, undulate, the lower lip about the
same length but broader, 3-lobed, with a
prominent 2-lobed palate; spur conic, obtuse,
appressed to and shorter than the lower lip.
In ponds, Maine to Florida and Texas, near the
coast. March-Sept.
LENTIBULARIACEAE.
VOL. III.
9. Utricularia inflata Walt. Large Swollen
Bladderwort. Fig. 3869.
Utricularia inflata Walt. Fl. Car. 64. 1788.
U. ceratophylla Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 12. 1803.
Stems long, floating horizontally beneath the sur-
face of the water. Leaves alternate, io-12-dichoto-
mous, usually more than 2' long, bladder-bearing ;
scape 4-i2-flowered, with a whorl of 4-9 inflated
floats, above the floats 5'-i2' high ; floats 2'-3i' long,
lobed and dissected from near the middle; pedicels
8"-i6" long; corolla io"-i2" long, the upper lip
subtriangular, undulate, often emarginate, the lower
lip a little longer and much broader, undulate, faintly
3-lobed, with a prominent 2-lobed palate ; spur conic,
toothed, appressed to and about half the length of
the lower lip.
In ponds, Delaware to Florida, near the coast. May.
4. LECTICULA Barnhart.
Herbs, with horizontal usually submerged leafy stems. Leaves alternate, 3-parted from
the very base, the middle lobe erect and linear, the lateral lobes capillary and root-like, bladder-
bearing; bladders slightly beaked, but without bristles. Inflorescence strictly i-flowered, the
pedicel continuous with the scape, its point of origin marked by the solitary bract, appearing
like a scale above the middle of the scape; true scales none; bract basally inserted, amplexi-
caul and tubular, the free margin truncate, more or less deeply 2-notched, without bractlets.
Calyx 2-parted, the lobes concave, herbaceous, appressed to the mature capsule. Corolla
very strongly 2-lipped, the palate a mere convexity at the base of the lower lip. Anthers not
lobed. Capsule many-seeded. [Latin, a couch, from the transverse position of the corolla.]
Two species, the following, and another, in tropical South America. Type species : Utricu-
laria resupinata B. D. Greene.
i. Lecticula resupinata (B. D. Greene)
Barnhart. Reclined Bladderwort.
Fig. 3870.
Utricularia resupinata B. D. Greene ; Bigel. Fl.
Bost. Ed. 3, 10. 1840.
Utricularia Greenei Oakes, Hovey's Mag. Hort. 7 :
180. 1841.
Scape and pedicel slender, I '-4' high, becoming
much elongated, 4'-6' high in fruit, the bract
i"-i" long. Flower half-reversed so as to rest
transversely upon the summit of the pedicel ;
calyx-lobes subequal, about i" long; corolla
purple, 4"-6" long, the upper lip narrowly oblong-
spatulate, the lower spreading, entire ; spur conic-
cylindric, obtuse, the tip distant from the lower
lip and bent upward; capsule globose, ii"-2" in
diameter.
Margins of ponds and lakes, New Brunswick to
western Ontario and Pennsylvania, and South Caro-
lina to Florida. Rare and local. July-Aug.
5. SETISCAPELLA Barnhart.
Terrestrial herbs, with short root-like branches from the base of the scape. Leaves deli-
cate, some basal, erect, with linear blades, usually evanescent and rarely seen, others root-like,
borne on the root-like branches, and bladder-bearing; bladders minute, 2-horned at the apex.
Inflorescence racemose, the raceme sometimes reduced to a single flower, when several-
flowered usually becoming zig-zag above at maturity ; scales on the lower portion of the
scape several, scarious, peltate; pedicels from the axils of scarious peltate bracts, without
bractlets. Calyx 2-parted, the lobes scarious, strongly longitudinally ribbed, spreading under
or clasping the base of the mature capsule. Corolla strongly 2-lipped, the lower lip commonly
GENUS 5.
BLADDERWORT FAMILY.
231
strongly and divergently 3-lobed; palate usually very prominent and 2-lobed. Anthers not
lobed. Capsule many-seeded. Seeds prismatic, reticulate. [Latin, seta, a bristle, and scapus,
scape, from the stiff, bristle-like scapes.]
About 12 species, chiefly American; i species in tropical Africa and 2 in Asia. Type species:
Utricularia subulata L.
Corolla yellow, the lower lip conspicuous, 2' '-4" long; spur conic. i. 5". subulata.
Corolla white or purplish, both lips minute, less than J4" long; spur saccate. 2. S. cleistogama.
i. Setiscapella subulata (L.) Barnhart. Zig-
zag or Tiny Bladderwort. Fig. 3871.
Utricularia subulata L. Sp. PI. 18. 1753.
Utricularia setacea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 12. 1803.
Scape filiform, stiff, ii'-o/ high, i-12-flowered, the
pedicels capillary, ii"-3" long. Calyx-lobes minute,
about ' long, becoming i"long in fruit; corolla pale
yellow, 3" -6" long, the upper lip ovate, obtuse, the
lower 2"-4" long, strongly and divergently 3-lobed,
with a prominent faintly 2-lobed palate ; spur flat-
tened-conic, obtuse, but acute in outline when viewed
from the side, appressed to and about equalling the
lower lip; capsule globose, i" in diameter; seeds
irregularly ovoid.
In wet sandy soil, Nantucket to Florida, west to Ar-
kansas and Texas. Also in the West Indies. July-Aug.
2. Setiscapella cleistogama (A. Gray) Barn-
hart. Pin or Closed Bladderwort. Fig. 3872.
U. subulata var. cleistogama A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 1 : 317. 1878.
U. cleistogama Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 9: 12. 1889.
Scape filiform, stiff, \'-2\' high, i-3-flowered, the
pedicels i"-3" long. Calyx-lobes minute, the upper
faintly 7-nerved, the lower strongly 5-nerved ; corolla
dirty-white or purplish, \" in diameter or less, cleistoga-
mous (?), consisting chiefly of the large saccate spur,
the lips minute, obtuse, the lower faintly 3-lobed ; cap-
sule globose, \" in diameter; seeds very minute and
numerous, irregularly ovoid, iV' long.
In wet soil, eastern Massachusetts, Long Island and New
Jersey. Rare and local. July-Aug.
6. STOMOISIA Raf. Fl. Tellur. 4: 108. 1838.
Terrestrial scapose herbs, with tufts of root-like bladder-bearing branches arising from
near the base of the scape, and few extremely delicate leafy branches radiating horizontally
from the same region, so inconspicuous and so readily detached from the scape that they are
rarely seen. Leaves delicate, some linear, erect, and grass-like, others colorless and root-like,
bladder-bearing. Bladders minute and rudimentary, beaked but without bristles. Inflores-
cence racemose or subspicate, sometimes reduced to a single flower; scales on the lower
portion of the scape several, basally inserted ; pedicels from the axils of basally inserted
bracts, with an inner pair of opposite lateral bractlets. Calyx 2-parted, the lobes thin, veiny,
appressed to and exceeding the mature capsule. Corolla 2-lipped, the lips nearly distinct, the
upper narrow, erect, with a distinct claw, the lower with a prominent galeate palate, the edge
of the 'aperture of the spur usually ciliate. Anthers vertically 2-lobed. Capsule many-seeded.
Seeds very minute, subglobose or prismatic, reticulate or areolate. [Greek, hairy mouth,
from the ciliate aperture of the spur in the type species.]
About 50 species, of wide geographic distribution. Type species: Utricularia cornuta Michx.
Corolla much exceeding the calyx.
Lower lip of corolla 6"-8" long; spur 3 J/"-6" long. i. S. cornuta.
Lower lip of corolla 4" -5" long; spur 2 l / 2 "-4" long. 2. S. juncea.
Corolla shorter than or about equalling the calyx. 3. 5". virgatula.
LENTIBULARIACEAE. VOL. III.
i. Stomoisia cornuta (Michx.) Raf. Horned
Bladderwort. Fig. 3873.
Utricularia cornuta Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i
Stomoisia cornuta Raf. Fl. Tellur. 4: 108.
12. 1803.
1838.
Scape strict, brownish, ij'-i2' high, i-5-flowered,
the flowers usually approximate near the summit, the
scales several or numerous, rarely exceeding i" in
length, acute. Bracts \"-\" long, acute; bractlets the
same length, but narrower ; pedicels rarely exceeding
the bracts; calyx yellowish, the upper lobe acumi-
nate^"-^" long, the lower acute, often much shorter;
corolla yellow, the lower lip 6"-8" long, with a
spreading margin around the galeate palate ; spur
subulate, pendent, 3i"-6" long; capsule subglobose,
ii"-2" in diameter, closely invested by the calyx-
lobes and slightly beaked by the upper one.
On wet borders of ponds, or in bogs, Newfoundland
to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Also in the
Bahamas and Cuba. July-Aug.
2. Stomoisia juncea (Vahl.) Barnhart.
Rush Bladderwort. Fig. 3874.
Utricularia juncea Vahl, Enum. i: 202. 1804.
Utricularia personata LeConte ; Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga.
i : 23. 1816.
Scape strict, brownish, 4'-i6' high, i-12-flow-
ered, the flowers usually scattered along ^the
upper part, the scales several or numerous, i"-t"
long, acute. Bracts |"-i" long, acute; bractlets
the same length, but narrower; pedicels rarely
exceeding the bracts; calyx yellowish, the upper
lobe acuminate, z"-2.\" long, the lower acute,
much shorter ; corolla yellow, the lower lip 4"-5"
long, with little or no spreading margin ; spur
subulate, pendent, 2$"~4" long; capsule subglo-
bose, i"-ii" in diameter, closely invested by the
calyx-lobes and slightly beaked by the upper one.
On wet borders of ponds, and in bogs, New York
to Florida to Mississippi, chiefly near the coast.
Also in the West Indies and South America. July-
Aug.
2. Stomoisia virgatula Barnhart. Fairy-
wand Bladderwort. Fig. 3875.
Utricularia simplex C. Wright, in Sauvalle, Anal.
Acad. Habana 6: 315. 1870. Not R. Br. 1812.
U. virgatula Barnh. Bull. Torr. Club 34 : 580.
1908.
Scape wiry, strict, brownish, i'-8' high, 1-6-
flowered, the scales several, minute, acute.
Bracts less than \" long, acute; bracts the
same length, but narrower; pedicels shorter
than the bracts ; calyx purplish, the upper lobe
acuminate, 2" long, the lower acute, much
shorter ; corolla yellow, the upper lip barely
if at all exceeding the upper calyx-lobe, the
lower of about the same length, with a minute
tuft of hairs in the throat; spur conic, pen-
dent, acute, \"-\\" long; capsule globose, i"
in diameter or less, closely invested by the
calyx-lobes and beaked by the upper one.
On wet borders of ponds, New York, New Jer-
sey, Florida and Mississippi. Also in Cuba.
Rare and local. Sept.
GENUS i.
BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.
233
Family 30. OROBANCHACEAE Lindl, Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 287. 1836.
BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.
Erect, simple or branched, brown yellowish purplish or nearly white root-
parasites, the leaves reduced to alternate appressed scales, the flowers perfect,
irregular (rarely cleistogamous), sessile in terminal bracted spikes, or solitary and
peduncled in the axils of the scales. Calyx inferior, gamosepalous, 4-5-toothed,
4-5-cleft, or split nearly or quite to the base on one or both sides. Corolla gamo-
petalous, more or less oblique, the tube cylindric, or expanded above, the limb
2-lipped, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the tube of the corolla and
alternate with its lobes, a fifth rudimentary one occasionally present; filaments
slender; anthers 2-celled, the sacs parallel, equal. Ovary superior, i -celled, the
four placentae parietal ; ovules numerous, antropous ; style slender ; stigma discoid,
2-lobed, or sometimes 4-lobed. Capsule i-celled, 2-valved. Seeds numerous,
reticulated, wrinkled or striate ; embryo minute ; cotyledons scarcely differentiated.
About 1 1 genera and over 200 species, of wide geographic distribution, mostly in the northern
hemisphere.
Flowers all complete and perfect.
Calyx 2-s-lobed or toothed.
Calyx about equally s-cleft ; no bractlets on peduncles nor calyx. i. Thalesia.
Calyx unequally toothed, or split on both sides ; flowers bracteolate. 2. Orobanche.
Calyx spathe-like, split on the lower side, 3-4-toothed on the upper. 3. Conopholis.
Lower flowers cleistogamous, fertile ; upper complete, mostly sterile. 4. Leptatnniutn.
i. THALESIA Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 267. 1818.
[ANOPLANTHUS Endl. Icon. Gen. PI. 12. />/. 72. 1838.]
[APHYLLON A. Gray, Man. 290. 1848.]
Glandular or viscid-pubescent simple-stemmed herbs, parasitic on the roots of various
plants, with scattered scales, and long-peduncled yellowish white or violet, complete and per-
fect flowers without bractlets. Calyx campanulate or hemispheric, nearly equally 5-cleft, the
lobes acute or acuminate. Corolla oblique, the tube elongated, curved, the limb slightly
2-lipped, the upper lip erect-spreading, 2-lobed, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, the lobes all
nearly equal. Stamens included ; anther-sacs mucronate at the base. Ovary ovoid ; placentae
equidistant, or contiguous in pairs; style slender, deciduous; stigma peltate, or transversely
2-lamellate. [Dedicated to Thales.]
About 5 species, natives of North America. Type species : Orobanche uniflora L.
Stem very short; peduncles 1-4, erect; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate. i. T. uniflora.
Stem erect, 2' -5' high ; peduncles several ; calyx-lobes broad, acute. 2. T. fasciculata.
i. Thalesia uniflora (L.) Britton. Pale or Naked Broom-rape. One-flowered
Broom-rape. Squaw-drops. Cancer-root. Fig. 3876.
Orobanche uniflora L. Sp. PI. 633. 1753.
Anoplanthus uniflorus Endl. Icon. Gen. PL 12. pi.
72. 1838.
Aphyllon uniflorum T. & G. ; A. Gray, Man. 290.
1848.
T. uniflora Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 298. 1894.
Stem usually less than i' long, nearly subter-
ranean, bearing several ovate-oblong scales and
1-4 slender erect scape-like glandular-puberulent
naked i -flowered peduncles 3'-8' high. Calyx
campanulate, pubescent, glandular, 4"-5" high,
less than one-half the length of the corolla, its
lobes as long as the tube or longer, lanceolate,
acuminate; corolla white or violet, puberulent
without, 8"-i2" long, the curved tube about 3
times as long as the limb, the short lobes oval
or obovate, obtuse ; placentae nearly equidistant ;
capsule ovoid, longer than the calyx.
In woods and thickets, parasitic on the roots of
various herbs, Newfoundland to Ontario, South
Carolina and Texas. Far western plants, formerly
referred to this species, prove to be distinct.
Pipes. April-June.
234
OROBANCHACEAE.
VOL. III.
2. Thalesia fasciculata (Nutt.) Britton.
Clustered or Yellow Cancer-root.
Fig. 3877.
Orobanche fasciculata Nutt. Gen. 2: 59. 1818.
Anoplanthus fasciculatus Walp. Rep. 3: 480.
1844-45.
Aphyllon fasciculatum A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 : Part
i, 312. 1878.
Thalesia fasciculata Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 :
298. 1894.
Stem erect, 2'-^ high, densely glandular-
pubescent, bearing several scales and 3-15
naked i-flowered peduncles i'~4' long. Calyx
glandular, broadly campanulate, 3"-$" high,
about one-third the length of the corolla, its
lobes triangular-lanceolate or triangular-ovate,
acute, equalling or shorter than the tube; co-
rolla nearly i' long, purplish to yellow, puberu-
lent without, the curved tube 3 times as long
as the limb, the lobes oblong, obtuse, the limb
more manifestly 2-lipped than in the preced-
ing species ; capsule ovoid to globose.
In sandy soil, parasitic on the roots of various
plants, mostly composites, northern Indiana to
Minnesota, Yukon and British Columbia, Ne-
braska, Arizona and California. April-Aug.
Thalesia lutea (Parry) Rydb. [Thalesia fasciculata lutea (Parry) Britton] is a race with light
yellow flowers, growing on grasses in western Nebraska and Wyoming.
2. OROBANCHE [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 632. 1753.
Glandular-pubescent, erect simple or branched, reddish yellowish violet or nearly white
herbs, parasitic on the roots of various plants, with scattered scales, and spicate or racemose,
complete and perfect, bracted and sometimes bracteolate flowers. Calyx split both above
and below, nearly or quite to the base, the divisions 2-cleft or rarely entire, or more or less
unequally 2-5-toothed. Corolla oblique, strongly 2-lipped; upper lip erect, emarginate or
2-lobed; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens included; anther-sacs mostly mucronate at
the base. Placentae equidistant, or approximate in pairs. Style slender, commonly persistent
until after the dehiscence of the capsule; stigma peltate to funnelform, entire, or laterally
2-lamellate. [Greek, Choke-vetch.]
About 90 species, natives of the Old World and western America. Besides the following some
6 others occur in the western parts of North America. Type species : Orobanche major L.
Calyx 4-tpothed ; stems mostly branched. i. O.ramosa.
Calyx split on both sides ; stem simple. 2. O. minor.
Calyx s-cleft; stem simple. 3. O. ludoviciana.
i. Orobanche ramosa L. Hemp or Branched
Broom-rape. Fig. 3878.
Orobanche ramosa L. Sp. PI. 633. 1753.
Plant yellowish ; stem rather slender, branched, or
rarely simple, 3'-! 5' high, the scales few and distant,
2"-s" long. Spike loosely many-flowered, denser
above than below, the lowest flowers short-pedi-
celled ; bracts usually 3, the longest about equalling
the calyx ; calyx 4-toothed, the teeth triangular-
ovate, acute, or acuminate, about as long as the tube ;
corolla s"~9" long, the tube yellow, slightly con-
stricted above the ovary, the limb bluish.
Parasitic on the roots of tomato, hemp and tobacco,
New Jersey, Illinois, Kentucky. Adventive or natural-
ized from Europe. Summer. Strangle-tare.
Orobanche purpurea Jacq., another European species,
with violet flowers and a 5-toothed calyx, is recorded as
found on Achillea in lawns a'; Wingham, Ontario.
GENUS 2.
BROOM-RAPE FAMILY
2. Orobanche minor J. E. Smith. Lesser
or Clover Broom-rape. Herb-bane.
Fig. 3879.
O. minor J. E. Smith, Engl. Bot. pi. 422. 1797.
Plant yellowish-brown; stem rather stout, sim-
ple, 4'-2o' high ; lower scales numerous, ovate-
oblong, the upper lanceolate, acute, scattered,
3"-io" long. Spike dense, or the lower flowers
separated, 3'-8' long; bracts i or 2, lanceolate,
equalling or longer than the flowers; flowers
5"-g" long; calyx split both above and below,
each of the lateral segments 2-cleft, the teeth lan-
ceolate-subulate; corolla-tube yellowish, scarcely
constricted above the ovary, the limb bluish.
Parasitic on the roots of clover, New Jersey to
Virginia. Naturalized from Europe. Called also
devil's-root and hell-root. Strangle-tare. May-July.
3. Orobanche ludoviciana Xutt. Louisiana
Broom-rape. Fig. 3880.
Orobanche ludoviciana Nutt. Gen. 2: 58. 1818.
Aphyllon ludovicianum A. Gray, Bot. Cal. i: 585. 1876.
Mysorrhisa ludoviciana Rydb. ; Small, Fl. SE. U. S.
1093. 1903.
Stems stout, simple, solitary or clustered, viscid-
puberulent, 4'- 12' high, scaly. Flowers 6"-8" long,
very numerous in dense terminal spikes, i-2-bracteo-
late under the calyx; calyx 5-cleft, the lobes some-
what unequal, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, longer
than the corolla-tube, or shorter; corolla 2-lipped,
purplish, its tube narrow, about twice as long as the
limb, the teeth of its lips acute; anthers woolly;
capsule ovoid-oblong, shorter than the calyx.
In sandy soil, Illinois to South Dakota, Saskatche-
wan, Nebraska, Texas, Arizona and California. Strangle tare. June-Aug.
3. CONOPHOLIS Wallr. Orobanch. 78. 1825.
An erect stout simple glabrous, densely scaly, light brown herb, parasitic on the roots of
trees, with yellowish flowers 2-bracteolate under the calyx, in a thick dense bracted spike,
the bracts similar to the scales of the stem. Calyx oblique, deeply split on the lower side,
3-4-toothed on the upper. Corolla strongly 2-lipped, the tube slightly curved, the upper lip
concave, nearly erect, emarginate, the lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens exserted; anther-
sacs bristly pubescent. Placentae about equidistant; stigma capitate, obscurely 2-lamellate.
Capsule ovoid-globose. [Greek, signifying a
scaly cone.]
Three known species, the following typical one
of eastern North America, the other southwestern
and Mexican.
i. Conopholis americana (L. f.) Wallr.
Squaw-root. Fig. 3881.
Orobanche americana L. f. Suppl. 88. 1767.
Conopholis americana Wallr. Orobanch. 78. 1825.
Plants 3'-io' high from a thickened base, light
brown, usually clustered, covered all over with
stiff imbricated scales. Upper scales lanceolate
or ovate, acute, 6"-io" long, the lowest much
shorter; flowers about $' long, exceedingly nu-
merous in the dense spike which is 6"-io" thick;
corolla pale yellow, somewhat exceeding the ca-
lyx; anthers sagittate; capsule ovoid-globose,
4"-5" high.
In rich woods at bases of trees, Maine to On-
tario, Michigan, Florida, Alabama and Tennessee.
Cancer-root. Earth-club. Clap-wort. April-Aug.
236
OROBANCHACEAE.
VOL. III.
4. LEPTAMNIUM Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 267. Feb. 1818.
[EPIFAGUS Nutt. Gen. 2: 60. 1818.]
An erect slender glabrous, purplish or yellowish, rather stiff branching herb, parasitic on
the roots of the beech, with few small scattered scales, and sessile dimorphous flowers, dis-
tantly spicate on the branches, the lower cleistogamous, abundantly fertile, the upper com-
plete but mostly sterile. Calyx sho'rt, nearly equally 5-toothed. Corolla of the upper flowers
cylindric, slightly flattened laterally, the tube much longer than the 4-lobed limb, the upper
lobe concave, larger than the 3 lower ones; stamens not exserted; anther-sacs mucronulate
at the base; style filiform, 2-lobed; ovary with an adnate gland on the upper side near the
base. Corolla of the lower flowers minute, not unfolding, borne like a hood on the summit
of the ovoid ovary; style very short ; placentae contiguous in pairs; capsule at length 2-valved
at the summit. [Greek, referring to the small calyx.]
A monotypic genus of eastern North America.
i. Leptamnium virginianum (L.) Raf.
Beech-drops. Fig. 3882.
Orobanche virginiana L. Sp. PI. 633. 1753.
Epifagus americana Nutt. Gen. 2: 60. 1818.
Epiphegus virginiana Bart. Comp. Fl. Phil. 2: 50.
1818.
Leptamnium virginianum Raf. ; A. Gray, Syn. Fl.
2: Part i, 314. 1878. As synonym.
Plant 6'-2 high from a thick scaly base, the
roots brittle, fibrous. Stem paniculately branch-
ed, the branches straight, ascending ; scales
very few and small; corolla of the upper
flowers 4"-s" long and i" thick, striped with
purple and white, the limb not at all spread-
ing; stamens about as long as the corolla;
style slightly exserted; lower flowers ii" long,
the corolla resembling the calyptra of a moss;
capsule 3" high, somewhat oblique and com-
pressed, many-seeded.
In beech woods, Nova Scotia and New Bruns-
wick to Florida, west to Ontario, Michigan, Mis-
souri and Louisiana. Cancer-root or -drops.
Virginia brown-rape. Aug.-Oct.
Family 31. BIGNONIACEAE Pers. Syn. 2: 168. 1807.
TRUMPET-CREEPER FAMILY.
Trees, shrubs or woody vines, a few exotic species herbs, with opposite (rarely
alternate) compound or simple leaves, and mostly large and showy, clustered
terminal or axillary, more or less irregular flowers. Calyx inferior, gamosepalous.
Corolla gamopetalous, funnel form, campanulate, or tubular, 5-lobed, somewhat
2-lipped, at least in the bud. Anther-bearing stamens 2 or 4, inserted on the tube
of the corolla and alternate with its lobes ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally
dehiscent. Disk annular or cup-like. Ovary sessile or stalked, mostly 2-celled;
placentae parietal, or on the partition-wall of the ovary ; ovules very numerous,
horizontal, anatropous ; style slender ; stigma terminal, 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved,
loculicidally, septif ragally or septicidally dehiscent. Seeds flat, transverse, winged
in our genera ; endosperm none ; cotyledons broad and flat, emarginate or 2-lobed ;
radicle short, straight.
About 60 genera and over 500 species of wide geographic distribution in tropical regions, a few
in the north and south temperate zones.
Leaves compound ; anther-bearing stamens 4 ; our species vines.
Calyx-limb undulate; capsule flattened parallel with its partition-wall. i. Anisostichus.
Calyx s-toothed ; capsule compressed at right angles to its partition-wall. 2. Bignonia.
Leaves simple ; anther-bearing stamens mostly 2 ; trees. 3. Catalpa.
i. ANISOSTICHUS Bureau, Mon. Bignon. 43. 1864.
Woody vines, with opposite 2-foliolate leaves, the terminal leaflet reduced to a tendril,
and large flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx campanulate, the limb merely undulate, truncate
or slightly 5-toothed. Tube of the corolla much expanded above the calyx, the limb some-
what 2-lipped, 5-lobed, the lobes rounded. Anther-bearing stamens 4, didynamous, included,
GENUS i.
TRUMPET-CREEPER FAMILY.
2 37
inserted near the base of the corolla ; anther-sacs glabrous, divergent. Capsule linear, flat-
tened parallel with the thin partition, septifragally dehiscent, the margins of the valves more
or less thickened. Seeds in 2 unequal rows on both margins of the partition, winged, much
broader than high, the wing entire, or erose at the end. [Greek, unequal-ranked.]
An apparently monotypic genus. Type species: Bignonia capreolata L.
i. Anisostichus capreolata (L.) Bureau.
Tendrilled Trumpet-flower. Cross-
vine. Fig. 3883.
? Bignonia crucigera L. Sp. PI. 624. 1753.
Bignonia capreolata L. loc. cit. 1753.
Doxantha capreolata Miers. Proc. Roy. Hort. Soc. 3 :
190. 1863.
Anisostichus capreolata Bureau, Mon. Bigon. Atlas 8,
pt. 6. 1864.
A glabrous woody vine, often climbing to the
height of 4O-6o, the stems sometimes 4' in diameter,
exhibiting a conspicuous cross in the transverse sec-
tion. Leaves petioled, commonly with small, simple,
stipule-like ones in their axils, 2-foliolate, terminated
by a branched tendril ; leaflets stalked, oblong or
ovate, entire, acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate
at the base, pinnately veined, 3'-7' long; cymes nu-
merous, short-peduncled, 2-5-flowered ; pedicels i'-2'
long ; calyx membranous ; corolla 2' long, orange and
puberulent without, yellow within ; capsule 5' -7' long,
8"-io" broad, very flat, each valve longitudinally
i-nerved; seeds broadly winged laterally, narrowly
winged above and below, i broad.
In moist woods, Virginia to Florida, Louisiana, Ohio
and southern Illinois. Quarter vine. April-June.
2. BIGNONIA L. Sp. PI. 633. 1753.
Climbing woody vines with aerial rootlets, with opposite pinnately compound leaves, and
large showy red or orange flowers, in terminal corymbs. Calyx tubular-campanulate, some-
what unequally 5-toothed. Corolfa-tube elongated, enlarged above the calyx, narrowly cam-
panulate, the limb slightly 2-lipped, 5-lobed, the lobes spreading. Anther-bearing stamens 4,
didynamous, ascending under the upper lip ; anther-sacs divergent, glabrous or slightly pubes-
cent. Capsule elongated, slightly compressed at right angles to the partition, loculicidally and
septicidally dehiscent. Seeds in several rows on each side of the margins of the partition,
flat, winged, the wing translucent. [Named after the Abbe Bignon, 1662-1743, librarian to
to Louis XV.]
Two known species, the following typical one, the other Japanese. The name Tecoma, used
for this vine in our first edition, belongs properly to a genus of pinnate-leaved yellow-flowered
shrubs of tropical America, typified by Tecoma stans (L.) H.B.K.
i. Bignonia radicans L. Trumpet-flower.
Trumpet-creeper. Foxglove. Fig. 3884.
Bignonia radicans L. Sp. PI. 624. 1753.
Tecoma radicans DC. Prodr. 9: 223. 1845.
Campsis radicans Seem. Journ. Bot. 5: 362. 1867.
A woody vine, climbing to the height of 2O-40
or prostrate if meeting no support. Leaves petioled,
odd-pinnate, not tendril-bearing, 8'-is' long; leaflets
7-11, ovate to lanceolate, short-stalked, sharply ser-
rate, reticulate-veined, glabrous, or pubescent on the
veins beneath, acute or acuminate at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, iJ'-3' long; flowers corymbose,
short-pedicelled ; corymbs 2-9-flowered ; calyx coria-
ceous, about i' long; corolla scarlet, 2?/ long,, the
tube veined within, 3 times as long as the limb, an-
ther-sacs glabrous ; stigma spatulate ; capsule stalked,
4'-6' long, 10" in diameter, narrowed at both ends,
little flattened, ridged above and below by the mar-
gins of the valves ; seeds in several rows on each
surface of the broad partition, broadly winged lat-
erally, the wing eroded.
In moist woods and thickets, southern New Jersey and
Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas, north to Illinois
and Iowa. Escaped from cultivation further north.
Trumpet-vine. Trumpet-ash. Cow-itch. Cross-vine. Aug.-Sept.
2 3 S
BIGNONIACEAE.
VOL. III.
3. CATALPA Scop. Introd. 170. 1771.
Trees, or some exotic species shrubs, with opposite or rarely verticillate simple petioled
leaves, and large showy white or mottled flowers in terminal panicles or corymbs. Calyx
closed in the bud, splitting irregularly or into 2 lips in opening. Corolla-tube campanulate
or obconic, oblique, expanded above, 2-lipped, 5-lobed, the lobes all spreading, their margins
crisped. Anther-bearing stamens 2, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla; anther-sacs
glabrous, linear or oblong, divergent; sterile stamens (staminodia) 3, short (or occasionally
4 perfect didynamous stamens and I staminodium). Disk obsolete. Ovary sessile, 2-celled;
ovules in 2-several rows on the sides of the partition. Capsule elongated-linear, terete,
loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds flat, the large lateral wings dissected into capillary processes.
[The American Indian name of the first species below.]
About 5 species, the following in eastern North America, 2 in eastern Asia. Type species :
Bignonia Catalpa L. West Indian trees referred to this genus prove to be distinct.
Corolla thickly spotted within, i'-ij4' long, the lobes crimped. i. C. Catalpa.
Corolla little spotted, but purple-lined, 2' long, the lobes nearly flat. 2. C. speciosa.
with the soil.
i. Catalpa Catalpa (L.) Karst. Catalpa.
Indian or Smoking Bean. Candle-tree.
Bean-tree. Fig. 3885.
Bignonia Catalpa L. Sp. PI. 622. 1753.
Catalpa bignonioides Walt. Fl. Car. 64. 1788.
Catalpa Catalpa Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 927. 1880-83.
A tree, with thin flaky bark, reaching a maximum
height of about 60 and a trunk diameter of 4, the
branches spreading. Leaves strong-scented, broadly
ovate, entire, or 3-lobed, acute or acuminate at the
apex, densely pubescent beneath, becoming glabrous
above, obtuse at the base, 6'-i2' long, the lobes, when
present, acuminate ; petioles stout, nearly as long as
the blade ; flowers white, numerous, mottled with
yellow and purple within, i'-i4' long, in large ter-
minal erect panicles ; capsules 6'-i8' long, 4," -7"
thick, thin-walled, drooping, the partition narrow.
In woods in the Gulf States. Escaped from cultiva-
tion northward as far as Pennsylvania and southern
New York. Wood brown, soft, weak, durable in contact
Weight per cubic foot 28 Ibs. June-July. Cigar-tree. Indian cigar-tree. Catawba.
2. Catalpa speciosa Warder. Catawba
Tree. Larger Indian Bean. Western
Catalpa. Fig. 3886.
Catalpa cordifolia Duham. Nouveau 2 : pi. 5.
1802. Not Moench, 1794.
Catalpa speciosa Warder ; Engelm. Coult. Bot.
Gaz. 5:1. 1880.
A tree, with thick rough bark, reaching a
maximum height of 120 and a diameter trunk
of 4$, similar to the preceding species. Leaves
not unpleasantly scented, broadly ovate, com-
monly entire, long-acuminate at the apex ;
panicles few-flowered ; corolla faintly mottled
within ; capsule thick-walled, 8'-2o' long, nearly
10" in diameter.
In woods, southern Indiana to Tennessee, west
to Missouri and Arkansas. Wood brown, soft,
weak, durable. Weight per cubic foot 26 Ibs.
May-June. Cigar-tree. Hardy catalpa. Shawnee-
wood.
GENUS i.
UNICORN-PLANT FAMILY.
2 39
Family 32. MARTYNIACEAE Link, Handb. i : 504. 1829.
UNICORN-PLANT FAMILY.
Herbs, with opposite leaves, or the upper sometimes alternate, and perfect
irregular flowers, racemose in our species. Calyx inferior, 4 5-cleft or 4~5-parted
or sometimes split to the base on the lower side. Corolla gamopetalous, irregular,
the tube oblique, often decurved, the limb slightly 2-lipped, 5-lobed, the lobes
nearly equal, the 2 upper ones exterior in the bud. Anther-bearing stamens 4,
didynamous, or the posterior pair sterile; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally
dehiscent. Ovary i -celled, with 2 parietal placentae expanded into broad surfaces,
or 2-4-celled by the intrusion of the placentae or by false partitions ; ovules numer-
ous or few in each cavity of the ovary, anatropous ; style slender ; stigma 2-lobed
or 2-lamellate. Fruit various in the different genera. Seeds oblong or orbicular,
compressed, wingless or narrowly winged ; endosperm none ; embryo large ; cotyle-
dons fleshy, flat ; radicle short and straight.
Three genera and about 12 species, mainly tropical.
i. MARTYNIA L. Sp. PI. 618. 1753.
Coarse diffusely branched glandular-pubescent and viscid strong-scented herbs, with oppo-
site or alternate long-petioled leaves, and large violet purple whitish or mottled flowers in
short terminal racemes. Calyx i-2-bracteolate at the base, campanulate, inflated, unequally
5-cleft, deciduous. Corolla funnelform-campanulate, oblique, decurved, the 5 lobes nearly
equal, spreading. Stamens 4 in our species ; anthers gland-tipped, their sacs divergent. Ovary
i-celled, the 2 parietal placentae intruded and expanded in the center of the cavity into broad
surfaces bearing the ovules in i or 2 rows. Fruit an incurved beaked loculicidally 2-valved
capsule, the exocarp somewhat fleshy, the endocarp fibrous, woody, crested below or also
above, 4-celled by the extension of the placentae. Seeds numerous, tuberculate. [Named for
John Martyn, 1693-1768, professor of botany at Cambridge, England.]
About 8 species, natives of America. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the south-
western United States. Type species : Martynia annua L.
i. Martynia louisiana M ill. Unicorn-Plant.
Elephant's Trunk. Martinoe. Double-
claw. Fig. 3887.
M. louisiana Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 3. 1768.
Martynia proboscidea Glox. Obs. 14. 1785.
Annual, densely glandular-pubescent all over ;
stem stout, much branched, the branches pros-
trate or ascending, i-3 long. Leaves broadly
ovate to orbicular, rounded at the apex, cordate
at the base, repand, undulate or entire, 3'-i2' in
diameter, the petiole stout, mostly longer than
the blade; bractlets at the base of the calyx ob-
long or linear, deciduous ; calyx somewhat cleft
on the lower side ; racemes several-flowered ;
pedicels slender; corolla whitish or yellowish,
mottled with purple or yellow within, i|'-2' long,
the limb nearly as broad, the lobes obtuse ; sta-
mens all anther-bearing; fruit strongly curved,
4'-6' long when mature, the beak longer than the
body, splitting into 2 elastically diverging seg-
ments, the endocarp crested on the under side
only.
In waste places, escaped from gardens, Maine to
western New York, New Jersey and Georgia. Native
from Indiana to Iowa, Utah, Texas and New Mexico. July-Sept.
Family 33. ACANTHACEAE J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. i : 236. 1805.
ACANTHUS FAMILY.
Herbs, or some tropical genera shrubs or small trees, with opposite simple
exstipulate leaves, and irregular or nearly regular perfect flowers. Calyx inferior,
persistent, 4~5-parted or 4~5-cleft, the sepals or segments imbricated, equal or
unequal. Corolla gamopetalous, nearly regularly 5-lobed with the lobes convolute
in the bud, or conspicuously 2-lipped. Anther-bearing stamens 4, didynamous,
240
ACANTHACEAE.
VOL. III.
or 2 only ; anthers mostly 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk annular
or cup-like. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules 2-10 in each cavity, anatropous or amphitro-
pous; style filiform, simple; stigmas I or 2. Capsule dry, 2-celled, loculicidally
elastically 2-valved. Seeds globose or orbicular, not winged, borne on curved pro-
jections (retinacula) from the placentae, the testa close, mostly roughened, often
developing spiral threads and mucilage when wetted. Endosperm in the following
genera none ; cotyledons flat, commonly cordate.
About 175 genera and 2000 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions of the Old World
and the New.
Corolla convolute in the bud, nearly regular ; stamens 4.
Ovules 2 in each cavity ; capsule 2-4-seeded. i. Dyschoriste.
Ovules 3-10 in each cavity; capsule 6-2o-seeded. 2. Ruellia.
Corolla imbricated in the bud, strongly 2-lipped ; stamens 2.
Lower lip of the corolla 3-cleft ; flowers bracted, not involucrate. 3. Dianthera.
Lower lip of the corolla entire or 3-toothed ; flowers involucrate. 4. Diapedium.
i. DYSCHORISTE Nees, in Wall. PI. As. Rar. 3: 81. 1832.
[CALOPHANES Don; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Card. (II). pi. 181. 1833.]
Erect or procumbent perennial herbs or shrubs, with entire leaves (smaller ones some-
tibes fascicled in their axils), and blue or purple, rather large, bracted flowers, axillary,
solitary or clustered. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the lobes setaceous. Corolla funnelform, the
tube slightly curved, enlarged above, or cylindraceous, the limb spreading, 5-lobed, somewhat
2-lipped, the lobes rounded, simstrorsely convolute in the bud. Stamens 4, didynamous,
included, all anther-bearing in our species ; anther-sacs mucronate at the base. Ovules 2 in
each cell of the ovary; summit of the style recurved; stigma simple, or of 2 unequal lobes.
Capsule oblong, linear, narrowed at the base, 2-4-seeded, in some species coherent. Seeds flat,
orbicular, attached by their edges to the retinacula. [Greek, referring to the coherent capsule-
valves.]
About 30 species, of wide distribution in warm and tropical regions. Besides the following,
4 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Type species : Dyschoriste
depressa Nees.
i. Dyschoriste oblongifolia (Michx.)
Kuntze. Dyschoriste. Fig. 3888.
Ruellia biflora L. Sp. PI. 633. 1753?
R. oblongifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 23. 1803.
Calophanes oblongifolia Don ; Sweet, Brit. Fl.
Card. (II.) pi. 181. 1833.
Dipteracanthus biflorus Nees, Linnaea 16 : 294.
1842.
D. oblongifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 486. 1891.
Rootstocks horizontal, slender; stems slen-
der, erect, simple, or branched below, pubes-
cent or puberulent, obtusely 4-angled, 6'-is'
high, rSther stiff. Leaves ascending or erect,
oblong or oval, rounded at the apex, somewhat
narrowed at the base, very short-petioled, or
sessile, pubescent or glabrate, 8"-i5" long ;
flowers commonly solitary in the axils; calyx-
segments filiform, hirsute, exceeding the ob-
long, obtuse bractlets ; corolla blue, or mottled
with purple, 8"-i2" long, slightly 2-lipped, its
tube enlarged above ; capsule oblong, about
one-half the length of the calyx; anther-sacs
mucronate-aristate at the base.
In sandy pine barrens, Virginia to Florida,
mainly near the coast. June-Sept.
2. RUELLIA [Plumier] L. Sp. PI. 634. 1753.
Perennial herbs, or shrubs, mostly pubescent, with entire or rarely dentate leaves, and
large violet blue white or yellow flowers, solitary or clustered in the axils, or cymose in
terminal panicles, or sometimes cleistogamous and inconspicuous. Calyx 5-cleft, or 5-parted,
the segments narrow. Corolla funnelform or salverform, the tube usually narrow, slightly
enlarged above, the limb spreading, 5-lobed, the lobes obtuse, mostly nearly equal, sinistrorsely
convolute in the bud. Stamens 4, included or exserted ; anther-sacs not mucronate at the
base. Ovules 3-10 in each cavity of the ovary; apex of the style recurved; stigma simple, or
of 2 unequal lobes. Capsule oblong or club-shaped, compressed or terete, 6-2O-seeded. Seeds
compressed, ovate or .orbicular, attached by their edges to the retinacula. [Named for I.
Ruel or de la Ruelle, 1474-1537, an early French herbalist.]
GENUS 2.
ACANTHUS FAMILY.
241
About 200 species, mainly of tropical America, a few in Africa, Asia and Australia. Besides
the following, some 6 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Type species :
Ruellia tuberosa L.
Flowers sessile or nearly so.
Calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, scarcely exceeding the capsule.
Calyx-segments filiform-linear, exceeding the capsule.
Leaves sessile or very short-petioled.
Leaves slender-petioled.
Flowers peduncled ; peduncle with two large bracts at the summit.
1. R. strepens.
2. R. ciliosa.
3. R. parvi flora.
4. R. pedunculata.
i. Ruellia strepens L. Smooth or Short-tube Ruellia. Fig. 3889.
Ruellia strepens L. Sp. PI. 634. 1753.
Dipteracanthus micranthus Engelm. & Gray, Bost.
Journ. Nat. Hist. 5: 257. 1845.
Ruellia strepens var. cleistantha A. Gray, Syn. Fl.
2: Part i, 327. 1878.
Glabrate or somewhat pubescent ; stem erect,
slender, simple, or branched, 4-sided, i-4
high, the branches ascending. Leaves oblong,
oval, or ovate, petioled, acute or subacute at
the apex, narrowed at the base, 3'-6' long ; peti-
oles 2"-io" long; flowers solitary or several
together in the axils,some often cleistogamous ;
calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, shorter than
the corolla-tube, slightly pubescent or ciliate,
8"-i2" long, \"-\" wide; corolla blue, ii'-2'
long, the limb nearly as broad, the tube about
as long as the throat and limb; capsule club-
shaped, longer than or equalling the calyx.
In dry woods, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, Kan-
sas, Florida and Texas. May-July.
2. Ruellia ciliosa Pursh. Hairy or Long-
tube Ruellia. Fig. 3890.
Ruellia ciliosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 420. 1814.
Hirsute or pubescent, at least above; stem
ascending, rather stout, i-2$ high. Leaves
hairy, ciliate, oblong, oval, or ovate, sessile or
nearly so, obtuse or subacute at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, ri'-3' long; flowers clus-
tered or solitary in the axils, sometimes cleis-
togamous ; calyx-segments filiform, hirsute,
io"-i2" long, about \" wide; corolla blue,
i $'-2' long, the tube equalling or longer than
the obconic throat and nearly regular limb
and about twice as long as the calyx ; capsule
shorter than the calyx.
In dry soil, southern New Jersey and Pennsyl-
vania to Florida, west to Michigan, Kansas and
Louisiana. June-Sept.
16
ACANTHACEAE.
VOL. III.
3. Ruellia parviflora (Xees) Britton.
Slender Hairy Ruellia. Fig. 3891.
Dipteracanthus ciliosus parviflorus Nees, Linnaea
16 : 294. 1842.
R. cilosa ambigua A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 1 : 326. 1878.
Ruellia ciliosa parviflora Britton, in Britton &
Brown, 111. Fl. Ed. i, 3: 203. 1898.
R. parviflora Britton, Man. 854. 1901.
Sparingly finely pubescent, but green; stem
erect, 6'-i8' tall, simple or sometimes spar-
ingly branched. Leaves minutely pubescent,
ciliolate, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, or some-
times oval, ii'-4' long, obtuse or acutish, un-
dulate, rather acuminately narrowed at the
base, manifestly petioled; flowers solitary or
clustered in the axils, the pedicels very short ;
calyx-segments linear-filiform, bristly, 8"-i2"
long; corolla blue, \\'-2 r long, the tube some-
what longer than the throat and somewhat ex-
ceeding the calyx, the limb \'-\\' broad; cap-
sule oblong above the stipe-like base, barely
8" long.
In sandy soil, Maryland to Indiana, Florida and
Texas. May-Aug.
4. Ruellia pedunculata Torr.
Ruellia. Fig. 3892.
Stalked
Ruellia pedunculata Torr. ; A. Gray, Syn. Fl.
2: Part i, 326. 1878.
Finely pubescent; stem erect, i-2* tall,
the branches spreading. Leaves ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at
the apex, narrowed at the base, short-
petioled, the larger 2'-$' long; peduncles
slender, spreading, i'-3' long, with 2 leaf-
like bracts at the summit which subtend a
solitary flower, or 2 or 3 slender-pedicelled
ones with pedicels similarly bracted ; calyx-
segments awn-like, equalling the narrow
corolla-tube, or snorter ; corolla funnel-
form, ii'-2' long; capsule about 10" long,
puberulent, longer than the calyx.
In dry soil, Illinois and Missouri to Arkan-
sas and Louisiana. June-Sept.
3. DIANTHERA L. Sp. PI. 27.
1753-
Herbs mostly perennial, with entire or rarely dentate leaves, and small or large very
irregular flowers, variously clustered or solitary in the axils. Calyx deeply 4~5-parted, the
segments narrow. Corolla-tube slender, short or elongated, curved or nearly straight, the
limb conspicuously 2-lipped ; upper lip interior in the bud, erect or ascending, concave, entire,
or 2-dentate; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 2, inserted on the throat of the corolla,
not exceeding the upper lip; anther-sacs ovate or oblong, slightly divergent, not mucronate,
separated by a rathed broad connective. Ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary ; style slender ;
stigma entire, or 2-lobed. Capsule contracted at the base into a long stipe, about 4-seeded.
Seeds flat, orbicular or ovate, the placentae not separating from the walls of the capsule.
[Greek, double anthers.]
About 100 species, natives of tropical America, a few in tropical Asia and Africa. Besides the
following, 4 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Type species : Dianthera
americana L.
i. D. americana.
Flowers capitate, the heads dense, at length oblong.
Flowers in loose spikes.
Flowers in pairs in the spikes.
Flowers scattered singly along the spikes.
2. D. ovata.
3. D. lanceolata.
GENUS 3.
ACANTHUS FAMILY.
i. Dianthera americana L. Dense-
flowered Water Willow. Fig. 3893.
Dianthera americana L. Sp. PI. 27. 1753-
Perennial, glabrous ; stem erect, grooved and
angled, slender, usually simple, i-3 high, or
sometimes 6 long when growing in water.
Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, grad-
ually acuminate, 3'-6' long, 3"-8" wide, entire,
narrowed at the base into short petioles, or
sessile ; flowers violet, or nearly white, capi-
tate-spicate at the ends of slender axillary
peduncles which are shorter than or equal to
the leaves ; bractlets linear-subulate, shorter
than the flowers ; corolla 5"-6" long, its tube
shorter than the lips, the base of the lower
lip rough and palate-like; capsule 6" long,
exceeding the calyx, its stipe about the length
of the slightly compressed body.
In water and wet places, Quebec to Ontario,
Michigan, Georgia and Texas. May-Aug.
2. Dianthera ovata Walt. Loose-flow-
ered Water Willow. Fig. 3894.
Dianthera ovata Walt. Fl. Car. 63. 1788.
Perennial, glabrous ; stem ascending or erect
from a horizontal base, slender, 6'-2o' high,
simple, or sparingly branched. Leaves short-
petioled, or sessile, ovate, oblong or oval, i'-s'
long, 8"-i8" wide; flowers opposite in loose
slender-peduncled axillary spikes, which be-
come i '-3' long; peduncles shorter than or
but little exceeding the leaves; calyx-segments
narrowly linear, much longer than the bracts
and bractlets; corolla pale purple, 4"-s" long;
capsule about 6" long.
In wet soil, especially along streams, southern
Virginia to Florida. Records from Arkansas and
Texas apply to the following species. June-Aug.
3. Dianthera lanceolata (Chapm.) Small.
Narrow-leaved Water Willow. Fig. 3895.
D. ovata lanceolata Chapm. Fl. S. States 304. 1860.
D. lanceolata Small; Britton, Man. 855. 1901.
Perennial, puberulent ; stem erect or spreading,
more or less branched, 4'-i2' long. Leaves linear
to linear-elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, iJ'-4' long,
more or less acuminate, undulate, sessile or nearly
so; flowers in interrupted slender spikes ii'-4'
long; calyx-segments narrowly linear, 2\"-$"
long; corolla whitish or pale-purple, about 5"
long, the lips nearly as long as the tube, which
is saccate near the base, the upper lip truncate
or retuse, the lower one 3-lobed, the middle lobe
truncate or retuse, the lateral ones obtuse ; cap-
sule 7"-8" long, the body as long as the stipe-like
base or shorter.
In swamps and low grounds, Missouri to Tennessee, Florida and Texas.
June-Sept.
1806.
4. DIAPEDIUM Konig; Konig & Sims, Ann. Bot. 2: 189.
[DICLIPTERA Juss. Ann. Mus. Paris, 9: 267. 1807.]
Erect or diffuse branched pubescent or glabrous herbs, with entire petioled leaves, and
blue red or violet flowers, subtended by involucres of 2-4 distinct or connate bracts, the
244
ACANTHACEAE.
VOL. III.
inflorescence mostly cymose or spicate, the involucres subtending I flower or several. Calyx
4-5-cleft, the lobes linear or subulate. Corolla-tube slender, slightly enlarged above, the
limb conspicuously 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave, interior in the bud, entire or 2-3-toothed ;
lower lip spreading, entire or 3-toothed. Stamens 2 ; anther-sacs parallel, sometimes unequal,
separated by a narrow connective. Style filiform; ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary.
Capsule flattened, ovate or suborbicular, sessile or stipitate, 2-4-seeded. Placentae separating
elastically from the walls of the capsule. Seeds compressed, nearly orbicular.
About 60 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, 4 others occur
in the southern and southwestern United States. Type species : Justicia chinensis L.
i. Diapedium brachiatum (Pursh)
Kuntze. Diapedium. Fig. 3896.
Justicia brachiata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 13. 1814.
Dicliptera brachiata Spreng. Syst. i : 86. 1825.
D. brachiatum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 485. 1891.
Annual (?), glabrate, or pubescent; stem
slender, 6-grooved, erect, much branched, i-2
high. Leaves ovate, membranous, long-petioled,
acuminate or acute at the apex, narrowed or
rounded at the base, 3 '-6' long, i'-3' wide;
inflorescence paniculate, the involucres 1-4-
flowered, each of 2 oblong or obovate, obtuse
or mucronate, opposite bracts ; corolla 8"-i2"
long, pink or purple, the lips about as long as
the slender tube; upper lip 2-3-toothed, the
lower entire ; capsule oblong, 2"-$" high, a
little longer than the involucre, the valves
slightly divergent in dehiscence, the placentae
remaining attached to their summits.
In moist thickets, North Carolina to Florida,
Missouri, Kansas and Texas. July-Oct.
Family 34. PHRYMACEAE Schauer
in DC. Prodr. n: 520. 1847.
LOPSEED FAMILY.
An erect perennial herb with divaricate branches, opposite membranous simple
leaves, and small irregular purplish flowers, distant in slender elongated spikes.
Calyx cylindric, 2-lipped ; upper lip 2-cleft, the teeth setaceous ; lower lip much
shorter, 3-toothed, the teeth subulate. Corolla-tube cylindric, the limb 2-lipped ;
upper lip erect, concave, emarginate ; lower lip larger, spreading, convex, 3-lobed,
the lobes obtuse. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Ovary oblique, i-celled;
ovule i, orthotropous, ascending; style slender; stigma 2-lobed. Calyx reflexed
in fruit, enclosing the dry achene, becoming prominently ribbed, closed and its
teeth hooked at the ends. Cotyledons convolute ; radicle superior.
Consists of the following monotypic genus of eastern
North America, eastern and central Asia. [Name un-
explained.]
i. PHRYMA L. Sp. PI. 601. 1753.
i. Phryma Leptostachya L. Lopseed.
Fig. 3897.
Phyrma Leptostachya L. Sp. PI. 601. 1753.
Puberulent; stem i$-3 high, somewhat 4-sided,
sometimes constricted above the nodes, branched
above, the branches slender, elongated, divergent.
Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex, obtuse
of narrowed at the base, very thin, coarsely dentate,
2'-6' long, the lower petioled, the upper often nearly
sessile ; spikes very narrow, 3'-^' long ; flowers about
3" long, mostly opposite, distant, borne on very short
minutely 2-bracteolate pedicels, at first erect, soon
spreading, the calyx, after flowering, abruptly re-
flexed against the axis of the spike.
In woods and thickets, New Brunswick to Manitoba,
Florida and Kansas. Bermuda. Eastern Asia. June Aug.
GENUS I.
PLANTAIN FAMILY.
245
Family 35. PLANTAGINACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 267. 1836.
PLANTAIN FAMILY.
Annual or perennial, mostly acaulescent or short-stemmed, rarely stoloniferous
herbs, with basal, or, in the caulescent species, opposite or alternate leaves, and
small perfect polygamous or monoecious flowers, bracteolate in dense terminal
long-scaped spikes or heads, or rarely solitary. Calyx 4-parted, inferior, per-
sistent, the segments imbricated. Corolla hypogynous, scarious or membranous,
mostly marcescent, 4-lobed. Stamens 4 or 2 (only i in an Andean genus), inserted
on the tube or throat of the corolla; filaments filiform, exserted or included;
anthers versatile, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary sessile, supe-
rior, i-2-celled, or falsely 3-4-celled. Style filiform, simple, mostly longitudinally
stigmatic. Ovules i-several in each cavity of the ovary, peltate, amphitropous.
Fruit a pyxis, circumscissile at or below the middle, or an indehiscent nutlet.
Seeds i-several in each cavity of the fruit; endosperm fleshy; cotyledons narrow.
Three genera and over 225 species, of wide geographic distribution.
Flowers in terminal spikes or heads; fruit a pyxis. i. Plantago.
Flowers monoecious, the staminate solitary, peduncled, the pistillate sessile among the linear leaves ;
fruit indehiscent. 2. Littorella.
i. PLANTAGO [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 112. 1753.
Acaulescent or leafy-stemmed herbs, the scapes arising from the axils of the basal or
alternate leaves, bearing terminal spikes or heads of small greenish or purplish flowers
(flowers solitary in a few exotic species). Calyx-segments equal, or two of them larger.
Corolla salverform, the tube cylindric, or constricted at the throat, the limb spreading in
anthesis. Fruit a pyxis, mostly 2-celled. Seeds various. [The Latin name.]
Over 200 species, of wide distribution. Besides the following, some 6 others occur in western
North America. Known as Plantain, Ribwort or Roadweed. Type species : Plantago major L.
* Plants acaulescent; flowers spicate or capitate at the ends of scapes.
Corolla-lobes spreading or reflexed in fruit, not closed over the top of the pyxis.
Leaves ovate, lanceolate or oblong.
Seeds several or many in each pyxis.
Pyxis ovoid, circumscissile at about the middle.
Pyxis oblong, circumscissile much below the middle.
Seeds 2-4 in each pyxis.
Leaves all narrowed at the base, parallel-ribbed.
Seeds excavated on the inner side.
Seeds flat or but slightly concave on the inner side.
Spike very dense ; leaves pubescent.
Lower flowers scattered ; leaves glabrous or very nearly so.
Leaves, or some of them, cordate ; veins starting from the midrib.
Leaves linear or filiform.
Leaves fleshy ; plant maritime.
Leaves not fleshy ; plants not maritime.
Spike densely tomentose ; bracts usually not longer than flowers.
Plant green and glabrate ; bracts much longer than the flowers.
Corolla-lobes erect and closed over the top of the pyxis.
Leaves spatulate to obovate ; stamens 4.
Leaves linear-filiform ; stamens 2.
Capsule about 4-seeded, slightly exceeding the calyx.
Capsule 7-30-seeded, twice as long as the calyx.
** Stem erect, leafy; flowers capitate at ends of axillary peduncles.
i. Plantago major L. Common or Greater
Plantain. Dooryard Plantain. Fig. 3898.
Plantago major L. Sp. PI. 112. 1753.
Perennial, glabrous or somewhat pubescent; rootstock
short, thick, erect. Leaves long-petioled, rather firm in
texture, mostly ovate, obtuse or acutish, entire, or coarsely
dentate, i'-io' long, 3-n-ribbed; scapes 2'-3 high; spike
linear-cylindric, usually very dense, commonly blunt, 2'-io'
long, 3"-4" thick; flowers perfect, proterogynous ; sepals
broadly ovate to obovate, scarious on the margins, one-
half to two-thirds as long as the ovoid obtuse or subacute,
5-i6-seeded pyxis, which is circumscissile at about the
middle ; stamens 4.
In waste places, nearly throughout North America. In part
naturalized from Europe, but indigenous in the North and on
salt meadows. Also in the West Indies. Small leaves are occa-
sionally borne near the bases of the spikes ; spikes rarely
branched. May-Sept. Way-side or round-leaf plantain. Broad-
leaf. Hen-plant. Lamb's-foot. Way-bread. Healing-blade.
1 . P. major.
2. P. Rugelii.
3. P. lanceolata.
4. P. media.
5. P. eriopoda.
6. P. cordata.
7. P. maritima.
8. P.Purshii.
9. P. aristata.
10. P. virginica.
11. P. pusilla.
12. P. heterophylla.
13. P. arenaria.
PLANT AGINACEAE.
VOL. III.
Plantago halophila Bicknell, of saline situations along the Atlantic coast, is densely pubescent,
but otherwise like this species. A similar race occurs about lakes in northern New York.
Plantago asiatica L. is a boreal race with thinner
nearly erect leaves.
2. Plantago Rugelii Dene. Rugel's or Pale
Plantain. Fig. 3899.
Plantago Rugelii in DC. Prodr. 13: Part i, 700. 1852.
Similar to the preceding species, the spikes less
dense, at least toward the base, usually long-atten-
uate at the summit, sometimes 5" thick. Sepals ob-
long, prominently keeled on the back, the margins
green or scarious; pyxis oblong-cylindric, 2"-$"
long, twice as long as the sepals, circumscissile much
below the middle and entirely within the calyx,
4-io-seeded; stamens 4.
In fields, woods and waste places, New Brunswick to
Ontario, South Dakota, Florida, Kansas and Texas.
Petioles commonly purple at the base. Usually brighter
green and with thinner leaves than P. major. This
species, or the preceding one, was known to the Indians
as " White-man's-foot." Silk-plant. June-Sept.
3. Plantago lanceolata L. Ribwort. Rib-
grass. English, Buck, or Buckthorn
Plantain. Snake, Lance-leaved, or Ripple Plantain. Fig. 3900.
Plantago lanceolata L. Sp. PI. 113. 1753.
Perennial or biennial, more or less pubescent;
rootstock mostly short, with tufts of brown hairs
at the bases of the leaves. Leaves narrowly ob-
long-lanceolate, mostly erect, shorter than the
scapes, entire, acute or acuminate at the apex,
gradually narrowed into petioles, 3-5-ribbed, 2'-
12' long, 3"-i2" wide ; scapes slender, channelled,
sometimes 2i tall; spikes very dense, at first
short and ovoid, becoming cylindric, blunt and
$'-4' long in fruit, 4"-6" thick; flowers perfect,
proterogynous ; sepals ovate, with a narrow green
midrib and broad scarious margins, the two lower
ones commonly united; corolla glabrous, its tube
very short ; filaments white ; pyxis oblong, very
obtuse, 2-seeded, slightly longer than the calyx;
seeds deeply excavated on the face.
In fields and waste places, New Brunswick to the
Northwest Territory, British Columbia, Florida and
Kansas. Bermuda. Naturalized from Europe ; native
also of Asia. Sepals rarely metamorphosed into
small leaves. April-Nov. Black-jacks. Jack-straws.
Dog's-ribs. Cocks. Kemps. Leechwort. Ram's-tongue. Rattail. Windles. Long-plantain. Ripple-
grass. Kempseed. Headsman. Hen-plant. Clock. Chimney-sweeps. Cats'-cradles.
4. Plantago media L. Hoary Plantain.
Lamb's-tongue. Healing herb. Fig. 3901.
Plantago media L. Sp. PI. 113. 1753.
Perennial, intermediate in aspect between P. major
and P. lanceolata, the short rootstock clothed with
brown hairs among the bases of the leaves. Leaves
spreading, ovate, broadly oblong or elliptic, obtuse or
acute at the apex, entire, or repand-dentate, densely
and finely canescent, 5-/-ribbed, narrowed at the base
into margined, usually short petioles ; scapes slender,
much longer than the leaves, i-2 tall; spikes very
dense, cylindric and i'-3' long in fruit, about 3"
thick ; flowers perfect, white ; sepals all distinct, ob-
long, with a narrow green midrib and broad scarious
margins ; corolla glabrous ; stamens pink or purple ;
pyxis oblong, obtuse, about as long as the calyx,
2-4-seeded, the seeds merely concave, stamens 4.
In waste places, Maine, Rhode Island, Ontario and
New York. Adventive from Europe. Native also of
Asia. May-Sept. Fire-leaves. Fire-weed. Lamb's-lettuce.
GENUS i.
PLANTAIN FAMILY.
5. Plantago eriopoda Torr. Saline Plantain.
Fig. 3902.
Plantago glabra Nutt. Gen. i: too. 1818?
Plantago eriopoda Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2 : 237. 1827.
Perennial, succulent; rootstock long, usually densely
covered with long brown hairs among the bases of
the leaves. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or ob-
lanceolate, entire, or repand-dentate, acute at the
apex, narrowed into petioles, S-Q-ribbed, 3'-i2' long,
i'-ij' wide, glabrous or very nearly so; scapes stout,
more or less pubescent, longer than the leaves, 6'-i8'
high; spikes i'-5' long, dense above, the lower flowers
scattered; flowers perfect; sepals distinct, oblong-
obovate with a narrow green midrib and broad scari-
ous margins; corolla glabrous, its lobes spreading or
reflexed ; pyxis ovoid-oblong, very obtuse, one-third
longer than the calyx, 2-4-seeded, circumscissile be-
low the middle, seeds nearly flat.
In maritime or saline soil, Nova Scotia and Quebec
to Minnesota, Athabasca, Colorado and California.
June-Sept.
Plantago sparsiflora Michx., of the Southeastern
States, admitted into our first edition as found in southern
Illinois, is not known to range north of North Carolina.
6. Plantago cordata Lam. Heart-leaved
Plantain. Water Plantain. Fig. 3903.
Plantago cordata Lam. Tabl. Encycl. i : 338. 1791.
Perennial, glabrous, purple-green ; rootstock short,
very stout. Leaves broadly ovate or nearly orbicu-
lar, pinnately veined, obtuse or acute at the apex,
entire or dentate, rounded, abruptly narrowed, or
cordate at the base, .often 10' long; petioles stout,
margined above; scapes stout, longer than the
leaves; spikes loosely flowered, sometimes i long,
with interrupted clusters ; flowers perfect ; sepals
ovate to obovate, obtuse, green ; corolla-lobes spread-
ing; pyxis ovoid-globose, obtuse, circumscissile at
or slightly below the middle, i-4-seeded; seeds not
excavated on the face.
In swamps and along streams, Ontario to New York,
Alabama, Minnesota, Missouri and Louisiana. March-
July.
7. Plantago maritima L. Sea or Seaside Plantain. Fig. 3904
Plantago maritima L. Sp. PI. 114. 1753.
Plantago decipiens Barneoud, Mon. Plantag. 16. 1845.
P. borealis Lange, Fl. Dan. pi. 2707.
Annual, biennial, or perennial, fleshy; rootstock
stout or slender, sometimes with tufts of whitish
hairs among the bases of the leaves. Leaves linear,
glabrous, very obscurely nerved, sessile, or narrowed
into short margined petioles, 2'-io' long, entire, or
with a few small teeth, i"-2i" wide ; scapes slender,
more or less pubescent, longer than or equalling the
leaves; spikes dense, linear-cylindric, blunt, i'-s'
long ; flowers perfect ; sepals ovate-lanceolate to
nearly orbicular, green, somewhat keeled ; corolla
pubescent without, its lobes spreading ; pyxis ovoid-
oblong, obtuse, 2-4-seeded, circumscissile at about
the middle, nearly twice as long as the calyx; seeds
nearly flat on the face.
In salt marshes and on sea-shores, Greenland and
Labrador to New Jersey, and on the Pacific Coast from
Alaska to California. Also on the coasts of Europe and
Asia. Consists of several slightly differing races.
Buckshorn. Gibbals. Sea-kemps. June Sept. '
248
PLANTAGINACEAE.
VOL. I II.
8. Plantago Purshii R. & S. Pursh's Plantain. Fig. 3905.
Plantago Purshii R. & S. Syst. 3: 120. 1818.
Plantago gnaphalioides Nutt. Gen. i: 100. 1818.
Plantago patagonica var. gnaphalioides A. Gray, Man.
Ed. 2, 269. 1856.
Annual, woolly or silky all over, pale green ;
scapes slender, 2'-is' tall, longer than the leaves.
Leaves ascending, linear, acute or acuminate at
the apex, narrowed into margined petioles, 1-3-
nerved, ii"-4" wide, entire, or very rarely with
a few small teeth ; spikes very dense, cylindric,
obtuse, I '-5' long, about 3" in diameter, exceed-
ingly woolly; bracts rigid, equalling or slightly
exceeding the flowers ; flowers perfect but heter-
ogonous, many of them cleistogamous; sepals
oblong, obtuse, scarious-margined ; corolla-lobes
broadly ovate, spreading; stamens 4; pyxis ob-
long, obtuse, i\" long, little exceeding the calyx,
2-seeded, circumscissile at about the middle; seeds
convex on the back, deeply concave on the face.
On dry plains and prairies, Indiana to western On-
tario, British Columbia, Texas and northern Mexico.
Locally adventive eastward. May-Aug. Salt-and-
pepper-plant.
9. Plantago aristata Michx. Large-bracted
Plantain. Fig. 3906.
Plantago aristata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 95. 1803.
Plantago patagonica var. aristata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2,
269. 1856.
Annual, dark green, villous, or glabrate; scapes
stout, erect, 6'-i8'. tall, exceeding the leaves. Leaves
linear, acuminate at the apex, entire, narrowed intc
slender petioles, sometimes prominently 3-ribbed
ii"-4" wide; spikes very dense, cylindric, i'-6' long
pubescent but not woolly; bracts puberulent, linear,
elongated, ascending, the lower often 10 times as
long as the flowers; flowers very similar to those
of the preceding species; pyxis 2-seeded; the seeds
concave on the face.
On dry plains and prairies, Illinois to South Dakota,
Louisiana and Texas, west to British Columbia and New
Mexico. Also widely adventive as a weed in the East-
ern States from Maine to Georgia, its eastern natural
limits now difficult to determine. May-Oct.
Plantago spinulosa Dene., differing in its pale green
color and mostly shorter involucral bracts, enters the
western part of our area in Nebraska.
10. Plantago virginica L. Dwarf or White Dwarf Plantain. Fig. 3907.
Plantago virginica L. Sp. PI. 113. 1753.
Annual or biennial, pubescent or villous ; scapes
erect, slender, i'-i8' high, much longer than the
leaves. Leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse or
acutish, thin, entire, or repand-denticulate, nar-
rowed into margined petioles, or almost sessile,
varying greatly in size, 3-5-nerved, ascending or
spreading; spikes very dense, or the lower flowers
scattered, linear-cylindric, obtuse, 3"-4" thick, usu-
ally i '-4' long, but in dwarf forms reduced to 2-6
flowers ; flowers imperfectly dioecious ; corolla-
lobes of the fertile plants erect and connivent on
the top of the pyxis, those of the sterile widely
spreading ; stamens 4 ; pyxis oblong, about as long
as the calyx, appearing beaked by the connivent
corolla-lobes, 2-4-seeded, the seeds yellow to brown.
In dry soil, Rhode Island to Florida, Illinois, Mich-
igan, Missouri, Arizona and northern Mexico. Ber-
muda. March-July.
Plantago rhodosperma Dene., of the Southwest,
with larger flowers and larger reddish seeds, is re-
corded as adventive in Missouri.
GENUS i.
PLANTAIN FAMILY.
ii. Plantago pusilla Nutt. Slender Plantain.
Fig. 3908.
Plantago pusilla Nutt. Gen. i: 100. 1818.
Annual, puberulent; scapes filiform, 2' -7' high,
longer than the linear-filiform, mostly entire, blunt-
pointed obscurely i -nerved leaves. Leaves about \".
wide; spikes slender, linear, rather loosely flowered,
-3' long, ii"-2" thick; flowers imperfectly dioecious
or polygamous ; sepals oblong, obtuse, about as long
as the bract, scarious-margined; corolla-lobes of the
more fertile plants becoming erect over the pyxis;
stamens 2; pyxis ovoid-oblong, obtuse, one- fourth to
one-third longer than the calyx, about 4-seeded, cir-
cumscissile at about the middle; seeds nearly flat on
both sides.
In dry sandy soil, Massachusetts to Georgia, Illinois,
Kansas and Texas. April-Aug.
Plantago elongata Pursh, to which this was referred in our first edition, differs by larger
seeds and saccate bracts, and enters our western limits in Nebraska.
12. Plantago heterophylla Nutt. Many-
seeded Plantain. Fig. 3909.
Plantago heterophylla Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.)
5: 177- 1833-37-
Annual, similar to the preceding species, but gla-
brous or slightly puberulent; scapes ascending or
spreading, equalling or exceeding the leaves, 2'-io'
long. Leaves narrowly linear or filiform, the larger
about 2" wide, entire or often with several distant
small teeth or linear lobes ; spikes loose, linear, i'-s'
long ; sepals oblong, obtuse, scarious-margined, mostly
shorter than the bract ; corolla-lobes in the more fer-
tile plants becoming erect over the pyxis; stamens 2;
pyxis oblong, subacute, about twice as long as the
calyx, 7-3O-seeded, circumscissile rather below the
middle ; seeds somewhat angled, scarcely concave on
the face.
In moist soil, New Jersey to Florida, Illinois, Arkan-
sas, Texas and apparently introduced in California.
April-July.
13. Plantago arenaria W. & K Sand Plantain.
Fig. 3910.
Plantago arenaria W. & K. PI. Rar. Hung, i: 51. pi. 51.
1802.
Annual, pubescent, somewhat viscid; stem simple, or
commonly becoming much branched, leafy, 3'-iS' high.
Leaves opposite, or whorled, narrowly linear, entire,
sessile, i'-3' long, about i" wide; peduncles axillary,
often umbellate at the ends of the stem and branches,
slender, as long as the leaves or longer; heads of flowers
conic, oval, or subglobose, s"-io" long, about 5" thick;
lower bracts acute or acuminate; calyx-lobes unequal;
corolla-lobes ovate to lanceolate, acute ; capsule 2-seeded.
Fields, Dayton, Ohio, and Lancaster County, Pennsylva-
nia. Adventive from central Europe. Summer.
250
RUBIACEAE.
VOL. III.
2. LITTORELLA L. Mant. 2 : 295. 1771.
A low perennial succulent herb, with linear entire basal leaves and monoecious flowers,
the staminate solitary or two together at the summits of slender scapes, the pistillate sessile
among the leaves. Sepals 4 Corolla of the staminate flowers with a somewhat urceolate
tube, and a spreading 4-lobed limb. Corolla of the pistillate flowers urn-shaped, 3-4-toothed.
Staminate flowers with 4 long-exserted stamens, their filaments filiform, the anthers ovate.
Pistillate flowers with a single ovary and a long-exserted filiform style. Fruit an indehiscent
i-seeded nutlet. [Latin, shore.]
Two known species, the following typical, the other in southern South America.
i. Littorella uniflora (L.) Ascherson. Plan-
tain Shore-weed. Shore-grass. Fig. 3911.
Plantago uniflora L. Sp. PI. 115. 1753.
Littorella lacustris L. Mant. 2: 295. 1771.
Littorella uniflora Ascherson, Fl. Brand. 544. 1864.
Tufted, usually growing in mats; leaves bright
green, i'-3' long, \"-\" wide, spreading or ascending,
mostly longer than the scapes of the staminate flow-
ers, which bear a small bract at about the middle;
sepals lanceolate, mostly obtuse, with a dark green
midrib and lighter margins, sometimes only 3 in the
fertile flowers ; stamens conspicuous, 4"-6" long ;
corolla-lobes ovate, subacute; pistillate flowers very
small; nutlet about i" long.
Borders of lakes and ponds, Maine and Vermont to
Minnesota, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and Ontario.
July- Aug.
Family 36. RUBIACEAE B. Juss. Hort.
Trian. 1759.
MADDER FAMILY.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with simple, opposite or sometimes verticillate, mostly
stipulate leaves, and perfect, often dimorphous or trimorphous, regular and nearly
symmetrical flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb various Corolla
gamopetalous, funnelform, club-shaped, campanulate, or rotate, 4~5-lobed, often
pubescent within. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with
them, inserted on its tube or throat ; anthers mostly linear-oblong. Ovary i 10-
celled; style short or elongated, simple or lobed; ovules i oo in each cavity. Fruit
a capsule, berry, or drupe. Seeds various ; seed-coat membranous or crustaceous ;
endosperm fleshy or horny (wanting in some exotic genera) ; cotyledons ovate,
cordate, or foliaceous.
About 340 genera and about 6000 species, of very wide geographic distribution, most abundant
in tropical regions. Known as Madderworts.
* Leaves opposite, stipulate (sometimes verticillate in No. 3).
Ovules numerous in each cavity of the ovary ; herbs.
Top of the capsule free from the calyx ; seeds few, peltate.
Capsule wholly adnate to the calyx ; seeds minute, angular.
Ovules i in each cavity of the ovary.
Shrubs or small trees ; flowers in dense globular heads.
Low evergreen herbs ; flowers 2 together, their ovaries united.
Herbs ; flowers axillary, nearly sessile, distinct.
Capsule separating into 2 carpels, one dehiscent, the other indehiscent.
Capsule separating into 2 (or 3) indehiscent carpels.
** Leaves appearing verticillate; herbs (some of the leaves rarely opposite in No. 7);
ovule i in each cavity of the ovary.
Corolla rotate; calyx teeth minute or none. 7. Galium.
Corolla funnelform.
Flowers in involucrate heads. 8. Sherardia.
Flowers in panicles. 4st>erula.
i. HOUSTONIA L. Sp. PI. 105. 1753.
Erect or diffuse, usually tufted herbs, with opposite entire often ciliate leaves, and small
blue purple or white, mostly dimorphous flowers. Calyx-tube globose or ovoid, 4-lobed, the
lobes distant. Corolla funnelform or salver form, 4-lobed, the lobes valvate, the throat glabrous
or pubescent. Stamens 4, inserted on the tube or throat of the corolla; anthers linear or
oblong. Ovary 2-celled. Style slender; ovules numerous in each cavity; stigmas 2, linear.
Capsule partly inferior, globose-didymous, or emarginate at the apex, loculicidally dehiscent
above, its summit free from the calyx. Seeds few or several in each cavity, peltate, more
1. Houstonia.
2. Oldenlandia.
3. Cephalanthus.
4. Mitchella.
Spermacoce.
Diodia.
GENUS I.
MADDER FAMILY.
251
or less concave, not angled. Seed-coat reticulate or roughened ; endosperm horny ; embryo
club-shaped. [Named in honor of Dr. William Houston, botanist and collector in South
America, died 1733.]
About 25 species, natives of North America and Mexico. Type species : Houstonia coerulea L.
* Plants i '-7' high; peduncles i -flowered.
t Peduncles filiform, i'-2j^' long.
Erect; leaves obovate or spatulate, narrowed into petioles. i. H. coerulea.
Diffuse or spreading; leaves nearly orbicular. 2. H. serpyllifolia.
tt Peduncles 3"-i8" long, stouter.
Calyx-lobes narrow, about equalling the capsule. 3. H. patens.
Calyx-lobes broad, much exceeding the capsule. 4. H. minima.
** Plants 4'-i8' high; flowers cymose.
Calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, 2 to 3 times as long as the capsule. 5. H. lanceolata.
Calyx-lobes linear-subulate, scarcely longer than the capsule.
Leaves broad, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate. 6. H. purpurea.
Leaves oblong or spatulate, ciliate. 7. H. ciliolata.
Leaves linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, not ciliate. 8. H. longifolia.
Leaves filiform or narrowly linear.
Flowers loosely cymose on filiform pedicels ; leaves not fascicled.
Flowers densely cymose on very short pedicels ; leaves usually fascicled.
9. H. tenuifolia.
10. H. angustifolia.
i. Houstonia coerulea L. Bluets.
Innocence. Eyebright. Fig. 3912.
Houstonia coerulea L. Sp. PI. 105. 1753.
Hedyotis coerulea Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 286.
1833.
Oldenlandia coerulea A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2,
174. 1856.
Erect, 3'-7' high, glabrous, or nearly so,
perennial by slender rootstocks and form-
ing dense tufts. Lower and basal leaves
spatulate or oblanceolate, about 6" long,
sometimes hirsute or ciliate, narrowed into
a petiole, the upper oblong, sessile ; flowers
solitary on filiform terminal and axillary
peduncles ; corolla salverform, violet, blue,
or white with a yellow center, 4" -6" broad,
its tube slender and about the length of the
lobes or longer ; capsule didymous, com-
pressed, about 2" broad and broader than
long, the upper half free from the calyx
and shorter than its lobes.
In open grassy places, or on wet rocks,
Miquelon and Nova Scotia to Quebec, New
York, Michigan, Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee
and Missouri. April-July, or producing a few
flowers through the summer. Includes several
races. Called also quaker-ladies, quaker-
i rjrfyb. i^
bonnets, Venus'-pride. Bright eyes. Angel-
eyes. Blue-eyed-grass or -babies. Wild forget-
me-not. Nuns. Star-of-Bethlehem. Little
washerwoman.
2. Houstonia serpyllifolia Michx.
Thyme-leaved Bluets.
Fig. 39I3-
Houstonia serpyllifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am.
i: 85. 1803.
Hedyotis serpyllifolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 39.
' 1841.
Perennial ; stems prostrate or diffuse,
slender, glabrous, 4'-io' long. Leaves or-
bicular or broadly oval, abruptly petioled,
3"-4" long, sometimes hispidulous ; or those
of the flowering stems narrower, distant;
flowers on terminal and axillary filiform
peduncles ; corolla usually deep blue, 4"-6"
broad, its tube rather shorter than the
lobes ; capsule similar to that of the pre-
ceding species but usually slightly larger,
nearly as long as the calyx.
Somerset County, Pennsylvania, to the high
mountains of Virginia and West Virginia,
South Carolina, Georgia and east Tennessee.
May.
252
RUBIACEAE.
VOL. III.
3. Houstonia patens Ell. Small Bluets. Fig. 3914.
Houstonia Linnaei var. minor Michx. Fl. Bor.
Am. i : 35. 1803.
H. patens Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i : 191. 1821.
Houstonia minor Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 :
302. 1894.
Annual, glabrous or nearly so, branched
from the base, i'-6' high. Lower and basal
leaves oval or ovate, 5 "-6" long, narrowed
into petioles often of their own length, the
upper narrower and sessile; peduncles ax-
illary and terminal, erect-divergent, 3"-i8"
long, i-flowered ; corolla violet-blue or pur-
ple, 3"-4" broad, its tube about equalling
the lobes or somewhat longer; capsule com-
pressed, didymous, 2J"-3" broad, its upper
part free from the calyx and about equal-
ling or exceeding the subulate lobes.
In dry soil, Virginia to Florida, Illinois,
Arkansas and Texas. March-April. Star-
violet (Texas).
4. Houstonia minima Beck. Least Bluets.
Fig. 39I5-
Houstonia minima Beck, Am. Journ. Sci. 10: 262. 1826.
Hedyotis minima T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 38. 1841.
Oldenlandia minima A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 173. 1856.
Annual, spreading or diffuse, i'-2i' high, roughish. Lower
and basal leaves oval or ovate, with petioles shorter than or
equalling the blade, the upper oblong, sessile; peduncles axil-
lary and terminal, rather stout, 3"-i2" long; flowers 4"-S"
broad; corolla violet or purple, the tube about as long as the
lobes ; capsule didymous, compressed, about 3" broad, its upper
part free from the calyx and considerably exceeded by the
lanceolate foliaceous lobes.
In dry soil, Illinois to Kansas, Arkansas, Tennessee and Texas.
March-April.
5. Houstonia lanceolata (Poir.) Britton. Calycose
Houstonia. Fig. 3916.
Hedyotis lanceolata Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 3: 14. 1813.
Houstonia purpurea calycosa A. Gray, Syn. Fl. i 2 : 26. 1878.
Houstonia lanceolata Britton, Man. 86 1. 1901.
Houstonia calycosa Mohr, Contr. Nat. Herb. 6: 739. 1901.
Perennial, glabrous or pubescent, rather stout, 6'-i6' high.
Leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, firm in texture, not cil-
iate, sessile, or the lowest spatulate and narrowed into petioles ;
corolla-tube little exceeding the calyx ; calyx-lobes lanceolate
or lanceolate-subulate, 5" long or less, much exceeding the
capsule; capsule ovoid-globose, about 2" thick.
In dry soil, Illinois to North Carolina, Alabama, Tennessee and
Oklahoma. Recorded from Maine. Max-June.
GENUS i.
MADDER FAMILY.
6. Houstonia purpurea L. Large Houstonia.
Venus'-pride. Fig. 3917.
Houstonia purpurea L. Sp. PI. 105. 1753.
Hedyotis purpurea T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 40. 1841.
Oldenlandia purpurea A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 173. 1856.
Houstonia purpurea pubescens Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 4 :
125. 1894.
Perennial, stout, erect, tufted, branched or simple,
glabrous or pubescent, 4'-i8' high. Leaves ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, sessile, or the lower ones short-
petioled, 3-5-nerved and pinnately veined, obtuse or
acute, Y-2,' long, 3"-is" wide, the margins often ciliate;
flowers in terminal cymose clusters ; pedicels i"-4"
long; corolla purple or lilac, funnelform, 3"-4" long,
the tube at least twice as long as the lobes ; capsule
compressed-globose, \\" broad, somewhat didymous, its
upper half free and considerably shorter than the subu-
late-linear calyx-lobes.
In open places, Maryland to Iowa, Kentucky, Missouri,
Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi, especially in the moun-
tains. May-Sept.
7. Houstonia ciliolata Torr. Fringed Hous-
tonia. Fig. 3918.
Houstonia ciliolata Torr. Fl. N. U. S. i : 173. 1824.
Houstonia purpurea var. ciliolata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5,
212. 1867.
Perennial, tufted, erect or ascending, 4'-?' high.
Lower and basal leaves petioled, thick, i-nerved, obo-
vate or oblanceolate, obtuse, 6"-io" long, their margins
conspicuously ciliate; stem leaves oblong or oblanceo-
late, sessile or nearly so ; flowers in corymbed cymes ;
pedicels filiform, i"-4" long; corolla funnelform, lilac
or pale purple, about 3" long, the lobes about one-
third the length of the tube ; capsule little compressed,
obscurely didymous, i" wide, overtopped by the linear-
lanceolate calyx-lobes.
On rocks and shores, Ontario to Minnesota, south to
Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Kentucky and Arkansas.
May- Aug.
8. Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. Long-
leaved Honstonia. Fig. 3919.
Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. Fruct. i : 226. pi. 49. f. 8.
1788.
Houstonia purpurea var. longifolia A. Gray, Man. Ed.
5, 212. 1868.
Perennial, usually tufted, erect, glabrous or pu-
berulent, 5'-io' high. Basal leaves spatulate or ob-
lanceolate, obtuse, not ciliate, very short-petioled;
stem leaves linear or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse,
i-nerved, 6"-i2" long, i"-2i" wide; flowers in
corymbed cymes ; calyx-lobes subulate ; corolla pale
purple or nearly white, 2i"-3" long, its lobes about
one-third the length of the tube; capsule little com-
pressed, globose, ovoid, about i" in diameter, its upper
half free and much exceeded by the subulate calyx-
lobes.
In dry open places, Maine and Ontario to Manitoba,
Saskatchewan, Georgia, Mississippi and Missouri. May-
Sept.
2 54
RUBIACEAE.
VOL. III.
9. Houstonia tenuifolia Nutt. Slender-leaved
Houstonia. Fig. 3920.
Houstonia tenuifolia Nutt. Gen. i: 95. 1818.
Houstonia purpurea var. tenuifolia A. Gray, Syn Flor I
Part 2, 26. 1878.
Perennial, somewhat tufted, very slender and widely
branching, erect, glabrous, 6'-i high, sometimes finely
pubescent below. Basal and lowest stem leaves ovate
or oval, obtuse, petioled, 4"-6" long; upper leaves nar-
rowly linear or filiform, blunt-pointed, 6"-l5" long,
i"-iz" wide; flowers in loose corymbose cymes; pedi-
cels filiform, 2"-6" long; corolla purple, narrow, 2"-3"
long, its lobes short ; capsule compressed-globose, didy-
mpus, about i" in diameter, its upper half free and only
slightly exceeded by the subulate calyx-lobes.
In dry soil, Pennsylvania to Ohio, North Carolina and
Tennessee. May-July.
10. Houstonia angustifolia Michx. Narrow-
leaved Houstonia. Fig. 3921.
Houstonia angustifolia Michx. FI. Bor. Am. i : 85.
Oldenlandia angustifolia A. Gray, PI. Wright. 2 : 68.
1803.
1853-
Perennial by a deep root, erect, stiff, glabrous, usually
branched, i-2 high. Leaves linear. 6"-i8" long, i"-3"
wide, or the lowest narrowly spatulate, usually with
numerous smaller ones fascicled in the axils, or on
short axillary branches; flowers in terminal dense cy-
mpse clusters; pedicels short; corolla white or pur-
plish, between funnel form and salver form, about 2"
long, its lobes shorter than the tube ; capsule com-
pressed-obovoid, i\" wide, its summit free and scarcely
exceeded by the calyx-lobes.
In dry open places, Illinois to Kansas, Texas, Tennessee
and Florida. May-July. Star-violet. Venus'-pride.
2. OLDENLANDIA [Plumier] L. Sp. PL 119. 1753.
Erect or diffuse slender herbs, with opposite leaves, and small axillary or terminal soli-
tary or clustered, white or pink flowers. Calyx-tube obovoid or subglobose, the limb 4-toothed.
Corolla rotate or salverform, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, inserted on the throat of the corolla;
anthers oblong. Ovary 2-celled; ovules numerous in each cavity; style slender, 2-lobed.
Capsule small, ovoid, top-shaped, or hemispheric, wholly adnate to the calyx-tube, loculicidally
dehiscent at the summit, several or many-seeded. Seeds angular, not peltate ; endosperm
fleshy; embryo club-shaped. [Named for H. B. Oldenland, a Danish botanist.]
About 175 species, mostly of tropical distribution, most abundant in Asia. Besides the follow-
ing, 2 others occur in the Southern States and i in New Mexico. Type species: Oldenlandia
corymbosa L.
i. Oldenlandia uniflora L. Clustered Bluets.
Fig. 3922.
Oldenlandia uniflora L. Sp. PI. 119. 1753.
Oldenlandia glomerata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 83. 1803.
Annual, weak, usually tufted, more or less hirsute-
pubescent, diffuse or ascending; stems i'-i5' long. Leaves
short-petioled or sessile, mostly thin, entire, 3~5-nerved,
ovate, oblong, or oval, acute at the apex, narrowed at the
base, i'-i' long; flowers sessile or nearly so, white, about
i" broad, terminal and axillary, clustered or solitary;
calyx hirsute, hemispheric in fruit, the ovate or oval lobes
erect and nearly equalling the tube.
In low grounds, southern New York to Florida and Texas,
north to Arkansas and reported from Missouri. Also in Cuba
and Jamaica. June-Sept.
GENUS 3.
MADDER FAMILY.
255
3. CEPHALANTHUS L. Sp. PI. 95. 1753.
Shrubs, or small trees, with opposite or verticillate short-petioled entire leaves, and
terminal or axillary, densely capitate, bracteolate small white or yellow flowers. Calyx-tube
obpyramidal, its limb with 4 obtuse lobes. Corolla tubular-funnel form, with 4 short erect
or spreading lobes. Stamens 4, inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments very short;
anthers oblong, 2-cuspidate at the base. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules solitary in each cavity, pen-
dulous; style filiform, exserted; stigma capitate. Fruit dry, obpyramidal, i-2-seeded. Endo-
sperm cartilaginous; cotyledons linear-oblong. [Greek, head-flower.]
About 6 species, natives of America and Asia. The following, here taken as typical, is the only
one known to occur in North America, unless the southwestern and Mexican plant proves to be
distinct.
i. Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Button-
bush. Button-tree. Honey-balls.
Globe-flower. Fig. 3923.
Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Sp. PI. 95. 1753.
A shrub 3-i2 high, or sometimes a tree,
up to 20 high, with opposite or verticillate
leaves and branches, glabrous, or somewhat
pubescent. Leaves petioled, ovate or oval, en-
tire, acuminate or acute at the apex, rounded
or narrowed at the base, 3'-6' long, i'-2*' wide ;
peduncles i'-3' long; heads globose, about i'
in diameter, the receptacle pubescent ; flowers
sessile, white, 4"-6" long; style very slender,
about twice the length of the corolla; calyx-
tube prolonged beyond the ovary.
In swamps, and low grounds, New Brunswick
to western Ontario and Wisconsin, Florida, Texas,
Arizona and California. Pond dogwood. Button-
wood shrub. Box. Pin-ball. Little snowball.
Button- or crane willow. Swamp-wood. River-
or crouper-bush. June-Sept.
4. MI'TCHELLA L. s p . PI. m. 1753.
Creeping herbs, with opposite petioled, entire or undulate, evergreen leaves, and white
axillary or terminal peduncled geminate dimorphous flowers, their ovaries united. Calyx-
tube ovoid, the limb 3-6-lobed (usually 4-lobed). Corolla funnelform, usually 4-lobed, the
lobes recurved, bearded on the inner side. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and
inserted on its throat ; filaments short and style exserted, or filaments exserted and style short.
Ovary 4-celled ; stigmas 4, short, filiform; ovules I in each cavity, erect, anatropous. Fruit
composed of 2 united drupes usually containing 8 roundish nutlets. Seed erect ; cotyledons
short, obtuse ; embryo minute. [Named after Dr. John Mitchell, botanist and correspondent
of Linnaeus in Virginia.]
Two species, the following typical one North American, the other Japanese.
i. Mitchella repens L. Partridge-berry. Twin-berry. Fig. 3924.
s. /f /f^ Mitchella repens L. Sp. PI. in. 1753.
Stems slender, trailing, rooting at the
nodes, 6'-i2' long, branching, glabrous, or
very slightly pubescent. Leaves ovate-or-
bicular, petioled, obtuse at the apex, round-
ed or somewhat cordate at the base, 3"-io"
long, pinnately veined, dark green, shining;
peduncles shorter than the leaves, bearing
2 sessile white flowers at the summit; co-
rolla 5 "-6" long; drupes red (rarely white),
broader than high, 2' -4" in diameter, per-
sistent through the winter, edible.
In woods, Nova Scotia to Florida, west to
western Ontario, Minnesota, Arkansas and
Texas. April-June, sometimes flowering a
second time in the autumn. Hive- or squaw-
vine. Checker-berry. Deer-berry. Fox- or box-
berry. Partridge-vine. Winter-clover. Chicken-,
cow-, pigeon-, snake- or tea-berry. Two-eyed-
or one-berry. Squaw-plum. Leaves often whit-
ish-veined ; flower-buds pink. Ascends to 5000
ft. in Virginia.
256
RUBIACEAE.
VOL. III.
5. SPERMACOCE L. Sp. PI. 102. 1753.
Herbs, with 4-sided stems, opposite pinnately veined stipulate leaves, and small white
flowers, in dense axillary and terminal clusters. Calyx-tube obovoid or obconic, its limb
4-toothed. Corolla funnelform, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla;
anthers oblong or linear. Ovary 2-celled; ovules i in each cavity; style slender; stigma
capitate, or slightly 2-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, didymous, of 2 carpels, one dehiscent, the
other indehiscent. Seeds oblong, convex on the back ; endosperm horny ; embryo central ;
cotyledons foliaceous. [Greek, seed-point, from the sharp calyx-teeth surmounting the carpels.]
Two or three species, natives of America. Type species :
Spermacoce tenuior L.
i. Spermacoce glabra Michx. Smooth Button-
weed. Fig. 3925.
Spermacoce glabra Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 82. 1803.
Glabrous, decumbent or ascending, rather stout; stems
io'-2o' long. Leaves lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, peti-
oled, or the uppermost sessile, i'-3' long, 4"-i2" wide, acute
at each end, the margins rough; corolla pubescent in the
throat, about \\" long, scarcely exceeding the ovate-lanceo-
late acute calyx teeth; stamens and style included; capsule
obovoid, about 2" long, glabrous; seeds black, punctate.
On river-banks and in wet soil, southern Ohio and Ken-
tucky to Florida, Kansas and Texas. June-Sept.
6. DIODIA L. Sp. PI. 104. 1753.
Decumbent or ascending branching herbs, with opposite, mostly sessile, entire conspicu-
ously stipulate leaves, and small axillary white lilac or purple flowers. Calyx-tube obconic
or obovoid, the limb 2-4-lobed (sometimes i-6-lobed), often with minute teeth between the
lobes. Corolla funnelform or salverform, mostly 4-lobed. Stamens usually 4, inserted on 4
the throat of the corolla ; filaments slender ; anthers versatile, oblong-linear, exserted. Ovary
2-celled (rarely 3-4-celled) ; ovules I in each cavity; style filiform, simple or 2-cleft; stigmas
2. Fruit crustaceous or somewhat fleshy, oblong, obovoid, or subglobose, 2-celled, finally
separating into 2 indehiscent carpels. Seeds oblong, convex on the back ; endosperm horny ;
cotylendons foliaceous; embryo straight. [Greek, thoroughfare, where the species are fre-
quently found.]
About 35 species, mostly American. Besides the following, another occurs in the Southern
States. Type species : Diodia virginiana L.
Leaves linear-lanceolate ; style entire ; stigmas capitate.
Leaves lanceolate or oval ; style 2-cleft ; stigmas filiform.
i. Diodia teres Walt. Rough Button- weed.
Fig. 3926.
Diodia teres Walt. Fl. Car. 87. 1788.
Spermacoce diodina Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 82. 1803.
Rigid, usually rough, much branched from near the
base, the branches prostrate or ascending, 4-sided above,
4'-3o' long. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, very
rough, i'-ii' long, ii"~3" wide, acute, the margins revo-
lute when dry ; flowers lilac or purple, 2"-^" long, usually
solitary in the axils ; style entire ; stigmas capitate ; fruit
obovoid or top-shaped, hispid, about 2" high, the usually
4 persistent calyx-lobes ovate to lanceolate.
In dry or sandy soil, Connecticut to Florida, west to
Illinois, Kansas, Texas, New Mexico and Sonora. July-
Sept. Poverty-, or poor-land-weed. Poor Joe.
1. D. teres.
2. D. virginiana.
GENUS 6.
MADDER FAMILY.
257
2. Diodia virginiana L. Larger Button-
weed. Fig. 3927.
Diodia virginiana L. Sp. PI. 104. 1753.
Hispid-pubescent or glabrate, much branched
from near the base, the branches procumbent
or ascending, i-2 long. Leaves lanceolate to
narrowly oval, narrowed at the base, acute, or
the lowest obtuse at the apex, i'-3' long; flow-
ers i or 2 in each axil, about 6" long, the
corolla-tube very slender ; fruit somewhat
fleshy, but becoming dry, hirsute or glabrous,
oval, 3"~4" high, furrowed, crowned with the
2 or 3 persistent lanceolate calyx-lobes.
In moist soil, southern New Jersey to Florida,
west to Arkansas and Texas. June-Aug.
7. GALIUM L. Sp. PL 105. 1753.
Annual or perennial herbs, with 4-angled slender stems and branches, apparently verticil-
late leaves, and small white, green, yellow or purple flowers, mostly in axillary or terminal
cymes or panicles, the pedicels usually jointed with the calyx. Flowers perfect, or in some
species dioecious. Calyx-tube ovoid or globose, the limb minutely toothed, or none. Corolla
rotate, 4-lobed (rarely 3-lobed). Stamens 4, rarely 3; filaments short; anthers exserted.
Ovary 2-celled; ovules I in each cavity. Styles 2, short; stigmas capitate. Fruit didymous,
dry or fleshy, smooth, tuberculate, or hispid, separating into 2 indehiscent carpels, or some-
times only i of the carpels maturing. Seed convex oh the back, concave on the face, or
spherical and hollow; endosperm horny; embryo curved; cotyledons foliaceous. [Greek,
milk, from the use of G. verum for curdling.]
About 250 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 35 others
occur in the southern and western parts of North America. The leaves are really opposite, the
intervening members of the ventricles being stipules. Type species : Galium Mollugo L.
1. Fruit dry.
A. Flowers yellow. i. G. verum.
B. Flowers white, green or purple.
i. Annuals.
Flowers in axillary cymules, or panicled.
Fruit granular or tubercled, not bristly.
Fruit slightly granular, or smooth, i mm. broad ; pedicels not recurved ; stem very slender.
2. G. parisiense.
Fruit granular-tubercled, 3 mm. broad ; fruiting pedicels recurved ; stem stout.
3. G. tricorne.
Fruit densely bristly-hispid.
Cymes few-flowered ; leaves 2-8 cm. long ; fruit fully 4 mm. broad. 4. G. Aparine.
Cymes mostly several-flowered ; leaves 1-2.5 cm. long ; fruit smaller. 5. G. Vaillantii.
Flowers solitary in the axils, subtended by 2 foliaceous bracts ; fruit bristly. 6. G. virgatum.
2. Perennials.
* Fruit bristly hispid.
a. Leaves in 4's, i-nerved. 7. G. pilosum.
b. Leaves in 4's, 3-nerved.
Leaves lanceolate, oval, or ovate ; flowers in open cymes.
Upper leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. 8. G. lanceolatum.
Upper leaves ovate, oblong, oval, ovate-lanceolate or obovate, obtuse.
Corolla usually hirsute ; plant mostly pubescent ; leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate.
9. G. circaezans.
Corolla glabrous; plant little pubescent; some leaves obovate. 10. G. kamtschaticum.
Leaves linear to lanceolate; flowers in terminal panicles. n. G. boreale.
c. Leaves in 6's.
** Fruit smooth or warty.
t Flowers brown-purple.
Leaves lanceolate, 3-nerved ; fruit smooth.
Leaves narrowly lanceolate, i-nerved; fruit warty.
17
12. G. triflorum.
13. G. latifolium.
14. G. arkansanum
2 5 8
RUBIACEAE.
VOL. III.
tt Flowers white or greenish.
Stems smooth ; introduced species.
Leaves linear to oblanceolate, cuspidate.
Leaves lanceolate, acuminate.
Stems mostly more or less retrorsely scabrous ; native species.
Leaves obtuse ; stems slightly scabrous.
Plants of wet soil, not shining.
Flowers solitary, or few in small simple cymes.
Corolla-lobes mostly 4, acute.
Fruit i l /t" in diameter; leaves ascending or spreading.
Fruit l /i" in diameter; leaves mostly reflexed.
Corolla-lobes mostly 3, obtuse.
Pedicels rough, curved ; flowers mostly solitary.
Pedicels smooth, straight ; flowers 2 or 3 together.
Flowers numerous in forked cymes.
Shining plant of dry woodlands.
Leaves cuspidate-acute ; stems retrorsely hispid.
II. Fruit fleshy.
15. G. Mollugo.
1 6. G.sylvaticum.
17. G. tinctorium.
1 8. G. labradoricum.
19. G. trifidum.
20. G. Claytoni.
21. G. palustre.
22. G. concinnum.
23. G. asprellum.
24. G. bermudense.
Galium verum L. Yellow Bedstraw. Lady's Bedstraw. Fig. 3928.
Gal in m verum L. Sp. PI. 107. 1753.
Perennial from a somewhat woody base, erect or
ascending, simple or branched, 6'-2i high. Stems
smooth or minutely roughened ; leaves in 6's or 8's,
narrowly linear, 4"-i2" long, about \" wide, rough
on the margins, at length deflexed ; flowers yellow,
the cymes in dense narrow panicles ; lower branches
of the panicles longer than the internodes at anthe-
sis; fruit usually glabrous, less than i" broad.
In waste places and fields, Maine and Ontario to Mas-
sachusetts, southern New York, New Jersey and Penn-
sylvania. Adventiveor naturalized from Europe. Native
also of Asia. May-Sept. Cheese-rennet. Curdwort. Bed-
flower. Fleawort. Maids'-hair. Yellow cleavers. Our
Lady's-bedstraw.
Galium Wirtgeni F. Schultz, differs in having the
lower branches of the panicle very short at anthesis, and
is recorded as established in a meadow at Norfolk,
Connecticut.
2. Galium parisiense L. Wall Bedstraw.
Fig. 3929.
Galium parisiense L. Sp. PI. 108. 1753.
Galium anglicum Huds. Fl. Angl. Ed. 2, 69. 1778.
Annual, erect or ascending, very slender, much branched ;
stem rough on the angles, 6'-i2' high. Leaves in verticils
of about 6 (4-7), linear or linear-lanceolate, cuspidate,
minutely scabrous on the margins and midrib, 2"-s" long ;
cymes several-flowered, axillary and terminal on filiform
peduncles ; flowers minute, greenish-white ; fruit glabrous,
finely granular, less than \" wide.
Along roadsides, Virginia and Tennessee,
naturalized from Europe. June-Aug.
Adventive or
GENUS 7.
MADDER FAMILY.
259
3. Galium tricorne Stokes. Rough- fruited Corn
Bedstraw. Fig. 3930.
Galium tricorne Stokes ; With. Dot. Arr. Brit. PI. Ed. z, i :
153- 1787-
Rather stout, decumbent or ascending, 6'-i2' high,
simple, or little branched. Stem rough with reflexed
prickles; leaves in 6's or 8's, linear or narrowly oblan-
ceolate, i' long or less, i"-2" wide, mucronate, rough
on the margins and midrib; peduncles axillary, shorter
than the leaves ; pedicels thickened and curved down-
ward in fruit; cymes axillary, usually 3- (1-3-) flow-
ered; fruit tuberculate or granular, not hispid, 4"-5"
broad.
In waste places, Ontario, and in ballast about the eastern
seaports. May-Aug.
4. Galium Aparine L. Cleavers. Goose-grass.
Cleaver- wort. Fig. 3931.
Galium Aparine L. Sp. PI. 108. 1753.
Annual, weak, scrambling over bushes, 2-5 long,
the stems retrorsely hispid on the angles. Leaves in
6's or 8's, oblanceolate to linear, cuspidate at the apex,
i '-3' long, 2"-5" wide, the margins and midrib very
rough ; flowers in i-3-flowered cymes in the upper axils ;
peduncles 5"-i2" long ; fruiting pedicels straight ;
fruit 2"-3" broad, densely covered with short hooked
bristles.
In various situations, New Brunswick to Ontario, South
Dakota, Florida and Texas. Bermuda. Apparently in part
naturalized from Europe. Widely distributed in temperate
regions as a weed. May-Sept. Among some 70 other Eng-
lish names are catchweed, beggar-lice, burhead, claver-grass,
cling-rascal, scratch-grass, wild hedge-burs, hairif or airif,
stick-a-back, or stickle-back, gosling-grass, gosling-weed,
turkey-grass, pigtail, grip or grip-grass, loveman, sweet-
hearts, scratch-weed, poor robin.
5. Galium Vaillantii DC. Vaillant's Goose-grass
or Cleavers. Fig. 3932.
Galium Vaillantii*T)C. Fl. France 4: 263. 1805.
Galium Aparine var. Vaillantii Koch, Fl. Germ. 330. 1837.
Similar to the preceding species but smaller, the stem
equally rough-angled. Leaves smaller, i' in length or
less, linear-oblong or slightly oblanceolate, cuspidate-
pointed, rough on the margins and midrib ; cymes 2-9-
flowered; fruit i"-ii" broad, usually less hispid.
In low grounds, Ontario to British Columbia, Missouri,
Arizona and to California. Europe. The European G.
spurium L., to which this plant was referred in the first
edition, appears to have uniformly smooth fruit.
260
RUBIACEAE.
VOL. III.
6. Galium virgatum Nutt. Southwestern
Bedstraw. Fig. 3933.
Galium virgatum Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 20. 1841.
Annual, 4'-i2' high, usually hispid, sometimes
nearly glabrous ; stem very slender, 4-angled,
branched from the base, or simple. Leaves in 4's,
oblong or linear-oblong, 2$"-5" long, i" wide, or
less, obtuse or acutish; peduncles axillary, i-flow-
ered, less than i" long, recurved in fruit; flower
white, subtended by 2 large oblong to lanceolate
bracts which closely resemble the leaves; fruit
about i" in diameter, covered with slender barbed
bristles.
Dry prairies, barrens and glades, Tennessee and
Missouri to Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas. April-
June.
7. Galium pilosum Ait. Hairy Bed-
straw. Fig. 3934.
Galium pilosum Ait. Hort. Kew. i : 145. 1789.
Galium puncticulosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 80.
1803.
Galium pilosum puncticulosum T. & G. Fl. N. A.
2 : 24. 1841.
Perennial, more -or less hirsute-pubescent or
glabrate; stems ascending, branched, i-2j
long. Leaves in 4*5, oval or oval-ovate, punc-
tate, i-nerved, obtuse, or obscurely 3-nerved
at the base, mucronulate, 4"-i2" long, 2,"-$"
wide, the lower usually smaller; peduncles ax-
illary and terminal ; cymes numerous but few-
flowered ; pedicels i"-6" long, flowers yellow-
ish-purple; fruit dry, densely hispid, nearly 2"
in diameter.
In dry or sandy soil, New Hampshire to On-
tario, Michigan, Kansas, Florida and Texas. June-
Aug.
8. Galium lanceolatum Torr. Torrey's
Wild Liquorice. Fig. 3935.
Galium circaezans var. lanceolatum Torr. Cat. PI. N.
Y. 23. 1819.
Galium lanceolatum Torr. Fl. U. S. 168. 1824.
Galium Torreyi Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 56. 1824.
Perennial, glabrous or nearly so, the stems
minutely roughened, simple or often branched.
i-2 high. Leaves in 4's, lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, acutish or acuminate, 3-nerved, more
or less ciliate on the margins and nerves, i'-2i'
long, 5"-n" wide, the lower smaller and obtuse
or obtusish ; cymes rather few-flowered, loose,
widely branched ; flowers sessile or very nearly
so; corolla glabrous, yellowish green to purple,
its lobes acuminate; fruit dry, hispid with long
hairs, 2"-2$" broad.
In dry woods, Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota,
south to North Carolina and Kentucky. Ascends to
4000 ft. in Virginia. June-Aug.
GENUS 7.
MADDER FAMILY
9. Galium circaezans Michx. Wild
Liquorice. Cross-Cleavers.
Fig- 3936.
G. circaezans Michx. FI. Bor. Am. i: 80. 1803.
Galium circaezans glabellum Britton, Mem. Torr.
Club 5 : 303. 1894.
Perennial, more or less pubescent, or gla-
brate, branched, i-2 high. Leaves in 4*5,
oval, oval-lanceolate or ovate, obtuse or ob-
tusish at the apex, 3-nerved, 6"-i8" long,
4"-8" wide, usually somewhat pubescent on
both surfaces, ciliolate, the lower smaller;
cymes divaricately branched ; flowers sessile
or nearly so, greenish ; corolla hirsute with-
out, or glabrous, its lobes acute; fruit hispid,
similar to that of the preceding species, at
length deflexed.
In dry woods, Quebec and Ontario to Minne-
sota, Florida, Kansas and Texas. May-July.
10. Galium kamtschaticum Steller. North-
ern Wild Liquorice. Fig. 3937.
Galium kamtschaticum Steller; R. & S. Mant. 3: 186.
1827.
Galium Littellii Oakes, Hovey's Mag. 7: 179. 1841.
Galium circaezans var. montanum T. & G. Fl. N. A.
2 : 24. 1841.
Similar to the preceding species, but weak,
smaller, stems 4'-is' long. Leaves in 4*5, broadly
oval, orbicular, or obovate, thin, 3-nerved, obtuse,
mucronulate, 6"-i8" long, 4"-i2" wide, glabrate,
or. pubescent with short scattered hairs on the
upper surface and on the nerves beneath, some-
times ciliate; flowers few, all on pedicels 2"-6"
long; corolla glabrous, yellowish-green, its lobes
acutish; fruit hispid, 2" broad.
In mountainous regions, Cape Breton Island, Que-
bec, northern New England and northern New York.
Also in northeastern Asia. Summer.
ii. Galium boreale L. Northern Bed-
straw. Fig. 3938.
Galium boreale L. Sp. PI. 108. 1753.
Galium septentrionale R. & S. Syst. 3 : 253. 1818.
Erect, perennial, smooth and glabrous, strict,
simple, or branched, leafy, i-2* high. Leaves
in 4's, lanceolate or linear, 3-nerved, obtuse
or acute, i'-2i' long, i"-3" wide, the margins
sometimes ciliate; panicles terminal, dense,
many-flowered, the flowers white, panicled, in
small compact cymes; fruit hispid, at least
when young, sometimes becoming glabrate
when mature, about i" broad.
In rocky soil or along streams, Quebec to
Alaska, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Michigan, Missouri, New Mexico and California.
Also in Europe and northern Asia. May-Aug.
262
RUBIACEAE.
VOL. III.
12. Galium triflorum Michx. Sweet-
scented or Fragrant Bedstraw.
Fig. 3939-
Galium triflorum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 80. 1803.
Perennial, diffuse, procumbent, or ascending,
glabrous or nearly so, shining, fragrant in drying,
the stems and margins of the leaves sometimes
roughened. Leaves in 6's, narrowly oval or
slightly oblanceolate, i-nerved, cuspidate at the
apex, narrowed at the base, i'~3i' long, 2"-6"
wide; peduncles slender, terminal and axillary,
often exceeding the leaves, 3-flowered or branched
into 3 pedicels which are i-3-flowered ; flowers
greenish; fruit ii"-2" broad, hispid with hooked
hairs ; seed almost spherical, the groove obsolete.
In woods, Greenland to Alaska, south to Florida,
Louisiana, Colorado and California. Also in north-
ern Europe, Japan and the Himalayas. June-Aug.
Three-flowered bedstraw.
13. Galium latifolium Michx. Purple
Bedstraw. Fig. 3940.
Galium latifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 79.
1803.
Perennial, erect, smooth and glabrous (rarely
hispid), branched, i-2 high. Leaves in 4's,
lanceolate, 3-nerved, acute or acuminate at
the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base,
I '-2' long, 4"-8" wide, the midrib sometimes
pubescent beneath, the margins minutely
roughened, the lower smaller and sometimes
opposite; peduncles axillary and terminal,
slender, but usually shorter than the leaves;
flowers purple; cymes loosely many-flowered,
the pedicels slender, 2" -6" long, smooth or
very nearly so; fruit smooth, slightly fleshy,
2" broad, usually only one of the carpels de-
veloping.
In dry woods in mountainpus regions, Penn-
sylvania to Tennessee and Georgia. May-Aug.
14. Galium arkansanum A. Gray. Ar-
kansas Bedstraw. Fig. 3941.
Galium arkansanum A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
19: 80. 1883.
Similar to the preceding species but usually
lower, the leaves linear-lanceolate, 6"-i2" long,
i "-3" wide, the lateral nerves obscure or none,
the midrib sometimes pubescent beneath, and
the margins ciliate; fruiting pedicels roughish,
3"-i2" long ; flowers brown-purple, the numer-
ous cymes loosely several-many-flowered ; fruit
glabrous, warty, somewhat fleshy, each carpel
\"-\\" in diameter.
Southern Missouri, Arkansas and Oklahoma.
June-July.
GENUS 7.
MADDER FAMILY.
263
15. Galium Mollugo L. Wild Madder. White
or Great Hedge Bedstraw. Fig. 3942.
Galium Mollugo L. Sp. PI. 107. 1753.
Perennial, glabrous or nearly so throughout. Stems
smooth, erect, or diffusely branched, i-3 long; leaves
in 6's or 8's, oblanceolate or linear, cuspidate at the apex,
6" -is" long, i "-2" wide, sometimes roughish on the
margins; flowers small, white, very numerous in termi-
nal panicled cymes; pedicels filiform, divaricate; fruit
smooth and glabrous, nearly i" broad.
In fields and waste places, Newfoundland to Vermont,
Ohio, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Virginia. Naturalized
from Europe. Called also whip-tongue. Infants'- or babies'-
breath. May-Sept.
Galium erectum Huds., also European, differs slightly
by having somewhat larger flowers on ascending pedicels,
and is adventive in fields from Quebec to Connecticut and
New York.
16. Galium sylvaticum L. Wood Bedstraw.
Fig- 3943-
G. sylvaticum L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 155. 1762.
Perennial, erect, 2-3 tall ; stems several or many,
shining, obtusely 4-angled, glabrous, or slightly pu-
bescent, not scabrous. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, pale beneath, whorled in 8's or 6's, or
those of the branches in 4's, or opposite, the larger
sometimes 2' long; panicles large; pedicels filiform,
erect-spreading in fruit; flowers white; corolla-lobes
apiculate; fruit smooth.
Fields and thickets, Maine and Vermont, escaped from
cultivation. Native of Europe. June-July.
1 7- Galium tinctorium L. Stiff Marsh Bed-straw. Wild Madder. Fig. 3944.
Galium tinctorium L. Sp. PI. 106. 1753.
Galium trifidum var. latifolium Torr. Fl. N. & Mid.
States, 78. 1826.
Galium tinctorium filifolium Wiegand, Bull. Torr. Club
24: 397. 1897.
Perennial; stem erect, 6'-i5' high, rather stiff,
branched almost to the base, the branches com-
monly solitary, strict (not irregularly diffuse), sev-
eral times forked; stem 4-angled, nearly glabrous;
leaves commonly in 4*5, linear to lanceolate, i' I
long, mostly broadest below the middle, obtuse,
cuneate at the base, dark green and dull, not papil-
lose, i-nerved, the margins and midrib roughish;
flowers terminal in clusters of 2 or 3; pedicels slen-
der, not much divaricate in fruit ; corolla white,
large, i"-i|" broad, 4-parted, its lobes oblong, acute;
disk large; fruit smooth; seed spherical, hollow,
annular in cross-section.
Damp shady places, wet meadows and swamps, Quebec to North Carolina, Florida, Tennessee,
Michigan, Nebraska and Arizona. May-July.
RUBIACEAE.
VOL. III.
18. Galium labradoricum Wiegand. Labrador
]\Iarsh Bedstraw. Fig. 3945.
Galium tinctorium labradoricum 'Wiegand, Bull. Torr. Club
24: 398. 1897.
Galium labradoricum Wiegand, Rhodora 6: 21. 1904.
Perennial, with very slender rootstocks ; stems weak,
smooth, slender, more or less branched, 2-12' high.
Leaves i'-f long, linear-oblanceolate, narrowed at the
base, becoming reflexed, scabrous on the margins and
midvein beneath; flowers solitary, about i" broad, or in
simple cymes ; corolla white, mostly 4-parted ; fruit
smooth, seed annular in cross-section.
In mossy bogs, Newfoundland to Wisconsin, Connecticut,
western Massachusetts and New York. June-Aug.
19. Galium trifidum L. Small Bedstraw. Small Lleavers. Fig. 3946.
Galium trifidum L. Sp. PI. 105. 1753.
G. trifidum var. pusillum A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 209. 1867.
Perennial by slender rootstocks, very slender and weak;
stem ascending, 16' long or less, much branched and inter-
tangled; stem sharply 4-angled, rough; branches com-
monly in 2's; leaves in 4's, linear-spatulate, 2i"-7" long,
obtuse, cuneate at the base, i-nerved, dark green and dull
on both surfaces, scarcely papillose, the margins and mid-
rib retrorse-scabrous ; flowers small, on lateral or termi-
nal pedicels which are capillary and much longer than the
leaves, commonly two at each node or three terminal ;
corolla very small, white, \" long, trifid, its lobes broadly
oval, very obtuse; fruit glabrous; seed spherical and hol-
low, annular in cross-section
Sphagnous bogs and cold swamps, Newfoundland to New
York, British Columbia, Ohio, Nebraska and Colorado. Europe
and Asia. Summer.
20. Galium Claytoni Michx. Clayton's Bedstraw. Fig. 3947.
Galium Claytoni Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 78. 1803.
Galium tinctorium Bigelow, Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 54. 1824.
Perennial ; stem erect or ascending, more diffuse
when old, 6'-2 high; stem slender or sometimes quite
stout, sharply 4-angled, more or less rough, the diffuse
branches in 2's; leaves of medium size, 4"-8" long,
commonly in s's or 6's, linear-spatulate or spatulate-
oblong, obtuse, cuneately narrowed into a short petiole,
rather firm in texture, scabrous on the margin and
midrib, dark green and dull above, not papillose, dis-
colored in drying ; flowers in clusters of 2*s or 3's, term-
inal, provided with i or 2 minute bracts ; pedicels
straight, in fruit strongly divaricate, glabrous and rather
stout ; corolla minute, white, 3-parted, the lobes broadly
oval, obtuse; fruit glabrous; seed spherical and hollow,
annular in cross-section.
Swamps, Quebec to New York, North Carolina, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska and Texas.
May-July.
GENUS 7.
MADDER FAMILY.
265
21. Galium palustre L. Marsh Bedstraw. Fig. 3948.
Galium palustre L. Sp. PL 105. 1753.
Galium trifidum var. bifolium Macoun, Cat. Can.
Plants 202. 1884?
Perennial, stem erect and rather slender, about
16' high; internodes very long (middle one 2$'-$'
long) ; short branches mostly in 2's. Stem sharply
4-angled, glabrous or a little rough ; leaves in
typical specimens rather small, in 2's to 6's, linear-
elliptic to spatulate, cuneate at the base, obtuse,
3 "-8" long, i "-2" wide, the rather firm margins
and the midrib slightly scabrous, not papillose;
flowers numerous in terminal and lateral cymes ;
bracteoles in the inflorescence minute; pedicels in
flower ascending, ii"-2i" long, in fruit strongly
divaricate; corolla large, white, i"-if" broad,
4-parted, the lobes oblong, acute; disk almost
obsolete; fruit glabrous; endosperm of the seed
grooved on the inner face, in cross-section lunate.
In damp shady or open places along roadsides and
ditches, or in the margins of swamps. Newfound-
land, Prince Edward Island and Quebec, to Con-
necticut and New York'. Also in Europe. Summer.
22. Galium concinnum Torr. & Gray.
Shining Bedstraw. Fig. 3949.
Galium parviflorum Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5 : 360.
1808?
Galium concinnum T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 23. 1841.
Perennial, glabrous, shining, usually much
branched, the angles of the stem and edges of
the leaves minutely scabrous. Leaves usually
all in 6's, linear or sometimes broader above
the middle, narrowed at the base, blunt-pointed
or minutely cuspidate, 4"-6" long, i"-ii" wide,
green in drying; peduncles filiform; pedicels
short ; flowers minute, white, numerous in open
cymes ; fruit small, glabrous ; endosperm deeply
grooved.
In dry woodlands, western New Jersey to Vir-
ginia, west to Minnesota, Kansas and Arkansas.
June-Aug.
23. Galium asprellum Michx. Rough
Bedstraw. Fig. 3950.
Galium asprellum Michx. FL Bor. Am. i : 78. 1803.
Perennial, weak, much branched and reclining
on bushes, or sometimes erect ; stem retrorsely
hispid, 2-6 long. Leaves in 6's or s's, or those
of the branches rarely in 4*5, narrowly oval or
slightly oblanceolate, cuspidate at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, sometimes so much so as to
appear petioled, 4"-8" long, i"-2" wide, their
margins and midribs rough ; cymes terminal and
axillary, several-many-flowered ; flowers white ;
fruit smooth and glabrous, about i" broad; endo-
sperm with a shallow groove.
In moist soil, Newfoundland to western Ontario,
south to North Carolina, Illinois, Wisconsin and
Nebraska. Called also pointed cleavers. Ascends
to 3500 ft. in the Adirondacks. June-Aug.
266
RUBIACEAE.
VOL. III.
24. Galium bermudense L. Coast Bed-
straw. Fig. 3951.
Galium bermudense L. Sp. PI. 105. 1753.
Galium hispidulum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 79.
1803.
Relbunium bermudense Britten, Journ. Bot. 47 :
42. 1909.
Perennial, much branched, hirsute, hispid
or nearly glabrous, i-2 high. Leaves in 4's,
i-nerved, oval, mucronate, rather thick, 3"-io"
long, i "-4" wide, the margins more or less
revolute in drying; flowers few, terminating
the branchlets, white ; pedicels 3"-4" long,
rather stout, becoming deflexed in fruit, some-
times i-bracteolate; fruit fleshy, purplish, mi-
nutely pubescent, becoming glabrate, about 2"
broad.
In dry or sandy soil, southern New Jersey to
Florida and Georgia. Bermuda ; Bahamas. May-
Aug.
8. SHERARDIA [Dill.] L. Sp. PI. 102. 1753.
Slender annual procumbent or diffuse herbs, with verticillate spiny-pointed leaves, and
small nearly sessile pink or blue flowers, in terminal and axillary involucrate heads. Calyx-
tube obovoid, its limb 4-6-lobed, the lobes lanceolate, persistent. Corolla funnelform, 4-5-lobed,
the tube as long as the lobes or longer. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla;
filaments slender; anthers small, oblong, exserted. Ovary 2-celled ; style 2-cleft at the sum-
mit; ovules I in each cavity. Fruit didymous, the carpels indehiscent. Seed erect. [Named
for Dr. William Sherard, 1659-1728, patron of Dillenius.]
A monotypic genus of the Old World.
i. Sherardia arvensis L. Blue Field
Madder. Herb Sherard. Spurwort.
Fig. 3952.
Sherardia arvensis L. Sp. PI. 102. 1753.
Tufted, roughish, stems numerous, prostrate,
ascending, or decumbent, 3'-io' long. Leaves in
4's, 5*s or 6's, the upper linear or lanceolate, acute
and sharp-pointed, rough-ciliate on the margins,
3"-8" long, i "-2" wide, the lower often obovate,
mucronate ; flowers in slender-peduncled involu-
crate heads, the involucre deeply 6-8-lobed, the
lobes lanceolate, sharp-pointed ; corolla-lobes
spreading; fruit crowned with the 4-6 lanceolate
calyx-teeth.
In waste places, Ontario to eastern Massachusetts
and New Jersey. Also in Bermuda. Adventive from
Europe. June-July.
9. ASPERULA L. Sp. Pi. 103. 1753.
Erect or ascending branching perennial herbs, with 4-angled stems, verticillate leaves, and
small white pink or blue flowers in terminal or axillary, mostly cymose clusters. Calyx-tube
somewhat didymous, the limb obsolete. Corolla funnelform. 4-lobed. Stamens 4, inserted
on the tube or throat of the corolla ; anthers linear or oblong. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules i in
each cavity; style 2-cleft. Fruit globose-didymous, the carpels indehiscent. Seed adherent
to the pericarp ; endosperm fleshy ; embryo curved. [Latin diminutive of asper, rough, refer-
ring to the leaves.]
About 80 species, natives of the Old World. Type species : Asperula odorata L.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate to obovate; fruit hispid. i. A. odorata.
Leaves linear, i" wide or less; fruit smooth, 2. A. galioides.
GENUS 9.
MADDER FAMILY.
267
i. Asperula odorata L. Sweet Woodruff.
Fig. 3953-
Asperula odorata L. Sp. PI. 103. 1753.
Stems erect, slender, smooth. Leaves usually
in 8's (6's-9's), thin, oblong-lanceolate, acute or
obtuse, mucronate, i-nerved, roughish on the mar-
gins, 6"-i8" long, the lower smaller, often obo-
vate or oblanceolate ; peduncles terminal and ax-
illary, slender ; cymes several-flowered ; flowers
white or pinkish, \\" long; pedicels i"-2" long;
fruit very hispid, about i" broad.
In waste places, New Brunswick, N. J. Fugitive
from Europe. Other English names are hay-plant,
mugwet or mugget, rockweed, sweet hairhoof, wood-
rip, woodrowel, star-grass, and sweet-grass. May-July.
Asperula arvensis L., another European species,
with terminal capitate flowers, and linear obtuse
leaves, has been found in waste places on Staten
Island.
2. Asperula galioides Bieb. Bedstraw Asperula.
Fig- 3954-
Asperula galioides Bieb. Fl. Taur. Cauc. i : 101. 1808.
Glaucous, glabrous, stems erect or ascending, 2i high or
less. Leaves linear, rigid, involute-margined, i'-ii' long, about
i" wide, whorled in 5's-io's (often in 8's), subulate-tipped or
mucronate; cymes panicled; flowers white; fruit smooth.
In fields, Connecticut to Michigan.
May-July.
Adventive from Europe.
Family 37. CAPRIFOLIACEAE Vent. Tabl. 2 : 593. 1799.
HONEYSUCKLE FAMI v
Shrubs, trees, vines, or perennial herbs, with opposite simple or pinnate leaves,
and perfect, regular or irregular, mostly cymose flowers. Stipules none, or some-
times present. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 3-5-toothed or 3-5-lobed.
Corolla gamopetalous, rotate, campanulate, funnel form, urn-shaped, or tubular, the
tube often gibbous at the base, the limb 5-lobed, sometimes 2-lipped. Stamens 5
(very rarely 4), inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes;
anthers oblong or linear, versatile. Ovary inferior, i-6-celled ; style slender ;
stigma capitate, or 2-5-lobed, the lobes stigmatic at the summit ; ovules anatropous,
i or several in each cavity. Fruit a i-6-celled berry, drupe, or capsule. Seeds
oblong, globose, or angular ; seed-coat membranous or crustaceous, smooth or can-
cellate ; embryo usually small, placed near the hilum ; radicle terete ; cotyledons
ovate.
About 10 genera and 300 species, mostly natives of the northern hemisphere, a few in South
America and Australia.
Corolla rotate or urn-shaped ; flowers in compound cymes ; styles deeply 2-5-lobed ; shrubs or trees.
Leaves pinnate; drupe 3-s-seeded. i. Sambucus.
Leaves simple; drupe i-seeded. 2. Viburnum.
Corolla tubular or campanulate, often 2-lipped ; style slender.
Erect perennial herbs ; leaves connate. 3. Triosteum.
Creeping, somewhat woody herb ; flowers long-peduncled, geminate. 4. Linnaea.
268
CAPRIFOLIACEAE.
VOL. III.
Shrubs or vines.
Fruit a few-seeded berry.
Corolla short, campanulate, regular, or nearly so.
Corolla more or less irregular, tubular or campanulate.
Fruit a 2-celled capsule ; corolla funnelform.
i.
5. Symphoricarpos.
6. Lonicera.
7. Diervilla.
SAMBUCUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 269. 1753.
Shrubs or trees (or some exotic species perennial herbs), with opposite pinnate leaves,
serrate or laciniate leaflets, and small white or pinkish flowers in compound depressed or
thyrsoid cymes. Calyx-tube ovoid or turbinate, 3-5-toothed or 3-5-lobed. Corolla rotate or
slightly campanulate, regular, 3-5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted at the base of the corolla;
filaments slender; anthers oblong. Ovary 3-5-celled ; style short, 3-parted; ovules I in each
cavity, pendulous. Drupe berry-like, containing 3-5, i-seeded nutlets. Endosperm fleshy;
embryo nearly as long as the seed. [Latin name of the elder.]
About 25 species, of wide geographic distribution. In addition to the following, about 10 others
occur in western North America. Type species : Sambucus nigra L.
Cyme convex; fruit purplish black. i. S. canadensis.
Cyme thyrsoid-paniculate, longer than broad ; fruit red. 2. 5". racemosa.
i. Sambucus canadensis L. Amer-
ican Elder. Sweet or Common
Elder. Fig. 3955.
Sambucus canadensis L. Sp. PI. 269. 1753.
A shrub, 4-io high, glabrous or very
nearly so, the stems but little woody, the
younger ones with large white pith. Leaflets
5-11, usually 7, ovate or oval, acuminate or
acute at the apex, short-stalked, glabrous
above, sometimes pubescent beneath, 2'-$'
long, sharply serrate, sometimes stipellate;
cymes convex, broader than high ; flowers
white, about \\" broad; drupe deep purple
or black, nearly 3" in diameter; nutlets
roughened.
In moist soil, Nova Scotia to Florida, west
to Manitoba, Kansas and Texas. Also in the
West Indies. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North
Carolina. Called also elder-blow, elder-berry.
The flowers and fruit have strong medicinal
properties. Leaves heavy-scented when crushed,
those of young shoots often stipulate. June-
July.
2. Sambucus racemosa L. Red-
berried Elder. Fig. 3956.
S. racemosa L. Sp. PI. 270. 1753.
.S". pubens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 181.
1803.
A shrub, 2-i2 high, the twigs and leaves
commonly pubescent; stems woody, the
younger with reddish-brown pith. Leaflets
5-7, ovate-lanceolate or oval, acuminate at
the apex, often narrowed and usually in-
equilateral at the base, 2'-$' long, not stipel-
late, sharply serrate ; cymes thyrsoid, longer
than broad ; flowers whitish, turning brown
in drying ; drupe scarlet or red, 2" -3" in
diameter; nutlets very minutely roughened.
In rocky places, Newfoundland to Alaska,
British Columbia, Georgia, Michigan, Colo-
rado and California. Fruit rarely white. April-
May. Called also mountain elder. Poison-
elder (Me.). Boor- or bore-tree. Boutry.
Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. Sambucus
pit bens dissect a Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5:
304. 1894, is a race with leaflets laciniate.
Lake Superior and Pennsylvania.
Sambucus laciniata Mill., a cut-leaved race
of the related European 5. nigra L., has been
found at Cape May, N. J., perhaps escaped
from cultivation.
GENUS 2.
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.
269
2. VIBURNUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 267. 1753.
Shrubs or trees, with entire dentate or lobed, sometimes stipulate leaves, and white or
rarely pink flowers in compound cymes, the outer flowers sometimes radiant and neutral.
Calyx-tube ovoid or turbinate, its limb short, S-toothed. Corolla rotate or short-campanulate
in our species, regular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla; anthers
oblong, exserted. Ovary i-3-celled ; style short, 3-lobed or 3-parted ; ovules solitary in each
cavity, pendulous. Drupe ovoid or globose, sometimes flattened, i-seeded. Seed compressed ;
endosperm fleshy; embryo minute. [The ancient Latin name.]
About 100 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, about 5 others
occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Type species : Viburnum Tinus L.
* Outer flowers of the cyme large, radiant; drupe red.
Leaves doubly serrate, pinnately veined. i. V . alnifolium.
Leaves 3-lobed, palmately veined. 2. V. Opulus.
** None of the flowers radiant; drupe blue or black (red in no. 3).
i. Leaves palmately veined, or 3-ribbed.
Cymes J^'-i' broad, the rays short ; drupe red.
Cymes iH'- 2 J^' broad, the rays slender; drupe nearly black.
2. Leaves pinnately veined.
a. Leaves coarsely dentate, the veins mostly prominent beneath.
Leaves very short-petioled, pubescent. 5. V. pubescens.
Petioles 3"-2o" long.
Leaves glabrous, or with tufts of hairs in the axils beneath. 6. V '. dentatum.
Leaves pubescent beneath, the pubescence more or less stellate.
Drupe globose-ovoid ; eastern and southern.
Veins of the leaves not very prominent. 7. V ' . scabrellum.
Veins very prominent on the under sides of the leaves. 8. V '. venosum.
Drupe oblong, twice as long as thick ; western. 9.
b. Leaves entire, crenulate, or serrulate, the veins not prominent.
Native shrubs ; drupes blue or black.
Cymes manifestly peduncled.
Peduncles shorter than the cyme; leaves crenulate.
Peduncle equalling or longer than the cyme; leaves mostly entire.
Cymes sessile, or nearly so.
Leaves prominently acuminate.
Leaves obtuse, or merely acute.
Leaves and scarcely winged petioles glabrous, or nearly so.
Veins of lower leaf-surfaces and winged petioles tomentose.
European shrub, or small tree, escaped from cultivation; drupes red.
3. V. pauciflorum.
4. V. acerifolium.
V '. molle.
10. V. cassinoides.
n. V. nudum.
12. V . Lentago.
13. V. prunifolium.
14. V.rufidulum.
15. V.Lantana.
i. Viburnum alnifolium Marsh. Hobble-bush. American Wayfaring Tree.
Moose-bush or -berry. Fig. 3957.
V. alnifolium Marsh. Arb. Am. 102. 1785.
Viburnum lantanoides Michx. Fl. Bor.
Am. i : 179. 1803.
A shrub, with smooth purplish bark,
sometimes reaching a height of 10,
widely and irregularly branching, the
branches often procumbent and root-
ing, the youngest twigs scurfy. Leaves
orbicular, or very broadly ovate,
strongly pinnately veined, short-
acuminate or acute at the apex,
usually cordate at the base, finely
stellate-pubescent, or at length gla-
brous above, scurfy with stellate pu-
bescence on the veins beneath, finely
serrate all around, 3'-8' broad ; peti-
oles i'-ii' long; cymes sessile, 3'-s'
broad, the exterior flowers usually
radiant and neutral, about i' broad ;
drupes red, becoming purple, ovoid-
oblong, 5"-6" long; stone 3-grooved
on one side, i-grooved on the other.
In low woods, New Brunswick to^
North Carolina, Ontario, Tennessee'!
and Michigan. Leaves of shoots from I
cut stumps thin, ovate, corsely toothed, t,
May-June. Tangle-legs or -foot. Dog-
wood. Dogberry. Trip-toe. Witch-hopple
or -hobble. Winter-buds naked.
270
CAPRIFOLIACEAE.
VOL. III.
tree or gatten, cherry-wood, May-rose,, squaw-bush
Gadrise. Red elder. Love-roses. Witch-hopple
or -hobble. Pincushion-tree. June-July.
3. Viburnum pauciflorum Pylaie.
Few-flowered Cranberry-tree. Fig. 3959.
F./>attoy20rwmPylaie;T.&G.Fl.N.A.2: 17. 1841.
Viburnum Opulus var. eradiatum Oakes, Hovey's
Mag. 7 : 183. 1841.
A straggling shrub, 2-6 high, with twigs
and petioles glabrous or nearly so. Leaves
broadly oval, obovate, or broader than long,
5-ribbed, truncate or somewhat cordate at
the base, mostly with 3 rather shallow lobes
above the middle, coarsely and unequally
dentate, glabrous above, more or less pu-
bescent on the veins beneath, iJ'-3' broad;
cymes peduncled, short-rayed, i'-i' broad;
flowers all perfect and small ; drupes glo-
bose to ovoid, light red, acid, 4"-S" long;
stone flat, orbicular, scarcely grooved.
In cold mountain woods, Newfoundland to
Alaska, south to Maine, New Hampshire, Ver-
mont, Pennsylvania, in the Rocky Mountains to
Colorado, and to Washington. June-July.
2. Viburnum Opulus L. Cranberry-
tree. Wild Guelder-rose. High
Bush-cranberry. Fig. 3958.
Viburnum Opulus L. Sp. PI. 268. 1753.
V. trilobum Marsh. Arb. Am. 162. 1785.
V. americanum Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, no.
8. 1768.
A shrub sometimes 12 high, with nearly
erect smooth branches. Leaves broadly
ovate, sometimes broader than long, gla-
brous, or with scattered hairs above,
more or less pubescent on the veins be-
neath, rather deeply 3-lobed, rounded or
truncate and 3-ribbed at the base, the
lobes divergent, acuminate, coarsely den-
tate ; petioles J'-i' long, glandular above ;
cymes peduncled, 3'-4' in diameter, the
exterior flowers radiant, neutral, i'-i'
broad ; drupes globose, or oval, 4"~5" in
diameter, red, very acid, translucent;
stone orbicular, flat, not grooved.
In low grounds, Newfoundland to Brit-
ish Columbia, New Jersey, Michigan, Iowa,
South Dakota and Oregon. Also in Europe
and Asia. Among many English names are
marsh-, rose- or water-elder, white dog-
wood, whitten-tree, dog rowan-tree, gaiter-
cramp-bark. In cultivation, the snowball.
4. Viburnum acerifolium L. Maple-
leaved Arrow-wood. Fig. 3960.
V. acerifolium L. Sp. PI. 268. 1753.
A shrub 3-6 high, with smooth gray
slender branches, and somewhat pubescent
twigs and petioles. Leaves ovate, orbicu-
lar, or broader than long, cordate or trun-
cate at the base, pubescent on both sides,
or becoming glabrate, 2'-5' broad, mostly
rather deeply 3-lobed, coarsely dentate, the
lobes acute or acuminate ; petioles i'-i'
long; cymes long-peduncled, ii'-3' broad;
flowers all perfect, 2"-3" broad; drupe
nearly black, 3" -4" long, the stone lenticu-
lar, faintly 2-ridged on one side and 2-
grooved on the other.
In dry or rocky woods, New Brunswick to
Georgia, Alabama, Ontario, Michigan and
Minnesota. Upper leaves sometimes merely
toothed, not lobed. May-June. Squash-berry.
Maple-leaf guelder-rose. Dockmakie.
GENUS 2.
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY
5. Viburnum pubescens (Ait.) Pursh.
Downy-leaved Arrow-wood
Fig. 3961.
Viburnum dentatum var. pubescens Ait. Hort. Kew.
i: 372. 1789.
V. pubescens Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 202. 1814.
A shrub, 2-5 high, with numerous straight
and slender gray branches. Leaves sessile, or
on petioles less than 3" long, ovate or oval,
rounded or slightly cordate at the base, acute or
acuminate at the apex, coarsely dentate, i-$'
long, densely velvety-pubescent beneath, glabrous,
or with scattered hairs above, or rarely glabrate
on both surfaces; cymes peduncled, ii'-2i' broad,
the flowers all perfect ; drupes oval, nearly black,
about 4" long; stone slightly 2-grooved on both
faces.
Rocky woods and banks, Quebec and Ontario to
Manitoba, south, especially along the Alleghanies to
Georgia and to Illinois, Iowa, Michigan and Wyoming.
The leaves of shoots are sometimes entire or nearly
so. June-July.
7. Viburnum scabrellum (T. & G.)
Chapm. Roughish Arrow-wood.
Fig- 3963-
V. dentatum semitomentosum Michx. Fl. Bor.
Am. i : 179. 1803.
V. dentatum var. ( ?) scabrellum T. & G. Fl.
N. A. 2: 16. 1841.
V. scabrellum Chapm. Fl. S. States 172. 1860.
V. semitomentosum Rehder, Rhodora 6: 59.
1904.
Similar to the preceding species but the
twigs, petioles, rays of the cyme and lower
surfaces of the leaves more or less densely
stellate-pubescent; petioles short and stout-
er ; leaves usually larger, crenate or dentate,
commonly somewhat pubescent above ; drupe
globose-ovoid, blue, 4" in diameter, its stone
similar to that of V. dentatum.
Woodlands and river banks, southern Penn-
sylvania to Kentucky, Florida and Texas. Re-
ferred, in our first edition, following previous
authors, to V. molle Michx., a species long
misunderstood.
6. Viburnum dentatum L. Arrow-
wood. Fig. 3962.
Viburnum dentatum L. Sp. PI. 268. 1753.
A shrub with slender glabrous gray
branches, sometimes reaching a height of
15. Twigs and petioles glabrous ; petioles
3"-i2" long ; leaves ovate, broadly oval or
orbicular, rounded or slightly cordate at
the base, acute or short-acuminate at the
apex, prominently pinnately veined, coarsely
dentate all around, i-3 broad, glabrous
on both sides, or sometimes pubescent with
simple hairs in the axils of the veins be-
neath ; cymes long-peduncled, 2'-3' broad ;
flowers all perfect ; drupe globose-ovoid,
about 3" in diameter, blue, becoming nearly
black ; stone rather deeply grooved on one
side, rounded on the other.
In moist soil, New Brunswick to Ontario,
south along the mountains to Georgia and to
western New York, Michigan and Minnesota.
Called also mealy-tree. Withe-rod or -wood.
May-June.
CAPRIFOLIACEAE.
VOL. III.
sometimes bear reniform, very thin subcordate
leaves with minute distant teeth. June-July.
9. Viburnum molle Michx. Soft-
leaved Arrow-wood. Fig. 3965.
V. molle Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 180. 1803.
Viburnum Demetrionis Deane & Robinson,
Bot. Gaz. 22: 167. pi. 8. 1896.
A shrub about 12 high, the older twigs
at length grayish black, the bark exfoliating.
Bud-scales acutish, ciliolate ; leaves broadly
ovate or nearly orbicular, short-acuminate
at the apex, cordate or truncate at the base,
3'-S' long, coarsely dentate, glabrous and
bright green above, soft-pubescent and paler
beneath, some of the pubescence stellate;
petioles 8"-2o" long ; stipules linear-filiform,
2 "-5" long; cymes terminal, peduncled,
4-7-rayed, v glandular-puberulent ; calyx-teeth
ciliate; drupe oblong, obtuse at both ends,
about 5" long and 2*" broad, much flattened,
with 2 grooves when dry.
Bluffs and rocky woods, Kentucky, Missouri
and Iowa. June.
8. Viburnum venosum Britton. Veiny
Arrow-wood. Fig. 3964.
Viburnum venosum Britton, Man. 871. 1901.
V. venosum Canbyi Rehder, Rhodora 6 : 60.
1904.
A shrub, 6 high or less, the bark grayish-
brown, the young twigs stellate-pubescent
or stellate-tomentose. Leaves ovate to
orbicular, 2'-$' long, firm, coarsely and
sharply dentate, glabrous or with sparse
pubescence on the upper side when young,
stellate-pubescent, at least on the veins,
beneath, the petioles i'-f long; cymes long-
stalked, often 3'-4' broad, stellate-pubescent
or glabrate ; drupe globose or short-oval,
3"-4" in diameter, nearly black.
Thickets, eastern Massachusetts to New
Jersey, Pennsylvania and Virginia. Shoots
10. Viburnum cassinoides L.
Withe-rod. Appalachian Tea.
Fig. 3966.
Viburnum cassinoides L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2,
384. 1762.
Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides T. &
. G. Fl. N. A. 2: 14. 1841.
A shrub, 2-i2 high, with ascend-
ing gray branches, the twigs some-
what scurfy, or glabrous. Leaves
ovate or oval, thick, pinnately veined,
narrowed or sometimes rounded at
the base, acute or blunt-acuminate at
the apex, i'-3' long, usually crenu-
late, rarely entire, glabrous or very
nearly so on both sides ; peduncle
shorter than or equalling the cyme;
drupe pink, becoming dark blue,
globose to ovoid, 3 "-5" long; stone
round or oval, flattened.
In swamps and wet soil, Newfound-
land to Manitoba, Minnesota, New
Jersey, Georgia and Alabama. June-
July. False Paraguay-tea.
GENUS 2.
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY
ii. Viburnum nudum L. Larger or
Naked Withe-rod. Fig. 3967.
Viburnum nudum L. Sp. PI. 268. 1753.
Viburnum nudum var. Claytoni T. & G. Fl. N. A.
2: 14. 1841.
Similar to the preceding species, but usually
a larger shrub, sometimes 15 high. Leaves
oval, oval-lanceolate, or obovate, entire or
obscurely crenulate, mostly larger (sometimes
9' long), narrowed at the base, acute or obtuse
at the apex, more prominently veined, some-
times scurfy on the upper surface; peduncle
equalling or exceeding the cyme.
In swamps, Connecticut to Florida, west to
Kentucky and Louisiana. Blooms a little later
than the preceding species. Bilberry. Nanny-
berry. Possum- or Shawnee-haw.
13. Viburnum prunifolium L. Black
Haw. Stag-bush. Sloe. Fig. 3969.
Viburnum prunifolium L. Sp. PL 268. 1753.
A shrub or small tree somewhat similar to
the preceding species ; but the winter buds
smaller, less acute, often reddish-pubescent.
Leaves shorter-petioled, ovate or broadly oval,
obtuse or acutish but not acuminate at the
apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, i'-3'
long, finely serrulate, glabrous or nearly so ;
petioles rarely margined ; cyme sessile, several-
rayed, 2'-4' broad ; flowers expanding with the
leaves or a little before them ; drupe oval,
bluish-black and glaucous, 4"-s" long ; stone
very flat on one side, slightly convex on the
other, oval.
In dry soil, Connecticut to Georgia, west to
Michigan, Kansas and Texas. Wood hard, red-
dish-brown; weight per cubic foot 52 Ibs. April-
June. Sheep- or nanny-berry. Fruit ripe in Sep-
tember, sweet and edible. A race, Viburnum
prunifolium globdsum Nash, has the drupe glo-
bose, about 3" in diameter, smaller; New Jersey
and eastern Pennsylvania.
18
12. Viburnum Lentago L. Nanny-
berry. Sheep- or Sweet-berry.
Sweet Viburnum. Fig. 3968.
Viburnum Lentago L. Sp. PL 268. 1753.
A shrub, or often a small tree, some-
times 30 high and with a trunk diameter
of 10'. Winter buds acuminate, gla-
brous; leaves slender-petioled, ovate,
mostly rounded at the base, acuminate
at the apex, 2'-^' long, glabrous on both
sides, or rarely a little pubescent beneath,
sharply serrulate; petioles often broad-
ened and wavy-margined, Q"-I2" long ;
cyme sessile, several-rayed, 2'-s' broad ;
drupes oval to subglobose, bluish-black
with a bloom, sweet and edible, 5"-6"
long; stone very flat, circular or oval.
In rich soil, Quebec to Hudson Bay,
Manitoba, New Jersey, along the Allegha-
nies to Georgia, and to Indiana, Kansas and
Colorado. Wood orange-brown, hard ;
weight 45 Ibs. to the cubic foot. May-June.
Fruit ripe in October. Nanny-bush. Black
thorn or haw. Nanny-plum. Tea-plant
(Wis.). Wild raisin.
274
CAPRIFOLIACEAE.
VOL. III.
14. Viburnum rufidulum Raf. Southern
Black Haw. Fig. 3970.
Viburnum rufidulum Raf. Alsog. Am. 56. 1838.
Viburnum prunifolium var. ferrugineum T. & G. Fl.
N. A. 2 : 15. 1841. Not V. ferrugineum Raf. 1838.
Viburnum rufotomentosum Small, Bull. Torr. Club
23 : 410. 1896.
A small tree, becoming 20 high. Leaves
elliptic to obovate, mostly obtuse at the apex,
finely and sharply serrate or serrulate, narrowed
or obtuse at the base, the veins brown-tomentose
beneath ; petioles 3"-8" long, winged, brown-
tomentose ; cymes large, sessile, or very short-
peduncled, the principal rays 3-5, mostly 4; flow-
ers 3"-3i" broad; drupe oval, s"-7" long, blue
with a bloom; seed nearly orbicular.
In woods and thickets, New Jersey to Missouri,
Kansas, Florida and Texas. Ascends to 3500 ft. in
Virginia. April-May. Fruit ripe Aug.-Sept.
Viburnum obovatum Walt., admitted into our
first edition as recorded from Virginia, is not defi-
nitely known to range north of South Carolina.
15. Viburnum Lantana L. Way-
faring Tree. Fig. 3971.
Viburnum Lantana L. Sp. PI. 268. 1753.
A shrub, or small tree, sometimes
12 ft. high, widely branched, the
winter-buds naked. Young twigs,
buds and petioles densely stellate-
tomentose. Leaves ovate to ovate-
elliptic, serrulate, dark green and
loosely stellate-pubescent or glabrous
above, paler and more or less stel-
late-tomentose beneath, 2'-4' long,
rounded or acutish at the apex, sub-
cordate at the base, the petioles stout
and short ; cymes short-stalked,
stellate-tomentose, densely many-
flowered, the flowers all alike, 3"-4"
broad ; drupe red, oval, 4"-5" long,
its stone grooved.
Roadsides, escaped from cultivation
in New England. Native of Europe and Asia. The naked winter-buds ally this species to V.
alnifolium Marsh. May-July.
3. TRIOSTEUM L. Sp. PL 176. 1753.
Perennial herbs, with simple terete stems and opposite connate-perfoliate or sessile leaves
narrowed below the middle. Flowers axillary, perfect, solitary or clustered, sessile, yellowish,
green, or purplish, 2-bracted. Calyx-tube ovoid, its limb 5-lobed, the lobes elongated, per-
sistent and sometimes foliaceous in our species. Corolla-tube narrow or campanulate, gibbous
at the base, the limb oblique. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube; filaments very short;
anthers linear, included. Ovary 3-5-celled ; ovules I in each cavity; style filiform; stigma
3-5-lobed. Drupe coriaceous, orange or red, enclosing 2-3 (rarely 4-5) i -seeded nutlets.
Endosperm fleshy; embryo minute. [Greek, three-bone, from the 3 bony nutlets.]
Six known species, the following of eastern North America, two Japanese, one Himalayan.
Type species : Triosteum perfoliatum L.
Leaves ovate or oval ; flowers purplish or dull red.
Leaves, or some of them, connate-perfoliate; fruit orange-yellow. i. T. perfoliatum.
Leaves narrowed to a sessile base ; fruit orange-red. 2. T. aurantiacum.
Leaves lanceolate or oval-lanceolate ; flowers yellowish. 3. T. angustifolium.
GENUS 3.
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.
i. Triosteum perfoliatum L. Fever-
wort. Horse-Gentian. Fig. 3972.
Triosteum perfoliatum L. Sp. PI. 176. 1753.
Stem erect, stout, finely glandular-pubescent,
2-4 high. Leaves ovate to broadly oval, 4'-o/
long, 2'-4' wide, acute or acuminate at the
apex, abruptly narrowed at the base, connate-
perfoliate, soft-pubescent beneath, somewhat
hairy above, the margins entire or sinuate;
bracts linear; corolla dull purplish-brown,
greenish below, 6"-io" long, viscid-pubescent,
about the length of the calyx-lobes, the limb
nearly regular ; filaments bearded ; drupe 4"-6"
long, obovoid-globose, orange-yellow, densely
and finely pubescent; nutlets usually 3.
In rich soil, Massachusetts to Alabama, Ken-
tucky and Kansas. Fever-root. Wild or wood
ipecac. Tinker's-weed. Wild coffee. Horse-gin-
seng. White gentian. Genson (N. C.). Ascends
3000 ft. in Virginia. May-July.
2. Triosteum aurantiacum Bicknell.
Scarlet-fruited Horse-Gentian.
Fig. 3973-
T. aurantiacum Bicknell, Torreya i : 26. 1901.
Stems stout, erect, 2-4 tall, glandular-
puberulent to hirsute. Leaves thin, ovate,
ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, s'-io' long,
acuminate at the apex, more or less dilated at
the base, but not connate-perfoliate, minutely
soft-pubescent beneath, thinly appressed-
pubescent above or nearly glabrous; corolla
dull-red, 7"-io" long, often shorter than the
calyx-lobes ; filaments bearded throughout or
nearly so; drupe oblong-ovoid or obovoid,
6"-7" long, orange-red, densely short-pubes-
cent; nutlets usually 3.
In rich woods and thickets, New Brunswick to
Quebec, Minnesota, Missouri and North Carolina.
May-June.
Triosteum angustifolium L. Yellow
or Narrow-leaved Horse-Gentian.
3974-
Triosteum angustifolium L. Sp. PI. 176. 1753.
Stem slender and hirsute-pubescent, i-3
high. Leaves lanceolate or oval-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate at the apex, 3'-s' long,
i'-ii' wide, rough-pubescent, tapering to the
sessile base, or the lower smaller, obtuse and
spatulate; corolla yellowish, 6"~7" long; flow-
ers commonly solitary in the axils.
In rich soil, Connecticut and Long Island to
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Alabama.
Illinois and Louisiana. May-Aug.
4. LINNAEA [Gronov.] L. Sp. PI. 631. 1753.
Creeping, somewhat woody herbs, with opposite evergreen petioled obovate or orbicular
leaves, and perfect pink or purplish flowers borne in pairs at the summit of elongated ter-
minal peduncles. Calyx-tube ovoid, the limb 5-lobed. Corolla campanulate or funnelform,
5-lobed, the lobes imbricate. Stamens 4, inserted near the base of the corolla-tube, didyn-
amous, included. Ovary 3-celled, 2 of the cavities with several abortive ovules, the other
with r perfect pendulous ovule. Fruit nearly globose, 3-celled, 2 of the cells empty, the
276
CAPRIFOLIACEAE.
VOL. III.
other with a single oblong seed. Endosperm fleshy; embryo cylindric. [Named by Grono-
vius for Linnaeus, with whom the plant was a favorite.]
Three or four species, of the north temperate zone.
Type species : Linnaea borealis L., of Europe.
i. Linnaea americana Forbes. Twin-flower.
Ground-vine. Deer-vine. Fig. 3975.
Linnaea americana Forbes, Hort. Woburn. 135. 1825.
L. borealis var. americana Rehder, Rhodora 6 : 56. 1904.
Branches slender, slightly pubescent, trailing, 6'-2
long. Petioles i"-2" long; leaves obscurely crenate,
thick, 3"-8" wide, sometimes wider than long ;
peduncles slender, erect, 2-bracted at the summit,
2-flowered (or rarely proliferously 4-flowered) ;
pedicels filiform, 3"-io" long, 2-bracteolate at the
summit ; flowers nodding, 4"-6" long, fragrant ;
corolla funnelform; calyx-segments about l" long;
ovary subtended by a pair of ovate glandular scales
which are connivent over the fruit or adnate to it.
In cold woods, mountains of Maryland, New Jersey,
Long Island, north to Newfoundland, west through Brit-
ish America to Alaska and Vancouver, south to Mich-
igan, in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and in the
Sierra Nevada to California. Has been considered
identical with the similar L. borealis L. of Europe and
Asia, which has a nearly bell-shaped corolla and longer
calvx. Twin sisters. Two-eyed berries. June-Aug.
5. SYMPHORICARPOS [Dill.] Ludwig, Def. 35. 1760.
Shrubs, with opposite deciduous short-petioled simple leaves, and small white or pink,
perfect flowers, in axillary or terminal clusters. Calyx-tube nearly globular, the limb
4-5-toothed. Corolla campanulate or salverform, regular, or sometimes gibbous at the base,
4-5-lobed, glabrous or pilose in the throat; stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the corolla. Ovary
4-celled, 2 of the cavities containing several abortive ovules, the other two each with a single
suspended ovule; style filiform; stigma capitate, or 2-lobed. Fruit an ovoid or globose
4-celled 2-seeded berry. Seeds oblong; endosperm fleshy; embryo minute. [Greek, fruit
borne together, from the clustered berries.]
About 10 species, natives of North America and the mountains of Mexico. Known as St.
Peter's-wort. Type species : Lonicera Symphoricarpos L.
Fruit white ; style glabrous.
Stamens and style included; clusters usually few-flowered. i. S.rocemosus.
Stamens and style somewhat exserted ; clusters many-flowered. 2. S. occidentalis.
Fruit red ; style bearded. 3. S. Symphoricarpos.
i. Symphoricarpos racemosus Michx.
Symphoricarpos racemosus Michx. Fl. Bor.
Am. i : 107. 1803.
5". racemosus var. pauciflorus Robbins ; A.
Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 203. 1867.
5. pauciflorus Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 :
305. 1894.
An erect or diffuse shrub, i-4 high,
glabrous, or usually so, the branches
slender. Petioles about 2" long; leaves
oval, obtuse at each end, sometimes
pubescent or whitened beneath, '-2'
long, entire, undulate, or those of young,
shoots sometimes dentate; axillary
clusters few-flowered, the terminal one
mostly interruptedly spicate ; corolla
campanulate, about 3" long, slightly gib-
bous at the base, bearded within ; style
glabrous; stamens and style included;
berry snow-white, globose, loosely cellu-
lar, 2i"-5" in diameter.
In rocky places and on river shores,
Nova Scotia and Quebec to British Colum-
bia, south to Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Min-
nesota, South Dakota, Montana and in
California. Commonly planted and some-
times escaped from cultivation. Races differ
in size, habit and pubescence. Snowdrop-
berry. Egg-plant. June-Sept.
Snowberry. Wax-berry. Fig. 3976.
GENUS 5.
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.
3. Symphoricarpos occidentalis
Hook. Wolf berry. Fig. 3977.
Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook. Fl. Bor.
Am. i : 285. 1833.
Similar to S. racemosus but stouter, with
larger leaves, i'~3' long, more or less pubes-
cent beneath, entire, or often undulate-
crenate; petioles 2"-3" long; axillary
clusters spicate, many-flowered, 6"-i2"
long; corolla funnel form-campanulate, 3"
long, lobed to beyond the middle; stamens
and glabrous style somewhat exserted ;
berry nearly globular, white, 4"~5" in
diameter.
Rocky situations, Illinois, Michigan and
Minnesota to British Columbia, Kansas and
Colorado. Buck-bush. June-July.
4. Symphoricarpos Symphoricarpos
(L.) MacM. Coral-berry. Indian
Currant. Fig. 3978.
Lonicera Symphoricarpos L. Sp. PI. 175. 1753.
5". orbiculatus Moench, Meth. 503. 1794.
Symphoricarpos vulgaris Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i :
106. 1803.
Symphoricarpos Symphoricarpos MacM. Bull.
Torr. Club 19: 15. 1892.
A shrub, 2-5 high, the branches erect or
ascending, purplish, usually pubescent. Petioles
i"-2" long; leaves oval or ovate, entire or
undulate, mostly obtuse at each end, glabrous
or nearly so above, usually soft-pubescent
beneath, I'-ii' long; clusters dense, many-
_3_flowered, at length spicate, shorter than the
4- leaves ; corolla campanulate, sparingly pubes-
cent within, pinkish, about 2" long; style
bea-ded ; stamens included ; berry purplish
red, ovoid-globose, ii"-2" long.
Along rivers and in rocky places, banks of the Delaware in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, west
to western New York and South Dakota, south to Georgia, Kansas and Texas. Also sparingly
escaped from cultivation farther east. Fruit persistent after the leaves have fallen. Buck-bush.
Turkey- or snap-berry. July.
6. LONICERA L. Sp. PI. 173. 1753.
Erect or climbing shrubs, with opposite mostly entire leaves ; flowers spicate, capitate
or geminate, usually somewhat irregular. Calyx-tube ovoid or nearly globular, the. limb
slightly 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, funnelform, or campanulate, often gibbous at the base,
the limb 5-lobed, more or less oblique, or 2-lipped. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the
corolla ; anthers linear or oblong. Ovary 2-3-celled ; ovules numerous in each cavity, pen-
dulous ; style slender ; stigma capitate. Berry fleshy, 2-3-celled or rarely i-celled, few-seeded.
Seeds ovoid or oblong with fleshy endosperm and a terete embryo. [Named for Adam
Lonitzer, 1528-1586, a German botanist.]
About 160 species, natives of the north temperate zone, a few in tropical regions. Besides the
following, some 10 others occur in the western parts of North America. Type species: Lonicera
Caprifolium L.
* Climbing or trailing vines; flowers in heads or interrupted spikes;
upper leaves connate-perfoliate.
Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip 4-lobed, the lower entire.
Corolla glabrous within. i. L. Caprifolium.
Corolla pubescent within.
Leaves pubescent, at least beneath ; corolla yellow.
Leaves pubescent on both sides, at least when young, ciliate ; corolla slightly gibbous
at base. 2. L. hirsuta.
Leaves glabrous above, pubescent beneath ; corolla-tube strongly gibbous at the base.
3. L. glaucescens.
Leaves glabrous on both sides, very glaucous beneath.
Corolla greenish-yellow, the tube somewhat gibbous.
Corolla-tube 3 "-5" long ; filaments hirsute at the base. 4. L. dioica.
278
CAPRIFOLIACEAE.
VOL. III.
Corolla-tube 5"-?" long; filaments nearly glabrous. 5. L. Sullivantii.
Corolla bright yellow or orange, its slender tube not gibbous. 6. L. flava.
Corolla tubular, the short limb nearly equally s-lobed. 7. L. sempervirens.
** Climbing vine; flowers in pairs on short axillary peduncles.
8. L. japonica.
*** Shrubs; flowers in pairs on axillary bracted peduncles.
Bracts of the peduncle subulate, linear, minute, or none.
Leaves rarely cordate, more or less pubescent, or ciliate.
Leaves pale, or glaucous, thick, strongly reticulate-veined.
Peduncles shorter than the flowers ; fruit blue ; leaves ciliate. 9. L. coerulea.
Peduncles equalling the flowers; fruit red; leaves not ciliate. 10. L. oblongifolia.
Leaves bright green, thin, ciliate, not strongly reticulate; fruit red. n. L. canadensis.
Leaves pale, densely pubescent beneath, even when old. 12. L. Xylosteum.
Leaves cordate, glabrous. 13. L. tatarica.
Bracts of the peduncle broad, foliaceous. 14. L. involucrata.
i. Lonicera Caprifolium L. Italian
or Perfoliate Honeysuckle.
Fig- 3979-
L. Caprifolium L. Sp. PI. 173. 1753.
L. grata Ait. Hort. Kew. i : 231. 1789.
Caprifolium gratum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.
161. 1814.
Climbing high, glabrous and somewhat
glaucous. Upper one to three pairs of
leaves connate-perfoliate, glaucous be-
neath, the others sessile or short-peti-
oled, oval or obovate, all rounded at
the base, entire; flowers in terminal
capitate sessile clusters ; corolla gla-
brous within, i'-ii' long, purple with-
out, the limb white within, strongly
2-lipped ; upper lip 4-lobed, the lower
one narrow, reflexed ; tube slightly
curved, not gibbous ; stamens and style
much exserted ; berries red.
Thickets, New York, New Jersey and
Pennsylvania to Michigan, Missouri, and
in the Southern States. Escaped from
cultivation and naturalized. Native of
Europe. Called also american or fragrant
woodbine. May-June.
2. Lonicera hirsuta Eaton. Hairy
Honeysuckle. Fig. 3980.
L. hirsuta Eaton, Man. Ed. 2, 307. 1818.
Twining, the branches hirsute and glandu-
lar-pubescent. Upper one or two pairs of
leaves connate-perfoliate, the others oval or
ovate, short-petioled or sessile, softly pu-
bescent beneath, dark green and appressed-
pubescent above, ciliate, obtuse or obtusish
at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the
base, 2'-3^' long; flowers verticillate in
short terminal interrupted spikes ; corolla
pubescent within, I'-iY long, viscid-pubes-
cent without, orange-yellow, turning red-
dish, the tube slender, somewhat gibbous at
the base, the limb strongly 2-lipped, about
as long as the tube or shorter ; filaments
hirsute below.
In woodlands, Vermont and Ontario to
Manitoba, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Michigan.
Rough woodbine. June-July.
GENUS 6.
3. Lonicera glaucescens Rydb. Douglas'
Honeysuckle. Fig. 3981.
Lonicera Douglasii Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 282.
1833. Not Caprifolium Douglasii Lind. 1830.
Lonicera glaucescens Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 24 :
90. 1897.
Similar to the preceding species, the branches
glabrous. Leaves glabrous above, pubescent, at
least on the veins, beneath, \\'-2 long, chartace-
ous-margined, not ciliate, usually only the upper
pair connate-perfoliate; flowers verticillate in
a short terminal interrupted spike; corolla yel-
low, changing to reddish, pubescent or puberu-
lent without, pubescent within, i' long, or less,
the tube rather strongly gibbous at the base,
the 2-lipped limb shorter than the tube ; sta-
mens nearly glabrous, or somewhat pubescent ;
style hirsute; both exserted; ovary sometimes
hirsute.
Ontario to Alberta, Pennsylvania, North Caro
lina, Ohio and Nebraska. May-June.
In rocky ana usually dry situations, Quebec
to Manitoba, south, especially along the moun-
tains to North Carolina, and to Ohio and Mis-
souri. Ascends to 3500 ft. in North Carolina.
All the leaves of young shoots are sometimes
connate-perfoliate. Small yellow or crimson
honeysuckle. Small woodbine. May-June.
5. Lonicera Sullivantii A. Gray. Sul-
livant's Honeysuckle. Fig. 3983.
Lonicera Sullivantii A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad.
19: 76. 1883.
Similar to the preceding species, very glau-
cous. Leaves oval or obovate, glaucous and
commonly puberulent beneath, obtuse ; flowers
larger than those of the preceding species, the
tube $"-7" long, slightly exceeding the limb,
pale yellow ; stamens usually nearly glabrous ;
fruit yellow, 3" in diameter.
In woodlands, Tennessee, Ohio and western
Ontario to Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Recorded from Manitoba. May-June.
4. Lonicera dioica L. Smoothed-
leaved or Glaucous Honeysuckle.
Fig. 3982.
Lonicera dioica L. Syst. Ed. 12, 165. 1767.
L. glauca Hill, Hort. Kew. 446. pi. 18. 1769.
L. parviflora Lam. Encycl. i : 728. 1783.
Glabrous throughout, twining or shrubby,
3-io long. Leaves very glaucous beneath,
ii'-3' long, the upper connate-perfoliate,
oval, obtuse, the lower sessile or short-
petioled, narrower; flowers several in a
terminal cluster, yellowish green and tinged
with purple, glabrous without, pubescent
within, the tube 3"-4" long, gibbous at the
base, scarcely longer than the 2-lipped limb ;
stamens hirsute below, exserted with the
style; berries red, 3"-4" in diameter.
280
CAPRIFOLIACEAE.
VOL. III.
6. Lonicera flava Sims. Yellow Honeysuckle.
Fig. 3984.
Lonicera flava Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. 1318 1810.
Twining to a height of several feet, or trailing,
glabrous. Leaves broadly oval, or elliptic, entire,
obtuse at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base,
short-petioled, or the upper sessile, green above,
glaucous beneath, the pairs subtending flowers
connate-perfoliate; flowers bright orange-yellow,
fragrant, in a terminal interrupted spike; corolla
i'-ii' long, the slender tube pubescent above within,
not gibbous at the base, the limb strongly 2-lipped,
about half as long as the tube; filaments and style
glabrous, exserted ; fruit about 3" in diameter.
North Carolina to Kentucky, Missouri, Georgia and
Alabama. April-May.
7. Lonicera sempervirens L. Trumpet or
Coral Honeysuckle. Fig. 3985.
Lonicera sempervirens L. Sp. PI. 173. 1753.
Lonicera sempervirens hirsutula Rehder, Rep. Mo.
Bot Card. 14: 169 1903.
Glabrous or somewhat pubescent, high climbing,
evergreen in the South. Leaves oval, obtuse, 2'-3'
long, or the lower ones smaller, narrower and
acutish, the upper pairs connate-perfoliate, all
conspicuously glaucous and sometimes slightly
pubescent beneath, dark green above; flowers
verticillate in terminal interrupted spikes; corolla
scarlet or yellow, i'-ii' long, glabrous or some-
what pubescent, the tube narrow, slightly expanded
above, the limb short and nearly regular ; stamens
and style scarcely exserted; berries scarlet, about
3" in diameter.
In low grounds, or on hillsides, Maine to Florida,
New Hampshire, New York, Nebraska and Texas.
Woodbine (N. C). Scarlet trumpet-honeysuckle.
April-Sept.
8. Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese
or Chinese Honeysuckle. Fig. 3986.
Lonicera japonica Thunb. Fl. Jap. 89. 1784
Pubescent, climbing high or trailing. Leaves
all short-petioled, ovate, entire, i'-3' long,
acute at the apex, rounded at the base, dark
green and glabrous above, pale and usually
sparingly pubescent beneath ; flowers in pairs
from the upper axils, peduncled, leafy-bracted
at the base, white or pink, fading to yellow,
pubescent without, the tube nearly i' long,
longer than the strongly 2-lipped limb; sta-
mens and style exserted ; berries black, 3"-4"
in diameter.
Freely escaped from cultivation, Connecticut,
New York and Pennsylvania to North Carolina,
Florida and West Virginia. Naturalized from
eastern Asia. June-Aug.
GENUS 6.
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.
281
9. Lonicera coerulea L. Blue or Moun-
tain Fly-Honeysuckle. Fig. 3987.
Lonicera coerulea L Sp. PI. 174. 1753.
Lonicera villosa Muhl. Cat. 23. 1813.
Erect, shrubby, i-3 high, the twigs some-
times slightly pubescent. Leaves oval or
obovate, i'-ii' long, very obtuse at the apex,
rounded or narrowed at the base, thick, con-
spicuously reticulate-veined, pale and more or
less pubescent beneath, glabrous above, at least
when mature, ciliate on the margins; flowers
in pairs in the axils, short-peduncled, subulate-
bracted, yellow, 6"-8" long; corolla pubescent,
or glabrate, the tube gibbous at the base, the
limb nearly regular, its lobes oblong, equalling
or slightly exceeding the tube; ovaries of the
two flowers becoming united and forming an
oblong or nearly globose, bluish-black 2-eyed
berry, about 2i" in diameter.
In low grounds, Newfoundland to Alaska, south
to Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Wyo-
ming and California. Europe and Asia. June.
Lonicera Morrowi A. Gray, a Japanese species,
with red berries and nearly white flowers, has
escaped from cultivation in Massachusetts.
ii. Lonicera canadensis Marsh. Amer-
ican Fly-Honeysuckle. Fig. 3989.
Vaccinium album L. Sp. PI. 350. 1753. Not L.
alba L.
Lonicera canadensis Marsh. Arb. 81. 1785.
Lonicera ciliata Muhl. Cat. 23. 1813.
Shrubby, 3-5 high, the twigs glabrous.
Petioles 2"-3" long, very slender; leaves thin,
I '-4' long, bright green on both sides, ovate or
sometimes oval, acute or acutish at the apex,
rounded or cordate at the base, villous-
pubescent beneath when young, glabrous or
nearly so when mature, but the margins
strongly ciliate; flowers in pairs from the
axils, greenish-yellow, about 8' long; pedun-
cles long-filiform; bracts very small, subulate;
corolla-limb nearly regular, its lobes short ;
berries separate, ovoid, light red, about 3" thick.
In moist woods, Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan,
Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Michigan and
Minnesota. Medaddy-bush. May.
10. Lonicera oblongif olia (Goldie)
Hook. Swamp Fly-Honeysuckle.
Fig. 3988.
Xylosteum oblongif olium Goldie, Edinb.
Phil. Journ. 6: 323. 1822.
Lonicera oblongifolia Hook. Fl. Bor. Am.
i : 284. pi. 100. 1833.
L. altissima Jennings, Ann. Cam. Mug. 4:
74. pi. 20. 1906.
Leaves i'-2' long, reticulate-veined,
glabrous or nearly so on both sides when
mature, downy-pubescent when young,
not eiliate; flowers in pairs on long
slender peduncles ; corolla yellow, or
purplish within, 8"-g" long, gibbous at
the base, deeply 2-lipped ; bracts minute
or none; ovaries remaining distinct, or
becoming united, the berries red or
crimson.
In swamps, New Brunswick and Quebec
to Manitoba, New York, Pennsylvania,
Michigan and Minnesota. May-June.
282
CAPRIFOLIACEAE.
VOL. III.
12. Lonicera Xylosteurn L. Fly-Honey-
suckle. Fig. 3990.
Lonicera Xylosteum L. Sp. PI. 174. 1753.
A shrub, 3-7 high, the foliage densely ap-
pressed-pubescent when young. Leaves ovate,
oval, or obovate, entire, short-petioled, rather
pale green, obtuse, or the upper acute at the
apex, obtuse, subcordate or narrowed at the base,
glabrous above when mature, persistently pubes-
cent beneath, i'~3' long; petioles 2"-^" long;
peduncles axillary, 2-flowered, 4"-8" long, about
as long as the flowers, or longer; flowers yellow-
ish white; bracts linear-subulate; berries scarlet.
Escaped from cultivation, Rhode Island, New
York and New Jersey. Native of Europe and Asia.
May-June.
13. Lonicera tatarica
Bush-Honeysuckle.
L. Tartarian
Fig. 3991.
Lonicera tatarica L. Sp. PI. 173. 1753.
A glabrous shrub, 5-io high. Leaves
ovate, rather thin, not conspicuously reticulate-
veined, i '-3' long, acute or obtusish at the apex,
cordate at the base, not ciliate ; flowers in
pairs on slender axillary peduncles ; corolla
pink to white, 7"-8" long, the tube gibbous at
the base, the limb irregularly ^nd deeply
5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped; peduncles i' long;
bracts linear, sometimes as long as the corolla-
tube; stamens and style scarcely exserted;
berries separate, red.
Escaped from cultivation, Ontario, Maine and
Vermont to southern New York, New Jersey and
Kentucky. May. Native of Asia. Garden fly-
honeysuckle.
I
14. Lonicera involucrata (Richards.)
Banks. Involucred Fly-Honeysuckle.
Fig. 3992.
Xylosteum involucratum Richards. App. Frank.
Journ. Ed. 2, 6. 1823.
Lonicera involucrata Banks ; Richards, loc. cit.
1823.
Distegia involucrata Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 33 :
152. 1906.
A glabrate or pubescent shrub, 3-io high.
Leaves short-petioled, ovate, oval, or obovate,
2 f -6' long, acute or acuminate at the apex,
narrowed or rounded at the base, more or less
pubescent, at least when young ; peduncles axil-
lary, i'-2' long, 2-3-flowered ; bracts foliaceous,
ovate or oval, often cordate ; bractlets also
large, at length surrounding the fruit; flowers
yellow ; corolla pubescent, funnelform, the
limb nearly equally 5-lobed; lobes short, little
spreading ; stamens and style slightly exserted ;
berries separate, globose, or oval, nearly black,
about 4" in diameter.
In woodlands, New Brunswick and Quebec to western Ontario and Michigan, west to British
Columbia and Alaska, south to Arizona, Utah and California. June-July.
GENUS 7.
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.
283
7. DIERVILLA [Tourn.] Mill. Card. Diet. Abr. Ed. 8. 1754.
Shrubs, with opposite leaves, and yellow axillary and terminal cymose or solitary flowers.
Calyx-tube slender, elongated, narrowed below, the limb with 5 linear persistent lobes. Corolla
narrowly funnelform, the tube slightly gibbous at the base, the limb nearly regular, 5-lobed.
Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla; anthers linear. Ovary 2-celled; ovules numerous in each
cavity; style filiform; stigma capitate. Fruit a linear-oblong capsule, narrowed or beaked at
the summit, septicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. Seed coat minutely reticulated; endosperm
fleshy; embryo minute. [Named for Dr. Dierville, who brought the plant to Tournefort]
Three species, the following typical one, the others in the mountains of the Southern States.
The Japanese and Chinese IVeigelas, often referred to this genus, are here regarded as distinct.
i. Diervilla Diervilla (L.) MacM. Bush-
Honeysuckle. Fig. 3993.
Lonicera Diervilla L. Sp. PI. 175. 1753.
Diervilla Lonicera Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8. 1768.
Diervilla trifida Moench, Meth. 492. 1794.
D. Diervilla MacM. Bull. Torr. Club 19: 15. 1892.
A shrub, 2-4 high, glabrous or nearly so
throughout, with terete branches. Leaves short-
petioled, ovate or oval, acuminate at the apex,
usually rounded at the base, 2'-s' long, irregularly
crenulate and often slightly ciliate on the margins ;
peduncles terminal, or in the upper axils, slender,
i-5-flowered ; flowers about 9" long; corolla more
or less pubescent both without and within, regular
or slightly irregular, 3 of its lobes somewhat
united ; capsule glabrous, linear-oblong, slender,
beaked, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes.
In dry or rocky woodlands, Newfoundland to Mani-
toba, North Carolina, Michigan and Wisconsin.
Gravel-weed. Life-of-man. May-June.
Family 38. ADOXACEAE Fritsch ; Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 4* : 170. 1891.
MOSCHATEL FAMILY.
A glabrous perennial slender herb, with scaly or tuberiferous rootstocks, basal and
opposite ternately compound leaves, and small green flowers in terminal capitate
clusters. Calyx-tube hemispheric, adnate to the ovary, its limb 2-3-toothed. Corolla
rotate, regular, 4-6-lobed. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla,
inserted in pairs on its tube; filaments short; anthers peltate, i -celled. Ovary
3-5-celled; style 3~5-parted; ovules i in each cavity, pendulous. Fruit a small
drupe with 3~5-nutlets. Endosperm carti-
laginous.
The family contains only the following monotypic
genus of the north temperate zone.
i. ADOXA L. Sp. PI. 367. 1753.
Characters of the family. [Greek, without glory,
i. e., insignificant.]
i. Adoxa Moschatellina L. Musk-root.
Hollow-root. Moschatel. Fig. 3994.
Adoxa Moschatellina L. Sp. PI. 367. 1753.
Stems simple, weak, erect, 3'-6" high, bearing
a pair of opposite ternate leaves usually above the
middle. Basal leaves 1-4, long-petioled, ternately
compound, the segments broadly ovate or orbicu-
lar, obtuse, thin, 3-cleft or 3-parted, the lobes
obtuse and mucronulate; head 3"-4" in diameter,
composed of 3-6-flowers; corolla of the terminal
flower 4-5-lobed, those of the others usually
5-6-lobed ; drupe green, bearing the persistent
calyx-lobes above the middle.
In shaded rocky places, Arctic America, south to
Iowa, Wisconsin, South Dakota and Colorado. Also
in northern Europe and Asia. Other English names
are bulbous fumitory, glory-less, musk-crowfoot or
wood-crowfoot. Odor musky. May.
284
VOL. III.
Family 39. VALERIANACEAE Batsch, Tabl. Aff. 227. 1802.
VALERIAN FAMILY.
Herbs with opposite leaves, no stipules, and usually small perfect or polygamo-
dioecious flowers, in corymbed panicled or capitate cymes. Calyx-tube adnate to
the ovary, its limb inconspicuous or none in flower, often becoming prominent in
fruit. Corolla gamopetalous, epigynous, somewhat irregular, its tube narrowed,
and sometimes gibbous or spurred at the base, its limb spreading, mostly 5-lobed.
Stamens 1-4, inserted on the corolla and alternate with its lobes, usually exserted.
Ovary inferior, i-3-celled, one of the cavities containing a single anatropous ovule,
the others empty. Fruit indehiscent, dry, containing a single suspended seed.
Endosperm little or none ; embryo straight ; cotyledons oblong.
About 9 genera and 300 species, of wide distribution, most abundant in the northern hemisphere.
Fruit i -celled; persistent calyx-lobes becoming awn-like; tall herbs.
Fruit 3-celled ; calyx-lobes minute or none ; low herbs.
1. Valeriana.
2. Valerianella,
i. VALERIANA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 31. 1753.
Perennial, strong-smelling, mostly tall herbs, the leaves mainly basal and the cymose
flowers paniculate in our species. Calyx-limb of 5-15 bristle-like plumose teeth, short and
inrolled in flower, but elongated, rolled outward and conspicuous in fruit. Corolla funnel-
form or tubular, usually more or less gibbous at the base, the limb nearly equally 5-lobed.
Stamens commonly 3. Style entire, or minutely 2-3-lobed at the summit. Fruit compressed,
i-celled, i-nerved on the back, 3-nerved on the front. [Name Middle Latin, from valere,
to be strong.]
About 175 species, mostly in the temperate and colder parts of the north temperate zone and
the Andes of South America. Besides the following, 5 others occur in southern and western North
America. Type species : Valeriana pyrenaica L.
Corolla-tube very slender, 6"-io" long; basal leaves cordate. i. V. pauciflora.
Corolla-tube i"-3" long; basal leaves not cordate.
Leaves thick, parallel-veined, entire, or the segments not dentate ; roots fusiform.
2. V. edulis.
Leaves thin, reticulate-veined, the segments dentate ; roots fibrous.
Lower leaves spatulate, often entire ; plants glabrous.
Segments of middle stem-leaves 9-13, usually sinuate-dentate; corolla i.7"-2.s" wide.
3. V '. uliginosa.
Segments of middle stem-leaves 5-7, entire ; corolla i .5" wide or less. 4. V. septentrionalis.
All the leaves pinnately divided ; plants pubescent, especially at the nodes.
5. V. officinalis.
i. Valeriana pauciflora Michx. Large-flowered Valerian. Fig. 3995.
V. pauciflora Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 18. 1803.
Rootstocks slender, usually horizontal.
Stem glabrous, erect or ascending, i-3
high, often sending out runners from the
base ; leaves thin, the basal ones slender-
petioled, simple, or sometimes with a pair
of small leaflets on the petiole, broadly
ovate, cordate, acute at the apex, the mar-
gins crenate or dentate ; stem leaves pin-
nately 3~7-divided, the terminal segment
larger than the others ; cymes terminal,
clustered ; flowers few or numerous ; co-
rolla pink, its tube very slender, 6"-lo"
long ; bracts linear ; fruit oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, about 3" long, glabrous or
puberulent ; bristles of the calyx at length
elongated and plumose.
In moist soil, Pennsylvania to West Vir-
ginia, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee and Mis-
souri. American wild valerian. May-June.
GENUS i.
VALERIAN FAMILY.
285
2. Valeriana edulis Nutt. Edible Valer-
ian. Tobacco-root. Fig. 3996.
V. edulis Nutt. in T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 48. 1841.
Erect, i-4 high, from a deep fusiform
carrot-shaped root. Stem glabrous, or nearly
so, the young leaves commonly more or less
pubescent and the older ones finely ciliate,
sometimes glabrous ; basal leaves spatulate or
oblanceolate, thick, 3'-i2' long, 2"-io" wide,
obtuse at the apex, narrowed into a margined
petiole, parallel-veined, entire or with a few
obtuse entire lobes; stem leaves few, sessile,
pinnately-parted into linear or lanceolate seg-
ments; flowers yellowish- white, small (2"),
polygamo-dioecious, paniculate, the inflores-
cence at length widely branching ; bracts
lanceolate, short ; fruit narrowly ovate, gla-
brous or nearly so, 2" long, at length exceeded
by the plumose calyx-teeth.
In wet open places, Ontario to British Colum-
bia, south to Ohio, Iowa, Wisconsin, and in the
Rocky Mountains to Arizona and New Mexico.
Called also Oregon tobacco ; the root cooked for
food. May-Aug.
3. Valeriana uliginosa (T. & G.) Rydb.
Marsh or Swamp Valerian. Fig 3997.
Valeriana dioica Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 727. 1814.
Not L. 1753.
V . sylvatica uliginosa T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 47. 1841.
V. uliginosa Rydb.; Britton, Man. 878. 1901.
Erect, glabrous or very nearly so through-
out, 8'-2i high. Rootstocks creeping or
ascending; basal leaves thin, petioled, oblong
or spatulate, obtuse, entire, or with a few
obtuse lobes, reticulate-veined, 2'-io' long,
3"-i8' wide; stem leaves 2-4 pairs, petioled,
pinnately parted into 3-15 ovate to lanceolate,
dentate or entire, acute or obtuse segments ; in-
florescence cymose-paniculate, at length loosely
branched ; flowers pink or nearly white, 3"-4"
long, about 2" wide; bracts linear-lanceolate;
fruit ovate, glabrous, li" long.
In wet soil, Quebec to New York, Ontario and
Michigan. American wild valerian. Referred, in
our first edition, to the following northern and
western species. May-Aug.
4. Valeriana septentrionalis Rydb. North-
ern Valerian. Fig. 3998.
Valeriana sylvatica Banks ; Richards. App. Frank.
Journ. Ed. 2, 2. 1823. Not F. W. Schmidt.
Valeriana septentrionalis Rydb. Mem. N. Y. Bot.
Card, i : 376. 1900.
Erect, 8'-i6' high, glabrous, or the inflores-
cence minutely pubescent. Basal leaves spatu-
late or oval, 4' long or less, entire; stem leaves
usually 3 pairs, the segments 5-7, oval to linear-
lanceolate, entire, or undulate-margined ; in-
florescence cymose-paniculate, dense; flowers
white, about li" wide; fruit ii"-2" long, gla-
brous.
In wet soil, Newfoundland to British Columbia,
south in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico.
Summer.
286
VALERIANACEAE.
VOL. III.
5. Valeriana officinalis L. Common,
Garden or Great Wild Valerian.
Vandal-root. Fig. 3999.
Valeriana officinalis L. Sp. PI. 31. 1753.
Erect, 2-5 high, more or less pubes-
cent, especially at the nodes. Leaves all
pinnately parted into 7-25 thin reticulate-
veined lanceolate acute or acuminate seg-
ments, sharply dentate, or those of the
upper leaves entire, usually with some
scattered hairs beneath; flowers pink or
nearly white, about 2" long; inflorescence
of several rather compact corymbed cymes ;
bracts linear-lanceolate, rather large ; fruit
glabrous, ovate, about \\" long.
Escaped from gardens to roadsides in New
York, Ohio and New Jersey. Native of Eu-
rope and Asia. Old names, cats'-valerian,
setwell, cut-heal, all-heal. Garden-, summer-
or hardy-heliotrope. St. George's-herb. June-
Aug.
2. VALERIANELLA [Tourn.] Mill. Card. Diet. Abr. Ed. 4. 1754.
Annual dichotomously branched herbs, the basal leaves tufted, entire, those of the stem
sessile, often dentate, the flowers in terminal, compact or capitate, in our species corymbed
or panicled cymes. Corolla small, white, blue, or pink, nearly* regular. Calyx-limb short
or obsolete in flower, in fruit various, not divided into filiform plumose segments, often none.
Corolla-tube narrowed at the base, the limb spreading, 5-lobed. Stamens 3; style minutely
3-lobed at the summit. Fruit 3-celled, 2 of the cells empty, and in our species about as large
as the fertile one. [Name a diminutive of Valerian.]
About 50 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, most abundant in the Mediterranean
region. Besides the following, 8 others occur in the western parts of North America. Type species :
Valeriana Locusta L.
Corolla funnelform, the short tube not longer than the limb or about equalling it.
Fruit flattened, twice as broad as thick ; corolla blue. i. V. Locusta.
Fruit triangular-pyramidal ; corolla white. 2. V . chenopodifolia.
Fruit oblong-tetragonal or ovoid-tetragonal, grooved.
Groove of the fruit broad and shallow. 3. V. radiata.
Groove of the fruit narrow. 4. V. stenocarpa.
Fruit globose or saucer-shaped. 5. V. Woodsiana.
Corolla salverform, purplish, the slender tube much longer than the limb. 6. V. longiflora.
i. Valerianella Locusta (L.) Bettke. European Corn Salad. Fig. 4000.
Valeriana Locusta and var. olitoria L. Sp. PI.
33- 1753-
Valerianella olitoria Poll. Hist. PI. Palat. I :
30. 1776.
Valerianella Locusta Bettke. Anim. Val. 10.
1826.
Glabrous, or pubescent at the nodes, 6'-
12' high, usually branched from the base
and repeatedly forked. Basal leaves spatu-
late or oblanceolate, rounded and obtuse
at the apex, ii'-2' long, 3"-5" wide, entire;
upper stem leaves oblong-lanceolate, usu-
ally dentate ; peduncles short ; cymes 3"-6"
broad, almost capitate ; bracts linear or
linear-oblong ; corolla blue, about i" long ;
fruit flattened, rounded on the edges, i"
long, glabrous, twice as broad as thick,
depressed-orbicular in outline, the two
empty cavities smaller than the fertile one,
which has a corky mass at its back.
In fields and waste places, Maine to On-
tario, Idaho, Arkansas, New Jersey, Pennsyl-
vania, Virginia and Louisiana. Naturalized
from Europe. The plant is cultivated and the leaves used for salad under the name of fetticus.
White pot-herb, lamb s-lettuce, milk-grass. April-July.
GENUS 2.
VALERIAN FAMILY.
287
2. Valerianella chenopodifolia (Pursh) DC. Goose-foot Corn Salad. Fig. 4001
Fedia chenopodifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 727.
1814.
V. chenopodifolia DC. Prodr. 4: 629. 1830.
Fedia Fagopyrum T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 51. 1841.
Glabrous, i-2 high. Leaves entire, or the
basal and lower ones repand, spatulate, ob-
tuse; upper stem leaves oblong or lanceolate,
l'-3' long; cymes dense, 6"-8" broad, at length
slender-peduncled ; bracts lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate; corolla white, about i" long; fruit
triangular-pyramidal, 2" long, i" thick, gla-
brous or minutely pubescent, the two empty
cavities narrower than the fertile one but about
as deep.
In moist soil, western New York to Virginia,
Minnesota and Kentucky. May-July.
3. Valerianella radiata (L.) Dufr. Beaked
Corn Salad. Fig. 40x32.
Valeriana Locusta var. radiata L. Sp. PI. 34. 1753.
Fedia radiata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 118. 1803.
Valerianella radiata Dufr. Hist. Val. 57. 1811.
Glabrous, or minutely pubescent below, 6'-i8'
high. Basal and lower leaves spatulate, obtuse,
entire, the upper lanceolate, usually dentate;
cymes 4"-6" broad, dense; bracts small, lanceo-
late or oblong-lanceolate; corolla white, i" long;
fruit narrowly ovate-tetragonal, finely pubescent
or sometimes glabrous, i" long, i" thick, the
empty cavities as thick as or thicker than the
beaked fertile one and separated from each other
by a broad shallow groove.
In moist soil, Massachusetts to Florida, west to
Minnesota, Michigan, Missouri and Texas. Called
also lamb's-lettuce. May-July.
$. Valerianella stenocarpa ( Engelm. )
Krok. Narrow-celled Corn Salad.
Fig. 4003.
Fedia stenocarpa Engelm. Bost. Journ. Nat.
Hist. 6: 216. 1857.
Valerianella stenocarpa Krok, Kongl. Svensk.
Akad. Handl. 5 : 64. 1866.
Similar to the preceding species and
perhaps better regarded as a race of it.
Fruit oblong-tetragonal, slightly smaller,
glabrous or sometimes pubescent ; sterile
cavities not as thick as the oblong seed-
bearing one, and separated from each
other by a narrow groove.
Prairies and woodlands, Kansas and Mis-
souri to Texas, March-June.
288
VALERIANACEAJE.
VOL. III.
5. Valerianella Woodsiana (T. & G.) Walp.
Woods' Corn Salad. Fig. 4004.
Fedia Woodsiana T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 52. 1841.
Valerianella Woodsiana Walp. Rep. 2: 527. 1843.
F. umbilicata Sulliv. Am. Journ. Sci. 42: 50. 1842.
Fedia patallaria Sulliv.; A. Gray, Man. 183. 1848.
Usually larger than any of the preceding spe-
cies, sometimes 3 high, glabrous or very nearly
so throughout. Basal and lower leaves spatulate,
obtuse, entire ; upper leaves lanceolate or linear-
oblong, usually dentate; cymes 3"-6" broad, few-
flowered; bracts comparatively large, lanceolate;
corolla white, about i" long; fruit glabrous,
nearly globular to saucer-shaped, about i" in
diameter, the empty cavities inflated, introrse with
a depression or concavity between them, as broad
as the fertile one.
In moist soil, New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio
to Tennessee and Texas. May-July.
6. Valerianella longiflora (T. & G.)
Walp. Long-flowered Corn Salad.
Fig. 4005.
Fedia longiflora T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 51. 1841.
Valerianella longiflora Walp. Rep. 2: 527. 1843.
Glabrous ; stem usually several times forked,
6'-i2 r high. Leaves very obtuse, the basal ones
spatulate, i'-2i' long, 4"-8" wide, those of the
stem oblong or spatulate-oblong, smaller, some-
what clasping ; cymes dense, corymbed, com-
monly numerous, several-many-flowered ; co-
rolla salverform, pink or purplish, about 6"
long, the almost filiform tube 3-4 times as long
as the somewhat irregular 5-parted limb, the
lobes linear-oblong; bracts with small gland-
tipped teeth; fruit broadly ovate or nearly
orbicular in outline, the empty cavities diver-
gent, larger than the oblong seed-bearing one.
In moist rocky situations, Missouri and Arkan-
sas. April-May.
Family 40. DIPSACACEAE Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 699. 1847.
TEASEL FAMILY.
Perennial biennial or annual herbs, with opposite or rarely verticillate leaves,
and perfect gamopetalous flowers in dense involucrate heads. Stipules none.
Flowers borne on an elongated or globose receptacle, bracted and involucellate.
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb cup-shaped, disk-shaped, or divided into
spreading bristles. Corolla epigynous, the tube usually enlarged at the throat, the
limb 2-5-lobed. Stamens 2-4, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate
with its lobes ; filaments distinct ; anthers versatile, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary
inferior, i-celled, style filiform ; stigma undivided, terminal, or oblique and lateral ;
ovule i, anatropous. Fruit an achene, its apex crowned with the persistent calyx-
lobes. Seed-coat membranous ; endosperm fleshy ; embryo straight.
About 7 genera and 140 species, natives of the Old World.
Scales of the elongated receptacle prickly pointed. i. Dipsacus.
Scales of the receptacle not prickly, herbaceous, capillary, or none.
No receptacular scales. 2. Scabiosa.
Scales of the receptacle about as long as the flowers. 3. Succisa.
i. DIPSACUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 97. 1753.
Rough-hairy or prickly tall erect biennial or perennial herbs, with opposite dentate entire
or pmnatifid, usually large leaves, and blue or lilac flowers in dense terminal peduncled oblong
heads in our species. Bracts of the involucre and scales of the receptacle rigid or spiny
pointed. Involucels 4-8-ribbed with a somewhat spreading border. Limb of the calyx cup-
GENUS i.
TEASEL FAMILY.
289
shaped, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla oblique or 2-lipped, 4-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma
oblique or lateral. Achene free from or adnate to the involucel. [Greek, to thirst, the
leaves of some species holding water.]
About 15 species, natives of the Old World. Type species: Dipsacus fullonum L.
Scales of the receptacle straight-pointed. i. D. sylvestris.
Scales of the receptacle hooked at the apex. 2. D. fullonum.
i. Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. Wild, Common or Card Teasel. Fig. 4006.
Dipsacus fullonum L. Sp. PI. 97. In part. 1753.
Dipsasus sylvestris Huds. Fl. Angl. 49. 1762.
Biennial, stout, with numerous short prickles on
the stem, branches, peduncles, midribs of the leaves
and involucre, otherwise glabrous or nearly so,
3-6 high. Leaves sessile, or the upper ones con-
nate-perfoliate, lanceolate or oblong, the upper
acuminate and generally entire, the lower obtuse
or obtusish, crenate or sometimes pinnatifid at
the base, often i long; heads at first ovoid, be-
coming cylindric, at length 3' -4' long; flowers lilac,
4"-6" long; leaves of the involucre linear, curved
upward, as long as the head or longer; scales of
the receptacle ovate, tipped with a long straight
subulate barbed awn, usually exceeding the flowers.
In waste places, Maine and Ontario to North Caro-
lina, west to Michigan. Naturalized from Europe and
native also of Asia. July-Sept. Other English names
are Venus'-bath or -cup ; wood- or church-brooms ;
shepherds'-staff ; card- or water-thistle ; gipsy-combs ;
button-weed. Indian's-thistle. Prickly-back. Adam's-
flannel.
2. Dipsacus fullonum L. Fuller's or
Draper's Teasel. Fuller's Thistle.
Fig. 4007.
Dipsacus fullonum L. Sp. PI. 97. 1753.
Dipsacus fullonum var. sativus L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1677.
1763-
Similar to the preceding species. Leaves of the
involucre, or some of them, shorter than the heads,
spreading or at length reflexed ; scales of the
receptacle with hooked tips, about equalling the
flowers, which are usually paler than in D. syl-
vestris.
About wool mills, Eastern and Middle States, rare.
Fugitive from Europe, and perhaps nowhere per-
manently established within our range. Other Eng-
lish names are clothiers' brush, Venus'-bath or -cup.
Generally regarded as probably a cultivated variety
of the preceding species, as it is not found wild, ex-
cept as an evident escape.
Dipsacus laciniatus L., with pinnatifid or bipinnatifid ciliate leaves, those of the involucre
spreading, has been found at Albany, New York. Fugitive or adventive from Europe.
2. SCABIOSA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 98. 1753.
Herbs, with opposite leaves, no prickles, and blue pink or white flowers in peduncled
involucrate heads. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous, separate, or slightly united at the
base. Scales of the pubescent receptacle none. Involucels compressed, the margins often
minutely 4-toothed. Calyx-limb S-io-awned. Limb of the corolla 4-S-cleft, oblique or 2-lipped.
Stamens 4 (rarely 2). Stigma oblique or lateral. Achene more or less adnate to the invo-
lucel, crowned with the persistent calyx. [Latin, scale, from its repute as a remedy for scaly
eruptions ]
About 75 species, natives of the Old World. Type species : Scabiosa arvensis L.
'9
DIPSACEAE.
VOL. III.
i. Scabiosa arvensis L. Field Scabious.
Fig. 4008.
Scabiosa arvensis L. Sp. PI. 99. 1753.
Knaittia arvensis T. Coult. Dips. 29. 1823.
Perennial, pubescent, simple or little branched.
i-3 high. Basal and lower leaves petioled, lan-
seolate, acute or acuminate, entire, lobed, or pin-
natifid, 3'-8' long; upper leaves sessile, often
deeply pinnatifid ; heads long-peduncled, depressed-
globose, i'-ij' broad; flowers lilac purple, about
6" long; receptacle depressed-hemispheric, not
scaly, covered with hairs between the flowers ;
achene angled, crowned with the 8 or 10 linear-
subulate calyx-teeth.
In cultivated fields and waste places, Quebec to
Massachusetts, Vermont, New York and Pennsyl-
vania. Adventive from Europe. Other English
names are blue buttons, blue caps, gypsy- or egyptian-
rose, pincushion. June-Sept.
3. SUCCISA (Vaill.) Moench. Meth. 488. 1794.
Herbs, similar to Scabiosa, with opposite leaves, the flowers in long-peduncled heads,
subtended by a several-many-leaved involucre. Scales of the receptacle herbaceous or capil-
lary. Involucels grooved, the margins 4-lobed or 4-toothed. Calyx-limb 5-toothed or 5-awned.
Corolla oblique, 4-5-lobed. Stamens 4. Achene crowned with the persistent calyx. [From
the Latin, to bite off, the rootstock in some species being short and blunt.]
About 4 species, mostly natives of southern Europe. Type species Scabiosa Succisa L.
i. Succisa australis (Wulf.) Reichenb. Southern Scabious. Fig. 4009.
Scabiosa australis Wulf. in Roem. Arch. 3 : Part 3,
316. 1803.
Succisa australis Reichenb. Fl. Germ. Excurs. 196.
1830.
Perennial, puberulent or pubescent, at least
above ; stem slender, branched, ii-3 high. Basal
leaves oblanceolate to oblong, mostly obtuse, ^'-12
long, the petiole often as long as the blade or
longer ; stem leaves distant, lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, entire, or toothed, short-petioled, or
the upper sessile, acute or acuminate; heads of
pale blue-purple flowers long-peduncled, rather
less than i' in diameter, oblong-ovoid in fruit;
receptacle scaly, the scales about as long as the
glabrous, 8-ribbed involucels or longer; calyx 5-
toothed ; achene crowned with 5 calyx-teeth.
Fields and meadows. Naturalized from Europe in
Pennsylvania, central New York and Massachusetts.
Pincushion-flower. Summer.
Succisa Succisa (L.) Britton (Succisa pratensis
Moench ; Scabiosa Succisa L.) with villous 4-angled
involucels, the calyx-limb s-awned, has been found in fields at Louisburg, Cape Breton Island.
Family 41. CUCURBITACEAE B. Juss. Hort. Trian.
GOURD FAMILY.
1759-
Climbing or trailing, herbaceous vines, usually with tendrils. Leaves alternate,
petioled, generally palmately lobed or dissected. Flowers solitary or racemose,
monoecious or dioecious. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb campanulate
or tubular, usually 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated. Petals usually 5, inserted on
the limb of the calyx, separate, or united into a gamopetalous corolla. Stamens
mostly 3 (sometimes i), 2 of them with 2-celled anthers, the other with a i-celled
anther; filaments short, often somewhat monadelphous. Ovary i-3-celled; style
GENUS I.
GOURD FAMILY.
291
terminal, simple or lobed; ovules few or numerous, anatropous. Fruit a pepo,
indehiscent, or rarely dehiscent at the summit, or bursting irregularly; or some-
times dry and membranous Seeds usually flat; endosperm none.
About 90 genera and 700 species, mainly natives of tropical regions, a few in the temperate zones.
Flowers large, yellow; prostrate vine. i. Pepo.
Flowers small, white or greenish ; climbing vines.
Fruit glabrous ; seeds numerous, horizontal. 2. Melothria.
Fruit prickly ; seeds i or 'few, erect or pendulous.
Fruit dehiscent at the apex or bursting irregularly ; several-seeded.
Leaves 3~7-lobed ; anthers 3. 3. Micrampelis.
Leaves digitately compound; anther i. 4. Cyclanthera.
Fruit indehiscent, i-seeded. 5. Sicyos.
i. PEPO [Tourn.] Mill. Card. Diet. Abr. Ed. 4. 1754.
Rough prostrate vines, rooting at the nodes, with branched tendrils, usually lobed leaves
mostly cordate at the base, and large yellow axillary monoecious flowers. Calyx-tube cam-
panulate, usually 5-lobed. Corolla campanulate, 5-lobed to about the middle, the lobes recurv-
ing. Staminate flowers with three stamens, the anthers linear, more or less united and no
pistil. Pistillate flowers with I pistil ; ovary oblong with 3-5 many-ovuled placentae ; style
short, thick ; stigmas 3-5, each 2-lobed, papillose ; staminodia 3. Fruit large, fleshy, with a
thick rind, many-seeded, indehiscent. [From the Greek name of some large fruit.]
About 10 species, natives of America, Asia and Africa. Besides the following, some 6 others
occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Type species : Cucurbita Pepo L.
i. Pepo foetidissima (H.B.K.) Britton. Missouri Gourd. Calabazilla. Wild
Pumpkin. Fig. 4010.
Cucurbita foetidissima H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 123.
1817.
Cucumis perennis James in Long's Exp. 2 : 20. 1823.
Cucurbita perennis A. Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist.
6: 193. 1850.
Stem stout, rough, hirsute, trailing to a length
of i5-25. Root large, carrot-shaped. Petioles
stout, 3'-8' long, very rough ; leaves ovate-trian-
gular, thick and somewhat fleshy, cordate or trun-
cate at the base, acute at the apex, 4^-12' long,
usually slightly 3~5-lobed, denticulate, rough above,
canescent beneath; peduncles \'-2 r long; flowers
mostly solitary; corolla 2^-4' long; pepo globose
or globose-ovoid, 2'-3' in diameter, smooth, its
pulp fibrous and bitter.
Dry soil, Missouri and Nebraska to Texas and
Mexico, west to southern California. May-Sept.
Pumpkins, Squashes, Cucumbers and Melons, cul-
tivated in many races belong to this genus. Gourds
belong to Cucurbita Lagenaria L., the type of the
genus Cucurbita.
Citrullus Citrullus (L.) Karst., the Watermelon, is
found escaped from cultivation along river-shores in Virginia and West Virginia, and southward.
2. MELOTHRIA L. Sp. PI. 35. 1753.
Slender, mostly climbing vines, with simple or rarely bifid tendrils, lobed or entire thin
leaves, and small white or yellow monoecious flowers, the staminate clustered, the pistillate
often solitary. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla campanulate, deeply 5-parted. Stamens
3 in the staminate flowers, the anthers distinct or slightly united, the pistil wanting or rudi-
mentary. Fertile flowers with i pistil; ovary ovoid, constricted below the corolla; placentae
3 ; ovules numerous ; style short ; stigmas 3, linear. Fruit small, berry-like, pulpy, many-
seeded. [From the Greek for some vine, probably Bryonia cretica.]
About 70 .species, natives of warm and tropical regions, most abundant in the Old World.
Besides the following typical one, 3 or 4 others occur in the southern United States.
CUCURBITACEAE.
VOL. III.
i. Melothria pendula L. Creeping Cucumber.
Fig. 4011.
Melothria pendula L. Sp. PI. 35. 1753.
Root perennial. Stem slender, climbing to a height of
3-5 branched, glabrous, grooved; petioles i'-2*' long;
leaves nearly orbicular in outline, finely pubescent or sca-
brous on both sides, cordate at the base, 5-lobed or 5-angled,
denticulate or dentate; tendrils puberulent; staminate flow-
ers 4-7, racemose, borne on a peduncle i'-i' long; fertile
flowers solitary, slender-peduncled ; corolla greenish white,
about 2" broad; fruit smooth, ovoid, green, 4"-6" long.
In thickets, Pennsylvania (Schweinitz, according to Cog-
niaux) ; Virginia to Florida, west to Indiana, Kentucky, Mis-
souri and northern Mexico. June-Sept.
3. MICRAMPELIS Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 350. 1808.
[EcHiNocvsTis T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 542. 1840.]
Mostly annual climbing herbs, with branched tendrils, lobed or angled leaves, and small
white monoecious flowers. Calyx-tube campanulate, S-6-lobed. Corolla very deeply 5-6-parted.
Stamens 3 in the staminate flowers, the anthers more or less coherent. Pistillate flowers
with a 2-celled ovary ; ovules 2 in each cavity ; style very short ; stigma hemispheric or lobed.
Fruit fleshy, or dry at maturity, densely spiny, i-2-celled, usually with 2 seeds in each cavity,
dehiscent at the summit. Testa of the seed roughened. [Greek, small-vine.]
About 25 species, natives of America. Besides the following typical one, about 10 others occur
in the western United States.
i. Micrampelis lobata (Michx.) Greene. Wild Balsam Apple. Mock Apple.
Mock Orange. Fig. 4012.
Momordica echinata Muhl. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 3 :
180. Name only. 1793.
Sicyos lobata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 217. 1803.
Echinocystis lobata T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 542. 1840.
Micrampelis lobata Greene, Pittonia 2: 128. 1890.
Stem nearly glabrous, angular and grooved,
branching, climbing to a height of i5-25,
sometimes villous-pubescent at the nodes. Peti-
oles i'-3' long; leaves thin, roughish on both
sides, deeply cordate at the base, 3-7-lobed to
about the middle, the lobes triangular-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, the margins remotely serru-
late; staminate flowers very numerous in nar-
row compound racemes; pistillate flowers soli-
tary, or rarely 2 together; fruit ovoid, green,
about 2' long, armed with slender spines; seeds
flat.
Along rivers, and in waste places, New Brunswick
to Ontario, Manitoba, Montana, Virginia, Pennsyl-
vania, Kentucky, Kansas and Texas. Eastward,
mostly occurring as an introduced plant. Wild
cucumber. Creeper. Creeping Jenny. July-Sept.
4. CYCLANTHERA Schrad. Ind. Sem. Hort. Goett. 1831.
Climbing, annual or perennial, mostly glabrous vines, with forked or simple tendrils,
usually digitately compound leaves and small white or greenish monoecious flowers. Calyx
cup-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla rotate, deeply S-parted. Staminate flowers racemose or pani-
cled, the stamens united into a central column ; anther I, annular in our species. Pistillate
flowers solitary; ovary obliquely ovoid, beaked, i-3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cavity; style
short ; stigma large, hemispheric. Fruit spiny, obliquely ovoid, beaked, at length irregularly
dehiscent, few-seeded. [Greek, circle-anther.]
About 40 species, natives of America. Type species: Cyclanthera pedata Schrad.
GENUS 4.
GOURD FAMILY.
i. Cyclanthera dissecta (T. & G.) Arn. Cut-
leaved Cyclanthera. Fig. 4013.
Discanthera dissecta T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 697. 1840.
Cyclanthera dissecta Arn. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 3: 280.
1841.
Annual; stem grooved and angular, glabrous,
branching, climbing to a height of 3-4, or strag-
gling. Petioles i'-2 r long; leaves digitately 3-7-
foliolate, the leaflets oval or oblong, usually acute at
each end, -2' long, rough on both sides, dentate,
or somewhat lobed ; staminate flowers racemose,
borne on a peduncle -2' long; pistillate flowers
solitary, very short-peduncled ; fruit narrowed at
the base, slightly oblique, about i' long, armed
with slender spines.
Thickets, Kansas to Texas, Louisiana and northern
Mexico. July-Sept.
5. SICYOS L. Sp. PI. 1013. 1753.
Annual climbing vines, with branched tendrils, angled or lobed leaves, and small white
or green monoecious flowers. Calyx-tube campanulate or cup-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla
campanulate or rotate, 5-parted nearly to the base. Staminate flowers corymbose or race-
mose, with 3 stamens, the filaments united into a short column, the anthers coherent; pistil
wanting. Pistillate flowers several together in capitate long-peduncled clusters, with no
stamens; ovary oblong or fusiform, i-celled; ovule i, pendulous; style short, slender; stigmas
usually 3. Fruit spiny, indehiscent, i-seeded. [Greek, a cucumber or gourd.]
About 35 species, natives of America and Australasia. Besides the following typical species,
2 others occur in the southwestern states.
i. Sicyos angulatus L. One-seeded Bur-
Cucumber. Star Cucumber. Fig. 4014.
Sicyos angulatus L. Sp. PI. 1013. 1753.
Stem angled, more or less viscid-pubescent, climb-
ing to a height of i5-25, or trailing. Petioles
stout, i '-4' long, pubescent ; leaves nearly orbicular,
rough on both sides, rather thin, deeply cordate at
the base, 5-angled or 5-lobed, the lobes acute or
acuminate, the margins denticulate; staminate flow-
ers loosely corymbose or racemose, borne on elon-
gated peduncles ; fertile flowers capitate, their pe-
duncles shorter; fruits sessile, 3-10 together, yellow-
ish, about \' long, pubescent, armed with slender
rough spines.
Along river banks and in moist places, Quebec and
Ontario to Florida, west to South Dakota, Kansas and
Texas. Naturalized in eastern Europe. Called also
nimble kate, wild cucumber. Leaves sometimes 10' across.
Tune-Sept.
Family 42. CAMPANULACEAE Juss. Gen. 163. 1789.
BELLFLOWER FAMILY.
Herbs (some tropical species shrubs or even trees), with alternate exstipulate
leaves, usually milky juice, and racemose spicate paniculate or solitary perfect
flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb mostly 5-lobed or 5-parted, the
lobes equal or slightly unequal, valvate or imbricate in the bud, commonly per-
sistent. Corolla gamopetalous, regular, inserted at the line where the calyx be-
comes free from the ovary, its tube entire, or deeply cleft on one side, its limb
5-lobed. Stamens 5, alternate with the corolla-lobes, inserted with the corolla;
filaments separate; anthers 2-celled, introrse, separate or connate. Ovary 2-5-
celled (rarely 6-io-celled, with the placentae projecting from the axis, or i -celled
294
CUCURBITACEAE.
VOL. III.
with two parietal placentae ; style simple ; stigma mostly 2-5-lobed ; ovules anatro-
pous. Fruit a capsule. Seeds very numerous and small ; embryo minute, straight ;
endosperm fleshy.
About 40 genera and over 1000 species, of wide geographic distribution.
Capsule opening by lateral pores or valves.
Corolla campanulate, rarely rotate; flowers all complete. i. Campanula.
Corolla rotate ; earlier flowers cleistogamous. 2. Specularia.
Capsule opening by terminal pores or valves. 3. Jasione.
i. CAMPANULA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 163. 1753.
Perennial or annual herbs, with alternate or basal leaves. Flowers large or small, soli-
tary, racemose, paniculate, or glomerate, regular, complete, blue, violet, or white. Calyx-tube
hemispheric, turbinate, obovoid, or prismatic, adnate to the ovary, the limb deeply 5-lobed or
5-parted (rarely 3-4-parted). Corolla campanulate or rotate, 5-lobed or S-parted. Stamens
5, free from the corolla ; filaments usually dilated at the base ; anthers separate. Ovary
inferior, 3-5-celled; stigma 3-5-lobed. Capsule wholly or partly inferior, crowned by the
persistent calyx-lobes, opening on the sides, either near the top, middle or bottom by 3-5
small valves or perforations, or tending to be indehiscent in some species. [Diminutive of
the Latin campana, a bell.]
About 250 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, some 8 others
occur in the southern and western parts of North America ; all known as Bell-flower. Type species :
Campanula latifolia L.
"Corolla campanulate; flowers solitary, racemose, glomerate, or pamcled.
Flower solitary at the end of the stem ; arctic and alpine plants.
Corolla 4"-6" long; capsule-openings near the summit. i. C.uniflora.
Corolla 6"-i2" long; capsule-openings near the base. 2. C. rotundifolia.
Flowers racemose, glomerate, or paniculate.
Corolla 7"- 15" long.
Stem leaves linear, the basal orbicular, mostly cordate. 2. C. rotundifolia.
Leaves all ovate to lanceolate ; plants pubescent or scabrous.
Flowers pedicelled, or clustered.
Calyx and corolla glabrous, or calyx finely pubescent. 3. C. rapunculoides.
Calyx and corolla bristly-hairy. 4. C. Trachelium.
Flowers sessile in terminal and axillary clusters. 5. C. glomerata.
Corolla 2"-s" long.
Plants rough ; style not exserted.
Corolla white, or tinged with blue, 2j^"~4" long; leaves mostly linear-lanceolate,
crenulate. 6. C. aparinoides.
Corolla blue, s"-6" long; leaves linear, denticulate with minute callous teeth.
7. C. uliginosa.
Plants smooth, glabrous, slightly viscid ; style long-exserted. 8. C. divaricata.
** Corolla rotate; flowers spicate.
9. C. americana.
i. Campanula uniflora L. Arctic Harebell or Bell-
flower. Fig. 4015.
Campanula uniflora L. Sp. PI. 163. 1753.
Perennial, glabrous or nearly so; stem simple, i-flow-
ered, i'-6' high. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, acute,
sessile, thickish, entire or sparingly dentate, 9"-i8" long,
or the lower and basal ones spatulate, obtuse and narrowed
into petioles; flower erect; calyx-tube turbinate, glabrous
or pubescent, shorter than or equalling the lobes ; corolla
campanulate, 4"-6" long, blue ; capsule cylindric or club-
shaped, about 6" long, erect, opening by valves near the
summit.
Labrador and Arctic America to Alaska, south in the Rocky
Mountains to Colorado. Also in northern Europe and Asia.
Summer.
GENUS i.
BELLFLOWER FAMILY.
2. Campanula rotundifolia L. Harebell.
Blue Bells of Scotland. Fig. 4016.
Campanula rotundifolia L. Sp. PI. 163. 1753.
Campanula rotundifolia velutina DC. Fl. France
6: 432. 1815.
C. linifolia var. Langsdorfiana A. DC. Prodr. 7 :
471. 1839.
Campanula rotundifolia Langsdorfiana Britton,
Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 309. 1894.
Perennial by slender rootstocks, glabrous or
nearly so or sometimes pubescent or canes-
cent ; stems erect or diffuse, often several
from the same root, simple or branched, 6'-3
high. Basal leaves nearly orbicular or broadly
ovate, usually cordate, slender-petioled, i'-i'
wide, dentate or entire, often wanting at flow-
ering time ; stem leaves linear or linear-oblong,
acute, mostly entire, sessile, or the lower nar-
rowed into short petioles and somewhat spatu-
late ; flowers several or numerous, racemose or
sometimes solitary, drooping or spreading,
slender-pedicelled ; calyx-lobes subulate to fili-
form, spreading, longer than the short-turbi-
nate tube ; corolla blue, campanulate, 7" 12"
long; capsule obconic or ovoid, pendulous,
ribbed, opening by short clefts near the base.
On moist rocks and in meadows, Labrador to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Illi-
nois, Nebraska, in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona and in the Sierra Nevada to California. Also
in Europe and Asia. Consists of many races, differing in pubescence, number and size of flowers ;
arctic and alpine plants are usually i-few-flowered. Other English names are thimbles, lady's-
thimble, heath- or witches'-bells, round-leaved bellflower. June-Sept.
Campanula patula L., which is retrorse-scabrous on the stems and leaf-margins and nerves,
the basal leaves obovate to spatulate, has been found in fields in Connecticut, introduced from
Europe. _
3. Campanula rapunculoides L. Creep-
ing or European Bellflower. Fig. 4017.
Campanula rapunculoides L. Sp. PI. 165. 1753.
Perennial by slender rootstocks ; stem gla-
brous or pubescent, simple or rarely branched,
leafy, erect, rather stout, i-3 high. Leaves
pubescent or puberulent, crenate-denticulate,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
the lower and basal ones mostly cordate, 3'-6'
long, i '-2' wide, slender-petioled, the upper
short-petioled or sessile, smaller ; flowers short-
pedicelled, drooping, i'-ii' long in an elon-
gated bracted i-sided raceme; corolla campan-
ulate, blue to violet, rather deeply S-lobed,
much longer than the linear spreading calyx-
lobes; capsule globose, nodding, about 4' in
diameter, opening by pores near the base.
In fields and along roadsides, New Brunswick
to Ontario, southern New York, Pennsylvania and
Ohio. Naturalized from Europe. July-Sept.
4. Campanula Trachelium L. Nettle-leaved Bell-
flower. Fig. 4018.
C. Trachelium L. Sp. PI. 166. 1753.
Perennial ; stem rather stout, little branched, usually
bearing scattered hairs, 3 high or less; basal leaves
sparingly bristly-pubescent, ovate to reniform, cordate,
slender-petioled ; stem leaves ovate-lanceolate to lanceo-
late, coarsely irregularly serrate, 2i'-s' long, acute or
acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, short-
petioled or the upper sessile; flowers nodding in termi-
nal leafy-bracted racemes; calyx bristly-hairy or gla-
brate; corolla campanulate, i'-ii' long; capsule opening
by basal pores.
Roadsides and thickets, Quebec to southern New York and
Ohio. Naturalized from Europe. Canterbury bells. July-Sept.
CAMPANULACEAE.
VOL. III.
5. Campanula glomerata L. Clus-
tered Bellflower. Dane's Blood.
Fig. 4019.
Campanula glomerata L. Sp. PI. 166. 1753.
Perennial by short rootstocks ; stem stout,
simple, erect, pubescent, leafy, i-2 high.
Leaves pubescent on both sides, crenulate,
the lower and basal ones oblong or ovate,
mostly obtuse, sometimes cordate, slender-
petioled, 2^-4' long, the upper lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, acute, sessile or clasping,
smaller; flowers about i' long, sessile, erect
and spreading in terminal and axillary glom-
erules ; corolla campanulate, blue, rather
deeply 5-lobed ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acu-
minate ; capsule ovoid or oblong, erect, about
3" high, opening near the base.
In fields and along roadsides, eastern Massa-
chusetts and Quebec. Naturalized from Eu-
rope. Sometimes called canterbury bells, a
name more properly belonging to C. medium
and C. Tracheliitm. June-Aug.
6. Campanula aparinoides Pursh. Marsh
or Bedstraw Bellflower. Fig. 4020.
Campanula aparinoides Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 159. 1814.
Perennial; stems very slender or filiform, weak,
reclining or diffuse, rough with short retrorse bris-
tles, leafy, paniculately branched, 6'-2 long.
Leaves lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, sessile,
sparingly crenulate with low teeth, or entire,
rough on the margins and midrib, acute at both
ends, i'-ii' long, i"-3" wide; flowers leafy-
paniculate, 2$"-4 ' long; pedicels filiform, diver-
gent; buds drooping; corolla open-campanulate,
deeply 5-cleft, white or bluish-tinged, 2^"-4" long,
its tube equalling or longer than the triangular-
lanceolate acute calyx-lobes ; style included ; cap-
sule subglobose, opening near the base.
In grassy swamps, Maine to Georgia, Kentucky and
Colorado. Called also slender bellflower. June-Aug.
7. Campanula uliginosa Rydb. Blue Marsh
Bellflower. Fig. 4021.
Campanula uliginosa Rydb.; Britton, Man. 885. 1901.
Perennial ; similar to the preceding but branches less
spreading; stem i-2 long, retrorsely hispidulous on
the angles. Leaves linear, \'-2\' long, \ '-2\" wide,
retrorsely hispidulous on the margins and midribs,
acute, minutely denticulate with callous teeth or entire;
corolla blue with darker veins, cleft to below the mid-
dle into lanceolate lobes; capsule subglobose, about 2i"
long and nearly as broad, opening near the base.
In wet meadows, New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, New
York, Indiana and Nebraska. June-Aug.
GENUS i.
BELLFLOWER FAMILY.
297
8. Campanula divaricata Michx. Pani-
cled Bellflower. Fig. 4022.
Campanula divaricata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 109.
1803.
Campanula flexuosa Michx. loc. cit. 1803?
Perennial, glabrous but sometimes viscid;
stem erect, paniculately branched, slender,
i-3 high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate or oblong-
lanceolate, the uppermost sometimes linear,
sharply serrate, acuminate at the apex, nar-
rowed to the base, the upper sessile, the lower
petioled, 2'-$' long, ^"-12" wide, or the lowest
commonly shorter and broader; flowers very
numerous in compound panicles, drooping,
slender-pedicelled ; corolla light blue, cam-
panulate, about 3" long; calyx-lobes lanceo-
late, acute, scarcely spreading, often dentate ;
style long-exserted ; capsule turbinate, about
2\" long, opening near the middle.
On rocky banks, mountains of Virginia and
West Virginia to Kentucky, Georgia and Tennes-
see. Ascends to 2500 ft. in North Carolina. June-
Sept.
9. Campanula americana L. Tall
Bellflower. Fig. 4023.
Campanula americana L. Sp. PI. 164. 1753.
Annual or biennial, more or less pubes-
cent; stem erect or nearly so, rather slen-
der, simple or rarely with a few long
branches, 2-6 high. Leaves thin, ovate,
oblong, or lanceolate, serrate, acuminate
at the apex, narrowed at the base, petioled.
or the upper sessile, 3'-6' long, the lowest
sometimes cordate; flowers in a loose or
dense terminal sometimes leafy spike, which
is often i -2 long; lower bracts foliaceous,
the upper subulate; corolla rotate, blue, or
nearly white, about i' broad, deeply S-cleft;
calyx-lobes linear-subulate, spreading, style
declined and curved upward, long-exserted ;
capsule narrowly turbinate, ribbed, erect,
4"-5" long, opening near the summit.
In moist thickets and woods, New Bruns-
wick to Ontario and South Dakota, south to
Florida, Kentucky, Kansas and Arkansas.
Rare near the coast in the Middle States and
New England. Ascends to 3000 ft. in West
Virginia. July-Sept.
2. SPECULARIA Heist. ; Fabr. Enum. PI. Hort. Helmst. 225. 1763.
[LEGOUZIA Durand, Fl. Bourg. 2: 26. 1782.]
Annual herbs, with alternate toothed or entire leaves, the stem and branches long, slen-
der. Flowers axillary, sessile or nearly so, 2-bracted, or the upper panicled in some exotic
species, the earlier (lower) ones small, cleistogamous, the later with a blue or purple nearly
rotate corolla. Calyx-tube narrow, the lobes in the earlier flowers 3 or 4, in the later 4 or 5.
Corolla 5-lobed or 5-parted, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Filaments flat ; anthers sepa-
rate, linear. Ovary 3-celled (rarely 2- or 4-celled) ; ovules numerous; stigma usually 3-lobed.
Capsule prismatic, cylindric, or narrowly obconic, opening by lateral valves. Seeds ovoid,
oblong, or lenticular. [From Speculum Veneris, the Latin name of the type species.]
About 10 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, one extending into South America.
Type species: Campanula Speculum L. ; S. Speculum (L.) DC., of Europe, which is adventive in
Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.
Capsule narrowly oblong.
Leaves sessile ; capsule-valves near the top.
Leaves cordate-clasping ; capsule-valves at about the middle.
Capsule linear-cylindric ; leaves sessile ; western.
1. 5". bi flora.
2. S. perfoliata.
3. S. leptocarpa.
CAM PAN ULACEAE.
VOL. III.
i. Specularia biflora (R. & P.) F. & M. Small
Venus' Looking-glass. Fig. 4024.
Campanula biflora R. & P. Fl. Per. 2 : 55. pi. 200. j. 6.
1799.
S. biflora F. & M. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1:17. 1835.
Legouzia biflora Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 309. 1894.
Glabrous, or nearly so; stem simple or branched,
very slender, roughish on the angles, 6'-2 high.
Leaves ovate, oblong, or the upper lanceolate, ses-
sile, acute or obtuse at the apex, crenate with a few
teeth, or entire, 4"-io" long, or the upper smaller ;
earlier flowers with 3 or 4 ovate to lanceolate calyx-
lobes, those of the later flowers 4 or 5, lanceolate-
subulate, longer; capsule oblong-cylindric, 3"-s"
long, opening by valves close under the calyx-teeth.
In dry soil, Virginia to Kentucky, Missouri, Kansas,
Florida and Texas. Also in Oregon, California and
South America. April- July.
2. Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC.
Venus' Looking-glass. Fig. 4025.
Campanula perfoliata L. Sp. PI. 169. 1753.
S. perfoliata A. DC. Mon. Campan. 351. 1830.
L. perfoliata Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 309. 1894.
More or less pubescent; stem densely leafy,
simple or branched from near the base, slender,
rather weak, sometimes prostrate, retrorse-hispid
on the angles, or nearly smooth, 6'-24' long. Leaves
orbicular or broadly ovate, strongly cordate-clasp-
ing or the lower merely sessile, crenate-dentate
or sometimes entire, i'-i' wide; flowers solitary
or 2-3 together in the axils, sessile, the later
(upper) ones with 5 (rarely 4) triangular-lanceo-
late acuminate rigid calyx-lobes, and a rotate blue
or violet corolla 5"-io" broad, the earlier ones
with 3-4 shorter calyx-lobes longer than the rudi-
mentary corolla ; capsule oblong, or narrowly tur-
binate, 2"-3" long, finally opening at about the
middle; seeds lenticular.
In dry woods, Maine and Ontario to British Co-
lumbia, south to Florida, Louisiana, Mexico, Arizona
and Oregon. Called also clasping bellflower. May-
Sept. Also in the mountains of Jamaica and Santo
Domingo.
3. Specularia"leptocarpa (Nutt.) A. Gray.
Western Venus' Looking-glass. Fig. 4026.
Campylocera leptocarpa Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
(II.) 8: 257. 1843.
5". leptocarpa A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. n: 82. 1876.
L. leptocarpa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 309. 1894.
Hirsute, or nearly glabrous; stem slender, simple,
or branched from the base, 6'-is' high. Leaves
linear-lanceolate to oblong, sessile, not clasping, acute
at both ends, or the lowest obtuse at the apex, entire
or sparingly denticulate, i'-i' long, i"-2" wide;
flowers sessile and usually solitary in the axils, the
later ones with 4-5 subulate calyx-lobes and a rotate
corolla 5"-9" broad, the earlier ones with 3 shorter
calyx-lobes and rudimentary corolla ; capsule linear-
cylindric, 4"-8" long, less than i" thick; the upper at
length opening near the summit; seeds oblong.
In dry soil, western Missouri and Kansas to Montana,
Colorado and Texas. May-Aug.
GENUS 3.
BELLFLOWER FAMILY.
299
3. JASIONE L. Sp. PI. 928. 1753.
Herbs, the flowers in terminal heads subtended by a many-leaved involucre. Calyx-tube
campanulate, adnate to the ovary, the limb 5-divided. Corolla at first tubular, splitting later
to the base into 5 linear or linear-oblanceolate segments. Filaments subulate. Anthers united
at the base, free above. Ovary inferior, 2-celled; stigma club-shaped. Capsule 2-celled,
dehiscent by two terminal pores. [Greek name of some
medicinal plant.]
Five species of central Europe and the Mediterranean Re-
gion, the following typical.
i. Jasione montana L. Sheep's-bit. Fig. 4027.
Jasione montana L. Sp. PI. 928. 1753.
Annual or biennial, with several stems from a simple
root; stems 6'-i2' high, branched above, leafy below, de-
cumbent, erect or ascending, the branches spreading.
Leaves linear, rough-hairy, sessile; flowers in long-pedun-
cled hemispherical heads; corolla blue, seldom white or
pink.
In waste places, Massachusetts to southern New York,
ventive from Europe. June-Sept.
Ad-
Family 43. LOBELIACEAE Dumort. Comm.
Bot. 57. 1822.
LOBELIA FAMILY.
Herbs, or in tropical regions rarely shrubs or trees, often with milky sap which
contains a narcotic-acid poison, with alternate, exstipulate, simple, entire, toothed
or pinnately parted leaves and solitary, spicate, racemose or paniculate flowers.
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 5-lobed or 5-parted, the lobes equal or
unequal. Corolla gamopetalous, irregular, often bilabiate, its tube open on one
side nearly or quite to the base, its limb 5-lobed ; stamens 5, inserted with the corolla ;
filaments sometimes cohering into a tube ; anthers, united. Ovary 2-5-celled ; style
single ; stigma fringed ; ovules numerous, sessile, horizontal, anatropous. Fruit
a i-5-celled capsule, or a berry. Seeds numerous, with a smooth or furrowed
testa. Endosperm fleshy.
About 20 genera and 600 species, of wide geographical distribution.
i. LOBELIA L. Sp. PI. 929. 1753.
Herbs (some tropical species shrubs), with alternate or basal leaves and racemose spicate
or paniculate, often leafy bracted, red, yellow, blue or white flowers. Calyx-tube turbinate,
hemispheric or ovoid, adnate to the ovary. Corolla-tube straight, oblique or incurved, divided
to the base on one side, 2-lipped in our species, the lobe on each side of the cleft erect or
recurved, turned away from the other three which are somewhat united, the sinuses inclining
to extend to the base of the corolla at maturity so as to divide it into 5 petals. Stamens free
from the corolla-tube, monadelphous, at least above, two or all the 5 anthers with a tuft of
hairs at the tips, three of them usually larger than the other two, all united into a tube or
ring around the style. Ovary 2-celled, the 2 placentae many-ovuled ; stigma 2-lobed or 2-cleft.
Capsule loculicidally 2-valved. [Named after Matthias de L'Obel, 1538-1616, a Flemish
botanist.]
About 250 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 16 others
occur in the southern and western United States. Type species : Lobelia Dortmanna L.
* Aquatic; stem simple, nearly naked; flowers light blue.
Leaves terete, hollow, obtuse, tufted at the base. i. L. Dortmanna.
Leaves flat, linear-oblong or spatulate, entire or glandular-denticulate. 2. L. paludosa.
** Terrestrial plants of wet or dry soil; stems leafy.
i. Corolla-tube s"-i2" long.
Flowers bright scarlet (rarely white) ; corolla-tube io"-i2" long. 3. L. cardinalis.
Flowers blue, white, or blue and white ; corolla-tube 5" 7" long.
Leaves ovate, lanceolate, or the lower ones obovate.
Leaves glabrous or sparingly pubescent.
Calyx-lobes hirsute ; sinuses with large deflexed auricles. 4. L. syphilitica.
Calyx-lobes glabrous or glandular, usually without auricles.
Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, spreading. 5. L. amoena.
Leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate, erect. 6. L. elongata.
Leaves densely puberulent ; calyx hirsute ; auricles small. 7. L. puberula.
Leaves elongated-linear, strongly glandular-denticulate. 8. L. glanduosa
300
LOBELIACEAE.
VOL. III.
2. Corolla-tube only 2"~4" long.
Stems mostly simple ; flowers in terminal spike-like racemes.
Sinuses of the calyx without auricles. 9. L. spicata.
Sinuses of the calyx with reflexed subulate auricles. 10. L. leptostachys.
Stems mostly paniculately branched; flowers in loose racemes.
Stem stout, pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong, dentate. n. L. inflata.
Stems slender, glabrous ; stem-leaves narrow, the basal wider.
Pedicels mostly longer than flowers, 2-bracteolate near the middle. 12. L. Kalmii.
Pedicels not longer than flowers, not bracteolate, or only so at the base.
Corolla 2 l / 2 "-3 l /2" long; calyx-tube hemispheric in fruit. 13. L. Nuttallii.
Corolla 4^"-5/^" long; calyx-tube turbinate. 14. L. Canbyi.
i. Lobelia Dortmanna L. Water Lobelia. Water
Gladiole. Fig. 4028.
Lobelia Dortmanna L. Sp. PI. 929. 1753.
Perennial, aquatic, glabrous throughout, somewhat
fleshy; roots numerous, white, fibrous; stem slender,
simple, erect, hollow, minutely scaly, 6'-i8' high. Leaves
all submersed and tufted at the base of the stem, terete,
hollow, obtuse, longitudinally divided by a partition,
I '-2' long, about 2" thick; flowers in a loose terminal
raceme, blue, 6"-8" long; pedicels filiform, shorter than
or equalling the flowers ; calyx-lobes subulate or lanceo-
late, shorter than the tube, the sinuses usually not at
all appendaged; corolla-tube 3" -4" long, its lower lip
glabrous or nearly so.
Borders of ponds, usually in sandy soil, sometimes wholly
emersed when the water is low, New Jersey and Pennsyl-
vania to Newfoundland, Wisconsin, Washington and British
Columbia. Also in Europe. July-Sept.
2. Lobelia paludosa Nutt. Swamp Lobelia.
Fig. 4029.
Lobelia paludosa Nutt. Gen. 2: 75. 1818.
Perennial, aquatic, glabrous throughput; roots few and
thick; stem nearly naked, slender, simple, or branched
above, i-4 high. Leaves mostly tufted at the base, flat,
narrowly oblong or spatulate, emersed, obtuse or acutish,
entire or repand-denticulate and glandular, those of the
stem few, small and sessile, the basal ones 2'-o/ long, 2" -4"
wide, narrowed into petioles; flowers pale blue, racemose,
5"-6" long; calyx-lobes narrowly lanceolate, about as long
as the tube, the sinuses commonly not at all appendaged ;
corolla-tube 3," -4" long, its lower lip pubescent at the base.
In swamps and ponds, Delaware to Florida and Louisiana
mostly near the coast. May-July.
3. Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinal-flower.
Red Lobelia. Red Betty. Fig. 4030.
Lobelia cardinalis L. Sp. PI. 930. 1753.
Perennial by offsets ; stem slightly pubescent, or
glabrous, leafy, simple or rarely branched, 2-4i
high. Leaves oblong, oval, ovate-lanceolate, or
lanceolate, thin, glabrous or sparingly pubescent,
2'-6' long, i'-ii' wide, acuminate or acute at both
ends, crenulate or denticulate, the upper sessile,
the lower petioled ; flowers racemose, commonly
numerous, bright scarlet or red (rarely white),
i'-ii' long; bracts usually glandular; calyx gla-
brous or pubescent, its lobes linear, elongated,
acute; corolla-tube nearly or quite i' long; larger
anthers glabrous.
In moist soil, New Brunswick to Florida, Ontario,
Kansas, Colorado and Texas. Slink-weed. Hog's-
physic. July-Sept.
GENUS I.
Lobelia syphilitica L.
. Blue Cardinal-flower.
LOBELIA FAMILY
Great Lobelia.
Fig. 4031.
Lobelia syphilitica L. Sp. PI. 931. 1753.
Lobelia syphilitica ludoviciana A. DC. Prodr. ^ : 377.
1839.
Perennial by short offsets ; stem sparingly pubes-
cent, rather stout, very leafy, usually simple, i-3
high. Leaves glabrous or sparingly puberulent, 2'-6'
long, -2' wide, oval, oblong, or lanceolate, acute
or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, re-
pand-denticulate, irregularly crenate-dentate or near-
ly entire, ses'sile, or the lower obovate, obtuse and
narrowed into petioles ; flowers bright blue, or occa-
sionally white, io"-i2" long, densely racemose, leafy-
bracted ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent
or ciliate, the sinuses appendaged by large deflexed
auricles ; corolla-tube 5" -6" long, about 2 ' thick, the
lobes of its larger lip oblong-oval, obtuse or acutish,
glabrous ; larger anthers glabrous.
In moist soil, Maine and Ontario to South Dakota,
Colorado, Georgia, Louisiana and Kansas. Hybridizes
with the preceding species. High-belia. July-Oct.
5. Lobelia amoena Michx. Southern Lobelia.
Fig. 4032.
Lobelia amoena Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 152. 1803.
Lobelia amoena glandulifera A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: 4. 1878.
Nearly glabrous throughout, perennial ; stem simple,
slender, leafy, i-4 high. Leaves thin, ovate to oblong-
lanceolate, narrowly oblong, or oval, repand-dentate or
denticulate, the lower petioled and mostly obtuse, 2 r -6'
long, the upper sessile, acute or acutish, smaller; flowers
blue, racemose, nearly i' long; bracts narrow and small,
or the lower foliaceous, glandular; pedicels i"-2$" long;
calyx-lobes linear-subulate, acuminate, glabrous, glandu-
lar, elongated, the sinuses usually not auricled; corolla-
tube s"-7" long, ii"-2" thick; larger anthers glabrous, or
puberulent at the tip; lobes of the larger lip of the co-
rolla broadly ovate to oval, obtuse, glabrous.
In swamps, Delaware to Florida and Alabama. July-Sept.
6. Lobelia elongata Small. Long-leaved
Lobelia. Fig. 4033.
L. elongata Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1144. 1903.
Perennial, at least by offsets, glabrous or nearly
so; stem simple, i-3 tall, commonly wand-like.
Leaves rather few, erect or ascending, linear or
nearly so, f'-4' long, mostly acute, serrate or
dentate-serrate with gland-tipped teeth, sessile or
narrowed into petiole-like bases; flowers deep-
blue in rather closely flowered, but not densely
flowered, one-sided racemes 4'-i2' long; bracts
linear to lanceolate, serrate with gland-tipped
teeth, the lower ones sometimes surpassing the
corollas; calyx-lobes elongate, linear-subulate or
linear-setaceous, entire, as long as the corolla or
shorter, without auricles at the sinuses ; corolla-
tube s"-8" long, lobes of the lower lip oval or
ovate, glabrous.
In low grounds or swamps, Virginia to Florida and
Louisiana. Aug.-Oct.
LOBELIACEAE. VOL. III.
7. Lobelia puberula Michx. Downy Lobelia.
Fig. 4034.
Lobelia puberula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 152. 1803.
Perennial, densely and finely puberulent all over,
slightly viscid ; stem simple, or rarely with a few
branches, stout or slender, leafy, i-3 high. Leaves
oval, oblong, ovate, or obovate, i'-2' long, rather thick,
the lower petioled, all obtuse or the uppermost acute,
denticulate or crenate-dentate, the teeth often glandular;
flowers blue, 8"-io" long, in long spike-like racemes;
lower bracts, or sometimes all of thera, foliaceous,
glandular; pedicels very short; calyx hirsute or pubes-
cent, its lobes narrowly lanceolate, elongated, usually
with small short rounded auricles at the sinuses ; cor-
olla-tube about 5" long, i"-ii" thick, the lobes of its
larger lip broadly ovate, glabrous; larger anthers mi-
nutely bearded.
In moist sandy soil, southern New Jersey to Florida,
Illinois, Iowa, Kansas and Texas. Ascends to 3500 ft. in
North Carolina. Aug.-Oct.
8. Lobelia glandulosa Walt. Glandular Lobelia.
Fig- 4035-
Lobelia glandulosa Walt. Fl. Car. 218. 1788.
Perennial ; stem slender, leafy below, nearly naked
above, simple, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, i-4
high. Leaves elongated-linear to narrowly lanceolate,
thick, glabrous, strongly glandular-dentate, the lower
petioled, obtuse, often 7' long and 4" wide, the upper
sessile, acutish, shorter ; flowers racemose-spicate, secund,
often few and distant, blue, nearly i' long; bracts narrow,
glandular; peduncles very short, sometimes with a pair of
glands near the base; calyx-tube often densely hirsute, its
lobes subulate, the sinuses not appendaged ; corolla-tube
5"-6" long, i"-ii" thick, about twice as long as the calyx-
lobes; larger lip of the corolla pubescent within at the
base, its lobes ovate, acutish ; anthers all bearded at the tip.
In swamps near the coast, southern Virginia to Florida.
July-Sept.
9. Lobelia spicata Lam. Pale Spiked Lobelia. Fig. 4036.
Lobelia spicata Lam. Encycl. 3: 587. 1789.
L. spicata hirtella A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 : 6. 1878.
L. spicata parvifiora A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: 6. 1878.
Perennial or biennial, puberulent, smooth or roughish ;
stem strict, simple, leafy, i-4 high. Leaves thickish,
pale green, repand-dentate, crenulate, or entire, the
basal ones commonly tufted, broadly oblong, oval, or
obovate, very obtuse, narrowed into short petioles,
i'-3i' long; i'-2' wide; stem leaves sessile, oblong,
lanceolate, or spatulate, obtuse, the uppermost gradually
smaller and acutish; flowers pale blue, 3"-5" long,
densely or distantly racemose-spicate, the inflorescence
sometimes 2 long ; bracts linear, entire ; pedicels very
short, ascending; calyx-tube turbinate, usually glabrous,
shorter than its subulate spreading, sometimes hirsute
or ciliate lobes, the sinuses usually not at all append-
aged; corolla-tube about 2i" long and i" thick.
In dry, mostly sandy soil, or in meadows, Prince Edward
Island to Saskatchewan, North Carolina, Alabama, Louisi-
ana and Arkansas. Races differ in pubescence and in size
of flowers. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. June-Aug.
GENUS I.
LOBELIA FAMILY
10 Lobelia leptostachys A. DC. Spiked
Lobelia. Fig. 4037.
Lobelia leptostachys A. DC. Prodr. 7: 376. 1839.
Similar to the preceding species ; stem usually
stouter, puberulent or glabrous, 2-4 high. Basal
leaves oval or obovate, obtuse ; stem leaves spatu-
late, oblong, or lanceolate, obtuse, sometimes
slightly scabrous, denticulate or entire, or the
uppermost narrower and acute ; spike-like raceme
elongated, usually dense ; bracts linear, glabrous ;
pedicels very short; calyx-lobes linear-subulate,
nearly as long as the corolla-tube, the sinuses
with subulate deflexed auricles; flowers blue,
4"-S" long.
In dry soil, Virginia to Ohio and Illinois, Georgia
and Kansas. June-Aug.
ii. Lobelia inflata L. Indian or Wild
Tobacco. Eyebright. Fig. 4038.
Lobelia inflata L. Sp. PI. 931. 1753.
Annual, pubescent or hirsute, very acrid ;
stem leafy, commonly paniculately branched,
i-3 high. Leaves thin, repand-dentate or
denticulate, the lower oval or obovate, obtuse,
l'-2i' long, narrowed into short petioles, the
upper sessile, oval, oblong, ovate, or ovate-
lanceolate, obtuse, or the uppermost acute ;
flowers light blue, 2"-3" long, usually distant
in somewhat spike-like racemes ; lower bracts
foliaceous, the upper subulate ; pedicels 2"-s"
long in fruit; calyx glabrous or nearly so,
its subulate lobes about as long as the corolla;
capsule inflated, 3" -4" long, finely transversely
veined between the ribs.
In fields and thickets, usually in dry soil, Labra-
dor to Saskatchewan, Georgia, Kansas and Arkan-
sas. Gag-root. Puke-weed. Asthma-weed. Low-
belia. Emetic-weed. Bladder-pod lobelia. July-
Nov.
12. Lobelia Kalmii L. Brook or Kalm's
Lobelia. Fig. 4039.
Lobelia Kalmii L. Sp. PI. 930. 1753.
Perennial by short offsets, glabrous through-
out, or sparingly pubescent below; stem leafy,
erect, paniculately branched, rarely simple,
slender, 6'-2o' high. Lower and basal leaves
spatulate, obtuse, narrowed into short petioles,
sparingly repand-denticulate, or entire, 6"-i2"
long, ii'-2$' wide; upper leaves sessile, usually
longer and narrower, linear, linear-oblong, or
narrowly spatulate, the uppermost acute; flow-
ers light blue, 4"-s" long, in loose racemes ;
lower bracts linear-lanceolate, the upper subu-
late; pedicels nearly filiform, 4"-i2" long, usu-
ally 2-glandular or 2-bracteolate near the middle ;
calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, longer than the
turbinate tube, the sinuses not appendaged ; cap-
sule wholly inferior, not inflated, campanulate or
subglobose, about 2" long.
On wet banks, and in wet meadows, Nova Scotia
to New Jersey, west to Ontario, Manitoba, Ohio,
Michigan and Iowa. July-Sept.
LOBELIACEAE.
VOL. III.
13. Lobelia Nuttallii R. & S. Nuttall's Lo-
belia. Fig. 4040.
Lobelia gracilis Nutt. Gen. 2: 77. 1818. Not Andr.
Lobelia Nuttallii R. & S. Syst. 5: 39. 1819.
Annual, or perhaps biennial, glabrous throughout,
or puberulent below; stem weak, usually reclining,
very slender, loosely branched, at least when old,
i-3 long. Basal leaves spatulate to oval, obtuse,
mostly petioled, 6"-i2" long, slightly repand, or en-
tire; stem leaves distant, linear, linear-oblong, or
slightly spatulate, longer and narrower, entire or
sparingly glandular-denticulate; flowers 2i"~4" long,
pale blue, loosely racemose ; bracts linear or the
upper subulate; pedicels filiform, 2 "-4" long, naked,
or minutely 2-bracteolate near the base ; calyx-lobes
subulate, longer than the depressed-hemispheric
strongly ribbed tube, the sinuses unappendaged ; cap-
sule depressed-globose, half-inferior, about i" long.
In sandy soil, Long Island to Pennsylvania, Florida
and Georgia. June-Sept.
14. Lobelia Canbyi A. Gray. Canby's Lo-
belia. Fig. 4041.
Lobelia Canbyi A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 284. 1867.
Annual, slightly puberulent, usually glabrous ; stem
erect, slender, paniculately branched, or simple, 2-3
high. Stem leaves linear or linear-oblong, i'-ii'
long, i"-ii" wide, the lower obtuse, sometimes
slightly repand-denticulate, the upper acute, nar-
rower, entire; flowers racemose, blue, 4"~5i" long;
lower bracts linear, the upper subulate; pedicels
erect or ascending, naked, filiform, i"-3" long;
calyx-lobes linear-subulate, glandular-denticulate,
equalling or somewhat longer than the narrowly
turbinate tube, mostly shorter than the tube of the
corolla; capsule oblong-turbinate, 2" long, shorter
than the calyx-tube.
Swamps, New Jersey to South Carolina. July-Sept.
Family 44. CICHORIACEAE Reichenb. Fl. Excurs. 248. 1831.
CHICORY FAMILY.
Herbs (two Pacific Island genera trees), almost always with milky, acrid or
bitter juice, alternate or basal leaves, and yellow, rarely pink, blue purple or white
flowers in involucrate heads (anthodia). Bracts of the involucre in i to several
series. Receptacle of the head flat or flattish, naked, scaly (paleaceous), smooth,
pitted, or honeycombed. Flowers all alike (heads homogamous), perfect. Calyx-
tube completely adnate to the ovary, its limb (pappus) of scales, or simple or
plumose bristles, or both, or wanting. Corolla gamopetalous, with a short or long
tube, and a strap-shaped (ligulate) usually 5-toothed limb (ray). Anthers con-
nate into a tube around the style, the sacs sagittate or auricled at the base, not
tailed, usually appendaged at the summit, the simple pollen-grains usually 1 2-sided.
Ovary i-celled; ovule i, anatropous; style very slender, 2-cleft, or 2-lobed, the
lobes minutely papillose. Fruit an achene. Seed erect ; endosperm none ; radicle
narrower than the cotyledons.
About 70 genera and 1500 species, of wide geographic distribution. The family is also known
as LIGULIFLORAE, and is often regarded as a tribe of the COMPOSITAE.
* Pappus of scales, or of scales and bristles, or none.
Flowers blue or white ; pappus of blunt scales. i. Cichorium.
Flowers yellow.
Bracts of the involucre membranous, or herbaceous.
Pappus none ; achenes 2O-3o-nerved. 2. Lapsana.
Pappus none; achenes 8-io-ribbed. 3. Serinea.
GENUS i.
CHICORY FAMILY.
35
Pappus of rounded scales, with or without an inner series of bristles.
Bracts of the involucre 9-18, reflexed in fruit, not keeled; pappus-bristles usually more
numerous than the scales.
Annuals ; pappus-scales 5, obovate or rounded. 4. Krigia.
Perennials; pappus-scales 10-15, linear or oblong, minute. 5. Cynthia.
Bracts of the involucre 5-8, erect in fruit, keeled; pappus-bristles and scales 5.
6. Cymbia.
Bracts of the involucre thickened and keeled after flowering ; pappus none. 7. Arnoseris.
** Pappus, at least some of it, of plumose bristles.
Receptacle chaffy. 8. Hypochaeris.
Receptacle naked.
Plume-branches of the pappus not interwebbed.
Flowers yellow ; plants scapose, the leaves basal. 9. Apargia.
Flowers yellow; plants leafy-stemmed. 10. Picris.
Flowers pink. n. Ptiloria.
Plume-branches of the pappus interwebbed. 12. Tragopogon.
*** Pappus of simple bristles or of some soft white scales,
t Receptacle with a few deciduous bristles ; flowers yellow 13. Malacothrix.
ft Receptacle naked.
i. Achenes spinulose, or with short processes near the summit.
Heads few- (6-15-) flowered, yellow; stem branching. 14. Chondrilla.
Heads many-flowered, yellow, solitary on scapes. 15. Leontodon.
2. Achenes smooth, or papillose, not spinulose toward the summit,
(a) Achenes flattened.
Achenes truncate, not beaked ; flowers yellow.
Achenes narrowed at the summit, or beaked ; flowers blue or yellow.
1 6. Sonchus.
17. Lactuca.
(b) Achenes cylindric, or prismatic.
Achenes terete, not narrowed either at the base or summit; flowers pink or purple. 18. Lygodesmia.
Achenes narrowed at the base, narrowed or beaked at the summit ; flowers yellow.
Achenes slender-beaked.
Pappus-bristles not surrounded by a villous ring at base. 19. Agoseris.
Pappus-bristles surrounded by a villous white ring at base. 20. Sitilias.
Achenes merely narrowed above, not beaked. 21. Crepis.
Achenes narrowed at the base, otherwise columnar, truncate (except in 2 species of Hieracium).
Flowers yellow, orange, or red. 22. Hieracium.
Flowers white, cream-color, or purple. 23. Nabalus.
i. CICHORIUM [Tourn.] L, Sp. PI. 813. 1753.
Erect branching herbs, with alternate and basal leaves, those of the stem and branches
usually very small and bract-like, and large heads of blue purple pink or white flowers,
peduncled, or in sessile clusters along the branches. Involucre of 2 series of herbaceous
bracts, the outer somewhat spreading, the inner erect and subtending, or partly enclosing,
the outer achenes. Receptacle flat, naked, or slightly nmbrillate. Rays truncate and
5-toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender, obtusish.
Achenes 5-angled or 5-ribbed, truncate, not beaked. Pappus of 2 or 3 series of short blunt
scales. [From the Arabic name.]
About 8 species, natives of the Old World, the following typical.
/
i. Cichorium Intybus L. Chicory. Wild Succory.
Blue Sailors. Bunk. Fig. 4042.
Cichorium Intybus L. Sp. PI. 813. 1753.
Cichorium Intybus divaricatum DC. Prodr. 7: 84. 1838.
Perennial from a long deep tap-root; stems slightly
hispid, stiff, much branched, i-3 high. Basal leaves
spreading, runcinate-pinnatifid, dentate or lobed, spatulate,
3'-6' long, narrowed into long petioles ; upper leaves much
smaller, lanceolate or oblong, lobed or entire, clasping and
auricled at the base; heads numerous, i'-ii' broad, 1-4
together in sessile clusters on the nearly naked or bracted
branches, or sometimes peduncled ; inner bracts of the
involucre about 8; flowers blue, or sometimes white.
Roadsides, fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Minne-
sota, Washington, North Carolina, Kansas, Colorado and Cali-
fornia. Bermuda. The ground-up root is used as a substitute
or adulterant for coffee. Heads usually closed by noon. The
flowers sometimes bear supplementary rays. Blue daisy or
dandelion. Coffee-weed. Bachelor's-buttons. Consists of sev-
eral races. July-Oct.
20
306
QCHORIACEAE.
VOL. III.
2. LAPSANA L. Sp. PI. 811. 1753.
Annual erect branching herbs, with alternate dentate or pinnatifid leaves, and small
panicled slender-peduncled heads of yellow flowers. Involucre nearly cylindric, its principal
bracts in I series, nearly equal, with a few exterior small ones at the base. Receptacle flat,
naked. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-
branches slender. Achenes obovate-oblong, 2O-3o-nerved, somewhat flattened, narrowed
below, rounded at the summit. Pappus none. [Greek, lampsana, the name of a crucifer.]
About 9 species, natives of the Old World, the following typical.
i. Lapsana communis L. Nipplewort. Succory
Dock-cress. Fig. 4043.
Lapsana communis L. Sp. PI. 811. 1753.
Stem paniculately branched, glabrous above, more or-
less hispid-pubescent below, i-3J high. Lower leaves
ovate, repand-dentate, obtuse, thin, pubescent, or glabrate,
petioled, 2'-^' long, often with 2-6 lobes on the petiole,
the uppermost oblong or lanceolate, sessile, acute, much
smaller, mostly entire; heads very numerous, 3"-6" broad;
involucre oblong-cylindric, 2"-$" high, and of about 8
linear glaucous principal bracts and several very small
outer ones.
Along roadsides and in waste places, Quebec and Ontario
to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Michigan. Also on the
Pacific Coast and in Jamaica. Naturalized from Europe.
Called also bolgan-leaves, ballogan. June-Sept.
3. SERINIA Raf. Fl. Ludov. 149. 1817.
[APOGON Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2 : 267. 1824.]
Low glaucescent branching annual herbs, with alternate clasping entire or lobed leaves,
or those of the stem sometimes appearing as if opposite, and few small long-peduncled heads
of yellow flowers. Involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts about 8, equal, membranous,
becoming concave after flowering. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at
the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes obovoid,
8-io-ribbed, contracted at the base, rounded at the summit. Pappus none, or a mere vestige.
[Greek, small chicory.]
Three known species, natives of \\\e southern United States,
the following typical.
i. Serinia oppositifolia (Raf.) Kuntze. Sermia.
Fig. 4044.
Krigia oppositifolia Raf. Fl. Ludov. 57. 1817.
Apogon humilis Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 267. 1824.
Serinia oppositifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 364. 1891.
Glabrous throughout, or slightly glandular-pubescent along
the ends of the peduncles, branched from the base, 4'-io'
high. Basal and lower leaves petioled, oblong-lanceolate or
spatulate in outline, acute or obtuse, entire, lobed or pin-
natifid, 3'-5' long, 2"-6" wide ; upper leaves mainly sessile,
clasping, alternate, or appearing as if opposite, usually entire,
smaller; peduncles very slender, sometimes 4' long; heads
ii"-2" broad; bracts of the involucre acute or acuminate,
about the length of the rays.
Kansas to Texas, east to North Carolina and Florida. Recorded
from Missouri. March-May.
4. KRIGIA Schreb. Gen. PI. 532. 1791.
An annual herb, with scapose stems, basal, entire, sinuate-dentate or pinnatifid leaves,
and a small or middle-sized head of yellow flowers, solitary at the end of the scape. Invo-
lucre campanulate, its herbaceous bracts 9-18, reflexed in fruit, in 2 series, with no exterior
shorter ones. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the apex. Anthers
sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender, obtusish. Achenes turbinate, 15-20-ribbed,
truncate. Pappus in 2 series, the outer of 5 thin broad rounded scales, the inner of 10 or
more slender naked bristles. [In honor of David Krig, who collected plants in Maryland
early in the eighteenth century.]
A monotypic genus of North America. This and the two following genera were included in
Adopogon Neck., in our first edition, but that genus is not typified, and the name probably belongs
to an Old World plant.
GENUS 4.
CHICORY FAMILY.
37
i. Krigia virginica (L.) Willd. Carolinia Dwarf Dandelion. Krigia.
Fig. 4045.
Hyoseris virginica L. Sp. PI. 809. 1753.
Hyoseris caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 194. 1788.
Krigia virginica Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1618. 1804.
Krigia caroliniana Nutt. Gen. 2: 126. 1818.
Adopogon carolinianum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 :
346. 1894.
Annual, acaulescent; scapes usually several
from the same root, very slender, glabrous or
hispidulous, monocephalous, i'-i5' high, simple, or
sometimes branched at or near the base. Leaves
commonly all basal, tufted, spatulate, lanceolate
or linear, pinnatifid, sinuate, lobed, dentate or
rarely entire, i'-6' long, narrowed at the base into
usually margined petioles ; head 3"-7" broad ;
involucre of 9-18 linear-lanceolate bracts, reflexed
after the fall of the narrowly turbinate somewhat
5-angled achenes ; pappus of 5 round short scales
and 10 or more long capillary bristles.
In dry, sandy soil, Maine to Ontario and Minne-
sota, Florida and Texas ; also in Washington. April-
Aug.
5. CYNTHIA D. Don, Edinb. Phil. Journ. 12 : 305. 1829.
Perennial herbs, with tufted basal leaves, the large many-flowered heads at the ends of
simple or branched scapes. Flowers orange or yellow. Bracts of the involucre 9-18, reflexed
in fruit, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, not keeled. Pappus of 10-15 small scales and as
many long bristles or more. [Mythological name.]
Four species, natives of North America. Type species : Cynthia virginica (L.) D. Don.
Caulescent, branched above. i. C. virginica.
Acaulescent, monocephalous. 2. C. Dandelion.
i. Cynthia virginica (L.) D. Don. Cynthia.
Fig. 4046.
Virginia Goatsbeard.
Colorado.
Tragopogon virginicum L. Sp. PI. 789. 1753.
Krigia amplexicaulis Nutt. Gen. 2: 127. 1818.
Cynthia virginica D. Don, Edinb. Phil. Journ. 12 : 309. 1829.
Adopogon virginicum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 304. 1891.
Cynthia falcata Standley, Contr. Nat. Herb. 13: 356. 1911.
Perennial, glabrous and glaucous; stem i-2$ high,
i-leaved and branched above, bearing 1-6 long-peduncled
heads at its summit and usually i oblong, entire or
toothed clasping leaf below the middle. Basal leaves
tufted, runcinate, sinuate, denticulate, or entire, 2'-;'
long, narrowed into margined petioles, heads about li'
broad; involucre of 9-15 lanceolate nerveless bracts,
3"-4" long, reflexed in fruit; achenes nearly oblong;
pappus of 10-15 small oblong scales and an equal or
greater number of capillary bristles; flowers orange to
reddish orange.
In moist woods and meadows, Massachusetts to southern
Ontario and Manitoba, Georgia, Kentucky, Missouri and
Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. False dande lion. May-Oct.
3 o8
CICHORIACEAE.
VOL. III.
2. Cynthia Dandelion (L.) DC. Dwarf
Dandelion or Goatsbeard. Fig. 4047.
Tragopogon Dandelion L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, mi. 1763.
Krigia Dandelion Nutt. Gen. 2: 127. 1818.
Cynthia Dandelion DC. Prodr. 7 : 89. 1838.
Adopogon Dandelion Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 304.
1891.
Perennial, acaulescent, glabrous and some-
what glaucous; scape 6'-i8' high, slender leaf-
less, with a single head. Stolons filiform, bear-
ing globose tubers; leaves all basal, tufted,
linear-lanceolate to spatulate, entire, denticulate,
sinuate, or pinnatifid, narrowed at the base,
3'-6' long, 2"-$" wide ; head about i' broad ;
involucre nearly \' high; pappus similar to that
of the preceding species.
In moist soil, Maryland to Florida, Illinois, Mis-
souri, Kansas and Texas. April-June.
6. CYMBIA (T. & G.) Standley, Contr.
Nat. Herb. 13: 354. 1911.
An annual acaulescent herb, the leaves forming rosettes, the scapes monocephalous.
Involucral bracts 5-8, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, remaining erect in fruit. Receptacle naked.
Rays yellow, 5-toothed. Achenes turbinate, ribbed. Pappus an outer series of 5 obovate
scales, and an inner series of 5 bristles, much longer than the scales. [Greek, referring to
the cup-shaped fruiting involucre.]
A monotypic genus of the south-central United States.
i. Cymbia occidentalis (Nutt.) Standley.
Western Dwarf Dandelion. Fig. 4048.
Krigia occidentalis Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 104.
1834-
Adopogon occidentale Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 304.
1891.
C. occidentalis Standley, Contr. Nat. Herb. 13: 354.
1911.
Scapes tufted, 2'-8' high, usually glandular, at
least above, sometimes glabrous, bearing a single
head 5"-io" broad. Leaves basal, lanceolate to
obovate, entire to pinnatifid, mostly shorter than
the scapes ; involucre 2"-$" high, firm and keeled
at maturity, remaining erect; achenes transversely
wrinkled; pappus of 5 obovate scales and 5 alter-
nating bristles, or these wanting.
Prairies, southern Missouri and Kansas to Texas.
April-May.
7. ARNOSERIS Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2 : 355. pi. 757. 1791.
A low annual scapose herb, glabrous, or nearly so, with tufted basal dentate or nearly
entire leaves. Scapes several or numerous, simple or branched, upwardly thickened below
the solitary heads of yellow flowers. Involucre campanulate, its bracts in i series, narrow,
equal, thickened and keeled on the back after flowering, rarely with a few outer minute
ones. Receptacle flat, pitted, not chaffy. Anthers sagittate. Style-branches obtuse. Achenes
oval, 8-io-ribbed, narrowed below, truncate, or with a denticulate margin. Pappus none.
[Greek, lamb-succory.]
A monotypic genus of western Europe.
GENUS 7.
CHICORY FAMILY.
i. Arnoseris minima (L.) Dumort. Lamb
Succory. Fig. 4049.
Hyoseris minima L. Sp. PI. 879. 1753.
Arnoseris pusilla Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 355. 1791.
Arnoseris minima Dumort. Fl. Belg. 63. 1827.
Scapes slender, 3'-i2' high, leafless, simple,
or with 1-4 branches mostly above the middle,
gradually thickened and hollow upward for a space
of an inch or more below the heads. Leaves
oblanceolate, obovate, or oblong, i'-3' long, 3"-io"
wide, usually coarsely and sharply toothed, nar-
rowed into margined petioles ; heads 8" broad, or
less; bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, strongly keeled after flowering, 2"-^"
long, curving over the achenes.
Fields and waste grounds, Maine to Ontario and
Michigan. Adventive from Europe. Also called dwarf
swine's- or hog's-succory ; dwarf nipplewort. Summer.
8. HYPOCHAERIS [Vaill.] L. Sp.
PI. 810. 1753.
Mostly perennial herbs, with scapose, often
branched stems and mostly basal tufted leaves,
pinnatifid to entire, those of the scapes few, scale-like, very small, or none. Heads mostly
large, long-peduncled. Flowers yellow. Involucre oblong-cylindric to campanulate, its bracts
herbaceous, imbricated in several series, appressed, the outer smaller. Receptacle flat, chaffy.
Anthers sagittate. Style-branches slender, obtusish. Achenes oblong to linear, lo-ribbed,
somewhat narrowed below, contracted above into a long or short beak, or the outer truncate.
Pappus of I row of plumose bristles, sometimes with some shorter simple ones. [Greek, for
pigs, which are fond of its roots.]
About 50 species, natives of Europe, Asia and South America. Type species: Hypochaeris
glabra L.
i. Hypochaeris radicata L. Long-
rooted Cat's-ear. Gosmore.
Fig. 4050.
Hypochaeris radicata L. Sp. PI. 8n. 1753.
Perennial; stems several together, glabrous,
\ S&iit'S >\ Yf ~ W.. slender, i-2 high, bracted, or rarely simple,
bearing a few scales. Leaves spreading on the
ground, oblanceolate to obovate in outline,
pinnatifid-lobed to dentate, 2'-6' long, hirsute
on both sides ; involucre oblong-cylindric,
about i' high, its bracts glabrous, or sparingly
pubescent; heads i' broad or rrore; chaff of
the receptacle of narrow soft jointed scales;
achenes rough, all with very slender beaks
longer than the body; flowers longer than the
involucre.
In waste places, Ontario to New York, southern
New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Also in Califor-
nia, Oregon, Washington and Colorado. Jamaica.
Adventive or naturalized from Europe. Native
also of Asia. May-Oct.
Hypochaeris glabra L., the smooth cat's-ear, a
smaller species, with nearly or quite glabrous
leaves, flowers scarcely longer than the involucre,
and the outer achenes truncate, has been found
in Maine and Ontario, and in Georgia, and is naturalized on the Pacific Coast.
9. APARGIA Scop. Fl. Cam. Ed. 2, 2: 113. 1772.
Perennial scapose herbs, with tufted basal, mostly pinnatifid leaves, branched and scaly,
or simple and naked scapes, and large heads of yellow flowers, solitary at the end of the
scape or of its branches. Involucre ovoid or oblong, its principal bracts in i or 2 series,
nearly equal, with several series of short outer ones. Receptacle flat, fimbrillate, villous, or
somewhat honeycombed. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the
base. Style-branches slender. Achenes oblong or linear, finely striate, contracted or beaked
at the summit. Pappus of I or 2 series of plumose persistent brownish bristles, somewhat
broadened at the base, or the outer scale-like and simple. [Greek, from the growth of these
plants on unused land.]
CICHORIACEAE.
VOL. III.
About 45 species, natives of the Old World. Type species : Apargia incana Scop.
Scape scaly-bracted, mostly branched; pappus of plumose bristles only. i. A. autumnalis.
Scape bractless, monocephalpus ; pappus of two kinds.
Pappus of marginal and inner flowers dissimilar. z. A. nudicaulis.
Pappus of all flowers alike. 3. A. hispida.
i. Apargia autumnale (L.) Hoffm. Fall
Dandelion. Autumnal Hawkbit. Lion's-
tooth. Fig. 4051.
Leontodon autumnale L. Sp. PI. 798. 1753.
Apargia autumnalis Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. Ed. 2, 2 :
113. 1800.
Plant glabrous or nearly so, or the involucres
and ends of peduncles black-pubescent; scape
slender, usually branched and scaly, 6'-2 high.
Leaves narrowly oblong to linear-lanceolate, pin-
natifid into narrow lobes, or some of them coarsely
dentate, 3'-8' long, 3"-i2" wide, acuminate at the
apex, narrowed into rather short petioles ; heads
several, rarely solitary, about I2"-I5" broad ; in-
volucre oblong; achenes tapering into a short
beak, or the outer ones nearly terete; pappus-
bristles all plumose.
In fields and along roadsides, Newfoundland to
Ontario, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Michigan.
Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia.
June-Nov. Dog-dandelion. Arnica-bud.
2. Apargia nudicaulis (L.) Britton. Rough
or Hairy Hawkbit. Fig. 4052.
Crepis nudicaulis L. Sp. PI. 805. 1753.
Leontodon hirtum L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1123. 1763.
Leontodon nudicaule Banks ; Lowe, Trans. Camb.
Phil. Soc. 4: 28. 1831.
Plant more or less hirsute ; scape simple, slender,
4/-I2' high, minutely scaly, or naked. Leaves
linear-oblong to narrowly spatulate, acute or
obtuse, not acuminate, nearly entire, coarsely
sinuate-dentate or sometimes pinnatifid, 2'-$' long,
3"-8" wide, narrowed into petioles ; head solitary
at the end of the scape, 5"-io" broad; involucre
canescent or pubescent; outer achenes with a
pappus of simple narrow scales, the inner ones
with a pappus of plumose bristles.
In ballast and waste places, Connecticut to New
Jersey and Pennsylvania, and on Vancouver Island.
Adventive from Europe. June-Oct.
3. Apargia hispida (L.) Willd. Common
Hawkbit. Fig. 4053.
Leontodon hispidus L. Sp. PI. 799. 1753.
Leontodon hostile L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1123. 1763.
A. hispida Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1552. 1804.
Glabrous, or bristly-hispid. Scape stout or slender,
4'-25' high, bractless, monocephalous ; head nodding
before flowering; leaves 2'-6' long, oblong-lanceolate
in outline, coarsely and sharply dentate or subpin-
natifid; head \\' broad or less; involucre 6"-y" high;
pappus an outer series of short and an inner series
of long plumose bristles, alike in all the flowers.
Fields and waste grounds, Rhode Island to Pennsyl-
vania, Ontario and Ohio. July-Sept.
GENUS 10.
CHICORY FAMILY.
3 11
10. PICRIS L. Sp. PI. 792. 1753.
Erect hispid, mostly branching, leafy herbs, with alternate leaves (in our species), and
rather large, usually corymbose or paniculate heads of yellow flowers. Involucre campanulate
or cup-shaped, its principal bracts in I series, nearly equal, with 2-3 series of small or large
exterior spreading ones. Receptacle flat, short-fimbrillate. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at
the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes linear or oblong,
somewhat incurved, terete or angled, 5-io-ribbed and transversely wrinkled, narrowed at the
base and summit, or beaked in some species. Pappus of i or 2 series of slender plumose
bristles. [Greek, bitter.]
About 35 species, natives of the Old World, one perhaps indigenous in Alaska.
Picris aspienioides L.
Type species :
Outer involucral bracts linear ; achenes not beaked.
Outer involucral bracts ovate, foliaceous ; achenes short-beaked.
i. Picris hieracioides L. Hawkweed
Picris. Fig. 4054.
Picris hieracioides L. Sp. PI. 792. 1753.
Biennial, more or less hispid, much
branched, i-3 high. Leaves lanceolate
or oblong-lanceolate, dentate, or nearly en-
tire, the basal narrowed into petioles, acute,
often 6' long, those of the stem mostly
sessile and smaller; heads numerous, 4'-i'
broad; involucre 4"-6" high, its outer
bracts linear, subulate, spreading, the inner
linear-lanceolate, acuminate; pappus copious,
nearly white.
In waste places, Illinois, Pennsylvania, New
Jersey, and in ballast about the seaports.
Adventive from Europe. Native also of Asia.
Very bitter. June-Sept. Old name lang-de-
beef.
1. P. hieracioides.
2. P. echioides.
2. Picris echioides L. Bristly Ox-
tongue. Fig. 4055.
Picris echinoides L. Sp. PI. 792. 1753.
Helmintha echinoides Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 2 :
368. 1802.
Annual or biennial, branched, hispid; stem
about 2^ high. Basal and lower leaves spatu-
late or oblong, obtuse, repand-dentate, 2'-6'
long, narrowed into petioles; upper leaves
sessile and clasping, oblong or lanceolate,
smaller, the uppermost mainly acute and en-
tire; heads numerous, rather crowded, short-
peduncled, about 4" broad; outer bracts of the
involucre 4 or 5, foliaceous, ovate, acute,
hispid-ciliate, the inner ones lanceolate, mem-
branous ; achenes beaked.
In waste places, Nova Scotia and Ontario to
Pennsylvania, and in ballast about the seaports.
Also in California. Adventive from Europe. July-
Sept. Called also bugloss and bugloss-picris.
3 12
CICHORIACEAE.
VOL. III.
ii. PTILORIA Raf. Atl. Journ. 145. 1832.
[STEPHANOMERIA Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (II.) 7: 427. 1841.]
Annual or perennial, mostly glabrous, often glaucous herbs, with erect, simple or branched,
usually rigid stems, alternate or basal, entire dentate or runcinate-pinnatifid leaves, those of
the stem and branches often reduced to subulate scales, and small erect heads of pink flowers,
paniculate, or solitary at the ends of the branches, opening in the morning. Involucre cylin-
dric or oblong, its principal bracts few, equal, scarious-margined, slightly united at the base,
with numerous short exterior ones and sometimes a few of intermediate length. Receptacle
flat, naked. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes oblong or
linear, terete or columnar, 5-ribbed, truncate or beaked at the summit, the ribs smooth or
rugose. Pappus of I series of rather rigid plumose bristles. [Greek, referring to the
feathery pappus.]
About 20 species, natives of western and central North America. Type species : Ptiloria
pauciflora (Torr.) Raf.
Involucre about 5" high; pappus brownish, plumose to below the middle. i. P. pauciflora.
Involucre about 4" high ; pappus white, plumose almost to the base. 2. P. ramosa.
i. Ptiloria pauciflora (Torr.) Raf.
Brown-plumed Ptiloria. Fig. 4056.
Prenanthesf pauciflora Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y.
2: 210. 1827.
Ptiloria pauciflora Raf. Atl. Journ. 145. 1832.
Stephanomeria runcinata Nutt. Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. (II.) 7: 427. 1841.
Perennial; stem rather stout, striate,
rigid, divergently branched, i-2 high.
Basal and lower leaves runcinate-pinnatifid,
i '-2$' long, 3"-6" wide, the upper all short
and narrowly linear or reduced to scales ;
heads somewhat racemose-paniculate along
the branches, usually about 5-flowered ;
involucre 4"-s" high; rays i"-2" long;
pappus brownish, plumose to below the
middle.
Plains, Nebraska, Kansas to Wyoming,
Texas and California. Summer.
2. Ptiloria ramosa Rydb. White-
plumed Ptiloria. Fig. 4057.
Ptiloria ramosa Rydb. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Card.
i: 453. 1900.
Similar to the preceding species, but com-
monly lower, bushy-branched, the branches
ascending. Basal leaves runcinate-pinnati-
fid, those of the stem linear or filiform,
entire, or sometimes runcinate-dentate, the
uppermost reduced to small scales ; heads
numerous, usually solitary at the ends of
the branchlets ; involucre about 4" high ;
pappus bright white, very plumose to near
the base.
Plains and dry, rocky soil, western Ne-
braska to Wyoming, Montana and Colorado.
In first edition of this work not distinguished
from the western Ptiloria tenuifolia (Torr.)
Raf. May- Aug.
GENUS 12.
CHICORY FAMILY.
3'3
12. TRAGOPOGON [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 789. 1753.
Biennial or perennial, erect usually branched, somewhat succulent herbs, with slender
fleshy tap-roots, alternate entire linear-lanceolate long-acuminate leaves, clasping at the base,
and long-peduncled large heads of yellow or purple flowers, opening in the early morning,
usually closed by noon. Involucre cylindric or narrowly campanulate, its bracts in i series,
nearly equal, acuminate, united at the base. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the apex. Anthers
sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes linear, terete, or 5-angled, 5-io-ribbed,
terminated by slender beaks, or the outermost beakless. Pappus-bristles in i series, plumose,
connate at the base, the plume-branches interwebbed. [Greek, goats-beard.]
About 35 species, natives of the Old World. Type species : Tragopogon pratensis L.
Flowers yellow ; involucral bracts equalling or shorter than the rays.
Flowers purple ; involucral bracts much longer than the rays.
1 . T. pratensis.
2. T. porrifolius.
i. Tragopogon pratensis L. Yellow
Goat's-beard. Meadow Salsify.
Fig. 4058.
Tragopogon pratensis L. Sp. PI. 789. 1753.
Stem branched, ii-3 high. Leaves keeled,
tapering from the broad, more or less clasping
base to a very long acuminate tip, the lower
sometimes 10' long and i' wide; peduncles
thickened at the top ; heads i'-2i' broad ; bracts
of the involucre about 8, lanceolate, acuminate,
shorter than or equalling (rarely exceeding)
the yellow rays; marginal achenes striate,
smooth or roughened.
In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to New
Jersey, Ontario, Ohio, Manitoba and Colorado.
Naturalized from Europe. June-Oct. Called also
buck's-beard, noon-flower, star-of-jerusalem, noon-
tide, Joseph's flower, go-to-bed-at-noon.
2. Tragopogon porrifolius L. Oyster
Plant. Salsify. Purple Goat's-beard.
Fig. 4059.
Tragopogon porrifolius L. Sp. PI. 789. 1753.
Taller, sometimes 4* high. Peduncles very
much thickened and hollow for i to 3 inches
below the heads ; heads 2'-^' broad, very showy ;
bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, usually much longer than the purple rays ;
achenes sometimes 2' long, the outer ones covered
with scale-like tubercles, especially on the ribs
below.
In fields and waste places, Ontario to New Jersey,
Virginia, Minnesota, British Columbia, Nebraska and
California, mostly escaped from gardens, where it is
common. Native of Europe. Called also vegetable
oyster, Jerusalem-star, nap-at-noon, oyster-root. Nat-
uralized as a weed on the Pacific Coast. The
root is the familiar vegetable known as oyster-plant.
An apparent hybrid between this and the preceding
species has been noticed at New Brunswick, N. J.
June-Oct.
3H
CICHORIACEAE.
VOL. II I.
13. MALACOTHRIX DC. Prodr. 7: 192. 1838.
Annual or perennial, branching or scapose herbs, with alternate or basal, mostly pinnatifid
leaves, and long-peduncled panicled or solitary heads of yellow or rarely white flowers.
Involucre campanulate, its principal bracts in i or 2 series, equal or nearly so, with several
series of shorter exterior ones. Receptacle flat, naked or bristly. Rays truncate and 5-toothed
at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes oblong or
linear, glabrous, io-15-ribbed, 4 or 5 of the ribs usually more prominent than the others,
truncate, or margined and 4-5-toothed at the summit. Pappus-bristles in 2 series, the inner
naked or minutely serrulate, slender, coherent at the base and deciduous in a ring, the outer
few (1-8), more persistent, or all deciduous in our species. [Greek, soft-hair, in allusion to
the soft pappus.]
About 15 species, natives of the western and southwestern United States and lower California.
Type species : Malacothrix calif arnica DC.
i. Malacothrix sonchoides (Nutt.) T. & G.
Malacothrix. Fig. 4060.
Lcptoseris sonchoides Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 7 :
439. 1841.
Malacothrix sonchoides 1. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 486. 1843.
Annual, glabrous throughout, or slightly glandular;
stem branched, 6'-i2 r high. Leaves somewhat fleshy,
oblong or linear-oblong in outline, pinnatifid and the
lobes dentate with mucronate-pointed teeth, the basal
ones i $'-3' long, narrowed into short broad petioles,
those of the stem smaller, sessile; heads several or
numerous, 8"-i3" broad ; principal bracts of the invo-
lucre linear, acute, scarious-margined, the outer short,
oblong, obtuse, or acutish ; achenes linear-oblong,
margined at the summit by a 15-denticulate white
border; pappus-bristles all deciduous.
On dry plains, western Nebraska and Kansas to Cali-
fornia and Arizona. May-Aug.
14. CHONDRILLA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 796. 1753.
Perennial herbs, with stiff divaricately branched stems, the basal leaves large and mostly
pinnatifid, those of the stem small, narrow, alternate, and few middle sized heads of yellow
flowers mostly solitary at the ends of the branches. Involucre cylindric, several-flowered,
its inner bracts in i or 2 series, nearly equal, with several series of small or minute outer
ones. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the summit. Anthers sagittate
at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes oblong or linear, 4-5-angled, many-ribbed,
more or less spiny near the summit, abruptly contracted into a beak. Pappus of copious
soft white simple bristles. [Greek, lump, from the gummy matter borne on the stems of
some species.]
About 1 8 species, natives of the Old World, the fol-
lowing typical.
i. Chondrilla juncea L. Gum Succory.
Fig. 4061.
Chondrilla juncea L. Sp. PI. 796. 1753.
Stem rush-like, hirsute at the base, glabrous above,
much branched, i-3 high. Basal leaves runcinate-
pinnatifid, those of the stem linear or linear-lanceolate,
acute, dentate or entire, sessile, i'-ii' long, i"-ii"
wide; heads terminal and lateral on the branches,
short-peduncled or sessile, 4"-6" broad ; involucre
glabrous or nearly so, about 4" high, its inner bracts
narrowly linear ; achenes muricate and spiny near
the summit, slightly shorter than the filiform beak.
In dry fields and waste places, Delaware to Maryland
and Virginia. Naturalized from Europe. July-Aug.
Naked-weed. Skeleton-weed. Devil's-grass. Hog-bite.
GENUS 15.
CHICORY FAMILY.
3'5
15. LEONTODON L. Sp. PL 798. 1753.
[TARAXACUM (Hall.) Ludwig, Def. 175. 1760.]
Perennial acaulescent herbs, with basal tufted pinnatifid or sinuate-dentate leaves, and
large heads of yellow flowers, solitary, or very rarely 2 or 3 together at the ends of naked
hollow scapes. Involucre oblong or campanulate, its inner bracts in i series, nearly equal,
slightly united at the base, the outer of several series of shorter somewhat spreading ones,
often reflexed at maturity. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the summit.
Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender, obtusish. Achenes oblong or linear-
fusiform, 4-5-angled, 5-io-nerved, roughened or spinulose, at least above, tapering into a
very slender beak. Pappus of numerous filiform unequal simple persistent bristles. [Greek,
lion's-tooth.]
About 20 species, natives of the northern hemisphere and southern South America. Type
species : Leontodon Taraxacum L.
Outer involucral bracts reflexed ; achenes greenish brown, the beak 2-3 times their length.
i. L. Taraxacum.
Outer involucral bracts spreading or. ascending.
Achenes greenish, the beak 2-3 times their length. 2. L. latilobum.
Achenes red, the beak not more than twice their length. 3. L. erythrospermum.
i. Leontodon Taraxacum L. Dandelion. Blowball. Fig. 4062.
Leontodon Taraxacum L. Sp. PI. 798. 1753.
T. officinale Weber, Prim. PI. Hoist. 56. 1786.
T. Dens-leonis Desf. Fl. Atlant. 2: 228. 1800.
T. Taraxacum Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 1138. 1880-83.
Root thick, deep, often 10' long, bitter. Leaves
oblong to spatulate in outline, usually pubes-
cent, at least when young, acute or obtuse,
pinnatifid, sinuate-dentate or rarely nearly
entire, rather succulent, 3'-io' long, i'-2j' wide,
narrowed into petioles ; scape erect, 2'-i8' high ;
head i'-2' broad ; containing very numerous
golden-yellow flowers (150-200), inner bracts
of the involucre linear or linear-lanceolate, the
outer similar, shorter, not glaucous, reflexed,
all acute; achenes greenish-brown, fusiform,
spinulose above, narrowed into a filiform beak
2-3 times their length, which support the
copious white pappus, the fruiting mass of
which becomes globose when ripe.
In fields and waste places, naturalized as a
weed from Europe. Also in Asia and distributed
as a weed in all civilized parts of the world. Jan.-
Dec. Called also lion's-tooth, cankei;wort, milk-
witch- or yellow-gowan, Irish daisy, monk's-head,
priest's-crown, puff-ball. Arnica.
"V,
2. Leontodon latilobum (DC.) Britton.
Mountain Dandelion. Fig. 4063.
Taraxacum latilobum DC. Prodr. 7: 146. 1838.
T. Taraxacum alpinum Porter, Mem. Torr. Club
5: 349. 1894.
Similar to the preceding but scape lower,
2'-7' high. Leaves sinuately lobed with broadly
triangular lobes, but less deeply so than in
L. Taraxacum and rarely as far as half way
to the midrib, or often merely dentate or sub-
entire; heads smaller, or about i' wide; bracts
fewer, the outer broadly ovate, appressed or
merely spreading.
In moist places, Newfoundland and Labrador
to Quebec. Europe. Summer. Rocky Mountain
and northwestern plants formerly regarded as
included in this species are now considered dis-
tinct.
316
CICHORIACEAE.
VOL. III.
3. Leontodon erythrospermum (Andrz.) Britton.
Fig. 4064.
Red-seeded Dandelion.
Taraxacum erythrospermum Andrz. in Bess. Enum.
PI. Vilh. 75. 1821.
Similar to the two preceding species, the leaves
glabrous, very deeply runcinate-pinnatifid or pin-
nately divided into narrower triangular-lanceolate
usually long-pointed segments ; scapes glabrous,
or pubescent above; heads rarely more than i'
broad, 7o-9O-flowered ; bracts of the involucre
glaucous, the outer lanceolate, spreading or as-
cending, the inner linear, longer, each usually
with an appendage just below the tip; flowers
sulphur-yellow, the outer rays purplish without;
achenes narrower, bright red, or red-brown, spin-
ulose above, the filiform beak not more than twice
their length; pappus dirty white.
In fields and woods, Maine and Vermont to New
York, Pennsylvania, Ontario, Alberta, Illinois and
Wyoming. Naturalized from Europe. April-June.
April-June.
16. SONCHUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 793. 1753.
Annual or perennial succulent herbs, with alternate, mostly auriculate-clasping, entire
dentate lobed or pinnatifid, prickly-margined leaves, and large or middle-sized, peduncled
corymbose or paniculate heads of yellow flowers. Involucre ovoid or campanulate, usually
becoming thickened and more or less conic at the base when old, its bracts herbaceous or
membranous, imbricated in several series, the outer successively smaller. Receptacle flat,
naked. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-
branches slender. Achenes oval, oblong, or linear, more or less flattened, io-2O-ribbed,
somewhat narrowed at the base, truncate. Pappus of very copious soft white simple capillary
bristles, usually falling away connected, sometimes with i or 2 stouter ones which fall sepa-
rately. [The Greek name of the Sow-thistle.]
About 45 species, natives of the Old World. Besides the following, another occurs on the
Pacific Coast. Type species : Sonchus oleraceus L.
Involucre glandular-pubescent; heads nearly i' high. i. 5. arvensis.
Involucre glabrous ; heads 6"-8" high.
Auricles of the leaves acute ; achenes striate and transversely wrinkled. 2. S. oleraceus.
Auricles rounded ; achenes ribbed, not transversely wrinkled. 3. S. asper.
i. Sonchus arvensis L. Corn Sow-Thistle.
Milk Thistle. Fig. 4065.
Sonchus arvensis L. Sp. PI. 793. 1753.
Perennial by deep roots and creeping rootstocks,
glabrous; stem leafy below, paniculately branched
and nearly naked above, 2-4 high. Lower and
basal leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, often 12' long,
spinulose-dentate, narrowed into short petioles, the
upper pinnatifid or entire, lanceolate, clasping; heads
several or numerous, corymbose-paniculate, i'-2 f
broad, bright yellow, very showy; involucre nearly
i' high, its bracts as also the peduncles glandular-
bristly; achenes oblong, compressed, with about 10
rugose longitudinal ribs.
In low grounds, fields and waste places. New Jersey
to Quebec, Newfoundland, Minnesota, Colorado and
British Columbia. Naturalized from Europe. Native
also of Asia. July-Oct. Dindle. Gutweed. Swine-thistle.
Tree sow-thistle.
GENUS 16.
CHICORY FAMILY.
3 J 7
2. Sonchus oleraceus L. Annual Sow-
Thistle. Hare's Lettuce. Fig. 4066.
Sonchus oleraceus L. Sp. PI. 794. 1753.
Annual, with fibrous roots; stem leafy be-
low, nearly simple, i-io high. Basal and
lower leaves petioled, lyrate-pinnatifid, 4'-io'
long, the terminal segment commonly large
and triangular, the margins denticulate with
mucronate or scarcely spiny teeth ; upper leaves
pinnatifid, clasping by an auricled or sagittate
base, the auricles acute or acuminate; upper-
most leaves often lanceolate and entire; heads
several or numerous, pale yellow, 9"-is"
broad ; involucre glabrous, 6"-8" high ; achenes
flat, longitudinally ribbed and transversely
rugose.
In fields and waste places, a common weed in
most cultivated parts of the globe except the ex-
treme north. Also in Central and South America.
Naturalized from Europe. Hare's-colewort or
-thistle. Milk-weed. Milk-thistle. Milky tassel.
Swinies. The leaves used as a salad and as a pot herb.
May-Nov.
3. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. Spiny or Sharp-
fringed Sow-Thistle. Fig. 4067.
Sonchus oleraceus var. asper L. Sp. PI. 794. 1753.
Sonchus asper Hill, Herb. Brit. 47. 1769.
Annual, similar to the preceding species ; leaves
undivided, lobed or sometimes pinnatifid, spinulose-
dentate to spinulose-denticulate, the lower and basal
ones obovate or spatulate, petioled, the upper oblong
or lanceolate, clasping by an auricled base, the
auricles rounded; heads several or numerous, i'
broad or less ; flowers pale yellow ; involucre gla-
brous, about 6" high; achenes flat, longitudinally
ribbed.
In waste places throughout most of our area and in
tropical and South America. Widely distributed as a
weed in nearly all cultivated parts of the earth. Nat-
uralized from Europe. May-Nov.
17. LACTUCA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 795. 1753.
Tall leafy herbs, with small panicled heads of yellow, white, pink, or blue flowers, and
alternate leaves. Involucre cylindric, its bracts imbricated in several series, the outer shorter,
or of I or 2 series of principal nearly equal inner bracts, and several rows of short outer ones.
Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the summit. Anthers sagittate at
the base. Style-branches mostly slender. Achenes oval, oblong or linear, flat, 3-5-ribbed
on each face, narrowed above or tipped by a filiform beak, which is somewhat expanded
at the summit into a small disk bearing the copious soft capillary white or brown pappus-
bristles. [The Ancient Latin name, from lac, milk, referring to the milky juice.]
About 100 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Type species: Lactuca satlva L.
A. Achenes filiform-beaked; rays mainly yellow.
Introduced European species ; heads few-flowered.
Panicle widely branching ; achene about as long as its beak.
Panicle-branches nearly erect ; achene shorter than its beak.
Native species ; heads several- to many-flowered.
Leaves, or their lobes, spinulose-denticulate; stem leafy below.
Leaves entire to pinnatifid, the teeth not spinulose ; stem leafy to the inflorescence.
Leaves hirsute or bristly on the veins beneath.
Plant hirsute below ; leaves pinnatifid or the tipper entire. 4. L. hirsuta.
Plant hirsute up to the inflorescence ; leaves merely dentate or denticulate.
5. L. Steelei.
1. L. virosa.
2. L. saligna.
3. L. ludoviciana.
3'S
CICHORIACEAE
VOL. III.
Leaves glabrous.
Leaves entire to pinnatifid, not sagittate at base.
Leaves entire or denticulate, sagittate at base.
6. L. canadensis.
j. L. sagittifolia.
B. Achenes truncate, or narrowed into stout beaks; rays blue to white.
Perennial ; achenes flattened.
Annuals or biennials ; achenes swollen.
Pappus bright white.
Achenes beakless ; leaves dentate, acuminate.
Achenes beaked ; leaves pinnatifid.
Pappus brown ; achenes short-beaked.
8. L.pulchella.
9. L. villosa.
10. L. floridana.
11. L. spicata.
i. Lactuca virosa L. Prickly or Wild
Lettuce. Fig. 4068.
Lactuca virosa L. Sp. PI. 795. 1753.
Lactuca Serriola L. Cent. PI. 2: 29. 1756.
Lactuca Scariola L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1119. 1763.
Biennial, green and glaucous ; stem stiff, leafy,
usually paniculately branched, glabrous through-
out, or bristly-hirsute at the base, 2-7 high.
Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, spinulose-
margined, denticulate or pinnatifid, sessile or
auriculate-clasping, the lowest sometimes 10'
long and 3' wide, the upper much smaller;
midrib spinulose or hispid; heads 2"-4" broad,
6-i2-flowered ; very numerous in an open pan-
icle; involucre cylindric, i"-i$" thick, its outer
bracts about one-third the length of the inner;
rays yellow; achenes obovate-oblong, about as
long as the filiform beak; pappus white.
In fields and waste places, Vermont to Georgia,
west to the Pacific Coast. A troublesome weed.
Naturalized from Europe. Consists of several
races, differing in the form, lobing and position of the leaves. Aug.-Sept. Milk- or horse-thistle.
2. Lactuca saligna L. Willow Let-
tuce. Fig. 4069.
Lactuca saligna L. Sp. PI. 796. 1753.
Biennial, light green ; stem slender, smooth
or nearly so, 2 high or more, the very
slender branches erect-ascending. Leaves
glabrous, linear to oblong, 6' long or less,
runcinate-pinnatifid with pointed divergent
lobes, or entire, sagittate at the base, the
midvein sometimes spinulose ; panicles nar-
row ; heads about 3" broad, few-flowered ;
involucre subcylindric; outer bracts much
shorter than the inner; achenes oblong,
about one-half as long as the filiform beak;
pappus white.
Waste and cultivated grounds, Ohio,
uralized from Europe. July-Aug.
Nat-
GENUS 17.
CHICORY FAMILY
3. Lactuca ludoviciana (Xutt.) DC. West-
ern Lettuce. Fig. 4070.
Sonchus ludovicianus Nutt. Gen. 2: 125. 1818.
Lactuca ludoviciana DC. Prodr. 7: 141. ^838.
Biennial, glabrous throughout, leafy up to inflor-
escence, paniculately branched, 2<-$ high. Leaves
oblong to ovate-oblong, acute or acutish, 2'-4' long,
auriculate-clasping, spinulose-denticulate, sinuate-
lobed, or pinnatifid with spinulose segments ; heads
3"-5" broad, numerous in an open panicle, their
peduncles bracteolate ; involucre cylindric or ovoid-
cylindric, glabrous, 8"-o." high, its bracts succes-
sively shorter and broader, the lower ones ovate ;
rays yellow ; achenes oval to obovate, flat, about
the length of their filiform beak; pappus white.
Plains and banks, Iowa, Minnesota and South Da-
kota to Kansas and Texas. July-Sept.
4. Lactuca hirsuta Muhl. Hairy or Red
Wood-Lettuce. Fig. 4071.
Lactuca hirsuta Muhl. Cat. 69. 1813.
Lactuca sanguinea Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 287. 1824.
Lactuca elongata var. sanguinea T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 :
496. 1843.
Stem i-6 high, naked and paniculately branch-
ed above, usually hirsute, at least below. Leaves,
or most of them, sinuate-pinnatifid, pubescent on
both sides, or on the midrib beneath, those of the
stem mostly sessile or auriculate-clasping, 3'-?'
long, the uppermost sometimes lanceolate and
entire, the basal petioled ; heads numerous, 2" -3"
broad ; involucre glabrous, 5"-o/' high ; outer bracts
shorter than the inner; rays reddish-yellow or
paler ; achenes oblong-oval, flat, about the length
of the beak ; pappus white.
In dry soil, Quebec to Ontario, Minnesota, Ala-
bama and Texas. Stem, peduncles and involucre
often red or purple. July-Sept.
5. Lactuca Steelei Britton. Steele's Wild
Lettuce. Fig. 4072.
L. Steelei Britton, Man. 899. 1901.
Stem and branches hirsute. Leaves obovate to oval,
the larger about 8' long and 4' wide, sessile, irregu-
larly dentate, not lobed, hispid on the veins beneath,
short-acuminate ; involucre about 6" high ; rays not
seen; achenes oval> 3-ribbed, about ii" long, the fili-
form beak slightly shorter; pappus bright white.
Near Washington, D. C., and, apparently, in Delaware.
July-Aug.
320
CICHORIACEAE.
VOL. III.
6. Lactuca canadensis L. Wild or Tall Lettuce.
Wild Opium. Fig. 4073.
Lactuca canadensis L. Sp. PI. 796. 1753.
Lactuca elongata Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 1525. 1804.
Lactuca canadensis niontana Britton, in Britton and
Brown, 111. Fl. 3: 274. 1898.
Biennial or annual, glabrous throughout, some-
what glaucous ; stem leafy up to the inflorescence,
3-io high, branching above into a narrow pan-
icle. Leaves mostly sinuate-pinnatifid, those of
the stem sessile or auriculate-clasping, 2'-8' long,
the uppermost smaller, often lanceolate, acumi-
nate and entire, sometimes all lanceolate and en-
tire, the basal often 12' long, narrowed into peti-
oles ; heads numerous, 2"-3" broad ; involucre
cylindric, 4"-6" high, its outer bracts shorter than
the inner; rays yellow; achenes oval, flat, about
as long as the filiform beak; pappus white.
In moist, open places, Nova Scotia to British Co-
lumbia, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas and
Colorado. Santo Domingo. Trumpetweed, trumpet-
milkweed, trumpets, and fire-weed. Butter- or horse-
weed. Devil's-weed. Devil's-iron-weed. June-Nov.
Lactuca Morssii Robinson, with blue rays, and
achenes 3 or 4 times longer than their filiform beaks,
may be a hybrid with L. spicata.
7. Lactuca sagittifolia Ell. Arrow-leaved
Lettuce. Fig. 4074.
L. sagittifolia Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2 : 253. 1821-24.
Lactuca integrifolia Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 287. 1824.
Not Nutt. 1818.
L. elongata var. integ. T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 496. 1843.
Biennial ; stem glabrous throughout, or hirsute
below, leafy nearly up to the usually paniculate
inflorescence, 2-6 high. Leaves oblong, oblong-
lanceolate or lanceolate, acuminate or acute, en-
tire or denticulate, the lower rarely pinnatifid,
sometimes spinulose on the margins, those of the
stem sessile or sagittate-clasping, 3'-6' long, \'-\\'
wide, the basal and lower ones petioled ; heads
commonly very numerous, 2" -4," broad ; involucre
cylindric, 5"-7 ' high, the outer bracts shorter than
the inner ; rays yellow or reddish ; achenes oval,
flat, rather longer than their filiform beaks; pap-
pus white.
In dry, open soil, New Brunswick and Ontario to
Georgia, Idaho and Kansas. Called also devil's-iron-
weed. July-Sept.
8. Lactuca pulchella (Pursh) DC. Large-
flowered Blue Lettuce. Fig. 4075.
Sonchus pulchellus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 502. 1814.
Lactuca integrifolia Nutt. Gen. 2: 124. 1818.
Lactuca pulchella DC. Prodr. 7: 134. 1838.
Perennial, glabrous throughout, somewhat glau-
cous; stem rather slender, leafy up to the corym-
bose-paniculate inflorescence, i-3 high. Leaves
linear-lanceolate, lanceolate or oblong, acute, en-
tire, dentate, lobed or pinnatifid, those of the stem
sessile or partly clasping, 2'-8' long ; 2"-i8" wide,
the lowest and basal ones sometimes petioled ;
heads mostly numerous, 6"-io" broad ; branches
and peduncles scaly; involucre well imbricated,
8"-io" high, its outer bracts successively shorter,
ovate-lanceolate; rays bright blue or violet;
achenes oblong-lanceolate, flat, twice as long as
their tapering beaks ; pappus white.
In moist soil, western Ontario to British Columbia,
Michigan, Iowa, Kansas, New Mexico and California.
June-Sept.
Lactuca campestris Greene, of the prairie region,
is described as differing from this by yellow rays.
GENUS 17.
CHICORY FAMILY
9. Lactuca villosa Jacq. Hairy-veined
Blue Lettuce. Fig. 4076.
L. villosa Jacq. Hort. Schoen. 3: 62. pi. 367. 1798.
Sonchus acuminatus Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1521. 1804.
Mulgedium acuminatum DC. Prodr. 7: 249. 1838.
L. acuminata A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19 : 73. 1883.
Annual or biennial ; stem glabrous, leafy up to
the paniculate inflorescence, 2-6 high. Leaves
oblong, ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, acutely den-
tate or the teeth mucronate-tipped, glabrous above,
pubescent with short stiff hairs on the veins be-
neath, sessile and slightly clasping at the base, or
petioled, 4'-6' long, i'-2j' wide, the lowest some-
times lobed at the base; heads numerous, 3" -5"
broad; peduncles usually minutely scaly; rays
blue ; involucre about 5" high, its outer bracts
much shorter than the inner, some or all of them
obtuse ; achenes thick, oblong, little flattened, nar-
rowed above ; pappus white.
In thickets, New York to Illinois, Nebraska, south
to Florida, Georgia and Kentucky. July-Sept. False
lettuce.
10. Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertn. False or
Florida Lettuce. Fig. 4077.
Sonchus floridanus L. Sp. PI. 794. 1753.
Lactuca floridana Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 2: 362. 1791.
Mulgedium floridanum DC. Prodr. 7: 349. 1791.
Annual or biennial ; stem glabrous, rather stout,
leafy up to the large, paniculate inflorescence, 3-7
high. Leaves deeply lyrate-pinnatifid, or sometimes
cordate-ovate, sessile or petioled, ^'-12' long, glabrous
above, pubescent on the veins beneath, the terminal
segment usually broad, triangular, acute or acumi-
nate, the lateral ones lanceolate to oval, acute, all
usually dentate, or the leaves irregularly lobed;
heads numerous, 3"-S" broad ; peduncles commonly
scaly ; rays blue ; involucre about 6" high, its outer
bracts much smaller than the inner ; achenes thick,
somewhat compressed, narrowed above into a short
beak; pappus white.
In moist, open places, southern New York and Penn-
sylvania to Illinois, Kansas, Florida and Texas. Porto
Rico. July-Sept.
ii. Lactuca spicata (Lam.) Hitchc.
Tall Blue Lettuce. Fig. 4078.
Sonchus spicatus Lam. Encycl. 3: 401. 1789.
Mulgedium leucophaeum DC. Prodr. 7 : 250. 1838.
Lactuca leucophaea var. integrifolia A. Gray,
Syn. Fl. i : Part 2, 444. 1884.
Lactuca spicata integrifolia Britton, Mem. Torr.
Club 5 : 350. 1894.
L. spicata Hitchc. ; Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3 : 276.
1898.
Annual or biennial ; stem usually stout, gla-
brous, 3-i2 high, leafy up to the large,
rather dense panicle. Leaves deeply pinnatifid
or lobed to entire, sharply dentate with mu-
cronate-pointed teeth, sessile, or the lower
narrowed into margined petioles, glabrous on
both sides, or pubescent on the veins beneath,
5'-i2' long, 2'-6' wide; heads very numerous, j
about 2" broad ; peduncles minutely scaly ; *"
rays blue to white ; achenes oblong, com-
pressed, narrowed above into a short neck;
pappus brown.
In moist soil, Newfoundland to Manitoba,
North Carolina, Tennessee, Iowa, South Dakota
and Colorado. Ascends to 2000 ft. in North
Carolina. Races differ in leaf-form and in color
of the flowers. Milk-weed. July-Oct.
21
322
CICHORIACEAE.
VOL. III.
18. LYGODESMIA D. Don, Edinb. Phil. Journ. 6: 311. 1829.
Perennial or annual glabrous rigid branching herbs, with linear leaves, or the basal and
lower ones sometimes broader and pinnatifid, those of the stem very narrow and entire or
reduced to linear scales, and middle-sized 3-i2-flowered heads of pink or purple flowers,
solitary and erect at the ends of the stem and branches, or sometimes racemose. Involucre
cylindric, its principal bracts 5-8, linear, scarious-margined, equal, slightly united at the base,
with several very short outer ones. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at
the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes linear, smooth
or striate. Pappus of copious somewhat unequal simple bristles. [Greek, twig-bundle, from
the numerous branches.]
About 6 species, natives of western and southern North America. Type species : Prenanthes
juncea Pursh.
Heads solitary at the ends of the branches; leaves linear or subulate. i. L. juncea.
Heads racemose along the branches ; leaves elongated-linear. 2. L. rostrata.
i. Lygodesmia juncea (Pursh) D.
Don. Rush-like Lygodesmia.
Fig. 4079.
Prenanthes juncea Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 498.
1814.
Lygodesmia juncea D. Don; Hook. Fl. Bor.
Am. i : 295. 1833.
Perennial by a thick woody root ; stems
stiff, striate, much branched, 8'-i8' high,
the branches erect. Lower leaves linear-
lanceolate, rigid, entire, acute or acuminate,
i'-2' long, \"-\\" wide, the upper similar
but smaller, or .reduced to subulate scales;
heads 6"-8" broad, mostly 5-flowered, soli-
tary at the ends of the branches; involucre
6"-S" high ; achenes narrowly columnar or
slightly tapering, truncate at the summit,
about 8-nerved or ribbed, 2%"-$" long;
pappus light brown.
Plains, Minnesota to Saskatchewan, Mon-
tana, Wisconsin. Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas
and Arizona. Often infested by a globose gall
2"-$" in diameter. June-Aug.
2. Lygodesmia rostrata A. Gray.
Beaked Lygodesmia. Fig. 4080.
L. juncea var. rostrata A. Gray, Proc. Phil.
Acad. 1863: 69. 1863.
Lygodesmia rostrata A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
9: 217. 1874.
Annual, less rigid ; stem striate, leafy,
paniculately branched, i-3 high. Leaves
elongated-linear, acuminate, entire, 3-nerved,
the lower 3'-7' long, i"-i$" wide, the upper-
most very small and subulate ; heads numer-
ous, 7-io-flowered, about \' broad, racemose
along the branches on scaly short erect pe-
duncles ; involucre S"-7" high ; achenes nar-
rowly fusiform, narrowed or somewhat
beaked at the summit, 5-8-ribbed or -striate,
4"-5" long, longer than the whitish pappus.
Plains and canyons, South Dakota to Sas-
katchewan, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado and
Wyoming. Aug.-Sept.
GENUS 19.
CHICORY FAMILY.
3 2 3
19. AGOSERIS Raf.; D. Dietr. Syn. PI. 4: 1332. 1847.
[TROXIMON Nutt. Fras. Cat. 1813. Not Gaertn. 1791.]
Perennial or annual herbs, mostly acaulescent, with tufted usually sessile basal leaves,
and solitary heads of yellow or rarely purple flowers at the end of a naked or bracted scape.
Involucre campanulate or oblong, its bracts imbricated in several series, appressed, or with
spreading tips, membranous or herbaceous, not thickened after flowering, the outer ones
gradually shorter and broader. Receptacle flat, naked or foveolate. Rays truncate and
5-toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes
oblong, obovate, or linear, 10-ribbed, not flattened, beaked or beakless. Pappus of copious
slender simple white bristles or soft unequal narrow scales. [Greek, head- or chief-succory.]
About 30 species, natives of western and southern North America and southern South America.
Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the western parts of the United States. Type
species: Agoseris cuspidata (Pursh) D. Dietr.
Achenes beaked.
Head i'2' broad, achenes 5 "-6" long. i. A. glauca.
Head i'-2 7 broad ; achenes 5 "-6" long. 2. A. parviflora.
Achenes beakless. 3. A. cuspidata.
i. Agoseris glauca (Pursh) D. Dietr.
Large-flowered Agoseris. Fig. 4081.
T. glaucum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 505. 1814.
Agoseris glauca D. Dietr. Syn. PI. 4: 1332. 1847.
Perennial, pale or glaucous, glabrous through-
out or a little woolly below. Leaves linear,
lanceolate, or oblong, entire, dentate or pinna-
tifid, 2'-io' long, 2"-io" wide, acuminate at
the apex, narrowed at the base, sometimes into
margined petioles ; scapes stout, glabrous or
slightly pubescent, longer than the leaves, often
ii high; head i'-2' broad; involucre oblong-
campanulate, or broader in fruit, commonly
quite glabrous, its bracts lanceolate, acuminate,
often hyaline-margined; achenes conspicuously
beaked, 5"-6" long, when mature longer than
the copious pappus of rather rigid scabrous or
denticulate bristles.
Minnesota to South Dakota, Saskatchewan,
south to Kansas (according to Smyth), Colorado
and Utah. May-July.
2. Agoseris parviflora (Nutt.) D. Dietr.
Small-flowered Agoseris. Fig. 4082.
Troximon parviflorum Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. J :
434. 1841.
Troximon glaucum var. parviflorum A. Gray, Syn. Fl.
i : Part 2, 437. 1884.
Agoseris parviflora D. Dietr. Syn. PI. 4: 1332. 1847.
Perennial, glabrous throughout; scape slender,
much longer than the leaves, s'-is' high. Leaves
narrowly linear, acuminate, entire, 3'-8' long,
i"-2$" wide; head i' broad or less; involucre ob-
long-ovoid, becoming nearly hemispheric in fruit,
6"-8" high, glabrous, its bracts lanceolate, acumi-
nate ; achenes conspicuously beaked, about 4" long ;
pappus of numerous unequal very slender bristles.
Plains, North Dakota to Nebraska, Manitoba, Al-
berta, Idaho and New Mexico. Called also false dande-
lion. May-July.
CICHORIACEAE.
VOL. III.
3. Agoseris cuspidata (Pursh) D. Dietr.
Prairie False Dandelion. Fig. 4083.
Troximon cuspidatum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 742. 1814.
Troximon marginatum Nutt. Gen. 2: 128. 1818.
Agoseris cuspidata D. Dietr. Syn. PI. 4: 1332. 1847.
Nothocalais cuspidata Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad (II )
2:55. 1886.
Leaves linear, long-acuminate, thick, pubescent
or glabrate, 4'-%' long, 2."-^' wide, somewhat con-
duplicate, their margins conspicuously white-to-
mentose and crisped, or entire. Scape stout, to-
mentose, at least above, shorter than or equalling
the leaves; head i'-2' broad; involucre usually
quite glabrous, nearly i' high; achenes slightly
contracted at the summit; about 3" long, beakless ;
pappus of 40-50 unequal bristles.
In dry soil, on prairies and rocky hills, Illinois to
North Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas and Colorado.
Called also false dandelion. April-June.
20. SITILIAS Raf. New Fl. N. A. 4: 85. 1836.
[PYURHOPAPPUS DC. Prodr. 7: 144. 1838.]
Annual or perennial herbs, with alternate or basal leaves, and mostly large, solitary or few
heads of yellow flowers, borne on long, usually bracted peduncles. Involucre oblong or cam-
panulate, its principal bracts in i series, nearly equal, slightly united at the base, with several
series of smaller outer ones. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the summit. Anthers sagittate
at the base. Style-branches short, obtusish. Achenes oblong or fusiform, mostly 5-ribbed,
roughened or hirsute, abruptly narrowed into a long filiform beak. Pappus of numerous
soft simple brownish somewhat unequal bristles, surrounded at the base by a villous white
ring. [Name unexplained.]
Six known, species, natives of North America and Mexico. Besides the following, 3 others
occur in the southwestern United States. Type species : Sitilias caroliniana (Walt.) Raf.
Stem leafy, usually branched ; plant glabrous, or nearly so.
Scape naked, monocephalous ; plant hirsute, or pubescent.
1. 5". caroliniana.
2. S. grandiflora.
i. Sitilias caroliniana (Walt.) Raf. Leafy-stemmed False Dandelion. Fig. 4084.
Leontodon carolinianum Walt. Fl. Car. 192. 1788.
S. caroliniana Raf. New Fl. N. A. Part 4, 85. 1836.
Pyrrhopappus carolinianus DC. Prodr. 7: 144. 1838.
Annual or biennial, glabrous or nearly so ; stem
leafy, usually branched, 2-5 high. Basal leaves
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid, lobed,
coarsely dentate or some of them entire, acute,
acuminate, or obtusish, 3'-8' long, i'-ii' wide,
narrowed into margined petioles ; stem leaves ses-
sile or partly clasping, the upper usually lanceo-
late, entire and acuminate; peduncles usually pu-
berulent; heads i or several, i'-iF broad; invo-
lucre commonly puberulent or pubescent, about i'
high, its outer bracts setaceous or subulate, spread-
ing, the inner corniculate at the apex ; achenes
2"-3" long, tipped with a filiform beak of about
three times their length.
In dry fields, Delaware to Florida. Kentucky, Mis-
souri, Louisiana and Texas. April-July.
GENUS 20.
CHICORY FAMILY
2. Sitilias grandiflora (Nutt.) Greene.
Rough False Dandelion. Fig. 4085.
Barkhausia grandiflora Nutt. Journ. Phila. Acad. 7:
69. 1834.
Pyrrhopappus scaposus DC. Prodr. 7: 144. 1838.
Sitilias grandiflora Greene, Pittonia 2 : 180. 1891.
Hirsute or pubescent; root tuberous-thickened.
Leaves all basal, oblong or spatulate in outline,
deeply pinnatifid, 3'-?' long, i'-ii' wide, narrowed
into margined petioles ; scape naked or sometimes
with a small leaf near its base; head solitary,
i '-2' broad; outer bracts of the involucre small,
short, subulate, the inner ones obscurely cornicu-
late at the tip.
On prairies, Kansas to Texas. April-June.
21. CREPIS L. Sp. PI. 805. 1753.
Perennial, biennial or annual herbs, with alternate or basal, mostly toothed or pinnatifid
leaves, and small or middle-sized heads, usually paniculate or corymbose, of yellow or orange
flowers. Involucre cylindric, campanulate, or swollen at the base, its principal bracts in I
series, equal, with a number of exterior smaller ones. Receptacle mostly flat, naked or short-
fimbrillate. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-
branches slender. Achenes linear-oblong, io-2o-ribbed or nerved, not transversely rugose,
narrowed at the base and apex, beakless in our species. Pappus copious, of very slender
white bristles. [Greek, sandal; application not explained.]
About 200 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, about 20 others
occur in western North America. Type species : Crepis tectorv.m L.
Involucre glabrous.
Involucre cylindric; plant pubescent below; introduced. i. C.pulchra.
Involucre campanulate ; plant glaucous ; native, western. 2. C. glauca.
Involucre pubescent, glandular, or canescent.
Foliage not canescent nor scurfy, sometimes hirsute.
Stems naked, or with i or 2 small leaves ; western, native. 3. C. runcinata.
Stems leafy ; introduced annuals or biennials.
Stem leaves narrow, revolute-margined, sessile. 4. C. tectorum.
Stem leaves lanceolate, clasping, not revolute-margined.
Involucre 3"~4" high; achenes lo-striate. 5. C. capillaris.
Involucre 4 "-6" high; achenes i3-striate. 6. C. biennis.
Foliage cinereous, canescent, or scurfy, sometimes also hirsute.
Inner bracts of the involucre 5-8 ; flowers 5-8. 7. C. intermedia.
Inner bracts of the involucre 9-24; flowers 10-30. 8. C. occidentaks.
i. Crepis pulchra L. Small-flowered Hawks-
beard. Fig. 4086.
Crepis pulchra L. Sp. PI. 806. 1753.
Annual; stem 2-4* high, leafy and pubescent
below, mostly glabrous, naked, and paniculately
branched above. Stem leaves oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, dentate, clasping by an auricled base or
truncate, pubescent, 3^-4' long, acute or obtuse, or
the uppermost lanceolate, acuminate and entire ;
basal leaves runcinate, narrowed into petioles ; heads
very numerous, about 3" broad, in a large naked
panicle; involucre narrow, cylindric, glabrous, about
5" high, its principal bracts 12-15, linear, acuminate,
the outer ones very short, ovate, appressed ; achenes
linear, faintly lo-nerved, slightly narrowed above.
Along railroad near Culpepper, Virginia, very abun-
dant in 1890. Naturalized or adventive from Conti-
nental Europe. May-July.
CICHORIACEAE.
VOL. III.
2. Crepis glauca (Nutt.) T. & G. Glaucous
Hawksbeard. Fig. 4087.
Crepidium glaucum Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.)
7:436. 1841.
Crepis glauca T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 488. 1843.
Perennial ; scapose, or rarely with I or 2 leaves
on the stem, i-2i high, glabrous and glaucous
throughout. Basal leaves spatulate, oblanceolate,
or obovate, acute or obtuse at the apex, gradually
narrowed into margined petioles, entire, dentate,
or pinnatifid, 2'-6' long, i'-i' wide; heads not
numerous, long-peduncled, 6"-i2" broad ; pedun-
cles glabrous ; involucre campanulate, its principal
bracts lanceolate, acute, the outer ones very short,
ovate, appressed ; achenes oblong-cylindric, slightly
narrowed above, strongly 10-ribbed.
In moist and saline soil, Nebraska to Saskatche-
wan, Utah and Nevada. July- Aug.
3. Crepis runcinata (James) T. & G.
Naked Stemmed Hawksbeard.
Fig. 4088.
Hieracium runcinatum James in Long's Exp. 1 : 453.
1823.
Crepis runcinata T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 487. 1843.
Crepis perple.rans Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 32: 134.
1906.
Perennial, similar to the preceding species, but
not glaucous or scarcely so, often pubescent below;
stem leafless or with I or 2 small leaves, i-3
high. Basal leaves spatulate, obovate, or oblong,
obtuse or acute, entire, repand, dentate, or rarely
runcinate-pinnatifid, 2'-6' long, i'-ii' wide; heads
several, long-peduncled, nearly i' broad; pedun-
cles glabrous or glandular-pubescent ; involucre
campanulate, pubescent or glandular, its principal
bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, outer ones short,
lanceolate, appressed ; achenes linear-oblong, some-
what narrowed above, lo-ribbed.
In moist soil, Iowa to North Dakota, Manitoba,
Alberta, Utah and Montana. June-July.
Crepis riparia A. Nelson, with broadly obovate
basal leaves and larger flowers, is recorded from Ne-
braska.
4. Crepis tectorum L. Narrow-leaved Hawks-
beard. Fig. 4089.
Crepis tectorum L. Sp. PI. 807. 1753.
Annual ; stem slender, puberulent or pubescent,
leafy, branched, i-2 high. Basal leaves lanceolate,
dentate, or runcinate-pinnatifid, 4'-6' long; stem
leaves sessile, sometimes slightly sagittate at the
base, linear, entire, dentate, or lobed, their margins
revolute ; heads numerous, corymbose, 6"-io" broad ;
involucre narrowly campanulate, canescent or pubes-
cent, 3"-s" high, its principal bracts lanceolate, acu-
minate, downy within, the exterior ones linear,
spreading; peduncles usually canescent; achenes io
ribbed, narrowed above into a short beak, the ribs
minutely scabrous.
In waste places and on ballast, New York and New
Jersey to Connecticut, Ontario, Michigan and Nebraska.
Naturalized from Europe. June-July.
GENUS 21.
CHICORY FAMILY.
3 2 7
5. Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. Smooth Hawksbeard. Fig. 4090.
Lapsana capillaris L. Sp. PI. 812. 1753.
Crepis virens L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1134. 1763.
Crepis polymorpha Wallr. Sched. Crit. 426. 1822.
Crepis capillaris Wallr. Fl. Hereyn. 287. 1840.
Annual ; stem stout or slender, leafy, corym-
bosely branched above, glabrous or somewhat
hirsute below, i-2i high. Basal leaves spatu-
late, pinnatifid, or dentate, sometimes 8' long and
2' wide, narrowed into petioles ; stem leaves lan-
ceolate or oblong, clasping by a sagittate base,
flat, the upper mostly very small and usually en-
tire ; heads numerous, 5"-8" broad, slender-pedun-
cled; peduncles glabrous or glandular; involucre
oblong, more or less pubescent or glandular, 3"-4"
high, its principal bracts lanceolate, glabrous
within, the outer mostly appressed ; achenes 10-
ribbed, smooth, slightly narrowed at both ends.
In fields and waste places, Connecticut, New York,
New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and in ballast about
the seaports. Also on the Pacific Coast. Adventive
from Europe. July-Sept.
6. Crepis biennis L. Rough Hawksbeard.
Fig. 4091.
Crepis biennis L. Sp. PI. 807. 1753.
Biennial, or sometimes annual ; stem pubescent
or hirsute, leafy, at least below, branched above,
2-3 high. Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, usually
hirsute, 2'-6' long, oblong or spatulate, the lower
and basal ones narrowed into petioles and some-
times merely dentate, the uppermost lanceolate,
clasping, their margins not revolute ; heads sev-
eral, subcorymbose, I'-ii' broad; involucre canes-
cent or pubescent, 4"-6" high, its principal bracts
linear-lanceolate, downy within, the outer ones
linear-oblong or lanceolate, spreading ; achenes
oblong, slightly narrowed above, 13-striate, gla-
brous.
In waste places, Vermont to Pennsylvania, Mich-
igan, and in ballast about the seaports. Naturalized
or adventive from Europe. June-Aug.
7. Crepis intermedia A. Gray. Small-flowered
Gray Hawksbeard. Fig. 4092.
Crepis intermedia A. Gray, Syn. Fl. i : Part 2, 432. 1884.
Perennial, cinerous-puberulent or scurfy; stem rather
slender, i-3-leaved, i-2 high, naked and branched
above. Basal leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
laciniate-pinnatifid, long-acuminate at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, 4'-6' long; stem leaves lanceolate,
sessile, less divided ; heads several, 6"-o/' broad, 5-8-
flowered; involucre oblong-campanulate, its principal
bracts 5-8, lanceolate or linear-oblong, canescent, acut-
ish, somewhat keeled by the thickened midrib when old,
the outer ones few and short ; achenes oblong, narrowed
above, not beaked, strongly 10-ribbed.
In dry soil, western Nebraska (according to Williams) ;
Colorado to California, Montana and British Columbia.
May-Sept.
328
CICHORIACEAE.
VOL. III.
8. Crepis occidentalis Nutt. Large-flowered
Gray Hawksbeard. Fig. 4093.
Crepis occidentalis Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 29. 1834.
Perennial, scurfy and canescent, sometimes also hir-
sute; stem rather stout, leafy, branched, 6'-i8' high.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong in outline, laciniate-
pinnatifid, acute or acuminate, the lower and basal ones
6'-io' long, narrowed into petioles, the upper sessile and
slightly clasping; heads few or several, corymbose,
stout-peduncled, about i' broad, io-3o-flowered ; invo-
lucre oblong-campanulate, canescent, its principal bracts
9-24, linear, acute; achenes oblong, sharply zo-ribbed,
glabrous.
Plains, western Nebraska (according to Gray) ; Colorado
to California, north to Montana and British Columbia.
May- July.
22. HIERACIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 799. 1753.
Perennial hispid scabrous glandular or glabrous herbs, with alternate or basal leaves,
and small middle-sized or large, solitary corymbose or paniculate heads of yellow orange or
red flowers. Involucre cylindric, campanulate, or nearly hemispheric, its principal bracts in
1-3 series, the outer either regularly and gradually smaller or abruptly much smaller, none
of them much thickened at the base after flowering. Receptacle flat, naked or short-fimbril-
late. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches
slender. Achenes oblong, columnar, or fusiform, not beaked, io-15-ribbed, terete or 4-5-
angled. Pappus copious, or 1-2 rows of simple rather stiff persistent brown or brownish
bristles. [Greek, hawk.]
Not fewer than 300 species, natives of the north temperate zone and the Andes of South Amer-
ica. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in western North America. Known as Hawkweed,
Hawk-bit, or Speerhawk. Type species : Hieracium murorum L.
A. Rootstock short, erect; plants without stolons.
a. Heads I'z' broad.
Stem with 1-5 leaves only ; basal leaves tufted ; introduced species.
Leaves cordate or subcordate ; scape naked or i -leaved.
Leaves narrowed at the base ; stem several-leaved.
Stem very leafy up to the inflorescence ; native species.
Leaves short, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, rounded or clasping at the base.
Leaves elongated, linear-lanceolate, narrowed at the base.
1. H. murorum.
2. H. vulgatum.
3. H. canadense.
4. H. scabriusculum.
b. Heads less than i' broad.
* Stem leaf-bearing nearly or quite up to the inflorescence, the upper leaves sometimes very small
and distant.
Pubescence of abundant brownish or whitish hairs J^'-i' long; inflorescence elongated.
5. H. longipilum.
Pubescence of short hairs, or nearly or quite wanting.
Leaves 1'anceplate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, glabrous. 6. H. paniculatum.
Leaves elliptic to obovate, mostly obtuse.
Stem hispid-pubescent, densely glandular-hispid above; the peduncles stout, spreading.
7. H. scabrum.
Stem loosely pubescent; pedicels slender.
Inflorescence elongated ; achenes spindle-shaped. 8. H. Gronovii.
Inflorescence corymbiform ; achenes columnar, truncate. 9. H. marianum.
** Leaves all basal or i or 2 borne on the stem above.
Basal leaves elliptic to obovate or oblong-spatulate ; native species.
Pedicels and involucres glabrous or nearly so ; leaves glabrous or loosely pubescent.
10. H. venosum.
Pedicels and involucres glandular-pubescent; leaves villous. n. H.Greenii.
Basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate, introduced. 12. H. florentinum.
B. Rootstock elongated, slender; plants mostly stoloniferous, scapose.
Scape bearing a single head, rarely 2 to 4. 13. H. Pilosella.
Heads several or many, corymbose.
Flowers yellow.
Plant glaucous ; leaves glabrous or nearly so above. 14. H. floribundum.
Plant not glaucous; leaves hirsute on both sides. 15. H.pratense.
Flowers orange. 16. H. aurantiacum.
GENUS 22.
CHICORY FAMILY.
3 2 9
i. Hieracium murorum L. Wall Hawk-
weed. Fig. 4094.
Hieracium murorum L. Sp. PI. 802. 1753.
Stem pubescent or glabrate, simple, or with I or
2 branches, i-2j high. Basal leaves thin, ovate or
oblong, obtuse or acute, cordate or truncate at the
base, or abruptly narrowed into petioles, coarsely
dentate or laciniate, at least near the base, 2'-^' long,
i '-2' wide, the petioles villous ; stem leaves i or 2,
short-petioled or sessile, sometimes none; heads
2-several, corymbose, about i' broad; peduncles as-
cending, usually glandular ; involucre 4"-$" high, its
bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, glandular-pubescent,
imbricated in 2 or 3 series; achenes columnar, trun-
cate; pappus of slender nearly white bristles.
Woodlands near Brooklyn, N. Y., Northampton,
Mass., and about Quebec. Adventive or fugitive from
Europe. French or golden lungwort. June-Aug.
2. Hieracium vulgatum Fries.
Fig. 4095.
Hawkweed.
H. molle Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 503. 1814. Not Jacq. 1774.
H. vulgatum Fries, Fl. Hall. 128. 1817-18.
Similar to the preceding species, sometimes taller
and slightly glaucous; stem 2-5-leaved, pubescent or
glabrate. Basal leaves oblong or lanceolate, acute at both
ends, or some of them obtuse at the apex, coarsely den-
tate or denticulate, petioled, 2'-$' long, \'-\\' wide, often
mottled; stem leaves similar, short-petioled or sessile;
petioles more or less pubescent; heads several, corym-
bose, smaller than those of H. murorum or as large ;
peduncles mostly glandular, straight; bracts of the in-
volucre imbricated in 2 or 3 series, linear, acuminate,
mostly glandular; achenes columnar, truncate; pappus
copious.
Labrador and Newfoundland to Quebec, and in southern
New York and New Jersey. Naturalized from Europe.
Also in Greenland, northern Europe and Asia. July-Sept.
3. Hieracium canadense Michx. Canada
Hawkweed. Fig. 4096.
H. canadense Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 86. 1803.
Stem erect, firm, glabrate or pubescent, leafy,
i-S high. Leaves numerous, ovate, oblong-
lanceolate, ovate-oblong, or lanceolate, acute or
acuminate at the apex, rounded, sessile, and, at
least the upper ones, clasping at the base, i'~3'
long, 3"-i2" wide, serrate or incised, the mar-
gins sometimes ciliolate, glabrous or pubescent
beneath, the lowest somewhat spatulate and
petioled ; no tuft of basal leaves at flowering
time ; heads usually numerous, corymbose-
paniculate, about i' broad; involucre about 6"
high, pubescent or puberulent, its bracts imbri-
cated in 2-3 series, the outer spreading; flowers
yellow ; achenes columnar, truncate ; pappus
copious, brown.
In dry woods and thickets, Newfoundland and
Nova Scotia to Ontario, British Columbia, New
Jersey, Indiana, Michigan, South Dakota and
Oregon. July-Sept. High dandelion.
33
CICHORIACEAE.
VOL. III.
4. Hieracium scabriusculum Schwein.
Narrow-leaved Hawkweed. Fig. 4097.
H. scabriusculum Schwein. in Long's Exp. 2 : 394.
1824.
Stem rather slender, glabrous or puberulent,
sometimes hispid below, usually very leafy nearly
or quite up to the inflorescence, usually simple,
\-2\ high. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceo-
late or the lowest spatulate, entire, denticulate or
sometimes laciniate-dentate, acute or acuminate,
narrowed to a sessile base, i'-3' long, 2," -7" wide,
glabrous above, mostly somewhat pubescent be-
neath, the margins commonly ciliolate ; no tuft
of basal leaves at flowering time; heads few or
several, corymbose, about i' broad ; peduncles
rather stout, canescent; involucres 5" -7" high,
glabrous or somewhat pubescent, its bracts im-
bricated in 2-3 series, the outer spreading; flow-
ers bright yellow ; achenes columnar, truncate ;
pappus copious, brownish.
Minnesota to Nebraska, Saskatchewan, British
Columbia and Oregon. Included in our first edition
in the similar Old World H. umbellatum L. Appar-
ently erroneously recorded from the St. Lawrence
River. June-Aug.
5. Hieracium longipilum Torr. Long-bearded
Hawkweed. Fig. 4098.
H. longipilum Torr.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 298. 1833.
Hieracium barbatum Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. 7 : 70.
1834. Not Tausch. 1828.
Stem, at least its lower portion, and leaves densely
covered with long brown rather rigid bristly hairs
i'-i' long, arising from papillae; stem very leafy
below, stiff, simple, 2-3i high. Basal and lower
leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse, mostly entire,
4'-8' long, narrowed into margined petioles, the
upper lanceolate or spatulate, mostly sessile, the
uppermost small and bract-like ; heads not very
numerous, racemose or racemose-paniculate, 8"-io '
broad ; peduncles short, stout, tomentpse and glandu-
lar; involucre 4"-5" high, its principal bracts in I
series, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, with several
short subulate outer ones ; flowers yellow ; achenes
fusiform with a slightly tapering summit; pappus
brown.
Prairies and dry woods, Ontario to Minnesota, Illi-
nois, Kansas and Texas. July-Sept.
6. Hieracium paniculatum L. Panicled
Hawkweed. Fig. 4099.
Hieracium paniculatum L. Sp. PI. 802. 1753.
Glabrous throughout, or somewhat pilose-pu-
bescent below, stem paniculately branched above,
leafy, slender, i-3 high. Leaves thin, lanceo-
late or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at
the apex, narrowed to a sessile base, or the lowest
into petioles, denticulate or dentate, 2'-6' long,
3"- 1 2" wide ; no tuft of basal leaves at flowering
time; heads $"-/" broad, commonly numerous,
corymbose-paniculate, 12-20-flowered ; peduncles
slender, often drooping, quite glabrous or some-
times glandular; involucre about 3" high, glabrous
or nearly so, its principal bracts in I series, linear,
acute with a few very small outer ones at the
base ; flowers yellow ; achenes columnar, truncate ;
pappus brown, not very copious.
In dry woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Michigan,
Georgia, Alabama and Tennessee. Ascends to 4600
ft. in Virginia. July-Sept.
GENUS 22.
CHICORY FAMILY.
33
7. Hieracium scabrum Michx. Rough
Hawkweed. Fig. 4100.
H. scabrum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 86. 1803.
Stem stout, leafy, mostly hirsute or hispid be-
low and glandular-pubescent above, strict, i-4
high. Leaves hirsute, obovate, oblong, or broadly
spatulate, 2'-^ long, \'-2 r wide, obtuse at the apex,
narrowed to the sessile base or the lowest into
margined petioles, denticulate; no tuft of basal
leaves at flowering time; heads usually numerous,
6"-8" broad, corymbose- or racemose-paniculate ;
peduncles stout, densely glandular ; involucre 4"-5"
high, glandular, its principal bracts in i series,
linear, acute with a few very small outer ones;
flowers yellow ; achenes columnar, truncate ; pap-
pus brown.
In dry woods and clearings, Nova Scotia to Minne-
sota, Georgia, Iowa, and recorded from Nebraska and
Kansas. July-Sept.
8. Hieracium Gronovii L. Gronovius' or
Hairy Hawkweed. Fig. 4101.
Hieracium Gronovii L. Sp. PI. 802. 1753.
Stem stiff, mostly slender, leafy and villous or
hirsute, at least below, sometimes nearly leafless,
i-3 high. Leaves villous or hirsute, the basal
and lower ones obovate or spatulate, denticulate
or entire, obtuse, 2 r -6' long, usually narrowed into
petioles ; stem leaves mostly sessile, oblong or oval,
obtuse or acute, narrowed or broad at the base,
the upper gradually smaller; heads numerous,
racemose-paniculate, s"-8" broad ; peduncles glan-
dular and canescent, slender ; involucre about 4"
high, somewhat canescent, its principal bracts in i
series, linear-lanceolate, acute, with several very
small outer ones ; flowers yellow ; achenes spindle-
shaped, with a tapering summit ; pappus brown.
In dry soil, Massachusetts to Ontario, Illinois,
Kansas, Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Santo Do-
mingo. July-Sept. Cat's-ear.
9. Hieracium marianum Willd. Mary-
land Hawkweed. Fig. 4102.
H. marianum Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1572. 1804.
Stems usually solitary, slender, pilose-pubescent,
at least below, paniculately branched above, 2-3
high, bearing 2-7 leaves. Basal leaves obovate,
oblanceolate or oblong, ascending or erect, obtuse,
narrowed at the base, sessile or petioled, hirsute,
at least on the veins beneath, entire or glandular-
denticulate, 2'-8' long, i'-2 f wide, not purple-veined,
mostly glabrous above, those of the stem similar,
mostly smaller ; heads commonly numerous, co-
rymbose-paniculate, 6"-io" broad, i5~4O-flowered,
slender-peduncled ; peduncles more or less glan-
dular and sometimes canescent; involucre about
4" high, its principal bracts in I series, linear-
lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, glabrous or nearly
so, with a few short outer ones ; achenes col-
umnar, truncate ; pappus brown, not copious.
In dry woods and thickets, New Hampshire to
southern New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky,
Alabama and Florida. May-July.
Hieracium alleghaniense Britton, of the mountains of West Virginia,
abundantly leafy and no tuft of basal leaves at flowering time.
the stem more
CICHORIACEAE.
VOL. III.
10. Hieracium venosum L.
Rattlesnake-weed. Poor Robin's Plantain.
Fig. 4103.
Hieracium venosum L. Sp. PI. 800. 1753.
Stems solitary or several from the same root,
slender, glabrous, or with a few hispid hairs near
the base, or also above, leafless or with 1-3 leaves,
paniculately branched above, i-3 high. Basal
leaves tufted, spreading on the ground, obovate, oval
or oblong-spatulate, mostly obtuse, narrowed at the
base, sessile or petioled, I -4' long, i'-ii' wide, usu-
ally purple-veined, glabrous or more or less hirsute,
pale beneath, some or all of them glandular-der.Scu-
late ; heads commonly numerous, s"-8" broad, -5-
4O-flowered, slender-peduncled ; peduncles glabrous,
or slightly glandular; involucre about 3" high, its
principal bracts in i series, glabrous or nearly so,
with a few short outer ones; achenes columnar, trun-
cate; pappus brown, not copious.
Dry woods and thickets, Maine to Ontario and Mani-
toba, south to Georgia, Kentucky and Nebraska. Ascends
to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. Early or vein-leaf hawk-
weed. Striped blood wort. Snake-plantain. Hawkbit.
Adder's-tongue. May-Oct.
ii. Hieracium Greenii Porter and Britton.
Green's Hawkweed. Fig. 4104.
Pilosella spathulata Sch. Bip. Flora 45: 439. 1862. Not
Hieracium spathulatum Scheele, 1863.
Hieracium marianum var. spathulatum A. Gray, Syn. Fl.
i : Part 2, 446. 1886.
H. Greenii Porter and Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 20: 120.
1893.
Stem entirely glabrous up to the branches, rather
slender, leafless or rarely with i or 2 leaves. ij-2i
high. Basal leaves tufted, ascending, spatulate, ob-
long, or obovate, obtuse, narrowed at the base, mostly
petioled, glandular-denticulate or entire, villous-
pubescent or somewhat hispid, 4'-?' long, -2' wide;
heads corymbose-paniculate, several or numerous,
3O-4O-flowered, slender-peduncled, 8"-io" broad ;
peduncles and branches canescent-tomentose and
glandular; involucre 5" high, its principal bracts in
i series, linear, acute, densely pilose-glandular;
flowers bright yellow; achenes columnar, truncate;
pappus brownish, not copious.
In dry soil, mountains of Pennsylvania to Ohio, Vir-
ginia and West Virginia. May-June.
King-
12. Hieracium florentinum All.
devil. Fig.,4io5.
H. florentinum All. Fl. Ped. i : 213. 1785.
Stolons wanting; stem glabrous, or somewhat
hispid, glaucous, slender, ii-3 high, bearing 1-3
leaves near the base. Basal leaves tufted, nar-
rowly oblong, oblanceolate, or spatulate, entire,
obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed below into
margined petioles, more or less hirsute with stiff
hairs, or glabrous, 2'-4' long, 3"-7" wide; heads
several or numerous, corymbose, 4"-6" broad ;
peduncles mostly short, pilose and glandular;
involucre about 3" high, its bracts linear, acute
or acuminate, pilose and somewhat glandular,
imbricated in about 2 series; flowers yellow;
achenes oblong, truncate; pappus a row of slen-
der brownish bristles.
In fields, meadows and along roadsides, New York
and Ontario to Quebec and Maine ; a troublesome
weed. Naturalized from Europe. Referred in our
first edition to H. praealtum, also native of Europe,
which differs in having long leafy branches from the
base, and is recorded as established in a meadow at
Andover, Massachusetts. June-Sept.
GENUS 22.
CHICORY FAMILY.
333
13. Hieracium Pilosella L. Mouse-ear Hawk-
weed. Fig. 4106.
Hieracium Pilosella L. Sp. PI. 800. 1753.
Hieracium Pilosella peleterianum Mer. Nouv. Fl. Paris, Ed.
2, 230. 1821.
Stoloniferous, pilose-pubescent throughout; stolons
leafy, rooting, slender, 3'-i2' long. Scape slender,
erect, 4'-is' high, leafless, with a single head, or some-
times 2-4; leaves oblong or spatulate, entire, obtuse or
acutish at the apex, narrowed into petioles, often white-
tomentose beneath, ii'-3' long, 4"-8" wide; head i'
broad or more; flowers yellow; principal bracts of the
involucre in I or 2 series, linear, acuminate, pubescent,
usually with i or 2 exterior ones ; achenes oblong, trun-
cate; pappus a single row of slender bristles.
Dooryards and fields, Prince Edward Island to Ontario,
New York, Pennsylvania and Michigan. Adventive from
Europe. Ling-gowans. Felon-herb. Mouse-bloodwort. May-
Sept.
14. Hieracium floribundum Wimm. &
Grab. Smoothish Hawkweed.
Fig. 4107.
Hieracum floribundum Wimm. & Grab. Fl. Siles. a 2 :
204. 1829.
Stoloniferous; plant glaucous-green; scape
loosely hirsute and more or less glandular-
pubescent, slender, \-2\ high, the stolons some-
times 8' long. Basal leaves tufted, narrowly
oblanceolate, acutish or obtuse, 2'-6' long, gla-
brous or very nearly so above, the margins and
midvein beneath more or less hirsute; stem-
leaves none, or rarely I or 2 near the base;
flowers several, i' broad or less, corymbose;
peduncles glandular ; rays bright yellow ; bracts
of the involucre in about 2 series, hirsute.
In fields, New Brunswick and Maine to New York.
Naturalized from Europe. June-Aug.
15. Hieracium pratense Tausch. Field
Hawkweed. Fig. 4108.
H. pratense Tausch, Flora n : Part i, Erg. 56. 1828.
Stoloniferous, hirsute or pilose with long hairs,
those of the stem blackish. Stem scapose, simple,
i-2 high, often bearing i or 2 leaves below the
middle; basal leaves numerous, tufted, light green,
oblanceolate to oblong, obtuse, 2'-$' long, 5"-io"
wide, narrowed into margined petioles, or to a
sessile base, entire, or with few distant minute
glandular teeth, hirsute on both sides; heads
several or numerous, corymbose-paniculate, 10"
wide, or less ; flowers yellow ; peduncles glandular
and often tomentose; bracts of the involucre
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, glandular and pilose ;
achenes columnar, truncate.
Fields and roadsides, Quebec to southern New
York and Pennsylvania. Naturalized or adventive
from Europe.
334
CICHORIACEAE.
VOL. III.
16. Hieracium aurantiacum L. Orange or
Tawny Hawkweed. Golden Mouse-Ear
Hawkweed. Fig. 4109.
Hieracium aurantiacum L. Sp. PI. 801. 1753.
Stoloniferous; stem leafless or rarely with i or
2 small sessile leaves, hirsute, slender, 6'-2o' high.
Basal leaves hirsute, tufted, spatulate or oblong,
obtuse, narrowed at the base, entire, or sometimes
slightly denticulate, 2'-$' long, l'-i' wide; heads
several, short-peduncled, corymbose, 7 "-12" broad ;
peduncles glandular-pubescent ; involucre 4"-5"
high, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate, im-
bricated in 2 or 3 series, hirsute and sometimes
glandular ; flowers orange or red ; achenes oblong,
truncate; pappus a single row of slender brownish
bristles.
In fields, woods and along roadsides, New Brans-
wick and Ontario to New York, New Jersey and
Pennsylvania. Naturalized from Europe. Grim-the-
collier. Devil's- or Flora's-paint-brush. Red daisy.
Missionary-weed. June-Sept.
23. NABALUS Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 34 : 94. 1825.
Perennial, herbs with alternate, mostly petioled, dentate lobed or pinnatifid leaves, or the
upper auriculate and clasping, and numerous small heads of ligulate white yellowish or
purplish flowers in open or spike-like terminal panicles, or also in axillary clusters, usually
drooping. Involucre cylindric, usually narrow, its principal bracts in I or 2 series, nearly
equal, with a few smaller exterior ones at the base. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate
and 5-toothed at the summit. Style-branches slender. Achenes oblong or narrowly columnar,
truncate, terete or 4-5-angled, mostly 10-ribbed. Pappus of copious rather rigid simple white
to reddish-brown bristles. [Modern Latin, from an Indian name for Rattlesnake-root.]
About 25 species, natives of America and Asia. Besides the following, two others occur in
northwest America and one on the high mountains of North Carolina. Known by the general
name of Rattlesnake-root or Drop-flower. Type species : Nabalus trifoliatus Cass. The European
and African genus Prenanthes L. is here regarded as distinct from this.
* Bracts of the involucre glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs.
Heads 5-7-flowered ; involucre very narrow, light green, i" thick ; pappus light straw-color or brown.
i. N. altissimiis.
Heads 8-i6-flowered ; involucre broader, green, purple or glaucous, ij^" 3" thick.
Leaves, or some of them, lobed, divided, or pinnatifid (sometimes entire in No. 3) ; involucre
subcylindric, about ij" thick.
Pappus deep cinnamon-brown. 2. AT. albus.
Pappus straw-color or light brown.
Inflorescence paniculate.
Involucral bracts with some stiff hairs, obviously shorter than the pappus ; panicle-
branches divergent. 3. N. serpentarius.
Involucral bracts glabrous, equalling the pappus ; panicle-branches ascending, or
upcurved. 4. N. trifoliolatus.
Inflorescence thyrsoid or glomerate.
Leaves palmately lobed or divided; northern. 5. N.nanus.
Leaves pinnately lobed or pinnatifid ; southern. 6. N. virgatus.
Leaves entire or denticulate; plant low, alpine; involucre narrowly campanulate, 2^2 "-3" thick.
7. N.Boottii.
** Bracts of the involucre hirsute-pubescent.
Inflorescence narrowly thyrsoid; heads 8-i6-flowered.
Leaves and stem rough-puberulent or scabrous.
Leaves and stem glabrous, glaucous.
Inflorescence corymbose-paniculate ; heads 2o-25-flowered.
8. N. asper.
9. N. racemosus.
10. N. crepidineus.
GENUS 23.
CHICORY FAMILY.
i. Nabalus altissimus (L.) Hook. Tall
White Lettuce. Fig. 41 10.
Prenanthes altissima L. Sp. PI. 797. 1753.
N. altissimus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 294. 1833.
Glabrous, or sometimes hispidulous, not
glaucous ; stem slender, 3-7 high, green, or
sometimes purplish. Leaves thin, hastate,
cordate, ovate, or the uppermost lanceolate,
entire, denticulate, dentate or palmately lobed
or divided, most of them long-petioled, the
larger sometimes 6' long; heads very numer-
ous, in a narrow panicle, and often in axillary
clusters, 5-7-flowered, pendulous, about 2"
broad; inflorescence often narrow; involucre
narrowly cylindric, 5"-6" long, about i" thick,
green, glabrous, its principal bracts about 5 ;
flowers greenish or yellowish white; pappus
light straw-color, or cinnamon-brown.
In woods and thickets, Newfoundland to Mani-
toba, Missouri, Georgia and Louisiana. Lion's-
foot. Rattlesnake-root. Ascends to 2500 ft. in
the Catskills. Wild lettuce. Joy-leaf. Milk-weed.
Bird-bell. Races differ in leaf-form, pubescence
and in color of the pappus. July-Oct.
2. Nabalus albus (L.) Hook. Rattlesnake-
root. White Lettuce. Fig. 4111.
Prenanthes alba L. Sp. PI. 798. 1753.
Nabalus albus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 294. 1833.
Glabrous and glaucous ; stem commonly purple,
2-5 high. Leaves hastate, ovate, cordate, den-
ticulate, dentate, lobed, or palmately divided, or
the upper lanceolate, entire, thicker than those of
the preceding species, the larger sometimes 8'
long; heads numerous, pendulous, 8-i5-flowered,
about 3" broad, paniculate, or thyrsoid, and often
in axillary clusters ; involucre glabrous, or with a
few scattered hairs, glaucous, S"-j" high, about
li" thick, its principal bracts about 8, purplish,
with minute outer ones ; flowers greenish or yel-
lowish white, fragrant ; pappus cinnamon-brown.
In woods, Maine and Ontario to Manitoba, Sas-
katchewan, Georgia, Kentucky, Wisconsin and North
Dakota. Lion's-foot. White cankerweed. Wild lettuce.
Milk-weed. Joy-leaf. Cancer-weed. Aug.-Sept.
3. Nabalus serpentarius (Pursh) Hook.
Lion's-foot. Gall-of-the- Earth. Fig. 4112.
Prenanthes serpentaria Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 499. pi.
24. 1814.
Nabalus integrifolius Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 34 : 95. 1825.
Nabalus serpentarius Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 294. 1833.
Glabrous or sparingly pubescent, green ; stem
stout or slender, not glaucous, i-4 high. Leaves
rather firm, similar to those of the preceding
species, equally variable in outline, pinnatifid or
pinnately lobed. palmately divided, or merely
dentate, or entire; inflorescence paniculate, the
branches divaricate, upcurved; heads numerous,
about 3" broad, 8-i2-flowered, pendulous, panicu-
late, and commonly also in axillary clusters ; in-
volucre more or less bristly-hispid, rarely gla-
brous, green or purplish, about ij" thick, $"-7"
long, its principal bracts about 8, shorter than the
pappus, with several minute lanceolate outer ones ;
flowers whitish or cream-color, rarely yellow ;
achenes about 3" long ; pappus light brown or straw-color
CICHORIACEAE.
VOL. III.
In fields and thickets, Massachusetts to southern New York, Florida, Alabama, Kentucky and
Mississippi. Canker-weed. Rattlesnake-root. White lettuce. Snake-gentian. July-Oct.
Nabalus cylindricus Small, of the southern mountains, ranging north to Kentucky, differs by
an elongated narrow panicle.
4. Nabalus trifoliolatus Cass. Tall Rattle-
snake-root. Fig. 4113.
Nabalus trifolilatus Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 34: 95. 1825.
Prenanthes trifoliata Fernald ; Brainerd, Jones & Eggles-
ton, Fl. Verm. 89. 1900.
Glabrous throughout ; stem usually stout, 3-9
high. Leaves thinnish, the lower long-petioled, usu-
ally 3-divided with the divisions stalked or sessile,
the upper short-petioled or sessile, all commonly
lobed or dentate, but the upper sometimes lanceo-
late, acuminate and entire ; inflorescence paniculate,
the panicle-branches ascending, or nearly erect ;
heads few in the clusters, drooping, 7-12-flowered ;
involucre pale green or purplish, glabrous, about li"
thick and 6" long, its principal bracts 6-8, equalling
the pappus, the short outer ones ovate to lanceolate;
flowers whitish or pale yellow; achenes 2" -3" long;
pappus light brown.
In woods and thickets, Newfoundland to Pennsylva-
nia, Indiana, Delaware and Tennessee. Aug.-Oct.
5. Nabalus nanus (Bigel.) DC. Low Rattlesnake-root, or Lion's-foot. Fig. 41 14.
Prenanthes alba var. nana Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 286.
1824.
Nabalus nanus DC. Prodr. 7: 241. 1838.
Prenanthes nana Torr. ; Robinson & Fernald in A.
Gray, Man. Ed. 7, 871. 1908.
Prenanthes serpentaria var. nana A. Gray, Syn. Fl.
i : Part 2, 434. 1884.
Glabrous throughout ; stem simple, erect, 4'-i6'
high. Basal and lower leaves slender-petioled,
3-divided, or sometimes broadly hastate, the divi-
sions variously lobed, toothed, or entire, usually
sessile, occasionally stalked ; upper leaves much
smaller, entire, toothed, or lobed, sessile, or short-
petioled ; inflorescence thyrsoid, glomerate-spicate
or racemose, rarely with i or 2 short ascending
branches; involucre dark purple-brown or nearly
black, glabrous, 4"-6" long, its inner bracts 6-8,
slightly ciliate at the apex, about as long as the
usually bright brownish pappus; outer bracts lan-
ceolate to ovate-lanceolate.
Alpine summits of the Adirondacks and the moun-
tains of New England ; Nova Scotia to Labrador and
Newfoundland. Aug.-Sept.
6. Nabalus virgatus (Michx.) DC. Slender
Rattlesnake-root. Fig. 4115.
Prenanthes virgata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 84. 1803.
Nabalus virgatus DC. Prodr. 7: 242. 1838.
Glabrous, somewhat glaucous ; stem strict, mostly
simple, 2-4 high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, the basal and lower ones sinuate-pin-
natifid or pinnately parted, petioled, often 10' long,
the lobes entire or dentate, distant ; upper leaves all
sessile, pinnately lobed, or the uppermost entire,
very small and bract-like ; heads very numerous,
pendulous, about 2" broad, in a narrow, simple or
branched, terminal thyrsus, often unilateral ; invo-
lucre purplish, about i$" thick and 5" long, its
principal bracts about 8, with several minute outer
ones; flowers white or pinkish; pappus straw-color.
In moist sandy soil, New Jersey to Florida, near the
coast. Called also De Witt's-snakeroot. Sept.-Oct.
GENUS 23.
CHICORY FAMILY
7. Nabalus Boottii DC. Boott's Rattle-
snake-root. Fig. 4116.
Nabalus Boottii DC. Prodr. 7: 241. 1838.
Prenanthes Boottii A. Gray, Syn. Fl. i : Part 2, 435.
1884.
Glabrous below, commonly pubescent above;
stem simple, 4'-i2' high. Leaves thickish, the
basal and lower ones ovate, hastate, or deltoid,
petioled, mostly obtuse, entire, or denticulate, \'-2 r
'long, the upper ovate or oblong, usually entire,
short-petioled or sessile, much smaller; heads
several or numerous, io-i8-flowered, erect, spread-
ing, or some of them pendulous, racemose or
somewhat thyrsoid, 4"-5" broad ; involucre cam-
panulate-oblong, 2j"-3" thick, 4"~7" long, dark
purplish-green, its principal bracts 8-10, obtuse or
obtusish, with several shorter outer ones; flowers
whitish, odorous ; pappus brownish.
Alpine summits of the mountains of northern New
England and New York. July-Aug.
8. Nabalus asper (Michx.) T. & G. Rough
White-lettuce. Fig. 4117.
Prenanthes aspera Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 83. 1803.
Nabalus asper T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 483. 1843.
Scabrous or rough-puberulent ; stem virgate, simple,
2-4 high. Leaves firm, oval, oblong, or oblanceolate,
those of the stem all closely sessile, acute or acutish,
dentate, denticulate, or the uppermost entire, the lower
sometimes clasping, 2'-3' long, J'-i' wide, the basal
tapering into winged petioles, commonly obtuse ; heads
very numerous, erect, spreading, or slightly drooping,
3"-4" broad, 12- 16- flowered, in a long narrow thyrsus;
involucre oblong, 2"-2i" thick, 5"-7" high, very hirsute,
its principal bracts 8-10, with several short outer ones;
flowers light yellow ; pappus straw-color.
On dry prairies, Ohio to South Dakota, Nebraska, Ken-
tucky, Louisiana and Kansas. Rattlesnake-root. Aug.-Sept.
9. Nabalus racemosus (Michx.) DC. Glaucous White-lettuce. Fig. 4118.
Prenanthes racemosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 83. 1803.
Nabalus racemosus DC. Prodr. 7: 242. 1838.
Nabalus racemosus pinnatifidus Britton ; Britt. & Brown,
111. Fl. 3: 291. 1898.
Prenanthes racemosus var. pinnatifida A. Gray, Syn. Fl.
i : Part 2, 433. 1884.
Stem virgate, rather stout, glabrous and somewhat
glaucous; stem striate, 2-6 high. Leaves thickish,
glabrous and glaucous, the lower and basal ones oval,
oblong, oblanceolate, or obovate, dentate, denticulate,
pinnatifid or pinnately lobed, 4'-8' long, mostly ob-
tuse, tapering into long margined petioles ; upper
leaves sessile, smaller and partly clasping, lanceo-
late to ovate-lanceolate, denticulate, entire, or pin-
natifid, mostly acute ; heads very numerous, erect,
spreading, or slightly drooping, i2-i6-flowered, 2"-$"
broad, in a long narrow thyrsus ; involucre oblong-
cylindric, hirsute, s"-6" long, i$"-2j" thick, longer
than the hirsute peduncle, its principal bracts 8-10,
with several small outer ones ; flowers purplish ;
pappus straw-color.
In moist open places, New Brunswick and Quebec to
Maine, Manitoba, Alberta, southern New York, New
Jersey, Iowa, Missouri and Colorado. Aug.-Sept.
Prenanthes mainensis A. Gray, from northern Maine and New Brunswick, is probably a hybrid
between N. racemosus and N. trifoliolatus^
33S
CICHORIACEAE.
VOL. III.
10. Nabalus crepidineus (Michx.) DC. Corymbed Rattlesnake-root. Fig. 4119.
Prenanthes crepidinea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 84. 1803.
Nabalus crepidineus DC. Prodr. 7: 242. 1838.
Stem glabrous or very nearly so below, corym-
bosely branched and sometimes puberulent above,
stout, 5-9 high. Leaves thin, the basal and lower
ones hastate, ovate, oblong, or deltoid, sharply den-
tate, lobed, or incised, sometimes 10' long, usually
with broadly winged petioles ; the upper much
smaller, sessile or short-petioled, narrowed at the
base, not clasping, ovate, deltoid, or lanceolate,
acute; heads numerous, pendulous, short-peduncled,
corymbose-paniculate, 4"-6" broad, 2O-35-flowered ;
involucre oblong or oblong-campanulate, hirsute,
5"-8" long, about 3" thick, dark green or purplish,
its principal bracts 12-15, with several very short
outer ones; flowers cream color; pappus brown.
In fields and thickets, western Pennsylvania and New
York to Kentucky, west to Minnesota and Kansas.
Aug.-Oct.
Family 45. AMBROSIACEAE Reichenb. Consp. 112. 1828.
RAGWEED FAMILY.
Annual or perennial herbs, monoecious, or sometimes dioecious, many of them
weeds, some shrubby, with alternate leaves, or the lower opposite, and small heads
of greenish or white flowers subtended by an involucre of few, separate or united
bracts, the pistillate heads sometimes larger and nut-like or bur-like. Staminate
and pistillate flowers in the same heads, or in separate heads. Receptacle chaffy.
Pistillate flowers with no corolla, or this reduced to a short tube or ring; calyx
adnate to the i-celled ovary, its limb none, or a mere border; style 2-cleft. Stami-
nate flowers with a funnelform tubular or obconic 4-5-lobed corolla; stamens
mostly 5, separate, or their anthers merely connivent, not truly syngenesious, with
short inflexed appendages ; ovary rudimentary ; summit of the style often hairy
or penicillate.
Eight genera and about 60 species, mostly natives of America, a few only of the Old World.
Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same heads ; involucre of a few rounded bracts, i. Iva.
Staminate and pistillate flowers in separate heads, the Staminate mostly uppermost ; involucre of
the pistillate heads bur-like or nut-like.
Involucral bracts of the Staminate heads united.
Involucre of the pistillate heads with several tubercles or prickles in a single series.
2. Ambrosia.
Involucre of the pistillate heads with numerous prickles in several series. 3. Gaertneria.
Involucral bracts of the Staminate heads separate ; involucre of pistillate heads an oblong bur.
4. Xanthium.
i. IVA L. Sp. PI. 988. 1753.
Puberulent or scabrous herbs, with thick opposite leaves, or the upper alternate, and
small nodding, axillary and solitary, spicate racemose or paniculate heads of greenish flowers.
Involucre hemispheric or cup-shaped, its bracts few, rounded. Receptacle chaffy, the linear
or spatulate chaff enveloping the flowers. Marginal flowers 1-6, pistillate, fertile, their corollas
short, tubular or none. Disk-flowers perfect, sterile, their corollas funnelform, 5-lobed, their
styles undivided, dilated at the apex. Anthers entire at the base, yellow, scarcely coherent
with each other, tipped with mucronate appendages. Achenes compressed, obovoid, glabrous.
Pappus none. [Named after Ajuga Iva, from its similar smell.]
About 15 species, natives of America. Besides the following, 7 others occur in the southern
and western United States. Type species : Iva annua L.
Heads spicate or racemose, each subtended by a linear or oblong leaf.
Heads solitary, pedicelled.
Bracts of the involucre 4-5 ; heads ij" 2" high.
Leaves serrate, oval or oblong; eastern. i. I. frutescens.
Leaves entire or nearly so, obovate or oblong ; western. 2. I. axillaris.
Bracts of the involucre 6-9 ; heads 3 "-4" high ; southeastern. 3. /. imbricata.
Heads spicate-paniculate ; leaves dentate. 4. /. ciliata.
Heads spicate-paniculate, not subtended by leaves. 5. I. xanthiifolia.
GENUS i.
RAGWEED FAMILY.
339
i. Iva frutescens L. Marsh Elder. High-
water Shrub. Fig. 4120.
Iva frutescens L. Sp. PI. 989. 1753.
Iva oraria Bartlett, Rhodora 8 : 26. 1906.
Perennial, shrubby or herbaceous, somewhat
fleshy; stem paniculately branched above, mi-
nutely pubescent, or sometimes glabrous below,
3-i2 high. Leaves oval, oblong, or oblong-
lanceolate, all the lower ones opposite, short-
petioled, 3-nerved, acute or obtusish, serrate, nar-
rowed at the base, the lower 4'-6' long, i'-2' wide,
the upper smaller and narrower, passing gradu-
ally into those of the racemose inflorescence
which are much longer than the short-pedicelled
heads ; involucre depressed-hemispheric, its bracts
about 5, orbicular-obovate, separate ; fertile flow-
ers about 5, their corollas tubular.
Along salt marshes and on muddy sea-shores,
Massachusetts to Florida and Texas, the northern
plant (/. oraria) mainly broader-leaved and less
shrubby than the southern. Jesuits'- or false Jesuits'-
bark. July-Sept.
2. Iva axillaris Pursh. Small-flowered Marsh
Elder. Fig. 4121.
Iva axillaris Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 743. 1814.
Perennial by woody roots; stems herbaceous, ascend-
ing, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, simple or branched,
i-2 high. Leaves sessile, entire or very nearly so,
obtuse, faintly 3-nerved, obovate, oblong, or linear-
oblong, \'-\V long, thick, somewhat fleshy, glabrous
or pubescent, the lower opposite, the upper alternate
and smaller, passing gradually into those of the in-
florescence; heads mostly solitary in the axils of the
leaves, 2"-3" broad, short-peduncled ; involucre hemi-
spheric, about \\" high; its bracts about 5, connate at
the base, or united nearly to the summit; pistillate
flowers 4 or 5, their corollas tubular.
In saline or alkaline soil, Manitoba and North Dakota to
western Nebraska, New Mexico, British Columbia and Cali-
fornia. May-Sept.
3. Iva imbricata Walt. Sea-coast Marsh
Elder. Fig. 4122.
Iva imbricata Walt. Fl. Car. 232. 1788.
Perennial by woody roots, glabrous or nearly so
throughout, fleshy; stem i-2 high, simple, or
sparingly branched. Leaves all but the lowest
alternate, sessile, oblong-spatulate, or lanceolate, ob-
tusish, mucronulate, entire, or rarely serrate, obscurely
3-nerved, the larger i'-2 f long, 3"-s" wide; heads
about 4" broad, short-peduncled or nearly sessile,
the upper often longer than their subtending leaves ;
involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts 6-9, not
united, somewhat imbricated in 2 series; fertile
flowers 2-4, their corollas tubular, the staminate
ones much more numerous; chaff of the receptacle
spatulate.
On sandy sea-shores, southeastern Virginia to Florida
and Louisiana. Bahamas ; Cuba. July-Oct.
AMBROSIACEAE.
VOL. III.
4. Iva ciliata Willd. Rough Marsh Elder.
Fig. 4123.
Iva annua Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 184. 1803. Not L.
Iva ciliata Willd. Sp. PI. &: 2386. 1804.
Annual, hispid-pubescent; stem simple, or
branched, 2-6 high. Leaves nearly all oppo-
site, ovate, petioled, scarcely fleshy, puberulent
beneath, acuminate at the apex, abruptly or
gradually narrowed at the base, coarsely and ir-
regularly dentate, 3-nerved. the lower 4-5' long;
heads spicate-paniculate, about i" broad ; spikes
dense or interrupted, erect, 2'-8' long; upper
leaves linear-lanceolate, hispid, squarrose, much
longer than the heads; bracts of the involucre
3-5, distinct or united below, hispid; fertile flow-
ers 3-5, their corollas slender; staminate flowers
10-15.
In moist soil, Illinois to Nebraska, south to Louisi-
ana and New Mexico. Plant with the aspect of an
Ambrosia. Aug.-Oct.
5. Iva xanthiifolia Nutt. Burweed Marsh Elder. Fig. 4124.
Iva xanthiifolia Nutt. Gen. 2: 185. 1818.
Cyclachaena xanthiifolia Fresen. Ind. Sem. Hort.
Franc. 4. 1836.
Annual ; stem much branched, pubescent or
puberulent above, glabrous below, 3-6 high.
Leaves nearly all opposite, broadly ovate, long-
petioled. acuminate at the apex, abruptly or
gradually contracted at the base, coarsely and
irregularly dentate, pale and canescent or pu-
berulent beneath, roughish above, 3-ribbed, the
lower often 6' long and wide; inflorescence
spicate-paniculate, terminal and axillary, ample,
naked; heads sessile or minutely peduncled,
l" broad or less; bracts of the involucre in
2 series of 5, the outer ovate, the inner obovate
or truncate, concave, subtending the usually 5
achenes; corollas of the fertile flowers rudi-
mentary or none; staminate flowers 10-15, their
corollas obconic.
In moist soil, or sometimes in waste places,
Ontario to Assiniboia, south to Wisconsin, Ne-
braska, New Mexico and Utah. In waste grounds
farther east. Plant with the aspect of a Cheno-
podium. July-Sept.
2. AMBROSIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 987. 1753.
Monoecious (rarely dioecious) branching herbs, with alternate or opposite, mostly lobed
or divided leaves, and small heads of green flowers, the staminate spicate or racemose, the
pistillate solitary or clustered in the upper axils. Involucre of the pistillate heads globose-
ovoid or top-shaped, closed, i-flowered, usually armed with 4-8 tubercles or spines ; corolla
none; stamens none; style-branches filiform; achenes ovoid or obovoid; pappus none. Invo-
lucre of the staminate heads mostly hemispheric or saucer-shaped, 5-i2-lobed, open, many-
flowered; receptacle nearly flat, naked, or with filiform chaff; corolla funnelform, 5-toothed ;
anthers scarcely coherent, mucronate-tipped ; style undivided, penicillate at the summit.
[The ancient classical name.]
About 15 species, mostly natives of America. Besides the following, some 5 others occur in
the southern and western United States. Type species: Ambrosia maritima L.
Sterile heads sessile; a lanceolate hispid lobe on inner border of involucre i. A. bidentata.
Sterile heads short-pedicelled, involucre depressed-hemispheric.
Leaves opposite, palmately 3~5-lobed, or undivided ; receptacle naked. 2. A. trifida.
Leaves opposite and alternate, i-2-pinnatifid ; receptacle chaffy.
Annual ; leaves thin ; fruiting involucre spiny. 3. A. elatior.
Perennial ; leaves thick ; fruiting involucre naked or tubercled. 4. A. psilostachya.
GENUS 2.
RAGWEED FAMILY.
i. Ambrosia bidentata Michx. Lance-
leaved Ragweed. Fig. 4125.
Ambrosia bidentata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 182. 1803.
Annual, hirsute, usually much branched, very
leafy, i-3 high. Leaves lanceolate, mainly
alternate, sessile and somewhat cordate-clasping
at the base, acuminate at the apex, i-nerved, i'-3'
long, 2"-4" wide, usually with i or 2 sharp lobes
at the base and a few minute sharp teeth above,
or the upper ones quite entire, rough and hirsute
or ciliate; spikes of staminate heads dense, $'-7'
long, their involucres turbinate, bearing a long
lanceolate hispid reflexed lobe appearing like a
bract on the inner border, their receptacles chaffy ;
fertile heads solitary, or clustered, oblong,
4-angled, 3"-4" long, bearing 4 sharp spines.
Prairies, Illinois to Missouri, Kansas, Louisiana
and Texas. July-Sept.
2. Ambrosia trifida L. Horse-cane. Bitter-
weed. Great Ragweed. Fig. 4126.
Ambrosia trifida L. Sp. PI. 987. 1753.
A. integrifolia Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 375. 1805.
Ambrosia trifida integrifolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 290.
1841.
Annual, scabrous or hispid, or nearly glabrous,
branched, 3-i7 high. Leaves all opposite, petioled,
3-nerved, deeply 3-5-lobed, or undivided, the lobes
lanceolate or ovate, serrate, acute or acuminate;
lower leaves often i wide; racemes of sterile heads
3'-io' long, their involucres saucer-shaped, 3-ribbed
on the outer side, crenate-margined or truncate, their
receptacles naked; fertile heads usually clustered in
the axils of the upper bract-like leaves, turbinate to
obovoid, S-7-ribbed, conic-beaked, 3"-4" long, each
rib bearing a tubercle near the summit.
In moist soil, Quebec to Florida, west to Manitoba,
Nebraska, Colorado and New Mexico. Tall ambrosia.
Richweed. Wild hemp. Horse-weed. Buffalo-weed. Hay-fever weed. July-Oct.
3. Ambrosia elatior L. Ragweed. Roman
Wormwood. Hogweed. Wild Tansy.
Fig. 4127.
Ambrosia elatior L. Sp. PI. 987. 1753.
Ambrosia artemisiaefolia L. Sp. PI. 988. 1753.
Annual, pubescent, puberulent or hirsute, panicu-
lately branched, i-6 high. Leaves thin, i-2-pin-
natifid, petioled, 2'-4' long, the upper alternate, the
lower mostly opposite, pale or canescent beneath,
the lobes oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or acute ;
uppermost leaves of the branches sometimes linear-
lanceolate and entire ; racemes of sterile heads very
numerous, i'-6' long, the involucres hemispheric,
crenate, the receptacle chaffy ; fertile heads obovoid
or subglobose, mostly clustered, ii"-2" long, short-
beaked, 4-6-spined near the summit, sparingly pu-
bescent.
In dry soil, often a pernicious weed in cultivated
fields, Nova Scotia to Florida, west to British Colum-
bia and Mexico. Bermuda. Introduced into Europe as a
weed. Consists of several slightly differing races. Also
called bitterweed, stickweed, stammerwort, carrot-weed,
black, or tassel-weed, hay-fever weed. July-Oct.
AMBROSIACEAE.
VOL. III.
4. Ambrosia psilostachya DC. Western Rag-
weed. Fig. 4128.
Ambrosia psilostachya DC. Prodr. 5: 526. 1836.
Similar to the preceding species, but perennial by
long rootstocks, the leaves thick, the pubescence stri-
gose or hispid. Stems usually much branched, 2-6
high, rather stout; leaves i-2-pinnatifid, 2'-$' long,
the lobes acutish ; racemes of sterile heads several or
numerous, 2'-6' long, the involucres campanulate, the
receptacles chaffy ; fertile heads mostly solitary, ovoid
or obovoid, reticulated, short-pointed, unarmed, or
with about 4 short tubercles, pubescent, ii"-2" long.
In moist open soil, Illinois to Saskatchewan, Texas,
Mexico and California. July-Oct.
3. GAERTNERIA Med. Act. Pal. 3 : 244.
1785. Phil. Bot. 45. 1789.
[FRANSERIA Cav. Icon. 2 : 78. pi. 200. 1793.]
Hispid or tomentose branching herbs, with the aspect of Ambrosias, sometimes woody at
the base, with mostly alternate lobed or divided leaves, and small monoecious greenish heads
of discoidal 'flowers, the staminate in terminal spikes or racemes, the pistillate solitary or
clustered in the upper axils. Involucre of the pistillate heads ovoid or globose, closed,
i-4-celled, i-4-beaked, armed with several rows of spines and forming a bur in fruit; corolla
none or rudimentary; style deeply bifid, its branches exserted; stamens none; achenes obo-
void, thick, solitary in the cells ; pappus none. Staminate heads sessile, or short-peduncled,
their involucres broadly hemispheric, open, 5-i2-lobed ; receptacle chaffy ; corolla regular, the
tube short, the limb 5-lobed ; style undivided ; anthers scarcely coherent ; mucronate-tipped.
[In honor of Joseph Gaertner, 1732-1791, German botanist.]
About 25 species, natives of America. In addition to the following, some 12 others occur in the
western and southwestern United States. Type species : Xanthium fruticosum L. f.
Plant hirsute; annual; spines of the fruiting involucre long, flat. i. G. acanthicarpa.
Leaves densely white-tomentose beneath; spines short, conic; perennials.
Leaves bipinnatifid. 2. G. discolor.
Leaves pinnately divided, the terminal segment large. 3. G. tomentosa.
i. Gaertneria acanthicarpa (Hook.)
Britton. Hooker's Gaertneria.
Fig. 4129.
Ambrosia acanthicarpa Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 309.
1833-
Fransena Hookenana Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
(II.) 7: 345- 1841.
Gaertneria acanthicarpa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club
5: 332. 1894.
Franseria acanthicarpa Coville, Contr. Nat. Herb.
4: 129. 1893.
Annual, erect or diffuse, paniculately branched,
i-2 high; stem hirsute or hispid. Lower and
basal leaves slender-petioled, bipinnatifid, 2'-4'
long, the upper short-petioled or sessile, once-
pinnatifid, or merely lobed; racemes of sterile
heads usually numerous, i'-3' long; fruiting
involucres clustered in the axils, 3"~4" long,
commonly i-flowered, armed with numerous
long flat straight spines.
In moist soil, Saskatchewan to western Ne-
braska and Texas, west to British Columbia and
California. Sand-bur. Recorded from Minnesota. July-Sept.
Gaertneria tenuifolia (A. Gray) Kuntze, a southwestern perennial species with pinnately
dissected leaves, the fruiting involucre only about i" long, is recorded as extending eastward into
Kansas.
GENUS 3.
RAGWEED FAMILY
2. Gaertneria discolor (Nutt.) Kuntze.
White-leaved Gaertneria. Fig. 4130.
Ambrosia tomentosa Nutt. Gen. 2: 186. 1818. Not
Gaertneria tomentosa (A. Gray) Kuntze.
Franseria discolor Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.)
7: 345. 1841.
Gaertneria discolor Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 339. 1891.
Erect or ascending from perennial rootstocks,
branched, about i high. Leaves nearly all bipin-
natifid, petioled, densely white-tomentose beneath,
green and pubescent or glabrate above, 2'-$' long ;
sterile racemes narrow, commonly solitary, i'-2 r
long; fruiting involucres clustered in the axils,
finely canescent, about 3" long, mostly 2-flowered,
armed with short sharp conic spines.
In dry soil, South Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming,
Kansas, Colorado and New Mexico. Aug.-Sept.
3. Graertneria tomentosa (A. Gray)
Kuntze. Woolly Gaertneria.
Fig. 4131.
Franseria tomentosa A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. 4 : 80.
1849.
G. tomentosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 339. 1891.
Gaertneria Grayi A. Nelson, Bot. Gaz. 34: 35. 1902.
Erect from a deep perennial root, usually
branched at the base, i-3 high. Leaves pin-
nately lobed or divided, finely and densely to-
mentose on both sides, or ashy above, the terminal
segment lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, serrulate or entire, very much larger than
the 2-6 rather distinct. narrow lateral ones; sterile
racemes solitary, 2'~4' long; fruiting involucres
solitary, or 2-3 together in the upper axils, ovoid,
finely canescent or glabrate, 2-flowered, about 3"
long, armed with subulate-conic, very acute,
sometimes curved or hooked spines.
On rich prairies and along rivers, western Nebraska, Kansas and Colorado. Aug.-Sept.
4. XANTHIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 987. 1753.
Monoecious annual branching coarse rough or spiny herbs, with alternate lobed or dentate
leaves, and rather small heads of greenish discoid flowers, the staminate ones capitate-
clustered at the ends of the branches, the pistillate axillary. Staminate heads with a short
involucre of i to 3 series of distinct bracts; receptacle cylindric, chaffy; corollas tubular,
5-toothed ; anthers not coherent, mucronate at the apex ; filaments monadelphous ; style slen-
der, undivided. Pistillate heads of an ovoid or oblong, closed involucre, covered with hooked
spines, i-2-beaked, 2-celled, each cavity containing one obovoid or oblong achene ; corolla
none; pappus none; style 2-cleft, its branches exserted. [Greek, yellow, from its yielding
a yellow hair-dye.]
About 1 5 species, of wide geographic distribution. Type species : Xanthium strumarium L.
Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends ; axils bearing 3-divided yellow spines.
i. X. spinosum.
Leaves orbicular or broadly ovate, cordate to truncate at base ; no axillary spines.
Bur, or its prickles, or both, more or less hispid-pubescent ; beaks incurved.
Body of the bur ovoid to oval, twice as long as thick or shorter.
Bur i' long or more, the prickles 4"-s" long. 2. X. speciosum.
344
AMBROSIACEAE.
VOL. III.
Bur 10" long or less, the prickles 2" -3" long.
Bur densely prickly, its pubescence brown.
Bur loosely prickly, its pubescence yellowish.
Body of the bur oblong, more than twice as long as thick.
Prickles longer than the diameter of the body of the bur.
Prickles shorter than the diameter of the body of the bur.
Bur narrowly oblong.
Bur broadly oblong.
Bur and its prickles glabrous, or merely puberulent ; beaks nearly straight.
3. X. echinatum.
4. X. glanduliferum.
5. X. inflexum.
6. X. pennsylvanicum.
7. X. commune.
8. X. americanum.
i. Xanthium spinosum L. Spiny or
Thorny Clotbur, Clotweed or Bur-
weed. Fig. 4132.
Xanthium spinosum L. Sp. PI. 987. 1753.
Stem pubescent or puberulent, much branched,
ascending or erect, i-3 high. Leaves lanceo-
late or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
lobed, or the upper entire, narrowed at the
base, short-petioled, white-canescent beneath
and on the whitish veins of the upper surface,
2'-5' long; axils each with a short-stalked
3-pronged yellow spine nearly i' long; ripe
fertile involucre (bur) oblong-cylindric, 4"-6"
long, about 2" in diameter, pubescent, armed
with short subulate rather inconspicuous beaks,
and numerous glabrous spines about i" long.
In waste grounds, Maine to Ontario, Florida,
Illinois, West Virginia, Missouri, Texas, New
Mexico and California. Widely distributed as a
weed in tropical America. Naturalized from
Europe or Asia. Cocklebur. Dagger-cocklebur.
Aug.-Nov.
2. Xanthium speciosum Kearney. Great
Clotbur. Fig. 4133.
Xanthium speciosum Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club
24: 574. 1897.
Very stout, 3-4i high. Stem sharply
angled above; lower petioles 4'-6' long; leaf-
blades broadly triangular-ovate, the larger 6'-8'
wide, 3-S-Iobed, dentate, scabrous on both sur-
faces ; burs commonly clustered, oblong to
ovoid-oblong, i' long or more, the stout beaks
5 "-6" long, somewhat incurved, strongly hooked
at the apex, equalling or a little longer than the
dense subulate uncinate prickles, which are
hispid to above the middle, and 4"~s" long.
Moist and waste grounds, North Dakota to
Wisconsin, Tennessee, Montana, Nebraska and
Texas, and locally in waste places eastward.
Aug.-Sept.
GENUS 4.
RAGWEED FAMILY.
345
Xanthium echinatum Murr.
Fig- 4I34-
$each Clotbur.
X. echinatum Murr. Comm. Goett. 6: 32, pi. 4. 1783.
X. macuiatum Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 344. 1818.
X. oviforme Wallr. Beitr. Bot. i : 240. 1842.
Stem rough, purplish or purple-blotched, i-2 high.
Leaves firm, scabrous, with scattered short papillose
hairs, obtusely toothed and lobed, somewhat resinous-
glandular beneath; burs commonly clustered in the axils,
ovoid to oval, 7"-n" long, 4"-6" thick, glandular ; prickles
very dense, densely hispid from the base to the middle
or beyond, subulate, hooked, the longer about 2\" long,
and about equalling the stout hispid beaks.
Sea, lake and river beaches, occasionally in waste grounds,
North Carolina to Nova Scotia, New York, Minnesota and
North Dakota. Recorded west to Saskatchewan. Aug.-Sept.
4. Xanthium glanduliferum Greene.
Glandular Clotbur. Fig. 4135.
Xanthium glanduliferum Greene, Pittonia 4: 5i.
1899.
Similar to X. echinatum. Leaves very thick
and scabrous with short stout papillae; burs
oval, 5"-8" long, 3"-4*" thick, yellow, the
prickles scattered, bristly-hispid -nearly to the
hooked apex, scarcely as long as the conic-
subulate short-bristly beaks.
In dry soil, North Dakota to Assiniboia, Brit-
ish Columbia and Nebraska. Adventive in Mis-
souri. June-Sept.
Xanthium Macounii Britton, known only
from Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, differs by a
longer bur, 10" long and 4" thick.
5. Xanthium inflexum Mackenzie & Bush.
Missouri Clotbur. Fig. 4136.
Xanthium inflexum Mackenzie & Bush, Rep. Mo. Bot.
Card. 16 : 106. 1905.
Glabrate, or papillose-roughened above, 3-4i
high. Leaves long-petioled, broadly ovate, more
or less cordate, mostly 3-lobed, crenate-dentate ;
burs i' long or less, the body oblong, more than
twice as long as thick, 3"-3i" in diameter, glan-
dular-pubescent; prickles hooked, stiff, longer
than the diameter of the bur, glandular-pubescent
below, glabrous above ; beaks stout, about 5" long,
bent at the middle, strongly inflexed, hooked.
Sandy river-bottoms, Courtney, Missouri.
Sept.
Aug.-
AMBROSIACEAE.
VOL. III.
6. Xanthium pennsylvanicum Wallr.
Pennsylvania Clotbur. Fig. 4137.
Xanthium pennsylvanicum Wallr. Beitr. Bot. I :
236. 1842.
Stem comparatively slender, smooth below,
roughish above, i-3 high. Leaves thin, long-
petioled, sharply toothed and some of them
3-5-lobed, smoothish, or the upper surface
scabrate, glandular ; burs clustered in the axils,
7"-g" long, about one-third as thick, puberu-
lent and resinous-glandular, and commonly
with a few longer hairs; prickles numerous,
subulate, hooked, more or less hispid or gla-
brate, the longer ones nearly as long as the
diameter of the bur ; beaks slender, but stouter
than the prickles, incurved and hooked.
Moist gerunds, Quebec to Minnesota, New
York, Missouri and Colorado. Aug.-Oct. Re-
ferred in our first edition to Xanthium canadense
Mill., a name which has been variously applied to
different plants by authors.
7. Xanthium commune Britton. Cockle-
bur or Clotbur. Fig. 4138.
Xanthium commune Britton, Manual 912. 1901.
Stem rather slender, i-2, roughish. Leaves
broadly ovate, more or less lobed, scabrous, espe-
cially above; burs commonly solitary in the axils,
oblong, 7"-i2" long, half as thick, or less, the
subulate-conic beaks slightly incurved, hooked at
the apex, about as long as the subulate uncinate
prickles, which are hispid to about the middle with
brown hairs and shorter than the diameter of
the bur.
Moist grounds, Quebec to Alberta, Maryland, Mis-
souri, Utah and Arizona. Aug.-Oct.
8. Xanthium americanum Walt. Amer-
ican Cocklebur or Burweed.
Fig. 4I39-
X. americanum Walt. Fl. Car. 231. 1788.
X. macrocarpum glabratum DC. Prodr. 5 : 523.
1836.
X. glabratum Britton, Manual 912. 1901.
Rough, i-6J high. Leaves slender-petioled,
broadly ovate to orbicular, 3-ribbed and cor-
date or cordate-reniform at the base, the lower
often 10' wide, the margins dentate, or more
or less 3-5-lobed, both surfaces roughish and
green ; bur oblong, glabrous or merely puberu-
lent, 0-9" long, about 3" in diameter, its 2
sharp conical-subulate 2-toothed beaks straight
or nearly so, equalling or slightly longer than
the glabrous spines.
Moist grounds, Ontario to Florida, Michigan,
Tennessee and Kansas. Referred, in our first edi-
tion, to the Old World X. strumarium L., from
which it proves to be distinct. Sheep- or clot-bur.
Button-bur. Small or lesser burdock. Aug.-Oct.
Xanthium orientale L. (X. canadense Mill.), an
Old World tropical species, is naturalized in the
West Indies.
KEY TO GENERA. THISTLE FAMILY. 347
Family 46. COMPOSITAE Adans. Fam. PI. 2 : 103. 1763.
THISTLE FAMILY.
Herbs, rarely shrubs (some tropical forms trees), with watery or resinous
(rarely milky) sap, and opposite alternate or basal exstipulate leaves. Flowers
perfect, pistillate, or neutral, or sometimes monoecious or dioecious, borne on a
common receptacle, forming heads, subtended by an involucre of few to many bracts
arranged in one or more series. Receptacle naked, or with chaffy scales subtend-
ing the flowers, smooth, or variously pitted or honeycombed. Calyx-tube com-
pletely adnate to the ovary, the limb (pappus) of bristles, awns, teeth, scales, or
crown-like, or cup-like, or wanting. Corolla tubular, usually 5-lobed or 5-cleft, the
lobes valvate, or that of the marginal flowers of the head expanded into a ligule
(ray) ; when the ray-flowers are absent the head is said to be discoid ; when present,
radiate ; the tubular flowers form the disk. Stamens usually 5, borne on the corolla
and alternate with its lobes, their anthers united into a tube (syngenesious), often
appendaged at the apex, sometimes sagittate or tailed at the base ; pollen-grains
globose, often rough or prickly. Ovary i-celled; ovule I, anatropous; style of
fertile flowers 2-cleft, its branches variously appendaged, or unappendaged ; stigmas
marginal ; style of sterile flowers commonly undivided. Fruit an achene. Seed
erect; endosperm none; embryo straight; hypocotyl inferior.
About 800 genera and not less than 10,000 species, of wide geographic distribution. The family
is also known as CARDUACEAE, AGGREGATAE, and by the English name of Asterworts. In Kuhtiia, the
anthers are distinct, or nearly so.
* Anthers not tailed at the base ; stigmatic lines of the style-branches only at the base, or not extending
beyond the middle; flowers all tubular and perfect, never yellow; rays none.
Style-branches filiform or subulate, hispidulous ; receptacle naked. Tribe i. VERNONIEAE.
Style-branches thickened upward, obtuse, papillose. Tribe 2. EUPATORIEAE.
** Anthers tailed at the base, unappendaged at the tip; heads small; rays none (except in Inula where they
are large, yellow). Tribe 4. INULEAE.
*** Anthers not tailed at the base ; stigmatic lines of the style-branches in the perfect flowers extending to
the summit ; flowers tubular only, or tubular and radiate, often yellow.
i. Receptacle naked (see also Nos. 85-88 of Tribe 7).
a. Bracts of the involucre usually well imbricated.
Style-branches of the perfect flowers flattened, with terminal appendages. Tribe 3. ASTEREAE.
Style-branches truncate, or with hairy tips. Tribe 6. HELEN IEAE.
b. Bracts little imbricated, or not at all; pappus of soft bristles.
Tribe 8. SENECIONEAE.
2. Receptacle chaffy (except in Nos. 85-88).
Bracts of the involucre herbaceous or foliaceous; not scarious. Tribe 5. HELIANTHEAE.
Bracts of the involucre dry, scarious. Tribe 7. ANTHEM IDEAE.
**** Anthers long-tailed at the base, with elongated appendages at the tip; heads large; rays none (in
Centaurca often with enlarged marginal flowers) ; bracts imbricated.
Tribe 9. CYNAREAE.
Tribe i. VERNONIEAE.
Pappus double, the inner of rough capillary bristles, the outer of scales, or short bristles ; heads
not glomerate. l - Vernonia.
Pappus a single series of bristles ; heads glomerate, subtended by sessile bracts. 2. Elephantopus.
Tribe 2. EUPATORIEAE.
* Achenes 3-s-angled, not ribbed.
Pappus of 5 broad obtuse scales ; aquatic herb with linear whorled leaves. 3. Sclerolepis.
Pappus of numerous capillary bristles.
Involucre of more than 4 bracts ; erect herbs. 4- Eupatormm.
Involucre of 4 bracts ; our species twining herbaceous vines. 5- Mikania.
** Achenes 8-io-ribbed, or 8-io-striate.
i. Bracts of the involucre in several series, the outer successively shorter.
Bracts of the involucre strongly striate-nerved ; heads panicled or corymbed in our species.
Pappus-bristles rough or serrate ; involucral bracts numerous. 6. Coleosanthus.
Pappus-bristles plumose ; involucral bracts few. 7- Kuhnia.
Bracts of the involucre faintly striate, if at all ; heads spiked or racemed. 8. Lacinaria.
2. Bracts of the involucre in only 2 or 3 series ; all nearly equal.
9. Trilisa.
Tribe 3. ASTEREAE.
A. Ray-flowers yellow (white in one species of Solidago), or wanting; plants not dioecious.
* Pappus of scales, or awns, or wanting, never of numerous capillary bristles.
Heads small, not over 2" high ; leaves narrowly linear, entire.
Perennial herbs, or shrubs ; all the flowers fertile. 10. Gutterrezia.
343
COMPOSITAE. VOL. III.
Annual herbs; disk-flowers sterile. n. Amphiachyris.
Heads large, showy; leaves oblong to lanceolate, spinulose-dentate. 12. Grindelia.
** Pappus of either the radiate or tubular flowers, or both, of numerous capillary bristles, with or without
an outer series of shorter ones, or of scales.
t Pappus, at least of the disk- flowers, double, an inner series of capillary bristles, and an outer one
of scales or short bristles ; heads large.
Achenes of the ray-flowers thick, the pappus obsolete, or of a few caducous bristles ; achenes of the
disk-flowers flat. 13. Heterotheca.
Achenes of both ray-flowers and disk-flowers flattened. 14. Chrysopsis.
tt Pappus wholly of capillary bristles.
i. Heads wholly of disk-flowers (in our species) ; rays none; leaves narrowly linear.
a. Perennial herbs; style-tips not exserted; eastern. 15. Chondrophora.
b. Shrubs ; style-tips mostly exserted ; western.
Involucral bracts gradually narrowed to the tip, keeled, chartaceous. 16. Chrysothamnus.
Involucral bracts cuspidate, flat, herbaceous. 17. Oonopsis.
2. Heads with both ray-flowers and disk-flowers (in our species).
a. None of the leaves cordate ; pappus mostly as long as the achene, or longer.
Leaves bristly-serrate or pinnatifid.
Achenes glabrous ; pappus-bristles deciduous. 18. Prionopsis.
Achenes white-tomentose ; pappus-bristles persistent. 19. Sideranthus.
Leaves entire, or toothed, not bristly-serrate.
Leaves narrow, coriaceous, evergreen, entire; low western undershrubs. 20. Stenotus.
Annual or perennial herbs ; leaves not evergreen.
Pappus-bristles unequal; heads loosely panicled ; annual. 21. Isopappus.
Pappus-bristles equal ; heads variously clustered ; perennial herbs.
Receptacle alveolate ; rays mostly not more numerous than the disk-flowers.
22. Solidago.
Receptacle fimbrillate ; rays more numerous than the disk-flowers ; heads corymbose-
paniculate. 23. Euthamia.
b. Lower and basal leaves cordate ; pappus-bristles shorter than the achene.
24. Brachychaeta.
B. Ray-flowers present, not yellow in any of our species.
* Pappus a mere crown, or of a few awns or bristles, or wanting, never of numerous capillary bristles.
I. Receptacle conic.
Outer bracts of the involucre shorter than the inner; achenes prismatic. 25. Aphahostephus.
Bracts of the involucre all about equal ; achenes flattened. 26. Bellis.
2. Receptacle flat, or somewhat convex.
Achenes of the disk-flowers compressed, of the ray-flowers 3-angled ; perennial herbs with large
heads. 27. Townsendia.
Achenes fusiform, terete ; annual herbs with small heads. 28. Chaetopappa.
Achenes obovate, flattened, with thickened or winged margins ; perennials. 29. Boltonia.
** Pappus of numerous capillary bristles,
i. Pappus a single series of capillary bristles ; sometimes with an outer series of shorter ones.
a. Bracts of the involucre in 2 to many series.
Bracts mostly in 2-5 series ; teeth or lobes of the leaves not bristle-tipped.
Involucre narrow, its bracts firm ; rays few, white. 30. Sericocarpus.
Involucre turbinate to hemispheric, bracts mostly thin ; rays usually numerous, white to purple.
Disk-flowers turning red, purple, or brown. 31. Aster.
Disk-flowers permanently white ; leaves subulate to spatulate, crowded, rigid.
32. Leucelene.
Involucre turbinate; rays not exceeding the mature pappus, or none. 33. Brachyactis.
Bracts in many series ; teeth or lobes of the leaves bristle-tipped in our species. 34. Machaeranthera.
b. Bracts of the involucre mostly in i or 2 series, very narrow ; heads mostly long-peduncled.
Rays longer than the diameter of the disk. 35. Erigeron.
Rays not longer than the diameter of the disk ; heads very small, panicled. 36. Leptilon.
2. Pappus distinctly double, the inner bristles long, the outer shorter.
Leaves lanceolate, ovate, or obovate ; rays white. 37. Doellingeria.
Leaves narrowly linear ; rays violet. 38. lonactis.
C. Ray-flowers none; dioecious shrubs; pappus capillary.
39. Baccharis.
Tribe 4. INULEAE.
* Heads small, rays none ; flowers white, or whitish.
1. Receptacle chaffy.
Receptacle convex ; pappus none. 40. Filago.
Receptacle subulate; pappus of the inner flowers of rough capillary bristles. 41. Gifola.
2. Receptacle naked.
a. Pappus, at least that of pistillate flowers, of capillary bristles.
Bracts of the involucre not scarious ; plants pubescent or glabrous, not woolly. 42. Pluchea.
Bracts of the involucre scarious, mostly white or pink ; plants woolly.
Plants dioecious, or polygamo-dioecious.
Pappus-bristles of staminate flowers thickened above. 43. Antennaria.
Pappus-bristles not thickened ; stem leafy. 44. Anaphalis.
Plants not dioecious ; flowers all fertile. 45. Gnaphalium.
b. Pappus none ; leaves broad, alternate, woolly beneath.
46. Adenocaulon.
** Heads large ; ray-flowers yellow. 47. Inula.
KEY TO GENERA. THISTLE FAMILY. 349
Tribe 5. HELIANTHEAE.
A. Disk-flowers perfect, but sterile.
Achenes thick, short, not flattened ; pappus none.
Achenes merely subtended by the inner involucral bracts. 48. Polymnia.
Achenes embraced and enclosed by the inner involucral bracts.
Involucral bracts unarmed. 49. Mel am podium.
Involucral bracts armed with hooked prickles. 50. Acanthospermum.
Achenes flattened.
Ray-flowers in 2 or 3 series; achenes falling away free. 51. Silphium.
Ray-flowers in i series ; achenes adnate to 2 or 3 scales of the receptacle, falling away with them.
Rays large, yellow.
Leaves opposite and basal. 52. Chrysogonum.
Leaves alternate.
Pappus none, or of 2 caducous awns. 53. Berlandiera.
Pappus a persistent irregularly cleft crown. 54. Engelmannia.
Rays small, the head appearing discoid. 55. Parthenium.
B. Disk-flowers fertile.
* Ray-flowers persistent upon the achenes.
Achenes compressed, or 3-angled ; leaves entire. 56. Crassina.
Achenes short, thick; leaves toothed. 57. Heliopsis.
** Ray-flowers deciduous, or none,
t Pappus a cup, or crown, or of a few teeth, azvns, or bristles.
1. Achenes, at least those of disk-flowers, not compressed (except in Ratibida and Phaethusa) ;
scales of the receptacle mostly concave, or clasping.
Scales of the receptacle small, awn-like or bristle-like ; rays white, short. 58. Verbesina.
Scales of the receptacle broad, larger.
Involucre of 4 large somewhat united bracts. 59. Tetragonotheca.
Involucre of several or numerous separate bracts.
Receptacle conic, or columnar.
Ray-flowers fertile, or wanting ; leaves opposite. 60. Spilanthes.
Ray-flowers sterile, or neutral ; leaves mostly alternate.
Rays yellow.
Achenes 4-angled or terete.
Achenes 4-angled. 61. Rudbeckia.
Achenes terete ; leaves cordate-clasping. 62. Dracopis.
Achenes compressed, winged. 63. Ratibida.
Rays rose-purple or yellow. 64. Echinacea.
Receptacle flat, or convex (low-conic in species of Nos. 66 and 68).
Low fleshy sea-coast shrubs. 65. Borrichia.
Tall herbs, not fleshy.
Achenes not much flattened, not winged, nor margined. 66. Helianthus.
Achenes of disk-flowers flattened and margined, or winged.
Involucre of a few deflexed bracts. 67. Ridan.
Involucre of 2 series or more of appressed or spreading bracts.
Perennials ; bracts erect or appressed. 68. Phaethusa.
Annuals ; bracts spreading. 69. Ximenesia.
i. Achenes very flat ; scales of the receptacle flat, or but slightly concave.
. a. Bracts of the involucre all separate.
Pappus of 2 short teeth or awns, or a mere border, or none. 70. Coreopsis.
Pappus of 2-6 awns or teeth, upwardly or downwardly barbed or hispid.
Achenes flat, or angled. 71. Bidens.
Achenes terete ; aquatic, the submerged leaves filiform-dissected. 72. Megalodonta.
b. Inner bracts of the involucre united to about the middle. 73. Thelesperma.
ft Pappus of numerous scales.
Leaves opposite, toothed ; ray-flowers fertile ; rays small. 74. Galinsoga.
Leaves alternate, entire.
Rays large, neutral ; receptacle deeply honey-combed. 75. Endorima.
Rays none ; scales of the receptacle narrow, rigid. 76. Marshallia.
Tribe 6. HELENIEAE.
A. Ray-flowers persistent on the achenes, falling away with them, papery.
77. Psilostrophe.
B. Ray-flowers deciduous, or wanting.
* Plants not dotted with oil-glands.
a. Pappus none. 78. Fla-veria.
b. Pappus present (in all our species), of separate scales or bristles.
I. Bracts of the involucre petal-like, colored, their margins and apices scarious.
Leaves, at least the lower, pinnately parted, or pinnatifid ; rays none ; corolla-lobes of disk-flowers
ovate. 79. Hymenopappus.
Leaves entire ; rays present, or none ; corolla-lobes of disk-flowers linear. 80. Othake.
2. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous, not scarious-tipped, nor petal-like, appressed, or spreading.
Receptacle naked.
Bracts of the involucre appressed.
Achenes 4-angled, linear or oblong. 81. Picradeniopsis.
Achenes s-io-ribbed or s-io-angled, top-shaped.
Involucral bracts separate to the base. 82. Tetraneuris.
350
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
Outer involucral bracts connate. 83. Hymenoxys.
Bracts of the involucre spreading, or reflexed at maturity. 84. Helenium.
Receptacle with bristle-like chaff. 85. Galliardia.
** Plants dotted with oil-glands, especially the leaves and involucre.
Involucral bracts more or less united; style-branches of the disk-flowers elongated.
Involucral bracts united at the base. 86. Boebera.
Involucral bracts united high up into a cup. 87. Thymophylla.
Involucral bracts separate ; style-branches of the disk-flowers very short. 88. Pectis.
Tribe 7. ANTHEMIDEAE.
* Receptacle chaffy.
Achenes flattened ; involucre obovoid to campanulate ; heads small. 89. Achlllea.
Achenes terete; involucre hemispheric; heads large. 90. Anthemis.
** Receptacle not chaffy, naked, or sometimes hairy,
i. Ray-flowers usually present, sometimes wanting.
Receptacle flat to hemispheric ; bracts of the involucre in several series.
Receptacle conic to ovoid ; bracts in few series.
2. Ray-flowers none ; heads small.
Heads corymbed ; pappus a short crown ; flowers yellow.
Heads racemose, spicate or panicled ; pappus none.
91. Chrysanthemum.
92. Mairicaria.
93. Tanacetum.
94. Artemisia.
Tribe 8. SENECIONEAE.
Leaves all basal ; heads on scapes.
Heads solitary ; flowers yellow. 95. Tussilago.
Heads corymbed ; flowers white or purple. 96. Petasites.
Leaves opposite ; rays yellow.
Involucre of several thin herbaceous bracts. 97. Arnica. .
Involucre of 4 or 5 broad fleshy bracts. 98. Haploesthes.
Leaves alternate.
Flowers white, whitish or pinkish ; rays none.
Marginal flowers pistillate ; disk-flowers perfect. 99. Erechtites.
Flowers all perfect.
Involucre of about 5 bracts; sap milky. 100. Mesadenia.
Involucre of about 12 bracts and several smaller outer ones. 101. Synosma.
Flowers yellow; ray-flowers mostly present. 102. Senecio.
Tribe 9. CYNAREAE.
* Achenes inserted on the receptacle by their bases, not oblique.
Receptacle densely bristly.
Filaments separate.
Involucral bracts hooked at the tip; leaves not bristly. 103. Arctium.
Involucral bracts not hooked ; leaves bristly.
Pappus-bristles plumose. 104. Cirsium.
Pappus-bristles not plumose. 105. Carduus.
Filaments united below. 106. Mariana.
Receptacle fleshy, not bristly. 107. Onopordon.
** Achenes obliquely inserted on the receptacle.
Heads not subtended by bristly leaves; involucral bracts often bristly. 108. Centaurea.
Heads sessile, subtended by bristly leaves. 109. Cnicus.
i. VERNONIA Schreb. Gen. PI. 2: 541. 1791.
Erect branching perennial herbs, or some tropical species shrubby, with alternate (very
rarely oposite), in our species sessile leaves, and discoid cymose-paniculate heads of purple
pink or white tubular flowers. Involucre hemispheric, campanulate or oblong-cylindric, its
bracts imbricated in several or many series. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla regular, S-cleft.
Anthers sagittate at the base, not caudate. Style-branches subulate, hispidulous their whole
length. Achenes 8-io-ribbed, truncate. Pappus of our species in 2 series, the inner of
nu,mertous roughened capillary bristles, the outer of much shorter small scales or stout
bristles. [Named after William Vernon, English botanist.]
More than 500 species, of wide distribution in warm-temperate regions, most abundant in South
America. Besides the following, several others occur in the southern and southwestern United
States. Type species: Serratula noveboracensis L.
Heads large, nearly i' broad ; involucral bracts with long filiform tips.
Heads smaller, 6" broad or less.
Involucral bracts with filiform tips.
Leaves lanceolate, relatively narrow ; pappus purple, rarely green.
Leaves oval to lanceolate, relatively broad ; pappus yellowish.
Involucral bracts acute or obtuse, not filiform-tipped.
Leaves linear, i-nerved.
Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate.
Leaves glabrous or merely puberulent beneath.
Heads loosely cymose.
Heads densely cymose.
Leaves tomentose beneath.
Involucral bracts squarrose, acuminate.
Involucral bracts obtuse or acute, appressed.
i. V. crinita.
2. V. noveboracensis.
3. V ' . glauca.
4. V. marginata.
5. V. altissima.
6. V. fasciculata.
7. V. Baldwinii.
8. V. missurica.
GENUS i.
THISTLE FAMILY.
i. Vernonia crinita Raf. Great Iron-
weed. Fig. 4140.
V. crinata Raf. New' Flora N. A. 4: 77. 1836.
Vernonia arkansana DC. Prodr. 7: 264. 1838.
Cacalia arkansana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 969. 1891.
Stout, glabrate or finely rough-pubescent, 8-
12 high, simple or little branched. Leaves nar-
rowly lanceolate, finely denticulate, acuminate,
3'-! 2' long, 3"-i2" wide; heads stout-peduncled,
the peduncles thickened above; involucre hemi-
spheric, 9"-i2" broad, 5O-8o-flowered ; bracts
green, or the upper reddish, very squarrose, all
filiform-subulate from a broader base and equal-
ling the head, the inner ones somewhat wider
below; achenes glabrous or hispidulous on the
ribs ; pappus purplish.
On
sas
)n prairies and along streams, Missouri to Kan-
and Texas. Aug.-Oct.
Flat Top.
2. Vernonia noveboracensis (L.) Willd. New York Iron- weed.
,Fig. 4141.
Serratula noveboracensis L. Sp. PI. 818. 1753.
V. noveboracensis Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1632. 1804.
C. noveboracensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 323. 1891.
Vernonia noveboracensis tomentosa Britton, Mem.
Torr. Club 5: 311. 1894.
Roughish-pubescent or glabrate, 3-9 high.
Leaves lanceolate or narrowly oblong, serrulate,
3'-io' long, 5"-i2" wide, acuminate or acute;
heads peduncled ; involucre hemispheric, 20-^40-
flowered, 4"-s" in diameter ; bracts brownish-
purple or greenish, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with
subulate spreading tips usually twice or three
times their own length, or some of the lower
linear-subulate, the upper sometimes merely acute ;
flowers deep purple, rarely white ; achenes his-
pidulous on the ribs; pappus purple or purplish,
rarely green.
In moist soil, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania,
North Carolina, West Virginia, Mississippi and Mis-
souri. Erroneously recorded west to Minnesota. July-
Sept.
3. Vernonia glauca (L.) Britton. Broad-
leaved Iron-weed. Fig. 4142.
Serratula glauca L. Sp. PI. 818. 1753.
Vernonia noveboracensis var. latifolia A. Gray,
Syn. Fl. i : Part 2, 89. 1884.
Vernonia glauca Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 :
311. 1894.
Slender, glabrous or finely puberulent, 2-5
high. Leaves thin, the lower broadly oval or
slightly obovate, sharply serrate, acute or acu-
minate, 4'-7' long, i '-23 wide, the upper nar-
rower and more finely toothed; inflorescence
loosely branched ; heads slender-peduncled, 10-
2O-flowered ; involucre campanulate, 3"-4"
broad; bracts ovate, with filiform tips, ap-
pressed ; achenes minutely hispidulous ; pappus
yellowish.
In woods, Pennsylvania and Maryland to
Georgia and Alabama. Southern plants pre-
viously referred to this species prove to be dis-
tinct. Aug.-Sept.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
5. Vernonia altissima Nutt. Tall
Iron-weed. Fig. 4144.
Vernonia altissima Nutt. Gen. 2: 134. 1818.
Vernonia maxima Small, Bull. Torr. Club 27 :
280. 1900.
Glabrous or nearly so, 5-io high. Leaves
thin, lanceolate, sometimes broadly so, usu-
ally long-acuminate, finely serrate, 4/-I2'
long, i'-ii' wide, glabrous on both surfaces,
or puberulent beneath ; inflorescence at
length loosely branched and open; heads
short-peduncled or some of them sessile ;
involucre campanulate or turbinate, 2" -3"
broad, i5~3O-flowered; bracts obtuse or
mucronate, more or less ciliate, appressed;
achenes slightly hispidulous; pappus pur-
plish.
In moist soil, New York to Florida, Illinois,
Michigan, Missouri, Kentucky and Louisiana.
July-Sept. Included in our first edition in V.
gigantea (Walt.) Britton, of the Southern
States.
4. Vernonia marginata (Torr.) Raf..
James' Iron-weed. Fig. 4143.
Vernonia altissima var. marginata Torr. Ann.
Lye. N. Y. 2 : 210. 1827.
Vernonia marginata Raf. Atl. Journ. 1 : 146.
1832.
Vernonia Jamesii T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 58. 1841.
Cacalia marginata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 968.
1891.
Glabrous or very nearly so, i-3 high.
Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, minutely
denticulate, i-nerved, firm, punctate, 2'-s' long,
ii"-3" wide, acuminate; inflorescence rather
loose ; heads slender-peduncled ; involucre
campanu-late or turbinate, i5-3O-flowered, 4"-
6" broad ; bracts ovate or oval, acute, mucro-
nate or obtusish, purplish, somewhat pubes-
cent, appressed ; achenes nearly glabrous, or
somewhat pubescent; pappus brownish.
Prairies, Nebraska and Kansas to Texas and
New Mexico. Autumn.
6. Vernonia fasciculata Michx.
Western Iron-weed. Fig. 4145.
Vernonia fasciculata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 :
94- 1803.
Cacalia fasciculata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 970.
1891.
Glabrous, or puberulent above, 2-6 high.
Leaves firm, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
long-acuminate, 3 '-6' long, 2" -4," wide, gla-
brous or nearly so on both surfaces; inflor-
escence usually compact ; heads short-pedun-
cled, or some of them sessile ; involucre
campanulate, 2" -3," broad, 2O-3O-flowered ;
bracts all appressed, ovate or oval, acute,
ciliate, or sometimes pubescent ; achenes gla-
brous, or a little pubescent ; pappus purple.
In moist soil or on prairies, Ohio to Minne-
sota, Nebraska, Kansas and Oklahoma. South-
ern plants formerly referred to this species
prove to be distinct. July-Sept.
Vernonia corymbosa Schwein., ranging
from Manitoba to western Nebraska, has
broader leaves but is otherwise similar.
GENUS i.
THISTLE FAMILY.
353
7. Vernonia Baldwinii Torr. Baldwin's
Iron-weed. Fig. 4146.
V. Baldwinii Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2 : 211. 1827.
Cacalia Baldwinii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 969. 1891.
Vernonia interior Small, Bull. Torr. Club 27 : 279.
1900.
V. interior Baldwinii Mack. & Bush, Fl. Jackson Co.
190. 1903.
Stout, 2-5i high, finely and densely tomen
tose-pubescent. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the apex, sharply
serrate, 4'-&' long, \'-2 r wide, scabrate above,
densely tomentulose beneath ; heads stout-pedun-
cled, i5-3o-flowered; involucre hemispheric, 3"-
4" broad; bracts ovate, the acute tips recurved
or spreading; pappus purple.
In dry soil, Iowa to Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas
and Texas. July-Sept.
8. Vernonia missurica Raf. Drummond's Iron-weed. Fig. 4147.
V. missurica Raf. Herb. Raf. 28. 1833.
Vernonia aitissima var. grandiflora A. Gray,
Syn. Fl. i : Part 2, 90. 1884.
Vernonia Drummondii Shuttlw. ; Werner,
Journ. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist. 16: 171.
1894.
V. illinoensis Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 4 : 211. 1906.
Stout, densely tomentose, 3-5 high.
Leaves lanceolate to narrowly oblong,
acuminate, finely serrate, 3'-6' long,
i'-ii' wide, scabrous above, densely pu-
bescent beneath; inflorescence usually
compact; heads short-peduncled ; invo-
lucre hemispheric or short-cylindric, 2"-
6" in diameter, 3o-6o-flowered ; bracts
purplish, appressed, ovate, obtuse, acute,
or mucronate, more or less floccose-
pubescent or ciliate ; achenes glabrous
or a little pubescent; pappus purplish to
tawny.
Prairies, Ontario and Ohio to Illinois,
Kentucky, Missouri and Texas. Autumn.
2. ELEPHANTOPUS [Vaill.] L. Sp. PI. 814. 1753.
Perennial rigid pubescent herbs, with alternate or basal, simple pinnately-veined leaves,
and in our species glomerate bracted heads of blue or purple flowers in branching corymbs.
Heads discoid, 2-5-flowered. Involucre compressed, oblong, its chaffy bracts imbricated in
about 2 series, the 4 outer bracts shorter. Bracts of the glomerules large, foliaceous. Recep-
tacle small, naked. Corolla nearly regular, 5-lobed, but a little deeper cleft on the inner
side. Achenes lo-ribbed, truncate. Pappus of rigid persistent awn-like scales or bristles in
i or 2 rows. [Greek, Elephant's-foot]
About 14 species, natives of tropical or warm regions. Besides the following, another occurs
in the southern United States. Type species : Elephantopus scaber L.
Stem and branches leafy.
Stem scapiform, naked, or with i or 2 leaves.
Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, 9" -2' wide ; heads 4" long.
Leaves ovate, oval, or obovate, 2'-4' wide ; heads 6" long.
23
1. E. carolinianus.
2. E. nudatus.
3: E. lomentosus.
354
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
2. Elephantopus nudatus A. Gray.
Smoothish Elephant's-foot.
Fig. 4149.
Elephantopus nudatus A. Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. 15 : 47. 1880.
Erect, rather stout, appressed-pubescent,
or glabrate, i-2 high. Leaves oblong or
oblanceolate, obtuse at the apex, gradually
narrowed at the base, crenate or repand,
2'-io' long, Q"-2' wide, the basal ones usually
much larger than those of the stem and
branches, or these usually few and bract-
like; glomerules 6"-o/' broad; heads about
4" long; scales of the pappus ovate-trian-
gular, abruptly narrowed into the awn.
In sandy woods, Delaware and Maryland to
Florida, west to Arkansas and Louisiana.
Aug.-Sept.
i. Elephantopus carolinianus \Yilld.
Carolina Elephant's-foot.
Fig. 4148.
Elephantopus carolinianus Willd. Sp. PI. 3 :
2390. 1804.
Erect, hirsute-pubescent, or glabrate
above, corymbosely branched above, i-3
high. Leaves oval, ovate, or obovate, thin,
the lower rather abruptly narrowed into
margined petioles, obtuse, crenate-dentate,
3'-8' long, 2-4' wide, the upper smaller,
narrower and sessile; glomerules, includ-
ing the bracts, nearly i' broad ; scales of
the pappus lanceolate-subulate, gradually
narrowed into a long slender awn.
In dry woods, southern New Jersey and
Pennsylvania to Florida, Illinois, Kansas and
Texas. Aug.-Sept.
3. Elephantopus tomentosus L.
Woolly Elephant's-foot. Tobacco-
weed. Fig. 4i'5o.
Elephantopus tomentosus L. Sp. PI. 814. 1753.
Erect, villous-pubescent, or sometimes gla-
brate, i-2 high, the stem branching above,
leafless or with i or 2 leaves. Basal leaves
ovate, oval, oblong, or obovate, obtuse, ses-
sile, narrowed at the base, usually silky-
pubescent beneath, crenate-dentate, 4'-o/ long,
2'-4' wide; glomerules i'-ij' broad; heads
about 6" long; scales of the pappus triangu-
lar-subulate, gradually narrowed into the
In moist soil, Virginia to Florida, west to
Kentucky, Arkansas and Louisiana. Called
also devil's-grandmother. Aug.-Sept.
GENUS 3.
THISTLE FAMILY.
355
3. SCLEROLEPIS Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816: 198. 1816.
Slender aquatic herbs, with linear entire verticillate leaves, and solitary (rarely 2-4) dis-
coid peduncled terminal heads of small purplish flowers. Involucre broadly campanulate or
hemispheric. Bracts imbricated in about 2 series. Receptacle conic, naked. Corolla regular,
its tube short, its limb campanulate, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse at the base. Style-branches
slender, obtuse. Pappus of 5 broad cartilaginous obtuse scales. Achenes 5-angled. [Greek,
hard scale, referring to the pappus.]
A monotypic genus of eastern North America.
i. Sclerolepis uniflora (Walt.) Porter.
Sclerolepis. Fig. 4151.
Aethulia uniflora Walt. Fl. Car. 195. 1788.
Sparganophorus verticillatus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 98.
1803.
Sclerolepis verticillata Cass. Diet. 48: 155. 1827.
Sclerolepis uniflora Porter, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 311.
1894.
Perennial; stem simple, decumbent at the base,
erect or ascending, glabrous or slightly pubescent,
i-2 long, leafy. Leaves sessile, verticillate in
4's-6's, linear, i-nerved, 4" '-12" long, i"-i" wide, or
the submerged ones filiform; head about 5" broad;
bracts of the involucre linear-oblong, acutish, usually
puberulent.
In shallow ponds and streams, New Hampshire to
Florida. July-Sept.
4. EUPATORIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI.
836. 1753-
Erect, mostly branching, perennial herbs, with opposite or verticillate, or sometimes alter-
nate, often punctate leaves, and in our species cymose-paniculate discoid heads of white, blue
or purple flowers. Involucre oblong, ovoid, campanulate, or hemispheric, the bracts imbri-
cated in 2-several series. Receptacle flat, convex, or conic, naked. Corolla regular, its tube
slender, its limb 5-lobed or S-toothed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base, appendiculate
at the apex. Style-branches elongated, flattened, or thickened above, stigmatic at the base.
Achenes 5-angled, truncate. Pappus of numerous capillary usually scabrous bristles arranged
in I row. [Named for Mithridates Eupator, i. e., of a noble father.]
Over 500 species, mostly of warm or tropical regions. Besides the following, some 35 others
occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Type species : Eupatorium cannd-
binum L.
* Leaves alternate, pinnatifid into filiform segments, i. E. capillifolium.
** Leaves petioled, verticillate in 3's-6's,or the upper opposite; involucral bracts in several series.
Leaves thick, rugose, pubescent ; inflorescence depressed.
Leaves ovate, acute. 2. E. maculatum.
Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. 3. E. Bruneri.
Leaves thin, nearly glabrous ; inflorescence pyramidal. 4. E. purpureum.
*** Leaves opposite (rarely in s's), or the uppermost alternate,
t Involucral bracts imbricated in 2 or more series, the outer shorter.
i. Leaves, at least the lower, slender-petioled. 5. E. serotinum.
2. Leaves all sessile, short-petioled or connate-perfoliate.
a. Leaves not clasping nor connate-perfoliate.
Leaves narrowed at the base.
Bracts of the involucre acute or cuspidate, scarious-tipped, white.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, sparingly toothed, 2" -6" wide. _
Leaves oblong or lanceolate, coarsely toothed, J^' ij4' wide.
Bracts of the involucre obtuse, not scarious, or but slightly so.
Leaves linear, crowded, usually entire, obtuse.
Leaves lanceolate, oval, or oblong, usually dentate.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, dentate.
Leaves oblong to oval, sharply dentate, obtusish or acute.
Leaves lanceolate, sparingly dentate, long-acuminate.
Leaves rounded, obtuse or truncate at the base.
Plant glabrous ; leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate.
Plants pubescent ; leaves ovate or oblong, acute or obtuse.
Leaves ovate-oblong, rounded or narrowed at the base, usually obtuse.
Leaves broadly ovate, crenate-dentate, mostly truncate at the base, obtusish. 14. E. rotundifolium.
Leaves ovate, dentate, acute. 15. E.pubescens.
b. Leaves clasping or connate-perfoliate at the base.
Leaves connate-perfoliate; involucral bracts acute. 16. E. perfoliatum.
Leaves merely clasping; involucral bracts obtuse. 17. E.resinosum.
ft Involucral bracts in I or 2 series, all equal or nearly so.
6. E. leucolepis.
7. E. album.
8. E. hyssopifolium.
g. E. Torreyanum.
10. E. semis erratum.
11. E. altissimum.
1 2. E. sessilifolium.
13. E. verbenae 'folium.
356
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
Receptacle flat.
Flowers white ; leaves ovate.
Leaves thin, 2' -5' long, sharply dentate, acuminate.
Leaves firm, \'-z' long, obtusely dentate, acute or obtusish.
Flowers pink to purple ; leaves deltoid-ovate.
Receptacle conic ; flowers blue or violet ; leaves petioled.
1 8. E. urticaefolium.
19. E. aromaticum.
20. E. imarnatum.
21. E. coelestinum.
i. Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small.
Dog- fennel. Hog-weed. Fig. 4152.
Artemisia capillifolia Lam. Encycl. I : 267. 1783.
Eupatorium foeniculc . des Walt. Fl. Car. 199. 1788.
E. foeniculaceum Wind. Sp. PI. 3: 1750. 1804.
. capillifolium Small, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 311. 1894.
Erect, paniculately much branched, with the as-
pect of an Artemisia, the stem finely pubescent,
4-io high. Leaves crowded, glabrous or nearly
so, alternate, pinnatifid into filiform segments, the
lower petioled, the upper sessile; heads very nu-
merous, about li" high, short-pedicelled, race-
mose-paniculate, 3-6-flowered; bracts of the invo-
lucre in about 2 series, linear, cuspidate, narrowly
scarious-margined, glabrous; flowers greenish-
white.
In fields, Virginia to Florida. In ballast, at Phila-
delphia. Also in the West Indies. Sept.
2. Eupatorium maculatum L. Spotted
Joe-Pye Weed. Fig. 4153.
E. maculatum L. Amoen. Acad. 4: 288. 1755.
Eupatorium purpureum var. maculatum Darl. Fl.
Cest. 453. 1837.
Eupatorium maculatum amoenum Britton, Mem.
Torr. Club 5 : 312. 1894.
Similar to the two following specie:, sca-
brous or pubescent, often densely so, 2-6
high. Stem usually striate, often rough and
spotted with purple ; leave:, thick, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, coarsely dentate, verticillate
in 3's-5's, or the upper ones opposite ; inflores-
cence depressed, cymose-paniculate; pedicels
and outer scales of the involucre pubescent;
flowers pink or purple.
In moist soil, Newfoundland to New York,
Kentucky, British Columbia, Kansas and New
Mexico. Spotted boneset. Perhaps to be re-
garded as a race of E. purpureum. Aug.-Sept.
3. Eupatorium Bruneri A. Gray. Bru-
ner's Trumpet- weed. Fig. 4154.
Eupatorium Bruneri A. Gray, Syn. Fl. i 2 : 96. 1 884.
Eupatorium Rydbergi Britton, Manual 921. 1901.
Stem tall, pubescent, often densely so, at
least above. Leaves verticillate in 3's-5's, rather
slender-petioled, lanceolate, serrate, acuminate
at the apex, narrowed at the base, scabrous
above, finely densely pubescent and reticulate-
veined beneath, 4'-6' long, \'-2 r wide; inflores-
cence depressed or subpyramidal ; outer bracts
of the cylindric involucre pubescent; flowers
pink or purple.
In moist soil, South Dakota to Wyoming, Ne-
braska and Colorado. Apparently erroneously
recorded from Iowa. July-Sept.
GENUS 4.
THISTLE FAMILY.
357
4. Eupatorium purpureum L. Joe-Pye or Trumpet-weed. Gravel-root. Tall
or Purple Boneset. Fig. 4155.
Eupatorium purpureum L. Sp. PI. 838. 1753.
E. falcatum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 99. 1803.
Eupatorium purpureum var. angustifolium T. & G. Fl.
N. A. 2: 82. 1841.
Eupatorium purpureum falcatum Britton, Mem. Torr.
Club 5 : 312. 1894.
Glabrous or sparingly pubescent, simple or
branched at the summit, 3-io high. Stem green
or purple, terete or striate, usually smooth ; leaves
thin, verticillate in 3's-6's, ovate, oval, ovate-lan-
ceolate or narrowly lanceolate, petioled, acumi-
nate, serrate, 4'-i2' long, 6"-3' wide, glabrous or
slightly pubescent along the veins on the lower
surface ; inflorescence usually elongated ; heads
very numerous ; involucre cylindric, its bracts
pink, oblong, obtuse, imbricated in 4 or 5 series,
the outer shorter; flowers pink or purple, occa-
sionally white.
In moist soil, New Brunswick to Manitoba, Flor-
ida and Texas. Kidney-root. Skunk-weed. Indian
gravel-root. Marsh-milk weed. Nigger-weed. Quill-
wort. Motherwort. King- or queen-of-the-meadow.
Aug.-Sept.
Eupatorium trifoliatum L. has the teeth of the
leaves bluntly apiculate, but otherwise closely re-
sembles E. purpureum and may not be specifically
distinct.
5. Eupatorium serotinum Michx. Late-
flowering Thorough wort. Fig. 4156.
E. serotinum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 100. 1803.
Much branched, finely and densely pubescent,
or glabrate below, 4-8 high. Leaves all slen-
der-petioled, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acu-
minate, sharply serrate, 3'-6' long, '-2' wide,
5-nerved at the base, the lower opposite, the
upper alternate; heads very numerous, the in-
florescence broadly cymose; heads 7-i5-flow-
ered, 2"-$" high ; involucre campanulate, its
bracts pubescent, linear-oblong, obtuse or trun-
cate, imbricated in 2 or 3 series, the outer
shorter; flowers white.
In moist soil, Delaware to Florida, Minnesota,
Iowa, Kansas and Texas. Sept.-Nov.
6. Eupatorium leucolepis T. & G. White-
bracted Thoroughwort. Justice-weed.
Fig- 4I57-
E. leucolepis T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 84. 1841.
Slender, puberulent, branched above, i-2
high. Leaves opposite, sessile, linear, oblong
or oblong-lanceolate, glaucous green, rough on
both sides, thick, blunt-pointed, sparingly ser-
rate, or the upper entire, i'-3' long, 2"-5" wide,
obscurely 3-nerved and narrowed at the base ;
inflorescence cymose-paniculate ; heads 3"-4"
high, about 5-flowered ; bracts of the narrow
involucre imbricated in about 3 series, white,
lanceolate, acute, densely canescent, the outer
shorter ; flowers white.
In moist places, Massachusetts and Long Island
to Florida, Georgia and Louisiana. Aug.-Sept.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
7. Eupatorium album L. White Thor-
ough wort. Fig. 4158.
Eupatorium album L. Mant. 111. 1767.
Eupatorium glandulosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 :
98. 1803.
Eupatorium album subvenosum A. Gray, Syn. Fl.
i : Part 2, 98. 1884.
Pubescent with spreading hairs, branched
above, i-3 high. Leaves opposite, sessile or
nearly so, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse,
obtusish or the upper acute at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, coarsely or rather finely ser-
rate, i '-4' long, i'-i' wide, rather thick, mi-
nutely scabrous above, more or less pubescent
beneath ; inflorescence cymose-paniculate ; heads
numerous, 4"-5" long, 5-7-flowered; involucre
narrow, its bracts bright white, linear, cuspi-
date, imbricated in 3-4 series, the outer short
and usually pubescent, the inner much longer,
glabrous and shining; flowers white.
In sandy soil, Long Island to Florida, Ten-
nessee, Arkansas and Louisiana. Ascends to 3000
ft. in Virginia. Aug.-Sept.
8. Eupatorium hyssopifolium L. Hyssop-
leaved Thorough wort. Fig. 4159.
Eupatorium hyssopifolium L. Sp. PI. 836. 1753.
E. linearifolium Walt. Fl. Car. 199. 1788.
Roughish-puberulent, densely corymbosely
branched above, bushy, i-2 high. Leaves linear,
opposite, and fascicled in the axils of the stem,
or on short axillary branches, entire or very
nearly so, i'-2' long, i"-2" wide, firm, obtuse at
the apex, narrowed at the base ; inflorescence
densely cymose-paniculate; heads 3"-4" long,
about 5-flowered ; involucre campanulate, its bracts
linear or linear-oblong, obtuse or truncate, some-
time apiculate, puberulent, imbricated in about 3
series, the outer shorter; flowers white.
In dry fields, Massachusetts to Florida and Texas.
Justice-weed. Leaf-margins usually revolute. Aug.-
Sept. A plant from the coast of Maryland with
very narrow leaves, closely approaches Eupatorium
lecheaefolium Greene, from Florida.
9. Eupatorium Torreyanum Short. Tor-
rey's Thorough wort. Fig. 4160.
Eup-atorium Torreyanum Short, 2nd Suppl. Cat. PI.
Ky. 5. 1836.
Eupatorium hyssopifolium var. laciniatum A. Gray,
Syn. Fl. i : Part 2, 98. 1884.
Rootstock tuberous-thickened ; stem usually
densely puberulent, mostly branched above, ii-
3 high. Leaves opposite, or sometimes in 3's,
commonly with short leafy branches in their
axils, often drooping, lanceolate, acute at the
apex, narrowed at the base, sessile, i'-3' long,
2"-6" wide, usually distinctly 3-nerved, distantly
serrate, the upper and those of the branches
much smaller, linear, entire ; inflorescence mostly
loose; heads about 3" high, generally S-flow-
ered ; bracts of the campanulate involucre linear-
oblong, obtuse, pubescent, or puberulent, imbri-
cated in about 3 series, the outer shorter; flow-
ers white.
In dry soil, Pennsylvania to North Carolina,
Kentucky, Florida and Texas. July-Sept.
GKXUS 4.
THISTLE FAMILY
10. Eupatorium semiserratum DC.
Small-flowered Thoroughwort.
Fig. 4161.
E. semiserratum DC. Prodr. 5: 177. 1836.
Pubescent or puberulent, loosely branched
above, 2-3 high. Leaves rather thin, short-
petioled, oblong-lanceolate to spatulate, acute
orobtusish at the apex, narrowed at the base,
sharply serrate, at least above the middle,
2' '-4' long, 5"- 1 2" wide, 3-nerved, usually
with short branches in their axils ; inflores-
cence cymose-paniculate ; heads 2" -3" high,
about 5-flowered ; involucre campanulate,
its bracts linear-oblong, obtuse, canescent,
imbricated in 2 or 3 series, the outer shorter,
flowers white.
In dry soil, Virginia to Florida, Missouri,
Arkansas and Texas. Aug.-Sept.
ii. Eupatorium altissimum L. Tall
Thoroughwort.
Fig. 4162.
Eupatorium altissimum L. Sp. PI. 837. 1753.
Densely and finely pubescent, corymbosely
much-branched above, 4-8 high. Leaves
lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, tapering
below into a short petiole, roughish, rather
thick, sparingly dentate above the middle,
or some of them entire, strongly 3-ribbed,
2 f -s' long, 5"-ia" wide ; inflorescence dense-
ly cymose-paniculate; heads about 5-flow-
ered, 3"-4" high ; involucre campanulate,
its bracts oblong, obtuse or truncate, densely
pubescent, imbricated in about 3 series, the
outer shorter; flowers white.
In dry open places, Pennsylvania to North
Carolina, Alabama, Illinois, Minnesota, Ne-
braska and Texas. Sept.-Oct.
12. Eupatorium sessilifolium L. Up-
land or Bastard Boneset. Fig. 4163.
Eupatorium sessilifolium L. Sp. PI. 837. 1753.
Glabrous throughout, or pubescent above,
branched near the summit, 2-6 high. Leaves
opposite, or the lower rarely in 3*5, closely ses-
sile, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, long-acumi-
nate, thin, sharply serrate, 3'-6' long, i'-ii'
wide, inflorescence cymose-paniculate; heads
4"-5" high, about 5-flowered ; involucre cam-
panulate, its bracts linear-oblong, imbricated in
about 3 series, the inner obtuse, the outer acut-
ish, shorter; flowers white.
In dry woods, Vermont to Massachusetts, Penn-
sylvania, Georgia, Alabama and Missouri. Aug.-
Oct. A related plant, described under the name
Eupatorium sessilifdlium Brittonianum Porter,
has leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, sparingly and
finely serrate, firm, rounded at the base, acute, the
upper i '-2' long, 6"g" wide, pinnately veined,
dark green ; cymes dense, their branches puberulent.
It is known only from Budd's Lake, N. J.
3 6
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
13. Eupatorium verbenaefolium Michx. Rough or Vervain Thoroughwort.
Fig. 4164-
Eupatorium pilosum Walt. Fl. Car. 199. 1788. ?
Eupatorium verbenaefolium Michx. Fl. Bor.
Am. 2 : 98. 1803.
E. teucriifolium Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1753. 1804.
E. verbenaefolium Saundersi Porter; Britton,
Man. 923. 1901.
Rough-pubescent, slender, 3-8 high,
branched at the summit. Leaves opposite,
or occasionally in 3's, ovate-oblong, usually
obtuse or blunt-pointed, closely sessile or
rarely short-petioled, rounded or narrowed
at the base, crenate-dentate, or incised,
2'~4' long, i'-i' wide, the upper pairs dis-
tant and small ; inflorescence cymose-
paniculate; heads 5-flowered, about 3 'high;
involucre campanulate, its bracts linear-
lanceolate, acute, imbricated in about 3
series, densely pubescent, the outer shorter ;
flowers white.
In moist soil, Massachusetts to Pennsylva-
nia, West Virginia, Florida and Louisiana,
mostly near the coast. Called also wild hoar-
hound. July-Sept.
14. Eupatorium rotundifolium L.
Round-leaved Thoroughwort.
Wild Hoarhound. Fig. 4165.
E. rotundifolium L. Sp. PI. 837. 1753.
Pubescent, branched at the summit, i-3
high. Leaves opposite, sessile, broadly ovate,
often as wide as long, acutish or obtuse, trun-
cate to subcordate at the base, coarsely dentate-
crenate, i'-2 f long, ascending ; inflorescence
cymose-paniculate; heads about 5-flowered,
2"-3" high ; involucre campanulate, its bracts
linear-oblong, acutish, densely pubescent, im-
bricated in about 3 series, the outer shorter;
flowers white.
In dry soil, Rhode Island to Pennsylvania,
Florida, Kentucky, Arkansas and Texas. Erro-
neously reported from Canada. July-Sept.
15. Eupatorium pubescens Muhl. Hairy
Thoroughwort. Fig. 4166.
E. pubescens Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1755. 1804.
Eupatorium rotundifolium var. ovatum Torr. ; DC.
Prodr. 5: 178. 1836.
Puberulent or pubescent, branched above,
usually taller than the preceding species. Leaves
opposite, ovate, sessile, often twice as long as
wide, acute at the apex, rounded or subtruncate
at the base, coarsely dentate with acute or acut-
ish teeth, or the lower incised ; inflorescence
cymose-paniculate, sometimes 10' broad ; heads
5-8-flowered, 2"-3" high ; involucre campanu-
late, its linear-oblong bracts in 2 or 3 series,
the outer shorter ; flowers white.
In dry soil, Maine to Pennsylvania, South Caro-
lina, West Virginia and Tennessee. Recorded
from Florida. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia.
July-Sept.
GENUS 4.
THISTLE FAMILY.
1 6. Eupatorium perfoliatum L.
Common Thoroughwort. Bone-
set. Indian Sage. Fig. 4167.
E. perfoliatum L. Sp. PI. 838. 1753.
Eupatorium truncatum Muhl. ; Willd. Sp.
PI. 3: 1751. 1804.
Eupatorium perfoliatum truncatum A. Gray,
Syn. Fl. i : Part 2, 99. 1804.
Pubescent, stout, branched above, 2-5
high. Leaves opposite, or rarely in 3*3,
connate-perfoliate, or the upper, rarely
all, truncate and separated at the base,
divaricate, lanceolate, long-acuminate
with a slender apex, finely crenate-ser-
rate, rugose and pubescent beneath, 4'-8'
long, I'-ii' wide; heads crowded, 10-16-
flowered, 2" -3" high ; involucre cam-
panulate, its bracts lanceolate, acutish,
in 2 or 3 series, pubescent, the outer
shorter ; flowers white, rarely blue.
In wet places, Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick to Manitoba, Florida, Nebraska
and Texas. Called also ague-weed, cross-
wort, wild sage, thorough-wax, thorough-
grow, thorough-stem. July-Sept.
E. urticaefolium Reichard, Syst. 3: 719.
1780.
E. ageratoides L. f. Suppl. 355. 1781.
E. boreale Greene, Rhodora 3: 83. 1901.
Glabrous or villous and somewhat vis-
cid, much branched, i-4 high. Leaves
opposite, ovate, thin, acuminate at apex,
rounded, truncate or cordate at the base,
or abruptly narrowed into the slender
petiole, coarsely and usually sharply den-
tate-serrate, sometimes crenate, 3'-6'
long, I '-3' wide, 3-nerved and veiny;
petioles i'-2i' long ; inflorescence rather
loose, ample ; heads io-3O-flowered ; re-
ceptacle flat ; . involucre narrowly cam-
panulate, about 2" high, its bracts linear,
acute or acuminate, in i or 2 series,
equal or nearly so ; flowers bright white.
In rich woods, New Brunswick to Flor-
ida, Ontario, Nebraska and Louisiana. In-
dian sanicle. Richweed. Stevia (Wis.).
White sanicle. Deerwortboneset. July-Nov.
A plant described as Eupatorium perfoliatum
cuneatum Engelm., with leaves smaller, narrowed
and separated at the base, from Arkansas and Mis-
souri, is probably a hybrid with E. serotinum.
17. Eupatorium resinosum Torr. Resin
Boneset. Fig. 4168.
E. resinosum Torr. DC. Prodr. 5 : 176. 1836.
Slender, finely pubescent and resinous, 2-3
high, branched at the summit, the inflorescence
comparatively small, 3' -4' broad. Leaves op-
posite, closely sessile, clasping, or slightly con-
nate-perfoliate at the base, linear-lanceolate,
long-acuminate, sharply serrate, 3 '-6' long,
3"-6" wide, roughish above, canescent beneath ;
heads io-15-flowered; involucre campanulate,
about 2" high, its bracts oblong, obtuse, in 2
or 3 series, the outer shorter; flowers white.
In wet pine-barrens of New Jersey. Aug.-Sept.
18. Eupatorium urticaefolium Reichard.
White Snake-root. Fig. 4169.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
19. Eupatorium aromaticum L. Smaller
\Yhite Snake-root. Fig. 4170.
Eupatorium aromaticum L. Sp. PI. 839. 1753.
Puberulent or glabrate, slender, branched at
the summit, i-2 high. Leaves opposite, peti-
oled, firm, obtuse or acutish at the apex, round-
ed, cordate or sometimes narrowed at the base,
crenate-dentate, ii'-3' long, g"-i8" wide, 3-
nerved and veiny; petioles 2"-8" long; in-
florescence usually compact ; heads io--25-flow-
ered ; receptacle flat ; involucre campanulate,
i*"-2" high, its bracts linear, generally obtuse,
in i or 2 series; flowers white.
In dry soil, Massachusetts to Florida, Pennsyl-
vania, West Virginia, Tennessee and Mississippi.
Blooms rather later than the preceding species
where the two grow together, near New York.
Called also poolroot, poolwort, and wild hoar-
hound. Aug.-Oct.
20. Eupatorium incarnatum Walt.
Pink Thorough wort. Fig. 4171.
E. incarnatum Walt. Fl. Car. 200. 1788.
Minutely pubescent, 2-4 high, some-
times reclining, often diffusely branched.
Leaves opposite, deltoid-ovate, f'-2i'
long, long-pointed, rather coarsely blunt-
serrate or crenate-serrate, truncate or
cordate at the base, the petioles slender,
often as long as the blades; heads about
20-flowered ; involucres campanulate,
about 2" high, its bracts few, narrowly
linear, slightly ribbed when dry, acute;
corolla pink or pale purple.
In woods and sandy soil, Virginia to Mis-
souri, Florida and Mexico. Aug.-Oct.
21. Eupatorium coelestinum L. Mist-
flower. Blue Boneset. Fig. 4172.
Eupatorium coelestinum L. Sp. PI. 838. 1753.
Conoclinium coelestinum DC. Prodr. 5 : 135. 1836.
Pubescent or puberulent, branched, i-3
high. Leaves opposite, petioled, ovate, obtuse
or acute at the apex, truncate at the base, or
abruptly contracted into the petiole, crenate-
dentate, lJ'-3' long, 9"- 1 8" wide; inflorescence
cymose-corymbose, rather compact; heads 2"-
3" high ; involucre broadly campanulate, its
bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate, equal or
nearly so, in i or 2 series ; receptacle conic ;
flowers blue or violet.
In moist soil, New Jersey to Florida, Illinois,
Michigan, Kansas, Arkansas and Texas. Also in
Cuba. Aug.-Oct.
5. MIKANIA Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1742. 1804.
[WILLUGHBAEA Neck. Elem. i : 82. Hyponym. 1790.]
Herbaceous twining vines, or some tropical species erect shrubs, with opposite, petioled
leaves, and discoid, mostly cymose-paniculate heads of whitish flowers. Heads 4-flowered.
Involucre oblong, of 4 slightly unequal narrow bracts. Receptacle small, naked. Corolla
GENUS 5.
THISTLE FAMILY.
regular, its tube slender, the limb campanulate, 5-cleft. Anthers entire and obtuse at the
base. Style-branches elongated, acutish. Achenes truncate, 5-angled. Pappus of numerous
capillary bristles. [In honor of Joseph Gottfried Mikan, 1743-1814, professor at Prague.]
About 150 species, natives of America.
Besides the following, two others occur in
the southern United States. Type species :
Mikania hastata (L.) Willd.
i. Mikania scandens (L.) Willd.
Climbing Hempweed or Boneset.
Fig- 4I73-
Eupatorium scandens L. Sp. PI. 836. 1753.
M. scandens Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1743. 1804.
Willoughbya scandens Kuntze, Rev. Gen.
PI. 371. 1891.
Glabrous or nearly so, twining over
bushes, 5-i5 long. Leaves ovate or
hastate, deeply cordate at the base with
the lobes rounded or truncate, acumi-
nate at the apex, repand or obtusely
dentate, 2-4' long, i'-2' wide; petioles
slender, shorter than the blades ; heads
in compound clusters borne at the ends
of the branches; involucre about 3"
long, its bracts acuminate or apiculate ;
flowers white or pink; achenes resinous.
In swamps and moist soil, Maine to west-
ern Ontario, Florida and Texas. West
Indies and South America. July-Sept.
6. COLEOSANTHUS Cass. Diet. 10 : 36. 1817.
[BRICKELLIA Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2 : 290. 1824.]
Herbs or shrubs, with opposite or alternate leaves, and discoid heads of white yellowish
or pink flowers, in panicles or cymes, or rarely solitary. Involucre campanulate or oblong,
its bracts striate, imbricated in several series, the exterior ones successively smaller. Recep-
tacle flat or convex, naked. Corolla regular. S-lobed. Anthers obtuse at the base. Style-
branches long, obtuse. Achenes lo-striate or lo-ribbed. Pappus a single row of numerous
rough or serrate bristles. [Greek, sheath-flower.]
A genus of about 70 species. Besides the following, some 45 others occur in the southern and
western United States. Type species : Coleosanthus Cavanillcsii Cass.
i. Coleosanthus grandiflorus (Hook.) Kuntze.
Large-flowered Thorough wort.
Fig. 4174.
Eupatorium grandiflorum Hook. Fl. Bor.
Am. 2 : 26. 1834.
Brickellia grandiflora Nutt. Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. (II.) 7: 287. 1841.
Coleosanthus grandiflorus Kuntze, Rev.
Gen. PI. 328. 1891.
C. umbellatus Greene, Pittonia 4 : 238.
1901.
Erect, glabrous or puberulent, much
branched, 2-3 high. Leaves slender-
petioled, deltoid-ovate, cordate at the
base, acuminate at the apex, coarsely
crenate-dentate, 2'-4' long, i'-2' wide;
petioles shorter than the leaves ; in-
florescence cymose-paniculate ; heads
short-peduncled, 6"-7" long ; pedun-
cles pubescent ; involucre campanu-
late, 3O-45-flowered, the outer bracts
ovate, pubescent, usually abruptly
acuminate or subulate-tipped, the in-
ner linear, glabrous, striate, obtuse
or acute; pappus bristles scabrous.
Montana to Wyoming, Missouri, New
Mexico, Washington and Arizona. Aug.-
Sept. Tassel-flower.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
7. KUHNIA L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1662. 1763.
Perennial herbs, with alternate punctate resinous-dotted leaves, and discoid heads of
white or purplish flowers in terminal cymose corymbs. Involucre turbinate-campanulate,
its bracts striate, imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. Corolla regular, the tube
slender, the limb 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base, nearly or quite separate.
Style-branches slender, obtusish. Achenes lo-striate. Pappus a single row of numerous
ery plumose bristles. [Named for Dr. Adam Kuhn, of Philadelphia, a pupil of Linnaeus.]
About 8 species, native of North America and Mexico. Type species: Kuhnia eupatorioides L.
Puberulent ; leaves sparingly dentate, or entire ; heads loosely clustered, 4"-s" high.
1. K. eupatorioides.
Pubescent or tomentulose; leaves sharply serrate; heads densely clustered, 6"-8" high.
2. K. glutinosa.
i. Kuhnia eupatorioides L. False
Boneset. Fig. 4175.
Kuhnia eupatorioides L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1662. 1763.
Eupatorium alternifolium Ard. Spec. Bot. 2 : 40.
pi. 20. 1764.
Erect, puberulent and resinous, i-3 high,
branched above. Leaves lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, acute or obtusish at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, sparingly dentate, or entire,
the upper sessile, the lower usually short-
petioled ; heads several or numerous, pedun-
cled, 4"-5" high, loosely clustered ; outer bracts
of the involucre lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late, acuminate, the inner much longer, linear,
cuspidate ; pappus tawny, or sometimes nearly
white.
In dry soil, New Jersey to Georgia, Ohio, Min-
nesota, West Virginia and Texas. Ascends to
3300 ft. in West Virginia. Aug.-Sept.
2. Kuhnia glutinosa Ell. Prairie False Boneset. Fig. 4176.
Kuhnia glutinosa Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2 : 292. 1821-24.
Kuhnia suaveolens Fresen. Ind. Sem. Francf. 1838.
Kuhnia eupatorioides var. corymbulosa T. & G. Fl. N.
A. 2: 78. 1841.
Stouter and often taller than the preceding spe-
cies, corymbosely or paniculately branched, pubes-
cent or tomentulose, somewhat viscid. Leaves all
sessile, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, usually
sharply serrate with distinct teeth, veiny, i'-3'
long, 3"-io" wide, or those of the branches linear-
lanceolate and entire ; heads numerous, 6"-8"
high, densely clustered in the cymes, their pedun-
cles mostly short ; inner bracts of the involucre
lanceolate, acuminate; pappus tawny or brown.
In dry soil, Illinois to North Dakota, Colorado,
Alabama and Texas. Perhaps a race of the preceding
species. Aug.-Oct.
Kuhnia Hitchcockii A. Nelson, a little known
species of Kansas, differs by having very small linear
leaves, at least on the upper part of the plant.
8. LACINARIA Hill, Veg. Syst. 4: 49->/. 46.' 1762.
[LiATRis Schreb. Gen. PI. 542. 1791.]
Erect perennial herbs, usually from a globular tuber, simple or little branched, with alter-
nate, entire, narrow i-5-nerved leaves, and spicate or racemose discoid heads of rose-purple
or white flowers. Involucre oblong, ovoid or subhemispheric, its bracts imbricated in several
series, the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, or slightly convex, naked. Corolla regular, its
GENUS 8.
THISTLE FAMILY.
365
1. L. squarrosa.
2. L. cylindrica.
3. L, elegans.
4. L. punctata.
5. L. acidota.
6. L. pycnostachya.
7. L. sc arioso.
tube slender, its limb 5-lobed or 5-cleft. Anthers obtuse at the base. Style-branches elon-
gated, obtuse or flattened at the apex. Achenes lo-ribbed, slender, tapering to the base.
Pappus of I or 2 series of slender barbellate or plumose bristles. [Latin, fringed, from the
appearance of the heads.]
About 35 species, natives of eastern and central North America, known as Blazing Star, or
Button Snakeroot from the globular tubers. Type species : Serratula squarrosa L.
* Bracts of the involucre acute, acuminate or mucronate.
Involucre cylindric, or turbinate, i5-6o-flowered, its base rounded.
Bracts with lanceolate spreading rigid tips.
Bracts mucronate, closely appressed.
Involucre oblong, or narrowly campanulate, 3-6-flowered.
Inner bracts with prolonged petaloid tips.
Bracts all acute, mucronate or acuminate.
Bracts appressed ; pappus-bristles very plumose.
Leaves \"2" wide; spike usually leafy below.
Leaves less than i" wide; spike mostly naked.
Tips of the bracts spreading ; pappus-bristles barbellate.
** Bracts of the involucre rounded, obtuse or acutish.
Involucre hemispheric, Yz'-i' broad, is-45-flowered ; heads peduncled.
Involucre oblong, 2 "-4" broad, s-is-flowered.
Bracts obtuse, rounded.
Involucre rounded at base ; bracts usually not punctate ; heads mostly sessile.
8. L. spicata.
Involucre narrowed at base ; bracts usually punctate ; heads peduncled.
Leaves, even the lower, narrowly linear ; involucre narrowly obovoid, s"-6" high.
9. L. graminifolia.
Lower leaves linear-oblong; involucre broadly obovoid, 6" -7" high. 10. L.pilosa.
Bracts acutish, punctate. n. L.Smallii.
i. Lacinaria squarrosa (L.) Hill. Scaly
Blazing Star. Colic-root. Fig. 4177.
Serratula squarrosa L. Sp. PI. 818. 1753.
Lacinaria squarrosa Hill, Hort. Kew. 70. 1769.
Liatris squarrosa Willd. Sp. PI. 3.: 1634. 1804.
Liatris intermedia Lindl. Bot. Reg. pi. 948. 1825.
Lacinaria squarrosa intermedia Porter, Mem. Torr. Club
5: 314. 1894.
Liatris squarrosa var. intermedia DC. Prodr. 5: 129.
1836.
Usually stout, i-2 high, pubescent or glabrous.
Leaves narrowly linear, rigid, sparingly punctate,
3'-6' long, i"-2$" wide ; heads sessile or short-pedun-
cled, 1 5-60- flowered, usually few, or sometimes soli-
tary, i'-ii' long, 4"-8" thick; bracts of the involucre
imbricated in 5-7 series, lanceolate, rigid, acuminate,
glabrous or pubescent, their tips more or less spread-
ing when old; flowers purple; pappus very plumose.
In dry soil, western Ontario to Pennsylvania, Virginia,
Florida, South Dakota, Nebraska and Texas. Called also
rattlesnake-master. Races differ in pubescence and in
size of the heads. June-Sept.
2. Lacinaria cylindracea (Michx.)
Kuntze. Cylindric Blazing Star.
Fig. 4178.
Liatris cylindracea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 93.
1803.
Liatris graminifolia Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1636. 1804.
Lacinaria cylindracea Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 349.
1891.
Glabrous or nearly so, stout, i-ii high,
sometimes branched above. Leaves narrowly
linear, rigid, scarcely punctate, 3'-?' long, i"-2 '
wide; heads several or numerous (rarely soli-
tary), peduncled, or the lower sessile, turbi-
nate-cylindric, i'-i' high, 4"-6" thick, 15-60-
flowered ; bracts of the involucre imbricated in
5 or 6 series, broadly oval, appressed, abruptly
acuminate at the apex; flowers purple; pappus
very plumose.
In dry soil, western Ontario to Minnesota, south
to Illinois and Missouri. July-Sept.
3 66
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
3. Lacinaria elegans (Walt.) Kuntze.
Handsome Blazing Star. Fig. 41/9.
Stoepelina elegans Walt. Fl. Car. 202. 1788.
Liatris elegans Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1635. 1804.
Lacinaria elegans Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 349. 1891.
Densely and finely pubescent, rarely glabrate,
2-3 high. Leaves linear, very punctate, i'-s'
long, i "-3" wide, the upper much smaller than
the lower and soon reflexed ; heads 4-5-flowered,
6"-7" high, narrowly campanulate, very numerous
in a dense spike or raceme sometimes a foot long ;
bracts of the involucre in 2 or 3 series, the inner
ones linear, dilated above into oblong or lanceo-
late acuminate rose-colored petaloid tips, or some-
times white; pappus very plumose; flowers purple.
In dry soil, Virginia to Florida, Alabama, Arkan-
sas and Texas. Aug.-Oct.
4. Lacinaria punctata (Hook.) Kuntze.
Dotted Button-Snakeroot. Fig. 4180.
Liatris punctata Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 306. pi. 55. 1833.
Lacinaria punctata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 349. 1891.
Glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, 6'-3o' high ; root-
stock stout, branching, or globose. Leaves linear,
rigid, very punctate, 2'-6' long, about i" wide, or
the lower 2", the upper gradually shorter, all erect
or ascending ; heads 3-6-flowered, 6"-8" long, sessile,
crowded into a dense spike; spike commonly leafy
below ; involucre narrowly campanulate, acute or
acutish at the base, its bracts oblong, cuspidate or
acuminate, often ciliate on the margins, sometimes
woolly, imbricated in 4 or 5 series ; flowers purple ;
pappus very plumose.
In dry soil, Minnesota to Manitoba, Saskatchewan,
Montana, Missouri, Texas, New Mexico and Sonora.
Recorded from Ohio. Aug.-Oct.
5. Lacinaria acidota (Engelm. & Gray) Kuntze.
Slender Button-Snakeroot. Fig. 4181.
Liatris acidota Engelm. & Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5 :
218. 1847.
Lacinaria acidota Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 349. 1891.
Similar to the preceding species, but usually glabrous
throughout, the rootstock globose, or elongating. Stem
2 high, or less, slender. Leaves narrowly linear, \"-\"
wide, or the lower wider, slightly punctate, i'-4' long,
the upper gradually shorter; spike slender, naked, or
sparingly leafy at the base, 4'-io' long; heads 3-5-flow-
ered, 6"-g" long; involucre narrowly oblong-campanulate,
its bracts oblong to ovate-lanceolate, more or less punc-
tate, abruptly or gradually acuminate ; glabrous or
sparingly ciliate; flowers purple; pappus plumose.
Prairies, Kansas to Arkansas and Texas. Aug.-Oct.
GENUS 8.
THISTLE FAMILY.
6. Lacinaria pycnostachya (Michx.) Kuntze.
Prairie or Hairy Button-Snakeroot.
Fig. 4182.
Liatris pycnostachya Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 91. 1803.
Lacinaria pycnostachya Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 349. 1891.
Hirsute-pubescent above, usually glabrous below, 2-5
high, very leafy. Lower leaves linear-lanceolate, nar-
rowed below the middle into a slender margined petiole,
acuminate at the apex, often i long and \' wide, the
upper much smaller, linear-subulate, rigid, punctate ;
spikes very dense, 6'-i8' long; heads 4"-6" long, 3-
6-flowered ; involucre oblong or cylindric, its bracts
oblong, pubescent and ciliate with acute, spreading,
colored tips; flowers purple; pappus barbellate or
roughened, scarcely plumose.
On prairies, Indiana to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kentucky,
Louisiana and Texas. Aug.-Sept.
7. Lacinaria scariosa (L.) Hill. Large
Button-Snakeroot. Fig. 4183.
Serratula scariosa L. Sp. PI. 818. 1753.
Lacinaria scariosa Hill, Hort. Kew. 70. 1769.
Liatris scariosa Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1635. 1804.
Liatris squarrulosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 92. 1803.
Finely pubescent, at least above, i-6 high.
Lower leaves oblanceolate, spatulate or oblong-
lanceolate, narrowed into a margined petiole,
acute or obtusish at the apex, often i long
and ii' wide; upper leaves linear or linear-
lanceolate, acute, or sometimes very obtuse,
much smaller, all densely punctate ; heads hemi-
spheric, i'-i' broad, i5~45-flowered, on stout
peduncles 2,"-2' long, or sometimes sessile ;
bracts of the involucre imbricated in 5 or 6
series, spatulate-linear, oblanceolate or obovate,
rounded at the apex, appressed, their tips dry
and scarious, often colored; flowers bluish
purple ; pappus barbellate.
In dry soil, Maine to Florida, western Ontario,
Manitoba, Nebraska and Texas. Consists of many
races, differing in leaf-form and size of heads.
Called also blue blazing-star, gray feather, rattle-
snake-master, devil's-bite. Aug.-Sept.
8. Lacinaria spicata (L.) Kuntze.
Dense Button-Snakeroot. Gay
Feather. Devil's Bit. Fig. 4184.
Serrulata spicata L. Sp. PI. 819. 1753.
Liatris spicata Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1636. 1804.
?Liatris pumila Lodd. Bot. Cab. pi. 147. 1821.
L. spicata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 349. 1891.
Glabrous or nearly so, 2-6 high. Lower
leaves linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong,
usually blunt-pointed, sometimes i long
and 5" wide, the upper linear or even subu-
late, somewhat or obscurely punctate; spike
generally dense, 4'-i5' long ; heads -short-
oblong or cylindric, S-i3-flowered, 2"-4"
broad, mostly sessile; involucre subcam-
panulate, rounded or obtuse at the base,
its bracts appressed, oblong, obtuse . and
scarious-margined at the apex, obscurely
punctate, imbricated in 4-6 series ; flowers
blue-purple, occasionally white; pappus
roughened or barbellate.
In moist soil, Massachusetts to Florida, On-
tario, Wisconsin, Kentucky, Louisiana and Ari-
zona. Called also rough- or backache-root,
throat-wort, prairie-pine, colic-root. Aug.-Oct.
Lacinaria kansana Britton, of Kansas, differs in having a short, very dense spike, a more leafy
stem, the involucral bracts purple and the pappus plumose.
3 68
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
10. Lacinaria pilosa (Ait.) Heller. Moun-
tain Button-Snakeroot. Fig. 4186.
Serratula pilosa Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 138. 1789.
L. pilosa Heller, Muhlenbergia i : 6. 1900.
Glabrous, except the ciliate leaf-bases and
involucral bracts, s'-3i tall, simple. Leaves
rather numerous, the basal often fully half as
long as the stem, with broadly linear or linear-
oblong blades, the upper stem leaves much
smaller, with linear blades, all more or less
ciliate near the base ; involucres turbinate, 2i"-3"
broad, sessile or short-peduncled, the bracts
purple, the outer ovate or oval, the middle ones
with oval or ovate blades and short claws, the
inner linear or linear-spatulate, all obtuse and
rather broadly margined ; pappus barbellate ;
achenes 2i"-3" long, hairy.
In dry or rocky soil, Virginia and West Virginia
to Georgia and Alabama. July-Sept.
9. Lacinaria graminifolia (Walt.)
Kuntze. Loose-flowered Button-
Snakeroot. Fig. 4185.
Anonymos graminifolius Walt. Fl. Car. 197.
1788.
Liatris graminifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.
2:508. 1814. Not Willd. 1804.
L. graminif. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 349. 1891.
Liatris graminifolia var. dubia A. Gray,
Man. Ed. 2, 185. 1856.
Glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, l-3
high. Leaves similar to those of the pre-
ceding species, but more conspicuously
punctate, usually somewhat ciliate, at
least near the base and acute or acutish
at the apex ; heads spicate, racemose or
sometimes panicled, mostly peduncled ;
involucre obovoid, narrowed or acute at
the base, 2"-4" broad, its bracts dis-
tinctly punctate, appressed, rounded,
more or less scarious-margined, thick;
flowers purple ; pappus barbellate ;
achenes hairy.
In dry soil, New Jersey to Florida. Fine-
leaved blazing-star. Aug.-Sept.
ii. Lacinaria Smallii Britton. Small's
Button-Snakeroot Fig. 4187.
Lacinaria Smallii Britton, Manual 927. 1901.
Similar to L. graminifolia. Stem very slender,
i-2 high. Leaves scattered, linear, 2"-5"
wide, acute, pubescent on the midvein beneath,
spreading, very punctate ; heads scattered, ses-
sile in the axils of the upper small leaves, the
uppermost leaves not larger than the involucral
bracts ; involucre oblong-campanulate, about
8-flowered, about 5" high, its innermost bracts
linear, acute or acutish, the outermost obtusish,
all punctate; flowers purple; pappus plumose.
Iron. Mountain, Smyth Co., Virginia. Aug.
Lacinaria Helleri (Porter) Heller, of the North
Carolina mountains, with narrower involucral
bracts and erect or ascending leaves, is recorded
from Virginia.
GENUS 9.
THISTLE FAMILY.
3 6 9
9. TRILISA Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 55: 310. 1828.
Erect perennial herbs, with fibrous roots and alternate simple leaves ; those of the stem
sessile or clasping, the basal ones narrowed into petioles. Heads small, discoid, of 5-10
purple, or white flowers, in terminal thyrsoid or corymbose panicles. Involucre campanulate,
its bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series, the outer scarcely shorter than the inner. Receptacle
flat, naked. Corolla regular, its limb 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Achenes
nearly terete, lo-ribbed. Style-branches slender, obtuse. Pappus of i or 2 series of elon-
gated, barbed bristles. [Anagram of Liatris.]
Two knows species, natives of the southeastern United States. Type species : Trilisia odora-
tissima (Walt.) Cass.
1. T. odoratissima.
2. T. paniculata.
Stem glabrous ; heads corymbose-paniculate.
Stem viscid-pubescent ; heads thyrsoid-paniculate.
i. Trilisa odoratissima (Walt.) Cass.
Vanilla-leaf. Vanilla-plant. Dog's-
tongue. Carolina Vanilla.
Fig. 4188.
Anonymos odoratissima Walt. Fl. Car. 198.
1788.
Liatris odoratissima Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 :
93- 1803.
Trilisa odoratissima Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 55 :
310. 1828.
Rather stout, glabrous, 2-3 high. Leaves
thick, entire, or sometimes dentate, the
lower oblanceolate, oblong or spatulate,
obtuse, 4'-io' long, i'-ii' wide, those of the
stem gradually smaller, oblong, ovate or
oval, the uppermost bract-like; heads
corymbose-paniculate, about 3" high ; bracts
of the involucre oblong, obtusish; achenes
glandular-pubescent.
In pine-barrens, North Carolina to Florida
and Louisiana. Recorded from Virginia, and
to be looked for in the southeastern part of that
state. Deer's- or hound's-togue. Aug.-Sept.
2. Trilisa paniculata (Walt.) Cass.
Hairy Trilisa. Fig. 4189.
Anonymos paniculatus Walt. Fl. Car. 198. 1788.
Liatris paniculata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 93.
1803.
Trilisa paniculata Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 55: 310.
1828.
Stem viscid-pubescent, i-3 high. Leaves
entire, the basal ones lanceolate or narrowly
oblong, acute or obtusish, 3'-io' long, \'-\\'
wide, those of the stem much smaller, lan-
ceolate or oblong-lanceolate ; heads thyrsoid-
paniculate, about 3" high; bracts of the
involucre oblong, obtusish; achenes finely
pubescent.
In pine-barrens, Virginia to Florida. Sept.-
Oct.
10. GUTIERREZIA Lag. Gen. &
Sp. Nov. 30. 1816.
Erect branching, usually glabrous and often glutinous herbs, or shrubs, with linear entire
alternate leaves, and small heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers, corymbosely
paniculate in our species. Radiate flowers few, pistillate. Disk-flowers regular, mostly
24
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. Ill
perfect, or some of them only staminate, the corolla-limb 5-lobed. Involucre ovoid, or
narrowly campanulate, its bracts coriaceous, imbricated in few series. Receptacle flat, convex
or conic, commonly foveolate. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches narrow,
flattened, their appendages slender. Achenes terete, ribbed or 5-angled. Pappus of several
scales, those of the ray-flowers shorter than or equalling those of the disk. [Named from
Gutierrez, a noble Spanish family.]
About 25 species, natives of western North America, Mexico and western South America.
Besides the following, several others occur in the western United States. Type species : Gutierrezia
linearifolia Lag.
i. Gutierrezia Sarothrae (Pursh) Britton and Rusby. Broom-weed. Fig. 4190.
Solidago Sarothrae Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 540. 1814.
Gutierrezia Euthamiae T. &G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 193. 1841.
Gutierrezia Sarothrae Britton & Rusby, Trans. N. Y.
Acad. Sci. J : 10. 1887.
Glabrous or minutely pubescent, bushy, woody
at the base, i-ii high, the branches rigid, as-
cending. Leaves linear, i'-ii' long, i"-i" wide,
acute; heads oblong, ii"-2" high, few-flowered,
usually in clusters of 2-5 at the ends of the
numerous branches; rays 1-6, scarcely i" long;
scales of the pappus linear-oblong, subulate or
acuminate; achenes pubescent.
In dry or rocky soil, Manitoba and Minnesota to
western Nebraska, Kansas, Texas and Sonora, west to
Alberta and Utah. Adventive at Rochester, N. Y.
Far western plants formerly referred to this species
prove to be distinct. Rabbit-brush. Aug.-Sept.
Gutierrezia linearis Rydb., of the Rocky Mountain
region, ranging eastward into Kansas and Nebraska,
differs in being more woody and has somewhat wider
leaves.
ii. AMPHIACHYRIS [DC] Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. II. 7: 313. 1841.
Erect, much branched, glabrous herbs, with small alternate entire leaves, and very
numerous small heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers, solitary or clustered at
the ends of the branches. Involucre ovoid or hemispheric, its bracts coriaceous, imbricated
in few series. Receptacle naked. Ray-flowers pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect, but sterile,
or staminate. Pappus of the ray-flowers obsolete or coroniform, that of the disk-flowers of
5-20 subulate scales or bristles somewhat united at the base. Achenes pubescent. [Greek,
chaff-around.]
Two known species, natives of the south-central United States, the following typical.
i. Amphiachyris dracunculoides (DC.)
Nutt. Amphiachyris. Fig. 4191.
Brachyris dracunculoides DC. Mem. Soc. Phys. Gen.
7: Part 2, 265. pi. i. 1836.
Amphiachyris dracunculoides Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc. (II.) 7: 313. 1841.
Annual, slender, much branched, 6'-i8' high, the
branches ascending. Leaves linear, 6"-i8" long,
i"-2" wide, acutish, the uppermost almost fili-
form ; heads solitary at the ends of short branches,
io-30-flowered, about 2" high ; involucre hemi-
spheric, its bracts oval, obtuse; rays S-io, about
as long as the involucre ; disk-flowers mostly
staminate, their ovaries abortive, their pappus of
5-S subulate aristate scales, united into a short
cup at the base.
In dry soil, Missouri and Kansas to Texas and
New Mexico. Found adventive at Easton, Penna.
Sept.-Oct.
GENUS 12.
THISTLE FAMILY.
37 1
12. GRINDELIA Willd. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berl. Mag. i : 260. 1807.
Perennial or biennial herbs, sometimes woody at the base, with alternate sessile or clasp-
ing leaves, usually spinulose-dentate, and rather large heads of both discoid and radiate
yellow flowers, solitary at the ends of the branches (rays rarely wanting). Involucre hemi-
spheric or depressed, its bracts imbricated in several or many series, usually subulate-tipped.
Receptacle flat or convex, naked, foveolate. Ray-flowers fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, or
sometimes only staminate. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches narrow,
flattened, their appendages linear or lanceolate. Achenes short, thick, sometimes compressed,
glabrous, 4-5-ribbed. Pappus of 2-8 soon deciduous awns or bristles. [Named for Prof. H.
Grindel, of Riga, 1776-1836.]
About 30 species, natives of western North America, Peru and Chile. Besides the following,
some 15 others occur in the western and southwestern parts of North America. Known as Gum-
plant or Tar-weed. Type species : Grindelia inuloides Willd.
Leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse or obtusish ; achenes truncate ; bracts squarrose.
Leaves linear or linear-oblong, acute ; achenes i-2-toothed ; bracts not squarrose.
1. G. squarrosa.
2. G. lanceolata.
i. Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal. Broad-leaved Gum-plant. Fig. 4192.
Donia squarrosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 559. 1814.
Grindelia squarrosa Dunal in DC. Prodr. 5 :
3i5- 1836.
G. grandiflora Hook. Bot. Mag. pi. 4628. 1852.
Grindelia nuda Wood. Bot. Gaz. 3: 50. 1878.
Grindelia squarrosa nuda A. Gray, Syn. Fl. i 2 :
1 1 8. 1884.
Glabrous, erect or ascending, branched,
io'-2 high. Leaves oblong or oblong-
spatulate, obtuse, more or less clasping at
the base, sharply spinulose-dentate, some-
times laciniate, i'-ii' long, 3" -6" wide;
heads io"-i,s" broad, very glutinous ; bracts
of the involucre linear-lanceolate,, subulate-
tipped, strongly squarrose ; achenes trun-
cate, those of the outer flowers usually
thicker than those of the inner; rays up to
i' long or wanting; pappus of 2 or 3 awns.
In dry soil, Illinois and Minnesota to Mani-
toba, Missouri, Texas, Arizona and Mexico.
Adventive in southern New Jersey, Pennsyl-
vania and New York. June-Sept.
2. Grindelia lanceolata Nutt. Nar-
row-leaved Gum-plant. Fig. 4193.
Grindelia lanceolata Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil.
7:73- 1834-
Slender, erect, glabrous, branched, about
2 high. Leaves lanceolate or linear, acute
at the apex, sessile or clasping at the base,
spinulose-dentate, laciniate, or the upper
entire, i'-2' long, 2" -5" wide; heads nearly
as large as those of the preceding species;
bracts of the involucre linear-subulate, the
inner erect, the outer spreading; achenes
i-2-toothed; pappus of i or 2 awns.
In dry soil, Tennessee to Missouri, Kansas,
Louisiana and Texas. July-Sept.
37 2
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
13. HETEROTHECA Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 21: 130. 1821.
Erect, hirsute or pubescent, branching herbs, with alternate, mostly dentate leaves, and
rather large heads of both discoid and radiate yellow flowers, generally solitary at the ends
of the branches. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts imbricated in
several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Ray-flowers pistillate. Disk-
flowers perfect, or some of them only staminate. Style-branches flat, their appendages
lanceolate or triangular. Achenes pubescent, obtuse, those of the ray-flowers thick, those
of the disk-flowers flattened. Pappus of the ray-flowers obsolete or of a few caducous bristles,
that of the disk-flowers of an inner row of numerous capillary rough bristles, and an outer
row of shorter stouter bristles or scales. [Greek, different-case, from the dissimilar achenes.]
Five or 6 species, natives of the southern United States and Mexico, the following typical.
i. Heterotheca subaxillaris (Lam.) Britton & Rusby. Heterotheca. Fig. 4194.
Inula subaxillaris Lam. Encycl. 3: 259. 1799.
Heterotheca Lamarckii Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 21: 131.
1821.
Heterotheca subaxillaris Britton & Rusby, Trans. N. Y.
Acad. Sci. 7: 10. 1887.
Biennial or sometimes annual, i-3 high. Basal
and lower leaves petioled, ovate or oblong, 2'-$'
long, the upper ones oblong, sessile or clasping,
smaller, all acutish or obtuse, dentate; heads rather
numerous, 6"-g" broad ; involucre nearly hemispheric,
3"-S" high, its bracts linear, or slightly dilated above,
the inner with scarious margins; rays 10-25; inner
bristles of the pappus of the disk-flowers about 2"
long.
In dry soil, Delaware to Florida, Louisiana, Kansas,
Arizona and Mexico. In ballast, at Philadelphia. July-
Sept.
14. CHRYSOPSIS [Nutt.] Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 333. 1824.
[DIPLOGON Raf. Amer. Month. Mag. 2: 268. 1818. Not Poiret, 1811.]
Perennial or biennial, rarely annual, branching herbs, with alternate sessile entire leaves,
or the basal ones dentate, and large many-flowered heads of both tubular and radiate yellow
flowers (rays wanting in some western species), loosely corymbose, or solitary at the ends
of the branches. Involucre campanulate to hemispheric, its bracts narrow, imbricated in
several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle usually flat, more or less foveolate. Ray-flowers
pistillate. Disk-flowers mostly all perfect. Pappus double in both the disk- and ray-flowers,
the inner of numerous rough capillary bristles, the outer of smaller or minute scales or
bristles. Achenes flattened, oblong-linear or obovate, pubescent. Style-branches narrow,
somewhat flattened, their appendages linear or subulate. [Greek, of golden aspect.]
About 20 species, natives of North America and Mexico. Besides the following, about 8 others
occur in the southern and western United States. Type species: Chrysopsis gossypina (Michx.) Ell.
Leaves elongated-linear, entire, parallel-veined ; achenes linear ; involucre campanulate.
Plants i-3 high, silvery-pubescent; leaves grass-like, 3'-! 2' long. i. C. graminifolia.
Plants 4'-io' high, woolly-pubescent ; leaves rigid, i'~4' long. 2. C. falcata.
Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or linear, pinnately veined ; achenes obovate, or oval ; involucre hemi-
spheric.
Plant densely woolly-pubescent. 3- G. gossypina.
Plants hirsute, or villous-pubescent.
Heads numerous, corymbose-paniculate ; pubescence of long deciduous hairs ; eastern species.
4. C. mariana.
Heads fewer, corymbose, or terminating the branches ; pubescence persistent ; western species.
Villous-pubescent, hirsute or hispid ; perennials.
Villous-pubescent and canescent with appressed hairs. 5. C. villosa.
Hirsute or hispid-pubescent.
Leaves linear, acutish. 6. C. stenophylla.
Leaves mostly spatulate, obtuse. 7. C. hispida.
Pilose-pubescent with soft spreading hairs ; annual. 8. C. pilosa.
GENUS 14.
THISTLE FAMILY.
373
i. Chrysopsis graminifolia (Michx.) Ell.
Grass-leaved Golden Aster. Fig. 4195.
Inula graminifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 122. 1803.
Chrysopsis graminifolia Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2 : 334.
1824.
Slender, corymbosely branched above, very
silvery-pubescent, i-3 high. Leaves linear,
soft, grass-like, 3-5-nerved, shining, the basal
ones 4'-i2' long, 2"-5" wide, the upper much
smaller, and the uppermost subulate and erect;
heads several or numerous, about V broad, soli-
tary at the ends of the branches; involucre cam-
panulate, its bracts glabrate; achenes linear-
fusiform.
In dry soil, Delaware to Florida, Ohio, Kentucky,
Arkansas, Texas and Mexico. Great Bahama Island.
Silver-grass. Scurvy-grass. Silk-grass. Aug.-Oct.
3. Chrysopsis gossypina
(Michx.) Ell. Cottony Golden
Aster. Fig. 4197.
Erigeron pilosum Walt. Fl. Car. 206.
1788.
Inula gossypina Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 :
122. 1803.
I. gossypina Nutt. Gen. 2: 150. 1818.
C. gossypina Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2 : 337.
1824.
Chrysopsis pilosa Britton, Mem. Torr.
Club 5: 316. 1894. Not Nutt.
Stout, i-2 high, branched above,
densely woolly-pubescent all over.
Leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse,
the lower and basal ones i'-3' long,
3"-5" wide, the uppermost much
smaller; heads usually nearly i'
broad, terminating the branches,
bright yellow ; involucre hemispheric,
its bracts densely pubescent when
young, becoming glabrate; achenes
obovate.
In pine-barrens, Virginia to Florida
and Alabama. Autumn.
2. Chrysopsis falcata (Pursh) Ell. Sickle-
leaved Golden Aster. Fig. 4196.
Inula falcata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 532. 1814.
Chrysopsis falcata Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2 : 336. 1824.
Corymbosely branched above, rather stiff, 4'-i2'
high, leafy to the top, very woolly-pubescent, at
least when young, or becoming glabrate. Leaves
linear, rigid, spreading, sometimes curved, i'-4'
long, i"-3" wide, obscurely parallel-nerved ; heads
rather few, corymbose, 3"-5" broad, terminating
the branches ; involucre campanulate, its bracts
slightly pubescent ; achenes linear.
In sandy soil, eastern Massachusetts to New Jersey.
Ground gold-flower. July-Aug.
COMPOSITAE.
5. Chrysopsis villosa (Ptirsh) Nutt.
Hairy Golden Aster. Fig. 4199.
Amellus rillosus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 564. 1814.
Inula villosa Nutt. Gen. 2: 151. 1818.
C. villosa *Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. II. 7:
316. 1841.
C. foliosa Nutt. loc. cit. 316. 1841.
Chrysopsis camporum Greene, Pittonia 3 : 88.
1897.
Stem villous or strigose-pubescent, i-2
high. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or oblan-
ceolate, obtuse or acutish, i'-2' long, 2"-s"
wide, the upper sessile, the lower narrowed
into a petiole, pale, persistently canescent
with appressed hairs; heads rather few, i'
broad or more, terminating the short
branches ; rays oblong-linear, golden yellow ;
involucre hemispheric, its bracts 4"-5" high,
linear-subulate, pubescent and often ciliate;
achenes obovate, 3-5-nerved.
In dry soil, Minnesota and Illinois to Ala-
bama, Manitoba, British Columbia, Nebraska
and New Mexico. July-Aug. Rosin-wood.
VOL. III.
4. Chrysopsis mariana (L.)
Ell. Maryland Golden
Aster. Fig. 4198.
Inula mariana L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1240.
1763.
I. mariana Nutt. Gen. 2: 151. 1818.
C. mariana Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2 : 335.
1824.
Stout, i -2* high, loosely villous-
pubescent with silky hairs when
young, at length nearly glabrous,
corymbosely branched at the sum-
mit. Upper leaves oblong, or lanceo-
late, acutish or obtuse, sessile, i'-2'
long, the lower oblanceolate or spatu-
late and narrowed into a petiole,
generally obtuse, 2'-4' long and
sometimes i' wide; heads commonly
numerous, g"-i2" broad, on glandu-
lar peduncles ; involucre hemispheric,
its bracts glandular, acute, viscid-
pubescent ; achenes obovate.
In dry soil, southern New York and
Pennsylvania to Tennessee, Florida and
Louisiana. Aug.-Sept. Golden-star.
6. Chrysopsis stenophylla (A. Gray)
Greene. Stiff-leaved Golden
Aster. Fig. 4200.
Chrysopsis villosa var. stenophylla A. Gray,
Syn. Fl. i : Part 2, 123. 1884.
C. stenophylla Greene, Erythea 2 : 96. 1894.
C. angustifolia Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 37: 128.
1910.
Low, slender, hirsute or rough-pubescent,
6'-io' high. Leaves linear or slightly broad-
ened above, densely canescent and ciliate,
acutish, 9"-! 5" long, i"-2" wide, the mar-
gins revolute in drying; involucre hemi-
spheric or broadly campanulate. its bracts
pubescent or the outer densely ciliate ; heads
few, 6"-io" broad.
In dry soil, Missouri and Nebraska to Arkan-
sas and Texas. Aug.-Sept.
GENUS 14.
THISTLE FAMILY.
7. Chrysopsis hispida (Hook.) Nutt. Hispid
Golden Aster. Fig. 4201.
Diplopappus hispidus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 22. 1834.
Chrysopsis hispidus Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II. ) ^ :
316. 1841.
Chrysopsis villosa var. hispida A. Gray, Syn. Fl. i : Part
2, 123. 1884.
Lower than C. villosa, stem rarely over i high, with
spreading, sparse or copious, hirsute or hispid pu-
bescence, sometimes viscid. Leaves spatulate to
oblong, entire, spreading, g"-iS" long, obtuse at the
apex, narrowed at the base, often into petioles half
as long as the blade or more; heads smaller, often
more numerous; involucre not over 4" high, its
bracts lanceolate, hirsute; achenes 3-5-nerved.
In dry soil, Manitoba to Idaho, Kansas, Texas and
Arizona. Consists of several races, differing in size,
pubescence and leaf-form. July-Sept.
8. Chrysopsis pilosa Nutt. Nuttall's Golden
Aster. Fig. 4202.
Chrysopsis pilosa Nutt. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 7:
66. 1834.
C. Nuttallii Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 316. 1894.
Pilose-pubescent with soft hairs and minutely glan-
dular, i-2 high, branched above. Leaves oblong-
lanceolate, mostly acute, i'-2$' long, 2"-$" wide,
entire, or the lower serrate or even incised; heads
few, 8"-i2" broad, terminating the branches ; invo-
lucre hemispheric, its bracts glandular-viscid; achenes
obovate, 10-nerved.
In dry soil, Missouri and Kansas to Louisiana, Arkan-
sas and Texas. July-Sept.
15. CHONDROPHORA Raf. New Fl. N.
A. 4:79. 1836.
[BIGELOWIA DC. Mem. Comp. pi. 5. 1833. Not Bigelovia Spreng. 1821.]
Perennial stiff herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and corymbose-paniculate discoid
heads of yellow flowers. Involucre oblong or campanulate, its bracts rigid and glutinous,
imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat, generally foveolate, naked. Corolla regular,
tubular, the limb 5-cleft. Anthers obtuse at the base. Style-branches flattened, their
appendages lanceolate. Achenes oblong, somewhat compressed, i-2-ribbed on each side.
Pappus of i or 2 series of numerous capillary unequal bristles. [Greek, cartilage-bearing.]
Two species, native of eastern North America, the following typical.
i. Chondrophora nudata (Michx.) Britton.
Chrysocoma nudata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 101. 1803.
Bigelowia nudata DC. Prodr. 5: 329. 1836.
C. nudata Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 317. 1894.
Glabrous, erect, simple, i-2* high. Lower
and basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, or obtusish,
3'-6' long, 3"-6" wide, attenuate into a margined
petiole; stem leaves distant, small, linear or subu-
late; heads numerous, 2"-3" high, crowded in a
compound terminal corymbose cyme : involucre
narrowly campanulate, acute at the base, its bracts
coriaceous, appressed, linear-oblong, imbricated
in 3 or 4 series, the outer much smaller than the
inner; achenes short-turbinate ; pappus-bristles
rigid ; edges of the depressions in the receptacle
prolonged into subulate teeth.
In moist pine-barrens, New Jersey ( ?) to Florida
and Texas. Aug.-Oct.
Chondrophora virgata (Nutt.) Greene, with nar-
rowly linear basal leaves, or some of them linear-
spatulate, though originally cited by Nuttall as from
New Jersey, is not definitely known from north of
North Carolina.
Rayless Golden-rod.
4203.
376
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
16. CHRYSOTHAMNUS Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 323. 1840.
Low shrubs, with equably leafy branches, hard wood, linear leaves, and discoid heads
of yellow perfect flowers. Heads narrow, 5-7-flowered. Involucre oblong to narrowly
campanulate, its bracts more or less keeled, thin, or papery, impricated in several series,
often so as to form 5 vertical rows. Corolla 5-toothed. Anthers obtuse at the base. Style-
branches exserted, their appendages subulate to filiform. Achenes narrow, mostly pubescent.
Pappus of copious capillary roughened bristles. [Greek, golden-bush.]
About 30 species, natives of western North America. Type species : Chrysothamnus pumilus Nutt.
Heads about <6" high; involucral bracts obtuse or mucronulate. i. C. graveolens.
Heads 7"-io" high; involucral bracts subulate-tipped. 2. C.Howardi.
i. Chrysothamnus graveolens (Nutt.)
Greene. Fetid Rayless Golden-
rod. Fig. 4204.
Chrysocoma graveolens Nutt. Gen. 2: 136.
1818.
Bigelovia graveolens A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
8 : 644. 1873.
Chrysothamnus graveolens Greene, Erythea 3 :
108. 1895.
Sparingly tomentose above, or glabrate,
much branched, very leafy, i-4$ high,
odorous. Leaves linear, i'-3' long, i"-2"
wide ; heads 5"-6" high, very numerous and
crowded in terminal compound corymbose
cymes ; rays none ; involucre narrowly cam-
panulate, acute at the base, its bracts oblong
or linear-oblong, acute or acutish, imbri-
cated in about 4 series; achenes linear;
pappus-bristles soft, copious.
In sterile, especially alkaline soil, Montana
to western Nebraska, Utah and New Mexico.
Included in our first edition in the C. nauseosa
(Pursh) Britton, a densely tomentose far
western species. Rabbit-brush. Aug.-Oct.
2. Chrysothamnus Howard! (Parry)
Greene. Howard's Rayless Golden-
rod. Fig. 4205.
Linosyris Howardi Parry ; A. Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. 6 : 541. 1865.
Bigelovia Howardi A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8 :
641. 1873.
Chrysothamnus Howardi Greene, Erythea 3 : 113.
1895-
Similar to the preceding species, white-
tomentose when young, glabrous or nearly so
when old, tufted, much branched, 6'-io' high.
Leaves narrowly linear, entire, i'-2' long,
about i" wide; heads 7"-io" long, narrow,
5-flowered, more or less glomerate, usually
surpassed by the upper leaves; rays none;
involucre slightly arachnoid-pubescent, its
bracts lanceolate, thin, acuminate or subulate-
tipped ; achenes nearly linear, pubescent.
In dry soil, western Nebraska to Wyoming,
Colorado, Utah and New Mexico. July-Sept.
GENUS 17.
THISTLE FAMILY.
377
17. OONOPSIS [Nutt] Greene, Pittonia 3: 45. 1896.
Shrubs or herbs, the following species glabrous, mostly tufted, with woody roots, the
stems leafy to the top. Leaves entire, linear to lanceolate. Heads cymose at the end of
the stem or branches. Involucre campanulate to ovoid, its bracts flat, imbricated in several
series, herbaceous, cuspidate, appressed and erect, or the outer spreading. Disk-flowers with
a nearly cylindric 5-toothed corolla. Stamens and style included or scarcely exserted. Ray-
flowers present or wanting, pistillate. Style-appendages ovate to subulate. Achenes glabrous,
or somewhat pubescent. Pappus-bristles coarse, rigid. [Greek, resembling an egg, referring
to the ovoid involucre.]
Four known species, natives of central North America. Type species : Oonopsis multicaulis
(Nutt.) Greene.
i. Oonopsis Engelmanni (A. Gray) Greene. Engelmann's Oonopsis. Fig. 4206.
Bigelovia Engelmanni A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. n :
75- 1876.
Oonopsis Engelmanni Greene, Pittonia 3: 45. 1896.
Perennial by a deep woody root, glabrous
throughout ; stems stiff, about 8' high, densely
leafy. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, g"-2 r long,
less than i" wide, brittle when dry; heads clus-
tered, or sometimes solitary at the ends of the
branches, i' wide or less, sessile among the upper
leaves ; involucre oblong-campanulate, its bracts
in about 4 series, oblong to spatulate, short-
acuminate or mucronate, appressed; ray-flowers
none ; disk-flowers about as long as the rather
rigid capillary pappus-bristles ; achenes linear-
oblong, narrowed at the base, many-striate.
Western Kansas, Nebraska and Colorado. Sept.
Oct.
18. PRIONOPSIS Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 329. 1841.
A glabrous annual or biennial herb, leafy to the top, with sessile spinulose-dentate leaves,
and large heads of yellow radiate and tubular flowers. Involucre broadly hemispheric, its
bracts imbricated in several series, lanceolate, acuminate, the outer more or less spreading.
Receptacle naked. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas 5-toothed. Ray-flowers very numer-
ous, pistillate. Achenes glabrous, those of the ray-flowers broader than those of the disk ;
pappus of a few deciduous, rigid, unequal bristles, the outer very short. [Greek, resembling
a saw, referring to the leaf-margins.]
A monotypic genus of south-central United States.
i. Prionopsis ciliata Nutt. Prionopsis.
Fig. 4207.
Donia ciliata Nutt. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 2: 118.
1821.
Aplopappus ciliatus DC. Prodr. 5: 346. 1836.
Prionopsis ciliata Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 7 :
329. 1841.
Stem erect, stout, branched, very leafy, 2-5 high.
Leaves sessile, oval or the lower obovate, obtuse, con-
spicuously veined, i'-3' long, i'-ii' wide, sharply ser-
rate with bristle-pointed teeth; heads few, clustered,
stalked or nearly sessile, i'-ii' broad; involucre de-
pressed-hemispheric, its bracts glabrous ; achenes of
the ray-flowers ellipsoid, those of the disk-flowers
oblong, the central sterile; pappus-bristles rigid, the
inner ones rough or ciliate.
On hillsides and river-banks, Missouri and Kansas to
Texas. Aug.-Sept.
37*
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
19. SIDERANTHUS Fraser, Cat. 1813; Sweet, Hort. Brit. 227. 1826.
[ERIOCARPUM Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 320. 1841.]
Perennial or annual herbs or shrubs with alternate spinulose-dentate or lobed leaves and
many-flowered heads of tubular or of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers (heads rarely
without rays). Involucre hemispheric to campanulate, its bracts imbricated in several series,
the outer ones gradually smaller. Receptacle flat or convex, generally foveolate, naked.
Ray-flowers fertile. Disk-flowers usually perfect. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base.
Style-branches flattened, their appendages short, lanceolate. Achenes oblong or obovoid,
obtuse, white-tomentose, or canescent, usually 8-io-nerved. Pappus of 1-3 series of numer-
ous capillary persistent more or less unequal bristles. [Greek, iron-flower.]
About 15 species, natives of America. Besides the following, about 10 others occur in the
western, parts of the United States. Type species: Sideranthus spinulosus (Nutt.) Sweet.
Rays none ; leaves dentate.
Rays present.
Leaves dentate ; annual.
Leaves pinnatifid ; perennial.
1 . S. grindelioides.
2. S. annuus.
3. S. spinulosus.
i. Sideranthus grindelioides (Nutt.) Britton.
Rayless Sideranthus. Fig. 4208.
Eriocarpum grindelioides Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
(II.) 7: 321. 1841.
Aplopappus Nuttallii T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 240. 1842.
Sideranthus grindelioides Britton, Manual 932. 1901.
Perennial by a deep woody root, finely pubescent;
stems tufted, simple, erect, 4'-i2' high. Leaves ob-
long-lanceolate to spatulate, sessile, or the lower peti-
oled, i'-i' long, firm, acute or obtusish, spinulose-
dentate ; heads several or solitary, terminating the
stem or branches; peduncles i' long, or less; invo-
lucre campanulate, its bracts linear, acute, puberulent,
their tips somewhat spreading, the outer shorter than
the inner ; achenes densely silky tomentose.
In dry soil, South Dakota to Assiniboia, Nebraska,
New Mexico and Arizona. July-Aug.
2. Sideranthus annuus Rydb. Viscid
Sideranthus. Fig. 4209.
Sideranthus annuus Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 31 :
653. 1904.
Aplopappus rubiginosus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. i 2 : 130.
1884. Not T. & G.
Viscid, glandular-pubescent, erect, annual,
branched near the summit, i-3 high. Leaves
sessile, or the lowest narrowed into short
petioles, oblong, lanceolate, or oblanceolate,
conspicuously dentate with distant awn-point-
ed teeth, acute or obtusish at the apex. \\'-2.\'
long, 2"-6" wide ; heads several, cymose-
paniculate, 8"-i5" broad; involucre hemi-
spheric, its bracts linear-subulate with spread-
ing tips ; rays large ; pappus bristles rigid, very
unequal ; achenes villous-canescent, turbinate,
not compressed.
On plains and in canons, Nebraska, Kansas
and Colorado. Erroneously referred in our first
edition to Eriocarpum rubiginosum. Aug.-Sept.
GENUS 19.
THISTLE FAMILY.
3. Sideranthus spinulosus (Nutt.) Sweet.
Cut-leaved Sideranthus. Sapo.
Fig. 4210.
Amellus spinulosus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2 : 564.
1814.
Sideranthus spinulosus Sweet, Hort. Brit. 227.
1826.
Aplopappus spinulosus DC. Prodr. 5: 347. 1836.
Eriocarpum spinulosum Greene, Erythea 2: 108.
1894.
S. glaberrimus Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 27 : 621.
1900.
Canescent or glabrate, much branched at the
base, perennial by thick woody roots, 6'-i5'
high. Leaves pinnatifid, sessile, linear to ovate
in outline, i'-i*' long, \"-2\" wide, the lobes
with bristle-poinied teeth ; heads several or nu-
merous (rarely solitary), 6"-i2" broad; invo-
lucre hemispheric, its bracts linear, acute, ap-
pressed ; rays narrow ; achenes pubescent, nar-
rowed below; pappus soft and capillary.
In dry soil, Minnesota and North Dakota to
Saskatchewan, Alberta, Colorado, Nebraska,
Texas and Mexico. March-Sept.
20. STENOTUS Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 334. 1841.
Low undershrubs, with coriaceous narrow entire evergreen leaves, scapose or leafy stems,
and rather large heads of both radiate and tubular yellow flowers. Involucre mostly hemi-
spheric, its bracts imbricated in several series, appressed, ovate to lanceolate. Receptacle
alveolate. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas tubular, usually somewhat enlarged upward,
deeply 5-toothed. Ray-flowers fertile. Anthers obtuse at the base. Appendages of the
style-branches short, lanceolate. Achenes white-villous. Pappus of soft white capillary bris-
tles. [Greek, narrow, referring to the leaves.]
About 1 8 species, natives of western North America. Type species: Stenotus acaulis Nutt.
i. Stenotus armerioides Nutt. Narrow-leaved
Stenotus. Fig. 4211.
Stenotus armerioides Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.)
7: 335- 1841.
Aplopappus armerioides A. Gray, Syn. Fl. i : Part. 2,
132. 1884.
Perennial, tufted from a branched woody cauclex,
glabrous throughout ; flowering stems slender, naked
above, or quite leafless, 4'-8' high. Basal leaves nu-
merous, narrowly spatulate or linear, acute or acutish,
firm, i'-3' long, i"-2" wide, entire, narrowed below;
stem leaves usually 1-3, sessile, linear, sometimes
none; head commonly solitary, about i' broad; in-
volucre campanulate, 4"-6" high, its bracts broadly
oval, green, appressed, obtuse or retuse, scarious-
margined, or the inner ovate-oblong and acutish ;
rays 8-10 ; achenes canescent or villous ; pappus bris-
tles soft, white.
In dry, mostly rocky soil, western Nebraska to Wyo-
ming, Utah and New Mexico. June-July.
21. ISOPAPPUS T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 239. 1841.
Rough-hairy annual or biennial herbs, loosely paniculately branched, with alternate linear
to lanceolate, i-nerved, entire or somewhat toothed leaves, and small slender-peduncled heads
of radiate and tubular yellow flowers. Involucre campanulate-cylindric, its appressed lan-
ceolate or subulate bracts in 2 or 3 series. Receptacle alveolate. Ray-flowers 5-12, pistil-
late. Disk-flowers 10-20, perfect. Anthers not sagittate. Style-appendages narrow, hirsute.
Achenes terete, narrowed below, silky-villous. Pappus a single series of rough capillary
bristles, nearly equal in length. [Greek, equal-pappus.]
Two known species, natives of the southern United States, the following typical.
3 8o
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
i. Isopappus divaricatus (Nutt.) T. & G.
Isopappus. Fig. 4212.
Inula divaricata Nutt. Gen. 2: 152. 1818.
Aplopappus divaricatus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. i : Part 2, 130.
1884.
Isopappus divaricatus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 239. 1841.
Annual or biennial, erect, paniculately much
branched, slender, rough-pubescent or glandular,
i-3 high. Leaves linear, linear-lanceolate, or the
lowest linear-spatulate, acute or cuspidate, dentate
with distant teeth, or sometimes entire, i'-3' long,
i"-3" wide, the uppermost much smaller, subulate
or bract-like ; heads numerous, 3"-5" broad ; invo-
lucre campanulate, its bracts linear-lanceolate, subu-
late-tipped, pubescent, peduncles very slender, or
filiform.
In dry soil, Kansas to Texas, east to Georgia and Flor-
ida. Aug.-Oct.
22. SOLIDAGO L. Sp. PI. 878. 1753.
Perennial erect herbs, sometimes woody at the base, simple, or little branched, with alter-
nate simple toothed or entire leaves, and small heads of both tubular and radiate, yellow or
rarely white flowers, in terminal or axillary panicles, thyrsi, or cymose-corymbose or capitate
clusters. Involucre oblong or narrowly campanulate, its bracts imbricated in several series,
the outer successively shorter. Receptacle small, flat, or somewhat convex, generally alveo-
late. Ray-flowers in one series, pistillate. Disk-flowers mostly all perfect, their corollas
tubular or narrowly campanulate, 5-cleft or S-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base.
Style-branches flattened, their appendages lanceolate. Achenes terete or angled, usually
ribbed. Pappus of numerous capillary rough nearly equal bristles in i or 2 series. [Greek,
to make whole.] Golden-rod; also called yellow-top, yellow-weed or flower-of-gold.
About 125 species, mostly of North America, 2 or 3 in Europe, a few in Mexico and South
America. Type species : Solidago Virgaiirea L.
A. Tips of the involucral bracts, or some of them spreading or recurved.
Leaves glabrous or glabrate, 4'-io' long.
Leaves rough-ciliate, i'-2 r long.
t. S. squarrosa.
2. S. petiolaris.
B. Tips of the involucral bracts all erect and appressed.
* Heads in axillary clusters, or also in a terminal spike-like, sometimes branched thyrsus,
i. Heads 2"-$" high, chiefly in axillary clusters ; achenes pubescent.
3. 5". caesia.
Stem and branches terete ; leaves lanceolate to oblong.
Stem and branches grooved or angled.
Leaves broadly oval, contracted into margined petioles.
Leaves lanceolate, sessile.
4. 6". fle.vicaulis.
5. S. Curtisii.
2. Heads 2"-$" high, chiefly in a terminal spike-like thyrsus ; achenes glabrous, or nearly so.
Rays white ; stem pubescent.
Rays yellow ; stem densely pubescent.
Rays yellow ; stem glabrous, or sparingly pubescent.
Leaves thick, not acuminate, dentate, or the upper entire.
Leaves thin, acuminate, sharply serrate.
6. S. bicolor.
7. 5". hispida.
8. S. erec'a.
9. 5". monticola.
3. Heads s"-6" high ; bracts elongated, acute ; leaves ovate. 10. S.macrophylla.
** Heads in a terminal simple or branched thyrsus, not at all secund on its branches, or scarcely so.
Plant rough-pubescent or scabrous; leaves sessile, entire; bracts acute. n. S. Lindheimeriana.
Plants glabrous, puberulent, or sparingly pubescent above.
Low arctic-alpine species, seldom over 10' high.
Heads with 30 flowers or more. 12. S. Cutleri.
Heads with fewer than 30 flowers. 13. 5". multiradiata.
Taller species, not arctic-alpine.
Bracts of the involucre linear-subulate, very acute; stem puberulent. 14. S. puberula.
Bracts of the involucre obtuse or merely acutish ; stem glabrous, or sparingly pubescent above.
Glabrous throughout ; upper leaves very small, appressed. 1 5. 5". stricta.
At least the involucre or peduncles pubescent or puberulent.
GENUS 22. THISTLE FAMILY. 381
Bog species; inflorescence wand-like. 16. S.uliginosa.
Upland species, the inflorescence various.
Heads very short-peduncled.
Leaves thick, firm in texture, little toothed or entire ; tall species.
Lower leaves ovate to broadly oval, serrate. 17. 5". speciosa.
Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, entire. 18. 5". rigidiuscula.
Leaves thin in texture, at least the lower serrate ; low species.
19. 5". Randii.
Heads distinctly slender-peduncled.
Basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate, 4" wide or less. 20. 5". racemosa.
Basal leaves broadly oblanceolate or obovate, 6"-i8" wide.
Heads 4" high; basal leaves sharply serrate. 21. S.Gillmani.
Heads 3" high ; leaves nearly entire. 22. S. sciaphila.
*** Heads in a terminal, usually large panicle, secund on its spreading or recurved branches.
% Plant maritime ; leaves thick, fleshy, entire. 23. S. sempervirens.
%\ Plants not maritime ; leaves not fleshy.
I. Leaves pinnately-veined, not triple-nerved.
(a) Leaves all entire, thin and glabrous. 24. S. odora.
(b) Leaves, at least the lower, more or less dentate or serrate.
t Leaves linear or linear-oblong, i'-2' long, scabrous. 25. 5". tortifolia.
tt Leaves broader, lanceolate, oblong, or ovate, z'-io' long.
% Stem densely pubescent ; leaves more or less so.
Leaves not rugose, sparingly dentate or entire. 26. S. fistulosa.
Leaves rugose-veiny beneath, sharply serrate. 27. S. rugosa.
t$ Stem glabrous, or merely puberulent above.
Leaves very rough on the upper surface, serrulate. 28. S. patutu.
Leaves smooth, or minutely roughened on the upper surface.
Racemes few, widely divergent, very slender.
Lower leaves oblong, coarsely serrate, thin. 29. 5". ulmifolia.
Lower leaves ovate or lanceolate, rather finely serrate, firm. 30. S. Boottii.
Racemes numerous, spreading, recurved or ascending.
Leaves all oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sessile. 31. S.Elliottii.
At least the lower leaves petioled, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate.
Leaves firm, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate ; heads about 2" high ; racemes short ;
rays several. 32. S. neglecta.
Leaves firm, narrowly lanceolate; heads about 2" high; racemes few, short; rays 1-5.
33. 5". uniligulata.
Leaves firm, lanceolate or oval-lanceolate; heads i l /2 f '-2 l /t" high; racemes numerous,
slender. 34. 5". juncea.
Leaves thin, the lower broadly ovate, short-acuminate; heads 2^/2 "-l, 1 /*" high; racemes
numerous. 35. S. arguta.
2. Leaves triple-nerved, i. e., with a pair of lateral veins much stronger than the others.
Heads small, the involucre only i %" high or less ; stem glabrous, or pubescent. 36. S. canadensis.
Heads larger, the involucre ij"-3" high.
Stem glabrous.
Leaves, and involucral bracts thin. 37. S. serotina.
Leaves, and involucral bracts firm, somewhat rigid.
Leaves linear-lanceolate ; achenes glabrous. 38. 5. glaberrima.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate ; achenes silky-pubescent. 39. S. Shortii.
Basal leaves oblanceolate, upper bract-like. 40. 5". Ga.tingeri.
Stern pubescent or scabrous.
Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate or entire, rough above. 41. S. altissima.
Leaves oblanceolate, spatulate, oblong, or ovate, the lower crenate.
Minutely rough-pubescent, grayish ; lower leaves oblanceolate ; heads 2" -3," high.
42. 6". nemoralis.
Canescent and pale ; leaves oblong or ovate ; heads 3" high. 43. S. mollis.
Very scabrous, green, not grayish, nor canescent. 44. S. radula.
Leaves broadly ovate-oval, sharply serrate, finely pubescent. 45. S. Drummondii.
**** Heads in a terminal, corymbiform, sometimes thyrsoid cyme, forming a flat-topped inflorescence.
(Genus OLIGONEURON Small.)
Leaves ovate, oblong, or oval, mostly rough on both sides. 46. 5. rigida.
Leaves lanceolate, linear, oblong, or oblanceolate, glabrous or nearly so.
Lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrulate. 47. S. ohioensis.
Leaves all lanceolate or linear, entire.
Stout; leaves lanceolate, the basal 8'- 12' long. 48. 5". Riddellii.
Slender ; leaves linear, the basal 4'-s' long. 49. S. Houghtoni.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
i. Solidago squarrosa Muhl. Stout
Ragged Golden-rod. Fig. 4213.
Solidago squarrosa Muhl. Cat. 76. 1813.
Stem stout, simple, or rarely branched above,
glabrous or puberulent, 2-5 high. Upper
leaves oblong, acute, entire or nearly so, ses-
sile; lower and basal leaves obovate, oval, or
broadly spatulate, acute or obtuse, 4'-io' long,
i '-3' wide, sharply dentate, often narrowed
into a margined petiole, all glabrous, or some-
times slightly pubescent; heads 15-25-flow-
ered, 4"-s" high, numerous in a terminal nar-
row often leafy thyrsus sometimes 12' in
length; rays 10-16, showy, 2"-3" long; tips of
the involucral bracts green, acute or obtuse,
rarely some of them erect, all usually strongly
recurved, giving the heads a ragged appear-
ance; achenes glabrous.
In rocky soil, New Brunswick to Ontario, North
Carolina and Ohio. Ascends to 2000 ft. in the
Catskills. Lower branches of the inflorescence
sometimes elongated. Aug.-Oct.
2. Solidago petiolaris Ait. Downy Ragged
Golden-rod. Fig. 4214.
Solidago petiolaris Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 216. 1789.
Solidago Wardii Britton, Man. 935. 1901.
Stem rather slender, pubescent or puberulent, i-3
high, simple, or branched above. Leaves sessile, or
very short-petioled, oblong to oval, acute, obtuse or
mucronate, entire or dentate, i'-3' long, rough or ciliate
on the margins, often silvery-pubescent; heads 3"-4"
high, in a terminal narrow more or less compound
thyrsus; involucral bracts pubescent, with green acute
to acuminate tips, the outer spreading, the inner ap-
pressed ; achenes glabrous or nearly so.
In dry soil, Illinois to Kansas and Texas, east to North
Carolina and Florida. Races differ in pubescence and in
leaf-form and leaf-serration. Sept.-Oct.
3. Solidago caesia L. Blue-stemmed
or Wreath Golden-rod. Fig. 4215.
Solidago caesia L. Sp. PI. 879. 1753.
S. gracilis Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 8: 476. 1808.
S. axillaris Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 542. 1814.
5". caesia axillaris A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 17 :
189. 1882.
Stem glabrous, slender, often glaucous,
usually bluish or purple, branched or sim-
ple, terete, i-3 high. Leaves lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, sessile, acuminate at the
apex, narrowed at the base, glabrous, sharply
serrate, 2' -5' long, 3"-! 5" wide; heads 2"-3"
high, in axillary clusters or racemes, or oc-
casionally with some in a short terminal
thyrsus; bracts of the involucre obtuse, ap-
pressed ; achenes pubescent.
Woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Ontario,
Minnesota, Florida, Arkansas and Texas. Con-
sists of several slightly differing races. Wood-
land golden-rod. Aug.-Oct.
GENUS 22.
4. Solidago flexicaulis L.
Broad-leaved Golden-rod.
THISTLE FAMILY
Zig-zag or
Fig. 4216.
Solidago flexicaulis L. Sp. PI. 879. 1753.
Solidago la ifolia L. loc..cit. 1753.
Stem glabrous, angled, usually simple, zig-zag,
l-3 high. Leaves thin, ovate, acuminate at the
apex, abruptly narrowed at the base into mar-
gined petioles, somewhat pubescent, or glabrous
beneath, sharply serrate, 2'-7' long, I '-4' wide, the
uppermost sometimes lanceolate and entire or
nearly so; heads about 3" high, in short axillary
racemose clusters, and rarely also in a narrow
terminal thyrsus; bracts of the involucre obtuse
to acutish, appressed ; achenes hirsute-pubescent.
In rich woods, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to
Georgia, Tennessee, Minnesota and Missouri. As-
cends to 2300 ft. in the Catskills. July-Sept.
6. Solidago bicolor L. White or
Pale Golden-rod. Silver-rod.
Fig. 4218.
Solidago bicolor L. Mant. 114. 1767.
Stem rather stout, hirsute-pubescent,
or nearly glabrous, 6'-4 high, simple or
branched. Basal and lower leaves obo-
vate or broadly oblong, mostly obtuse,
2'~4' long, i '-2' wide, narrowed into
long margined petioles, dentate or cre-
nate-dentate, more or less pubescent;
upper leaves smaller and narrower, ob-
long or sometimes lanceolate, obtusish
or acute, sessile or nearly so, often en-
tire; heads 2"-3" high, crowded in a
terminal narrow thyrsus 2'-/ long, and
sometimes also clustered in the upper
axils; rays white; bracts of the invo-
lucre whitish, obtuse, the midvein broad-
ened above ; achenes glabrous.
In dry soil, Prince Edward Island to
Georgia, west to Ontario, Minnesota and
Tennessee. Ascends to 6300 ft. in North
Carolina. Belly-ache-weed. Silver-weed.
July-Sept.
5. Solidago Curtisii T. & G. Curtis'
Golden-rod. Fig. 4217.
Solidago Curtisii T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 200. 1841.
Stem glabrous or sparingly pubescent, sim-
ple or branched, slender, ii-3 high, angled
and grooved. Leaves thin, sessile, elongated-
lanceolate or sometimes broader above the
middle, long-acuminate, narrowed below into
an entire base, sharply serrate, 3 '-6' long,
4"-i2" wide, glabrous or nearly so; heads
2"-3" high, in rather loose axillary clusters
and sometimes also in a narrow terminal
thyrsus; bracts of the involucre few, obtuse.
In mountain woods, Virginia and West Vir-
ginia to Kentucky and Georgia. Aug.-Sept.
Solidago pubens M. A. Curtis, of nearly the
same range, differs in being quite densely pubes-
cent.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
8. Solidago erecta Pursh. Slender
Golden-rod. Fig. 4220.
Solidago erecta Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 542.
1814.
Solidago speciosa angustata T. & G. Fl. N. A.
2: 205. 1841.
Stem slender, glabrous, or puberulent
above, 2-3 high, simple or rarely branch-
ed. Leaves firm, nearly glabrous on both
sides, ciliolate on the margins, the lower
and basal ones broadly oblong or oval,
obtuse or obtusish, crenate-dentate, the
upper lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute,
usually quite entire; heads 2" -3" high in a
very narrow terminal thyrsus, rarely also
with a few clustered in the upper axils;
bracts of the involucre obtuse; rays light
yellow ; achenes glabrous.
In dry soil, southeastern New York, New
Jersey and Pennsylvania to Kentucky, Geor-
gia and Alabama. Aug.-Sept.
7. Solidago hispida Muhl. Hairy
Golden-rod. Fig. 4219.
S. hispida Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 2063. 1804.
Solidago hirsuta Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. 7 :
103. 1834.
Solidago bicolor concolor T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 :
197. 1841.
Stout, stem densely pubescent or hirsute,
simple or sometimes branched, i$-3 high.
Lower leaves oval, acute, or obtuse, peti-
oled, pubescent on both sides, usually den-
.tate, 2'-s' long, i'-2' wide; upper leaves
oblong, sessile, acute, dentate or entire,
smaller, sessile, heads about 3" high, crowd-
ed in a dense narrow terminal thyrsus and
also often in racemose clusters in the upper
axils ; rays yellow ; involucral bracts yel-
lowish, obtuse, the midvein narrow ; achenes
with a few appressed hairs, or glabrous.
In dry soil, Newfoundland to western On-
tario, Manitoba, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Georgia and Missouri. Ascends to 2000 ft. in
the Catskills. Aug.-Oct.
9. Solidago monticola T. & G.
Mountain Golden-rod.
Fig. 4221.
Solidago Curtisii var. monticola T. & G. Fl.
N. A. 2 : 200. 1841.
Solidago monticola T. & G. ; Chapm. Fl. S.
States 209. 1860.
Slender, glabrous or nearly so, i-3
high. Stem leaves ovate-oblong, or ob-
long-lanceolate, thin, acuminate at the
apex, narrowed at the base, sharply and
sparingly serrate, or the upper entire,
i'-6' long, 4"-:*' wide, the upper sessile,
the lower petioled ; basal leaves broadly
oblong, obtuse, with slender petioles;
heads about 2" high ; in a terminal spike-
like, simple or branched thyrsus ; bracts
of the involucre acutish or obtuse;
achenes glabrous.
In mountain woods, Pennsylvania and
Maryland to Georgia and Alabama.
GENUS 22.
THISTLE FAMILY.
3 S 5
10. Solidago macrcphylla Pursh. Large-
leaved Golden-rod. Fig. 4222.
Solidago macrophylla Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 542. 1814.
Solidago thyrsoidea E. Meyer, PI. Lab. 63. 1830.
Stem striate, glabrous or sparingly pubescent,
stout, 6'-4 high. Leaves thin, ovate, acuminate,
or the basal ones obtuse, sharply serrate, glabrous
or sparingly pubescent beneath, 3 '-5' long, i'-2i'
wide, abruptly contracted into margined petioles,
or the uppermost lanceolate, entire, sessile; heads
4"-6" high, in a terminal compact or loose thyrsus
and usually also in axillary clusters; bracts of
the involucre linear, acute ; rays 8-10, linear-ob-
long, conspicuous; achenes glabrous or nearly so.
In rocky woods, Catskill Mountains, N. Y., and
Greylock Mt., Mass., to Newfoundland, Labrador,
Hudson Bay and Lake Superior. Ascends to 4000 ft.
in the Adirondacks. July-Sept.
Solidago calcicola Fernald, a related plant found
in Maine and Quebec, has smaller heads, 3 "-4" high,
and pubescent achenes.
ii. Solidago Lindheimeriana Scheele.
Lindheimer's Golden-rod. Fig. 4223.
Solidago Lindheimeriana Scheele, Linnaea 21 : 599.
1848.
Scabrous, simple, ii-3 high, leafy, rather
stout and rigid. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceo-
late or oval, acute or acutish at the apex, nar-
rowed or rounded at the base, all entire, thick-
ish, rough on both surfaces, sessile or the lowest
petioled ; heads about 3" high, in a terminal,
often short thyrsus; bracts of the involucre
acute or the outer obtuse, puberulent; achenes
nearly glabrous.
Southern Kansas to Texas and northern Mexico.
Aug.-Nov.
Solidago Bigelovii A. Gray, another southwestern
species, which is rougher than this, with oval or ob-
long leaves obtuse or obtusish at both ends, is re-
ported from Kansas, probably erroneously.
12. Solidago Cutleri Fernald. Cutler's Al-
pine Golden-rod. Fig. 4224.
Solidago Virgaurea alpina Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 307.
1824.
Solidago Cutleri Fernald, Rhodora 10: 87. 1908.
Glabrous, or somewhat pubescent; stems simple,
often tufted, 3'-i2 r high, ascending, or erect, angu-
lar. Basal leaves obovate, or broadly spatulate, ser-
rate with low sharp or blunt teeth, at least above the
middle, obtuse, or acute, 2'-4' long, narrowed into
petioles ; stem leaves few, oblanceolate, spatulate,
or oblong, sessile, or the lower petioled, mostly dis-
tant; inflorescence a short raceme or thyrsus, and
often with clusters of heads in the axils of the
leaves ; heads 3" -4" high, over 30-flowered ; bracts
of the involucre obtuse to acute ; achenes hirsute.
Alpine summits of the mountains of Maine, New
Hampshire, Vermont and northern New York, mostly
above timber line. Referred, in our first edition, to the
European 5". alpestris Waldst. & Kit., which it resembles.
Aug.-Sept.
25
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
13. Solidago multiradiata Ait. Northern
Golden-rod. Fig. 4225.
Solidago multiradiata Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 218. 1789.
Stem glabrous or somewhat pubescent above,
rather slender, 6'-i->' high. Leaves firm, glabrous
or very nearly so, the basal and lower ones spatu-
late or oblanceolate, entire, or sparingly serrate,
obtuse, finely reticulate-veined, s'-s' long, 3"-o."
wide, the upper smaller, narrower, sessile, en-
tire ; heads about 4" high, usually few in a termi-
nal rather compact, corymbose cyme, but the in-
florescence sometimes elongated and thyrsoid ;
bracts of the involucre thin, linear-lanceolate,
acute or acutish; glabrous; rays 8-15, prominent,
linear, achenes pubescent.
Labrador and Hudson Bay to British Columbia, the
Rocky Mountains and Colorado. July-Aug.
. Solidago decumbens Greene, of the Rocky Moun-
tains, with broader involucral bracts is recorded from
Mt. Albert, Quebec.
14. Solidago puberula Xutt. Downy
Golden-rod. Fig. 4226.
Solidago puberula Nutt. Gen. 2: 162. 1818.
Minutely puberulent, or glabrous, usu-
ally simple, rather slender, i-i-3 high,
leafy. Stem leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute,
sparingly serrate or entire, i'-2' long, ses-
sile, or the lower petioled, basal leaves and
sometimes the lowest ones of the stem
spatulate, obtuse, often sharply serrate, 2'-4'
long, narrowed into margined petioles ;
heads about 2\" high, in a terminal, often
leafy thyrsus, the branches of which are
spreading or ascending ; bracts of the invo-
lucre subulate, very acute ; achenes gla-
brous ; heads rarely a little secund.
In sandy soil, Prince Edward Island to
Florida and Mississippi, near the coast and on
sandstone rocks in the Appalachian mountain
system, west to Tennessee. Minaret-golden-
rod. Aug.-Sept.
15. Solidago stricta Ait. Wand-like or
Willow-leaf Golden-rod. Fig. 4227.
Solidago s ricta Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 216. 1789.
5". virgata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 117. 1803.
Glabrous throughout, slender, erect, simple,
2-8 high. Basal and lowest stem leaves ob-
long, or somewhat spatulate, with few lateral
veins, obtuse, entire, or very sparingly dentate,
3'-8' long, i'-i' wide, narrowed into long peti-
oles ; upper stem leaves abruptly smaller, nar-
rowly oblong, spatulate or linear, appressed,
the uppermost very small and bract-like ; heads
about 3" high, in a dense simple, or some-
times branched, naked thyrsus; bracts of the
involucre oblong, obtuse, or the inner acutish;
achenes glabrous, or sparingly pubescent.
In wet sandy pine-barrens, New Jersey to Flor-
ida and Louisiana. Also in western Cuba. Aug.-
Oct.
GENUS 22.
THISTLE FAMILY
16. Solidago uliginosa Xutt. Bog or
Swamp Golden-rod. Fig. 4228.
Solidago uliginosa Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. 7 : 101.
1834.
Stem glabrous, rather stout, simple, 2-4
high, the branches of the inflorescence more
or less pubescent. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or
lanceolate, glabrous, firm, more or less cilio-
late or scabrous on the margins, few-veined,
acute or acuminate, the lower and basal ones
4'~9' long, i'-ii' wide, more or less serrate and
narrowed into petioles, the upper smaller,
mostly sessile and entire; heads 2" -3" high, in
a terminal oblong dense thyrsus, its branches
appressed; bracts of the involucre linear-ob-
long, obtuse; achenes glabrous.
In swamps and bogs, .Newfoundland to New
Jersey, North Carolina, western Ontario, Minne-
sota and Wisconsin. Aug.-Sept.
17. Solidago speciosa Nutt. Showy or
Noble Golden-rod. Fig. 4229.
Solidago speciosa Nutt. Gen. 2: 160. 1818.
Stem stout, glabrous below, often rough
above, usually simple, 3-7 high. Leaves
glabrous, firm, the lower and basal ovate, or
broadly oval, 4'-io' long, i'-4' wide, dentate
or crenate, pinnately veined, acute or obtuse
at the apex, long-petioled ; upper leaves
smaller, oblong or oval, acute at each end,
crenate-dentate, or entire, sessile or short-
petioled, rough-margined ; heads 3"-4" high,
in a large terminal thyrsus, the branches of
which are ascending and often leafy; bracts
of the involucre oblong, very obtuse; achenes
glabrous or nearly so.
In rich soil, Massachusetts to North Carolina,
west to Minnesota, Tennessee and Arkansas. Ap-
parently erroneously recorded from Canada and
Nova Scotia. Aug.-Oct.
1 8. Solidago rigidiuscula (T. & G.)
Porter. Slender Showy Golden-
rod. Fig. 4230.
Solidago speciosa rigidiuscula T. & G. Fl. N. A.
2 : 205. 1841.
Solidago speciosa pallida Porter, Bull. Torr.
Club 19: 130. 1892.
Solidago rigidiuscula Porter, Mem. Torr. Club
5: 319. 1894.
S. pallida Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 33 : 1 53. 1906.
Stem rather slender, usually glabrous be-
low, rough-pubescent above, simple, 2-4
high. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceo-
late, entire, or the basal ones sometimes
crenate, strongly ciliplate on the margins,
I '-5' long, 3"-i2" wide, the upper sessile,
the lower sometimes narrowed into peti-
oles; heads similar to those of the pre-
ceding species ; thyrsus generally narrow,
dense, simple or branched.
In dry soil, mostly on prairies, Ohio to Ala-
bama, Ontario, Minnesota, Colorado, Louisi-
ana and Texas. Aug.-Oct.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
ig. Solidago Randii (Porter) Britton. Rand's
Golden-rod. Fig. 4231.
Solidago Virgaurea Randii Porter, Bull. Torr. Club 20 : 208.
1893-
Solidago Virgaurea Redfieldii Porter, Bull. Torr. Club 20 :
209. 1893.
Solidago Virgaura monlicola Porter, Bull. Torr. Club 20:
209. 1893.
Solidago Virgaurea Deanei Porter, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 320.
1894.
Solidago Randii Britton, Manual 937. 1901.
Somewhat pubescent, at least above, often glutinous;
stem usually simple, rather stout, s'-2 high. Basal
leaves oblanceolate, broadly spatulate, or obovate, 3'-8'
long, i' wide, or less, obtuse or acute, mostly dentate,
narrowed into margined petioles ; stem leaves few, ses-
sile, or the lower petioled, oblong-lanceolate to spatu-
late, acute; heads 3"-4" high, in a dense or interrupted,
rarely branched thyrsus and often in axillary clusters;
bracts of the involucre obtuse or acute; achenes more
or less pubescent.
In dry, mostly rocky situations, Maine, New Hampshire,
Vermont and northern New York to Michigan and on high mountains in Virginia.- Referred, in our
first edition, as by previous authors, to the Old World Solidago Virgaurea L. Aug.-Sept.
20. Solidago racemosa Greene. River-bank
Golden-rod. Fig. 4232.
S. racemosa Greene, Pittonia 3: 160. 1897.
Nearly glabrous, sometimes glutinous; stems sim-
ple, usually somewhat glutinous, 6'-i8' high. Lower
and basal leaves oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, den-
tate, or crenate, i|'-4' long, 2j"-4" wide, narrowed
into slightly margined petioles ; stem leaves sessile,
lanceolate, oblong or linear, numerous, crenate or
entire, mostly acute, smaller; heads about 3" high,
distinctly peduncled, in a terminal simple or branch-
ed thyrsus ; bracts of the involucre linear-oblong,
obtuse, or the inner acutish ; achenes striate, pubes-
cent.
On rocky river-banks, Newfoundland to northern New
York, Vermont and Virginia. Described, in our first
edition, under the name S. Purshii Porter, which proves
to be untenable. July-Sept.
Solidago chrysolepis Fernald, of Quebec, has bright
yellow acute involucral bracts.
21. Solidago Gillmani (A. Gray) Steele.
Gillman's Golden-rod. Fig. 4233.
5". humilis Gillmani A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 17 :
191. 1882.
6". Virgaurea Gillmani Porter, Bull. Torr. Club 20 :
209. 1893.
S. Gillmani Steele, Contr. Nat. Herb. 13 : 367.
191 1.
5". racemosa Gillmani Fernald, Rhodora 10: 91.
1908.
Glabrous, except the puberulent inflores-
cence ; stem erect or reclining, rather stout,
sometimes 3 long. Lower and basal leaves
spatulate or oblanceolate, dentate, 3'-i2' long,
narrowed into long narrowly margined peti-
oles ; upper stem leaves lanceolate to linear-
lanceolate, gradually smaller; inflorescence
narrowly thyrsoid-paniculate, sometimes 16'
long; heads distinctly peduncled, about 4"
high ; bracts of involucre oblong, scarcely
glutinous ; rays 6-10, deep yellow, 2" long ;
achenes sparingly pubescent.
Sandy shores of Lakes Michigan and Superior.
Aug.-Sept.
GENUS 22.
THISTLE FAMILY
22. Solidago sciaphila Steele. Shadowy
Golden-rod. Fig. 4234.
6". sciaphila Steele, Contr. Nat. Herb. 13: 371. 1911.
Glabrous, except the ciliate leaf-margins and pu-
berulent inflorescence, 2-3J high, light green.
Leaves thin in texture, sparingly faintly veined, the
lower spatulate to broadly oblanceolate, obtuse, 3'-5'
long, narrowed into long petioles, the upper oblong
to oblong-lanceolate, sessile, smaller ; heads race-
mose on the slender branches of the narrow thyrsus,
on peduncles as long as the involucre or longer;
involucre campanulate, about 3" long, its bracts
linear-oblong, obtuse; rays about 5, light yellow,
short.
Shaded cliffs of the Wisconsin River, Sauk County,
Wisconsin. Aug.-Sept.
23. Solidago sempervirens L. Sea-side
Golden-rod. Fig. 4235.
Solidago sempennrens L. Sp. PI. 878. 1753.
5. angustifolia Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2 : 388. 1824.
Not Mill. 1768.
Stem stout, leafy, usually simple, 2-8 high,
glabrous or slightly puberulent above. Leaves
thick, fleshy, entire, with 2-5 pairs of lateral
veins, the lower and basal ones oblong, spatu-
late or lanceolate, mostly obtuse, sometimes i
long, narrowed into long petioles ; upper leaves
sessile, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute;
heads 3"-s" high, in secund racemes of a large
terminal often leafy panicle ; rays 8-10, showy ;
bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acute.
On salt marshes, sea-beaches, along tidal rivers
and in sandy soil near the sea, Nova Scotia and
New Brunswick to Florida and Mexico. Also in
Bermuda. Salt-marsh or beach golden-rod. Aug.-
Dec.
24. Solidago odora Ait. Sweet or Anise-
scented Golden-rod. Fig. 4236.
Solidago odora Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 214. 1789.
Solidago odora inodora A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 244.
1867.
Slender; stem simple, glabrous, or minutely
pubescent above, 2-4 high. Leaves usually
punctate, anise-scented when bruised, or some-
times inodorous, lanceolate, quite entire, acute
or acuminate, 2'-4' long, 3"-8" wide, sessile,
or the lowermost petioled ; heads 2"-2i" high,
secund on the spreading racemes of the termi-
nal, usually ample panicle ; rays 3 or 4, 2"-$"
long; bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceo-
late, acute, the inner much longer than the
outer.
In dry soil, Nova Scotia (according to Som-
mers) ; New Hampshire to Florida, New York,
Kentucky, Missouri and Texas. Blue mountain-
tea. True golden-rod. July-Sept.
390
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
25. Solidago tortifolia Ell. Twisted-leaf
Golden-rod. Fig. 4237.
Solidago retrorsa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 539. 1814.
Not Michx. 1803.
5 1 . tortifolia Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2 : 377. 1824.
Stem slender, rough-pubescent or puberulent,
2-3 high, simple. Leaves linear or linear-
oblong, often twisted, scabrous, sessile, acute,
i'-2' long, I $"-3" wide, obscurely veined but
with a distinct midrib, the lower serrate, the
upper entire; heads about 2" high, secund on the
usually recurved branches of the terminal pani-
cle; rays 3-5, short; bracts of the involucre
linear, obtuse or obtusish.
In dry sandy soil, Virginia to Florida and Texas,
mostly near the coast. Autumn.
26. Solidago fistulosa Mill. Pine
Barren Golden-rod. Fig. 4238.
Solidago fistulosa Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, No
19. 1768.
Solidago pilosa Walt. Fl. Car. ,207. 1788. Not
Mill. 1768.
Stem rather stout, simple or branched
above, 3-7 high, hirsute. Leaves numer-
ous, sessile, ovate-oblong, oblong-lanceolate,
or sometimes lanceolate, thick, rough or
hirsute on the margins and midrib beneath,
the upper small, obtuse or obtusish, entire,
the lower sparingly serrate, obtuse or acute,
i '-4' long with a broad base'; heads about
2" high, secund on the spreading or recurv-
ing branches of .the panicle; rays 7-10,
small; bracts of the involucre, at least the
outer, acute.
In moist pine-barrens, New Jersey to Florida
and Louisiana. Aug.-Oct.
27. Solidago rugosa Mill. Wrinkle-
leaved, Tall Hairy, or Pyramid
Golden-rod. Bitter-weed.
Fig. 4239.
5". rugosa Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 25. 1768.
Solidago asfera Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 212. 1789.
Stem hirsute or scabrous, rarely glabrate,
usually stout, i-7i high, simple, or
branched at the summit. Leaves more or
less pubescent or scabrous, oval, oblong-
lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, rarely obtusish at the apex, nar-
rowed or obtuse at the base, rugosely
veined on the lower surface, serrate, i'-4'
long, 4"-i8" wide, sessile, or the lowest
sometimes tapering into petioles ; heads
ii"-2" high, secund on the spreading or
recurving, often leafy branches of the usu-
ally large and compound panicle ; bracts of
the involucre linear, obtuse or obtusish.
Usually in dry soil, in fields and along road-
sides, Newfoundland to western Ontario, south
to Florida and Texas. Consists of many races,
differing in leaf-form, leaf-thickness and in
pubescence. Supposed to hybridize with 5".
sempervirens L. Dyer's-weed. July-Nov.
GENUS 22.
THISTLE FAMILY.
28. Solidago patula Muhl. Rough-
leaved or Spreading Golden-rod.
Fig. 4240.
Solidago patula Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 2059
1804.
Stem stout, rather rigid, usually simple,
glabrous, or sometimes puberulent above,
2-7 high. Leaves thick, glabrous beneath,
exceedingly rough above, pinnately veined,
the lower and basal ones very large, 3'-i6'
long, ii'-5' wide, oval or elliptic, narrowed
into margined petioles, the upper smaller,
oval or oblong, sessile, acute, finely serrate
or the uppermost entire; heads 2"-3i" high,
secund on the widely spreading and recurv-
ing branches of the loose panicle; rays
small ; bracts of the involucre linear-ob-
long, obtuse.
In swamps, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota,
south to Georgia, Missouri and Texas. As-
cends to 5000 ft. in North Carolina. Stem
strongly angled, at least below. Aug.-Oct.
Solidago microphylla Engelm., ranging from
Kansas to Texas, appears to be a race of this
species with acutish inner bracts of the involucre.
30. Solidago Boottii Hook. Boott's
Golden-rod. Fig. 4242.
S. Boottii Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i: 97. 1835.
Stem glabrous, or puberulent above, slender,
usually branched near the summit, 2-5 high.
Leaves firm, pinnately and finely reticulate-
veined, the lower and basal ones ovate or
oblong-lanceolate, narrowed into margined,
sometimes ciliate petioles, acuminate at the
apex, sharply and rather coarsely serrate, 3'-6"
long, the upper smaller, entire, or finely ser-
rate, sessile ; heads 2"-3" high, secund on the
elongated, spreading or recurving branches of
the usually ample panicle ; rays few, small ;
bracts of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse;
achenes pubescent.
In dry woods, Virginia to Florida and Texas.
Recorded from Missouri. Ascends to 3000 ft. in
Virginia. July-Sept.
29. Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. Elm-
leaved Golden-rod. Fig. 4241.
Solidago ulmifolia Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3:
2060. 1804.
Stem slender, glabrous, or puberulent at
the summit, 2-4 high, simple, or branched
above, the arched branches puberulent or
pubescent. Leaves thin, oblong to elliptic-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex
and base, coarsely and sharply serrate, pin-
nately veined, glabrous or sparingly pubesr
cent, the lower and basal ones wider, 3'-$'
long, i'-ij' wide, narrowed into margined
petioles, the upper smaller, sessile ; heads
2"-3" high, secund on the usually few and
elongated, usually leafy branches of the
panicle; rays few, small, deep yellow;
bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceolate,
obtusish.
In woods and copses, Nova Scotia to Geor-
gia, west to Minnesota, Missouri and Texas.
Ascends to 2100 ft. in Virginia. July-Sept.
392
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
31. Solidago Elliottii T. & G. Elliott's
Golden-rod. Fig. 4243.
Solidago Elliottii T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 218. 1841.
Solidago elliptica Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2 : 376.
1824. Not Ait. 1789.
Stem glabrous, or minutely puberulent
above, stout, 3-6 high, simple, or branched
at the inflorescence. Leaves firm, oblong or
oblong-lanceolate, rarely ovate-oblong, acute
or acuminate, sessile by a broad base, or
sometimes narrowed below, finely serrate,
crenate-serrate, or the upper entire, rough
on the margins, pinnately veined, glabrous on
both sides, or puberulent on the veins be-
neath, i'-s' long, 4"-i2" wide; heads about
3" high, more or less secund on the short,
spreading or recurving branches of the nar-
row panicle ; bracts of the involucre linear-
oblong, obtuse; rays 6-12, short; achenes pu-
bescent.
In swamps, Nova Scotia ( ?), Massachusetts
to North Carolina and Georgia, mainly near the
coast. Sept.-Oct.
32. Solidago neglecta T. & G. Swamp
Golden-rod. Fig. 4244.
Solidago neglecta T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 213. 1841.
Stem glabrous, or slightly rough above, simple,
rather stout, 2-4 high. Leaves firm, the basal
and lower ones lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
large, sometimes 12' long, acute or acutish, closely
serrate or serrulate, tapering into margined peti-
oles, rough on the margins ; upper leaves smaller,
lanceolate, acute, sessile, serrate or nearly entire ;
heads about 2i" high, more or less secund on the
short branches of the thyrsoid panicle; rays 3-8,
small ; bracts of the involucre thin, linear-oblong,
obtuse ; achenes glabrous, or nearly so.
In swamps and bogs, Maine to Vermont, Michigan,
Maryland, Illinois and Wisconsin. Recorded north
to New Brunswick. Forms with the heads little
secund resemble 5". uliginosa. Pyramid-golden-rod.
Aug.-Sept.
33. Solidago uniligulata (DC.) Porter.
Few-rayed Golden-rod. Fig. 4245.
Bigelovia (?) uniligulata DC. Prodr. 5: 329. 1836.
Solidago linoides T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 216. 1841.
Not Soland.
Solidago neglecta var. linoides A. Gray, Syn. Fl. i :
Part 2. 154. 1884.
.S. uniligulata Porter, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 320. 1894.
Stem simple, slender, ii-2i high, glabrous, or
slightly pubescent above. Leaves firm, obscurely
pinnately veined, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
finely and sharply serrate, acute or acuminate, the
lower long-petioled, 4'-o/ long, 4"-o." wide, the
upper sessile, the uppermost very small and erect;
heads about 2" high, densely secund on the short
spreading or recurving branches of the small
naked panicle; rays 1-4; bracts of the involucre
firm, linear-oblong, obtuse ; achenes glabrous.
In bogs and swamps, Newfoundland to New York,
New Jersey, Ontario and Illinois. Aug.-Sept.
GENUS 22.
THISTLE FAMILY.
34. Solidago juncea Ait. Early or Sharp-
toothed Golden-rod. Fig. 4246.
Solidago juncea Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 213. 1789.
S. arguta scabrella T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 214. 1841.
Solidago juncea scabrella A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 : Part 2,
155. 1884.
Solidago juncea ramosa Porter & Britton, Bull. Torr.
Club 18: 368. 1891.
Stem glabrous, or very nearly so throughout,
rigid, rather stout, simple, or branched at the in-
florescence, ii-4 high. Leaves firm, glabrous,
sometimes rough, lanceolate or oval-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, serrate, serrulate, or nearly
entire, the lower large, sometimes 12' long and
2' wide, long-petioled, the upper smaller, sessile;
heads \\"-2" high, secund on the recurved or
sometimes nearly erect branches of the usually
ample spreading panicle; rays 7-12, small; bracts
of the involucre oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse
or acute ; achenes glabrous or sparingly pubescent.
In dry or rocky soil, New Brunswick to Hudson
Bay, Saskatchewan, North Carolina and Missouri.
One of the earliest flowering species. Yellow top.
Plume or pyramid-golden-rod. June-Nov.
35. Solidago arguta Ait. Cut-leaved
Golden-rod. Fig. 4247.
Solidago arguta Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 213. 1789.
5". Muhlenbergii T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 214. 1841.
S. Vaseyi Heller, Muhlenbergia i : 7. 1900.
S. Harrisii Steele, Contr. Nat. Herb. 13 : 369.
191 1.
Stem simple, rather stout, glabrous, or
sparingly pubescent above, 2-4 high. Leaves
thin, pinnately veined, the lower and basal
ones broadly ovate or oval, short-acuminate,
3'-! 6' long, I '-5' wide, narrowed into mar-
gined petioles, or subcordate, sharply and
coarsely serrate; upper leaves sessile, ovate
to oblong, acute or acuminate, more or less
serrate, smaller; heads 2$ "-3" high, secund
on the lateral racemose branches of the termi-
nal, often leafy panicle; rays 5-7, large;
bracts of the involucre oblong, obtuse ; achenes
glabrous or nearly so.
In rich woods, Maine to Ontario, Virginia and
Tennessee. Ascends to 2700 ft. in the Adiron-
dacks. July-Oct.
36. Solidago canadensis L. Canada or
Rock Golden-rod. Fig. 4248.
Solidago canadensis L. Sp. PI. 878. 1753.
Solidago rupestris Raf. Ann. Nat. 14. 1820.
5". canadensis glabrata Porter, Bull. Torr. Club 21 :
310. 1894.
Stem slender, glabrous, or pubescent above,
i-5 high. Leaves thin, triple-nerved, linear-
lanceolate, 2'-s' long, 3"-s" wide, entire, or ser-
rate with somewhat appressed teeth, acuminate at
the apex, narrowed at the base, sessile, or the
lowest petioled, glabrous, or pubescent; heads
small, \\" high or less, secund on the spreading
branches of the often large panicle; rays 4-6,
short ; bracts of the involucre thin, linear, acutish ;
achenes small, nearly glabrous.
Hillsides, thickets and banks of streams, New-
foundland to Virginia, Ontario, Saskatchewan, Ten-
nessee and South Dakota. Aug.-Oct.
Solidago gilvocanescens Rydb. differs in being
canescent ; it ranges from Illinois to Manitoba, Sas-
katchewan, Nebraska and Utah.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
37. Solidago serotina Ait. Late Golden-
rod. Fig. 4249.
Solidago serotina Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 211. 1789.
S. gigantea Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 : 211. 1789.
Solidago Pitcheri Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil. 7: 101.
1834-
S. serotina gigantea A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 17:
180. 1882.
Stem stout, 3-8 high, glabrous, sometimes
glaucous. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceo-
late, thin, triple-nerved, sharply serrate, or nearly
entire, sessile, or the lowest petioled, glabrous on
both sides or pubescent beneath, more or less
rough-margined, 3'-6' long, 2"-is" wide, acumi-
nate at the apex, narrowed at the base ; heads
2i"-3" high, crowded on the spreading or re-
curving branches of the usually large and often
leafy panicle, which are sometimes puberulent;
bracts of the involucre oblong, thin, obtuse; rays
7-15, rather large; achenes finely pubescent.
In moist soil, New Brunswick to British Columbia
and Oregon, south to Georgia, Texas and Utah. As-
cends to 2300 ft. in Virginia. Aug.-Oct.
38. Solidago glaberrima Martens. Mis-
souri Golden-rod. Fig. 4250.
Solidago glaberrima Martens, Bull. Acad. Brux. 8 : 68.
1841.
S. nwritura Steele, Contr. Nat. Herb. 13: 370. 1911.
Stem glabrous, rather slender, 3-5 high.
Leaves firm or thick, those of the stem linear-
lanceolate to linear, sessile, acuminate at the apex,
narrowed at the base, 2'-^' long, rough-margined,
triple-nerved, entire, or sparingly serrate with
low sharp teeth, the basal and lowest ones mostly
larger, spatulate, petioled; heads 2"-3" high, se-
cund on the spreading or recurving branches of
the short and broad, usually naked panicle ; bracts
of the involucre oblong, greenish-tipped, obtuse,
or the inner acute, thick ; rays 6-13, short ; achenes
nearly glabrous.
On dry prairies, Manitoba and Minnesota to Ten-
nessee, Alberta, Washington, Missouri and Texas.
Autumn. Referred, in our first edition, to 5". mis-
souriensis Nutt. of the far west.
39. Solidago Shortii T. & G. Short's
Golden-rod. Fig. 4251.
Solidago Shortii T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 222. 1841.
Stem slender, glabrous below, minutely pu-
bescent above, 2-4 high. Leaves firm, ob-
long-lanceolate, sessile (the lowest petioled?),
triple-nerved, acute or acuminate at the apex,
glabrous on both sides, the larger 2'-^' long,
S"-6" wide, sharply serrate with rather small
and distant teeth, the upper gradually smaller,
sparingly serrate, or entire ; heads about 3"
high, secund on the usually recurved branches
of the commonly large puberulent panicle ; in-
volucre narrowly campanulate, its bracts linear-
oblong, obtuse ; rays 5-7, rather small ; achenes
silky-pubescent.
On rocks at the Falls of the Ohio river. Er-
roneously recorded from northwestern Arkansas.
July-Aug.
GENUS 22.
THISTLE FAMILY.
40. Solidago Gattmgeri Chapm. Gattin-
ger's Golden-rod. Fig. 4252.
Solidago Gattingeri Chapm. ; A. Gray, Syn. Fl. i :
Part 2, 156. 1884.
Stem slender, 2-3 high, branched at the in-
florescence, glabrous throughout. Leaves firm,
glabrous beneath, rough above, ciliolate, the lower
and basal ones oblanceolate or spatulate, acutish,
3'-6' long, 6"-io" wide, serrate with low distant
teeth, narrowed into margined petioles; upper
leaves abruptly smaller, linear-oblong or oblan-
ceolate, bract-like, entire, sessile; heads 2 r '-2.\"
high, somewhat secund on the spreading, often
very slender and elongated branches of the pani-
cle; bracts of the involucre oblong, very obtuse;
rays 6-10; achenes puberulent, or glabrous below.
In dry soil, Tennessee and Missouri. July-Aug.
A plant similar to this, but with larger serrate stem-
leaves, occurs in central Nebraska.
41. Solidago altissima L. Tall, High, or
Double Golden-rod. Fig. 4253.
Solidago altissima L. Sp. PI. 878. 1753.
5". procera Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 211. 1789.
Solidago canadensis p rocera T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 224. 1841.
Solidago canadensis scabra T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 224. 1841.
Stem stout, pubescent, or hirsute nearly through-
out, 2-8 high. Leaves lanceolate, triple-nerved,
acute at each end, roughish above and pubescent
beneath, the lower ones sharply serrate and petioled,
3'-6' long, 4"-i2" wide, the upper smaller, often en-
tire, sessile; heads i*"-2i" high, usually numerous,
secund on the spreading or recurving branches of
the usually large panicle; bracts of the involucre
linear, obtuse or acutish; rays 9-15; achenes gla-
brous or somewhat pubescent.
Usually in dry soil, Maine to Ontario, Nebraska, Geor-
gia and Texas. Confused, in our first edition, with S.
canadensis L. Yellow weed. Aug.-Nov.
42. Solidago nemoralis Ait.
Gray, Field, or Dwarf Golden-rod. Dyer's Weed.
Fig. 4254-
Solidago nemoralis Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 213. 1789.
Solidago nemoralis arenicola Burgess ; Britton & Brown,
111. Fl. 3: 344- 1898.
Slender, ashy-gray, 6'-2 high, erect, depressed or
sometimes prostrate, finely and densely pubescent.
Leaves thick, roughish, the basal and lower ones of
the stem oblanceolate or spatulate, petioled, obscurely
triple-nerved, obtuse or acutish, crenate-dentate, 3'-6'
long, 4"-i2" wide; upper leaves gradually smaller,
oblanceolate or linear-oblong, acute or acutish, en-
tire; heads 2"-3" high, secund on the spreading or
recurving branches of the terminal, usually one-sided
panicle; bracts of the involucre linear-oblong; rays
5-9.; achenes pubescent.
In dry soil, Nova Scotia and Quebec to Saskatchewan,
Florida, Texas and Arizona. July-Nov.
Solidago pulcherrima A. Nelson (S. longipetiolata
Mack. & Bush), of Central North America, ranging east-
ward into Wisconsin and Missouri, differs mainly by
somewhat larger heads, and is here regarded as one of
the many races of S. nemoralis Ait.
396
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. I II.
43. Solidago mollis Bartl. Velvety or Ground
Golden-rod. Fig. 4255.
Solidago mollis Bartl. Ind. Sem. Goett. 5. 1836.
Solidago incana T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 221. 1841.
Solidago nemoralis van incana A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
17: 197. 1882.
Stem rigid, stout, low, canescent or slightly scabrous,
6'-i2' high. Leaves pale, canescent or rough, entire or
dentate, strongly 3-nerved, oblong, ovate or oblanceo-
late, the lower petioled, 2'-$' long, 3 "-12" wide, very
obtuse, the upper sessile, smaller; heads 2"-3" high,
somewhat or scarcely secund on the short branches of
the erect, scarcely one-sided, dense thyrsoid panicle ;
bracts of the involucre oblong, obtuse or acutish ; rays
5-9; achenes pubescent.
Dry plains, Minnesota to Manitoba, Assiniboia, Kansas,
Texas and Mexico. July-Sept.
44. Solidago radula Xutt. ^"estern Rough
Golden-rod. Fig. 4256.
Solidago radula Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 102. 1834.
Stem rough-pubescent, rather slender, i-3 high.
Leaves thick, green, rough on both sides, the lower
oblanceolate or spatulate, dentate-crenate, obtuse or
acutish, petioled, 3-8' long, 6"-2o" wide, obscurely
3-nerved, the upper smaller, oblanceolate, entire or
nearly so, sessile, distinctly 3-nerved, the uppermost
very small; heads 2"-3" high, secund on the short,
usually somewhat recurved branches of the dense,
often one-sided panicle; bracts of the involucre ob-
long or linear-oblong, obtuse; rays 3-7, very short;
achenes minutely pubescent.
In dry soil, Illinois to Missouri, Louisiana and Texas.
Aug.-Sept.
45. Solidago Drummondii T. & G.
Drummond's Golden-rod. Fig. 4257.
Solidago Drummondii T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 217.
Stem rather slender, i-3 high, finely soft-
pubescent. Leaves rather thin, broadly ovate
or oval, glabrous or nearly so above, finely,
but sometimes sparingly, pubescent, or rough-
ish beneath, sharply serrate, acute at the apex,
narrowed at the base, 3-nerved and pinnately
veined, petioled, or the upper sessile, the larger
3'-4' long, ii'-2' wide; heads 2"-2l" high,
secund on the usually few, spreading or re-
curving branches of the panicle; bract-like
upper leaves obtuse, or acute, entire; rays 4-6,
conspicuous ; bracts of the involucre oblong-
lanceolate, obtuse; achenes pubescent.
In rocky soil, Illinois to Louisiana and Mis-
souri. Sept.-Oct.
GENUS 22.
THISTLE FAMILY.
397
46. Solidago rigida L.
leaved Golden-rod.
Stiff or Hard-
Fig. 4258.
Solidago rigida L. Sp. PI. 880. 1753.
Oligoneuron canescens Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 31 :
652. 1905.
Stem stout, simple, or branched above,
densely and finely rough-pubescent, hoary, i-
5 high. Leaves thick, flat, rigid, ovate to
oblong, pinnately veined, often obtuse, rough
on both sides, or smoothish beneath, the upper
sessile, clasping, and rounded or sometimes
narrowed at the base, i '-2' long, mostly entire;
lower and basal leaves long-petioled, some-
times i long and 3' wide, entire or .serrulate;
heads 4"-5" high, many-flowered, in a terminal
dense, compound corymb, the clusters some-
times slightly secund ; involucre broadly cam-
panulate, its bracts oblong, obtuse, the outer
pubescent; rays 6-10, large; achenes glabrous,
io-iS-nerved.
In dry sandy, gravelly or rocky soil, Ontario to
Saskatchewan, Massachusetts, Georgia, Texas and
Colorado. Aug.-Oct.
Solidago corymbosa Ell., of the Southern States,
differing by being less rough and with slightly
smaller heads, probably a race of this species,
ranges north into Ohio.
48. Solidago Riddellii Frank. Riddell's
Golden-rod. Fig. 4260.
Solidago Riddellii Frank ; Riddell, Syn. Fl. West.
States 57. 1835.
Stem stout, glabrous, or slightly pubescent
above, i-3 high. Leaves numerous, thick,
glabrous on both sides, entire, acute at each
end, the lower and basal ones long-petioled,
elongated, lanceolate, somewhat triple-nerved
and conduplicate, often r long, 4"-io" wide,
the upper smaller, similar, sessile and clasping
at the base, conduplicate, somewhat falcate;
heads 3"-4" high, 2O-3o-flowered, very numer-
ous in a dense corymb ; involucre oblong-cam-
panulate, its bracts broadly oblong, obtuse;
rays 7-9, narrow ; achenes 5-nerved, glabrous.
On moist prairies, Ontario to Minnesota, Ohio
and Missouri. Also at Fortress Monroe, Va. A
supposed hybrid with 5". rigida L. occurs in Iowa.
Aug.-Sept.
47. Solidago ohioensis Riddell. Ohio
Golden-rod. Fig. 4259.
Solidago ohioensis Riddell, Syn. Fl. West.
States 57. 1835.
Very smooth throughout; stem rather
slender, simple, 2-3 high. Leaves firm,
pinnately veined, flat, the basal and lower
ones elongated-lanceolate or oblong-lanceo-
late, obtuse, long-petioled, serrulate toward
the end, or entire, often i long; upper
leaves sessile, lanceolate, entire, gradually
smaller and those of the inflorescence bract-
like; heads 2j"-3" high, numerous in a
terminal compound corymb, 15-25-flowered;
rays 6-9, small ; bracts of the narrowly cam-
panulate involucre oblong, very obtuse, gla-
brous ; achenes glabrous, 5-nerved.
In moist soil, western New York and south-
ern Ontario to Illinois, Michigan and Wiscon-
sin. Aug.-Sept.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
49. Solidago Houghtonii T. & G.
Houghton's Golden-rod. Fig. 4261 .
Solidago Houghtonii T. & G. ; A. Gray, Man.
211. 1848.
Stem slender, glabrous below, sparingly
pubescent above, i-2 high. Leaves linear,
the basal and lower ones petioled, 4'-5'
long, 2"~4" wide, 3-nerved, entire, acute at
each end, the upper smaller, sessile, slightly
conduplicate, otherwise similar, the upper-
most small and bract-like ; heads about 3"
high, few, in a small corymbose cyme, 20-
30-flowered ; involucre broadly campanu-
late, its bracts oblong, obtuse; achenes gla-
brous, 4~5-nerved.
In swamps, north shores of Lakes Michigan
and Huron, and in Genesee Co., N. Y. Re-
corded from Lake Superior. Autumn.
23. EUTHAMIA Nutt. Gen. 2: 162. 1818.
Erect, paniculately-branched herbs, perennial by long rootstocks, with linear or linear-
lanceolate, entire, sessile, i-5-nerved punctate leaves, and very numerous small heads of both
tubular and radiate yellow flowers, clustered in the large corymbose, convex or nearly flat-
topped inflorescence. Bracts of the involucre obtuse, imbricated in several series, appressed,
somewhat glutinous. Receptacle flattish, fimbrillate, or pilose. Ray-flowers pistillate, usually
more numerous than the disk-flowers, the rays small. Disk-flowers perfect. Anthers obtuse
at the base. Style-branches with lanceolate appendages. Achenes top-shaped or oblong,
villous-pubescent. [Greek, referring to the clustered heads.]
About 10 species, natives of North America. Type species: Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt.
Leaves distinctly 3-s-ribbed ; heads 2O-30-flowered.
Involucre 2"-2 l / 2 " high, the bracts yellowish. i. E. graminifolia.
Involucre less than 2" high, the bracts with appressed green tips. 2. E. floribunda.
Leaves i-ribbed, or with a pair of indistinct lateral nerves; heads rarely more than 2o-flowered.
Involucre 2 l /z"-i > " high; southwestern species.
Leaves 2"-^" wide ; involucre scarcely viscid. 3. E. leptocephala.
Leaves i"-2 l /2" wide; involucre very viscid. 4. E. gymnospermoides.
Involucre 2" high, or less.
Leaves i"-2j^" wide; involucre campanulate. 5. E. tenuifolia.
Leaves less than i" wide; involucre subcylindric. 6. E. minor.
i. Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt.
Bushy, Fragrant, or Flat-topped Golden-
rod. Fig. 4262.
Chrysocoma graminifolia L. Sp. PI. 841. 1753.
Solidago lanceolate L. Mant. 114. 1767.
.S". graminifolia Salisb. Prodr. 109. 1796.
E. graminifolia Nutt. Gen. 2: 162. 1818.
E. Nuttallii Greene, Pittonia 5 : 73. 1902.
E. camporum Greene, loc. cit. 74. 1902.
Stem paniculately much branched, or rarely
simple, glabrous or roughish-pubescent, 2-4
high. Leaves numerous, linear-lanceolate,
acuminate or acute at each end, i'-s' long,
2"-4" wide, 3-5-nerved, minutely rough-pubes-
cent on the margins and nerves of the lower
surface ; resinous dots few ; heads 2"-2J" high,
sessile in capitate clusters arranged in a flat-
topped compound corymb ; involucre ovoid-
campanulate to subcylindric, its yellowish
bracts oblong or oblong-lanceolate, slightly
viscid; rays 12-20; disk-flowers 8-12.
In moist soil, fields and roadsides, New Bruns-
wick to Saskatchewan, Alberta, Florida, Nebraska
and Wyoming. Fragrant. July-Sept.
GENUS 23.
THISTLE FAMILY.
399
2. Euthamia floribunda Greene. Small-headed
Bushy Golden-rod. Fig. 4263.
B. floribunda Greene, Pittonia 5: 74. 1902.
Solidago polycephala Fernald, Rhodora 10: 93. 1908.
Finely roughish-pubescent, at least above, panicu-
lately branched, 2-3 high. Leaves linear-lanceo-
late, the larger 2'-3' long, 2$"-3" wide, 3-nerved,
those of the branches much smaller, spreading or
deflexed; heads numerous, small, ii"-2" high, ses-
sile or very nearly so in small corymbed clusters ;
involucre turbinate, its glutinous bracts puberulent,
their triangular-lanceolate green tips appressed.
Fields and borders of marshes, southern New Jersey,
and recorded from eastern Pennsylvania. Aug-Oct.
3. Euthamia leptocephala (T. & G.) Greene.
Western Bushy Golden-rod. Fig. 4264.
Solidago leptocephala T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 226. 1841.
Euthamia leptocephala Greene, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 321
1894.
Stem smooth, ii-2i high, branched above. Leaves
linear-lanceolate, acuminate or acute at each end,
i-nerved, or with a pair of indistinct lateral nerves,
rough-margined, those of the stem usually 2'-3' long,
2"-4" wide; heads about 3" high, rather narrow, ses-
sile in the clusters of the flat-topped inflorescence;
bracts of the subturbinate involucre linear-oblong,
scarcely viscid; disk-flowers 3 or 4; ray-flowers 7-10.
In moist soil, Missouri to Louisiana and Texas. Aug.-
Oct.
4. Euthamia gymnospermoides
Greene. Viscid Bushy Golden-
rod. Fig. 4265.
Euthamia gymnospermoides Greene, Pittonia
5: 75. 1902.
Solidago gymnospermoides Fernald, Rhodora
10 : 93. 1908.
Usually branched from the base or from
below the middle, glabrous, resinous, ii-2
high, the branches strict, ascending. Leaves
narrowly linear, i"-2" wide, 3' long or less,
light green, i-nerved, or the larger 3-nerved ;
heads numerous, sessile in the clusters of
the broad nearly flat-topped inflorescence;
involucre turbinate, about 2i" high, its
bracts linear-oblong, blunt, very viscid ;
disk-flowers 4-6; ray-flowers about 12.
Prairies, Nebraska to Kansas, Texas and
Louisiana. Aug.-Oct. Confused, in our first
edition, with the preceding species.
400
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
5. Euthamia tenuifolia (Pursh) Greene. Slender Fragrant Golden-rod.
Quobsque-weed. Fig. 4266.
?Engeron carolinianum L. Sp. PI. 863. 1753.
Solidago tenuifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 540.
1814.
E. tenuifolia Greene, Pittonia 5 : 77. 1902.
E. remota Greene, loc. cit. 78. 1902.
?S. Moseleyi Fernald, Rhodora 10 : 93. 1908.
Glabrous and somewhat resinous, seldom
over ii high, branched above. Leaves nar-
rowly linear, entire, acuminate, sessile, nar-
rowed at the base, i-nerved or with an
additional pair of faint lateral nerves, i'-3'
long, i"-2" wide, punctate, often with
smaller ones clustered in the axils, the resi-
nous dots minute; heads about I*" high,
very numerous and crowded in the dense
nearly flat corymb ; involucre oblong-cam-
panulate, its bracts oblong; rays 6-12; disk-
flowers 4-6.
In dry sandy soil, eastern Massachusetts to
Illinois, Wisconsin, Florida and Louisiana. Re-
ferred, in our first edition, to Euthamia caro-
liniana (L.) Greene, but the identity of
Erigercn carolinianum L. is doubtful. Aug.-
Oct.
6. Euthamia minor (Michx.) Greene.
Narrow-leaved Bushy Golden-rod.
Fig. 4267.
Solidago lanceolata minor Mich'x. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 :
1 1 6. 1803.
Euthamia minor Greene, Pittonia 5 : 78. 1902.
Solidago minor Fernald, Rhodora 10 : 93. 1908.
Glabrous, bushy-branched above, 3 high or
less. Leaves very narrowly linear, i -nerved, the
larger about 2\' long, not over i" wide, often
with tufts of smaller ones in the axils, the upper
much smaller, often not more than i" wide;
heads very numerous, short-stalked, or sessile ;
involucre cylindraceous, about 2" high, its yel-
lowish oblong bracts appressed, viscid; ray-flow-
ers about 10.
In dry sandy soil, Virginia to Florida and Missis-
sippi. Sept.-Oct.
24. BRACHYCHAETA T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 194. 1841.
An erect, perennial herb, with the aspect of a golden-rod. Leaves alternate, the lower
and basal ones large, cordate, long-petioled, the upper ovate, short-petioled or sessile. Heads
composed of both tubular and radiate flowers, sessile, in a terminal narrow spike-like thyrsus.
Involucre narrowly campanulate, its bracts coriaceous, imbricated in few series, the outer
successively smaller. Receptacle small, naked. Rays small, yellow, pistillate. Disk-flowers
perfect, their corollas tubular, somewhat expanded above, 5-cteft. Anthers obtuse and entire
at the base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages lanceolate. Achenes 8-io-ribbed.
Pappus a single row of scale-like bristles, shorter than the achene. [Greek, short-bristle,
referring to the pappus.]
A monotypic genus of eastern North America.
GENUS 24.
THISTLE FAMILY.
i. Brachychaeta sphacelata (Raf.) Brit-
ton. False Golden-rod. Fig. 4268.
Solidago sphacelata Raf. Ann. Nat. 14. 1820.
S. cordata Short, Trans. Journ. Med. 7: 599. 1834.
Brachychaeta cordata T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 194. 1841.
B. sphacela a Britton ; Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club 20:
484. 1893.
Stem erect, pubescent, simple or branched above,
2-4 high. Basal and lower leaves broadly ovate,
cordate or truncate at the base, acute at the apex,
pinnately veined, sharply serrate, 3'-6' long, the
slender petioles 3'-o/ long, stem leaves gradually
smaller and shorter-petioled, the uppermost very
small and sessile ; heads about 2\" high, racemose-
secund or densely clustered on the short branches
of the narrow elongated terminal thyrsus ; bracts
of the involucre oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse
or acutish ; rays and disk-flowers each about 5.
In dry woods, Virginia to Indiana, western Ken-
tucky, North Carolina, Georgia and Alabama. Aug.-
Sept.
25. APHANOSTEPHUS DC. Prodr. 5: 310. 1836
Erect or ascending canescent branching herbs, with alternate leaves, and rather large
heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, solitary at the ends of the branches. Involucre
hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate or linear, scarious-margined, imbricated in a few series, the
outer smaller. Receptacle convex or conic, naked. Ray-flowers pistillate, white or purplish.
Disk-flowers perfect, yellow, their corollas tubular, the limb expanded above, 5-dentate.
Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages short,
obtuse. Achenes many-ribbed. Pappus a short dentate crown. [Greek, faint-crown.]
About 5 species, natives of the southwestern United States and Mexico. Type species :
Aphanostephus ramosissimtts DC.
i. Aphanostephus skirrobasis (DC.) Tre-
lease. Aphanostephus. Fig. 4269.
Keerlia skirrobasis DC. Prodr. 5: 310. 1836.
Leucopsidium arkansanum DC. Prodr. 6: 43. 1837.
Aphanostephus arkansanus A. Gray, PI. Wright. I :
93- 1852.
Aphanostephus skirrobasis Trelease ; Coville & Bran-
ner, Rep. Geol. Surv. Ark. 1884: Part 4, 191. 1891.
Erect, or diffusely branched, densely canescent,
6'-2 high. Basal and lower leaves spatulate, ob-
tuse, i '-4' long, somewhat dentate, laciniate or
entire, narrowed into margined petioles; upper
leaves lanceolate, oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse
or acute, mostly sessile, smaller; heads 8"-i2"
broad, 3"-s" high; rays numerous, narrow, entire;
achenes ribbed and angled; pappus a lobed or
dentate crown.
In dry soil, Kansas to Texas and Chihuahua, east
to Florida. May-Aug.
26. BELLIS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 886. 1753.
Tufted herbs, with branching or scapose stems, alternate or basal leaves, and rather large
heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, solitary at the ends of the branches, or of the
monocephalous scape. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts herbaceous,
imbricated in I or 2 series, nearly equal. Receptacle convex or conic, naked. Ray-flowers
white or pink, pistillate. Disk-flowers yellow, perfect, their corollas tubular, the limb 4-S-toothed.
Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages short, tri-
angular. Achenes flattened, obovate, nerved near the margins. Pappus none, or a ring of
minute bristles. [Latin, pretty.]
About 9 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Only the following are known to occur
in the United States, but 2 others are found in Mexico. Type species : Bellis perennis L.
Stem branched, 6'-is' high ; inyolucral bracts acute. i. B. integrifolia.
Scapes monocephalous, i'-f high ; involucral bracts obtuse. 2. B. perennis.
26
402
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
i. Bellis integrifolia Michx. Western Daisy.
Fig. 4270.
Bellis integrifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 131. 1803.
Slender, diffusely branched, pubescent, 6'-i5' high. Leaves
thin, entire, obtuse, the lower and basal ones spatulate, i'~3'
long, narrowed into margined petioles, the upper smaller,
oblong, oblanceolate or linear; heads 6"-i5" broad; bracts
of the involucre acute or acuminate, scarious-margined,
glabrous or nearly so ; rays usually violet, oblong-linear ;
peduncles terminating the branches, z'j' long.
In moist soil, Kentucky and Tennessee to Arkansas and
Texas. May-July.
2. Bellis perennis L. European or Garden
Daisy. Marguerite. Fig. 4271.
Bellis perennis L. Sp. PI. 886. 1753.
Perennial, tufted. Leaves all basal, obqvate, ob-
tuse, slightly dentate, i'-2' long, narrowed into mar-
gined petioles, pubescent and ciliate; scapes naked,
I '-7' high, usually several from the same root, pu-
bescent ; heads 6"-i2" broad ; rays numerous, linear,
white, pink, or purple ; bracts of the involucre ob-
long, obtuse, usually purple.
In waste places, or occasionally spontaneous on lawns,
southern New York and eastern Pennsylvania to Nova
Scotia and Ontario. Fugitive from Europe. Native also
of Asia. Naturalized in California and British Colum-
bia. Herb-margaret. Ewe-ormay-gowan. Childing-daisy.
Bone- or bruise-wort. Bone-flower. Hen-and-chickens.
Ban-wort. Bennert. March daisy. Bairn-wort. April-Nov.
27. TOWNSENDIA Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 16. 1834.
Tufted scapose or branching herbs, with alternate, entire, linear or spatulate leaves, and
large heads of both tubular and radiate flowers. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanu-
late; bracts imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle nearly flat, naked or
fimbrillate. Ray-flowers pink or white, pistillate. Disk-flowers tubular, mostly perfect, their
corollas regular, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches flattened,
their appendages lanceolate. Achenes of the disk-flowers compressed, those of the rays com-
monly 3-angled. Pappus a single series of rigid bristles or short scales. [Named for David
Townsend, botanist, of Philadelphia.]
About 25 species, natives of western North America. Type species : Townsendia sericca Hook.
Branching from the base ; heads terminal.
Acaulesccnt, or nearly so ; heads sessile among the leaves.
1 . T. grandiflora.
2. T. exscapa.
i. Townsendia grandiflora Nutt. Large-
flowered Townsendia. Fig. 4272.
Townsendia grandiflora Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II)
7 : 306. 1841.
Perennial from a long woody root, branching at
the base and sometimes also above, pubescent, or
at length glabrate, 2'-S' high. Leaves linear or linear-
spatulate, i'-3' long, i '-3" wide, canescent heads
i'-ii' broad, solitary at the ends of the branches; in-
volucre hemispheric, its bracts scarious-margined,
lanceolate, conspicuously acuminate; rays violet or
purple ; pappus of the ray-flowers a crown of short
scales, that of the disk-flowers of rigid bristles longer
than the achene, which is pubescent with 2-toothed
hairs.
In dry soil, South Dakota to western Nebraska, Wyo-
ming, Texas and New Mexico. May-Aug.
GENUS 27.
THISTLE FAMILY.
43
2. Townsendia exscapa (Richards) Porter.
Silky or Low Townsendia. Fig. 4273.
Aster ( ?) exscapus Richards. App. Frank. Journ. 32. 1823.
Townsendia sericea Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 16. pi. Jiy.
1834-
Townsendia exscapa Porter, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 321.
1894.
Acaulescent, or nearly so, from a deep woody root,
tufted, i '-3' high. Leaves all clustered at the base,
narrowly linear or slightly spatulate, i'-2 x long, i"-2i"
wide; heads closely sessile, I'-iY broad, equalled or
surpassed by the leaves ; involucre broadly campanu-
late, its bracts lanceolate, acute, the inner scarious-
margined; rays white or purplish; pappus of both
ray- and disk-flowers a row of rigid bristles, those of
the rays shorter and smaller.
In dry soil, Saskatchewan to Montana, Nebraska,
Texas and New Mexico. Often silky-pubescent. April
July.
Townsendia intermedia Rydb., ranging from Ne-
braska and Colorado to Texas, appears to be a race of
this species with leaves wider than in the type.
28. CHAETOPAPPA DC. Prodr. 5: 301. 1836.
Annual slender much branched herbs, with small alternate entire leaves, and small long-
peduncled heads of both tubular and white or purple radiate flowers. Involucre narrowly
campanulate, its bracts lanceolate, acute or acuminate, imbricated in few series, the outer
slightly shorter. Receptacle small, naked. Ray-flowers in i row, pistillate. Disk-flowers
perfect, or the central ones staminate, their corollas 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at
the base. Style-branches narrow, flattened, their appendages short, obtuse. Achenes nearly
terete, fusiform, or linear, 5-ribbed. Pappus usually of 5 rigid awn-like scabrous bristles,
alternating with as many short scales or more. [Greek, bristle-pappus.]
Two known species, natives of the southwestern United States, the following typical. The genus
Distasis DC. (Chaetopappa modest a A. Gray) is here regarded as distinct.
i. Chaetopappa asteroides DC. Chaetopappa.
Fig- 4 2 74.
Chaetopappa asteroides DC. Prodr. 5: 301. 1836.
Pubescent, erect, 2 '-12' high, the branches filiform.
Lower and basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, \'-\' long,
petioled, the upper linear, much smaller and bract-
like, sessile; heads about 3" broad; involucre about
2" high, its bracts scarious-margined, glabrous or
nearly so; rays 5-12, raised on slender tubes; cen-
tral sterile flowers usually awnless; shorter scales
of the pappur of the fertile flowers hyaline, some-
times lacerate
In dry soil, Missouri to Texas and northern Mexico.
April-July.
29. BOLTONIA L'Her. Sert. Angl. 16. 1788.
Perennial glabrous branching herbs, with striate or angled stems, alternate, entire, sessile
or clasping leaves, and numerous rather large heads of both tubular and radiate flowers,
paniculate, or solitary at the ends of the branches. Involucre hemispheric or broadly cam-
panulate, its bracts scarious-margined, imbricated in few series, the outer slightly shorter.
Receptacle convex or conic, foveolate. Ray-flowers pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect, their
corollas elongated, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches flattened,
their appendages short, lanceolate. Achenes flattened, obovate, their margins thickened or
narrowly winged, glabrous or nearly so. Pappus a series of short scales, usually with 2-4
slender rigid bristles. [Named for James Bolton, an English botanist of the i8th century.]
As here limited, the genus consists of the 4 following species, with perhaps a fifth in Oregon.
Type species: Boltonia glastifolia (Hill) L'Her.
44
COMPOSITAE.
Disk about 2" broad ; leaves linear.
Disk 3"-6" broad ; leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate.
Leaves narrowed at the base, sessile, not decurrent on the stem.
Involucre-bracts lanceolate, acute.
Involucre-bracts spatulate, obtuse, or mucronate.
Stem leaves, and sometimes those of the branches decurrent, sagittate.
VOL. 1 1 1.
i. B. diffusa.
2. B. asteroides.
3. B. latisquama.
4. B. decurrens.
i. Boltonia diffusa Ell. Panicled Boltonia.
Fig- 4275-
Boltonia diffusa Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2 : 400. 1824.
Paniculately much branched, 2-7 high, the branches
very slender or filiform. Leaves linear, or the lower
linear-lanceolate, acutish, the larger i'-2' long, ii"-2"
wide, those of the branches very small and subulate:
heads about 2" high ; disk about 2" broad ; rays usually
white, i "-2" long; involucre broadly campanulate, its
bracts oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acutish or obtuse ;
achenes obovate, narrowly winged ; pappus of several
short scales and 2 subulate bristles shorter than the
achene.
In dry soil, southern Illinois to Texas, east to South Caro-
lina and Florida. Aug.-Oct.
2. Boltonia asteroides (L.) L'Her. Aster-
like Boltonia. Fig. 4276.
Matricaria asteroides L. Mant. 116. 1767.
Matricaria glastifolia Hill, Hort. Kew. 19: pi. 3. 1769.
Boltonia glastifolia L'Her. Sert. Angl. 16. 1788.
Boltonia asteroides L'Her. Sert. Angl. 16. 1788.
Rather stout, 2-8 high, somewhat cymosely
paniculate. Leaves lanceolate, to oblanceolate, ses-
sile, 2'-s' long, 3"-i2" wide, the upper linear-lanceo-
late, smaller; heads 2"~4" high; disk 3 "-6" wide;
rays white, pink or purple, 3"-6" long ; involucre
hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate or oblong-lanceo-
late, acute or acuminate; pappus of setose scales,
with or without 2-4 slender bristles nearly as long
as the obovate or oval achene.
In moist soil, Connecticut to Florida, west to Minne-
sota, Nebraska and Louisiana. July-Sept.
3. Boltonia latisquama A. Gray. Broad-
scaled Boltonia. Fig. 4277.
Boltonia latisquama A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. (II)
33: 238. 1862.
Similar to the preceding species and perhaps a
race of it. Leaves lanceolate, acute, sessile; heads
rather larger; rays violet-blue; bracts of the in-
volucre oblong-spatulate, obtuse or mucronate;
pappus of numerous small short broad scales and
2 long bristles.
Western Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas and Okla-
homa. Autumn.
GENUS 29.
THISTLE FAMILY
4. Boltonia decurrens (T. & G.) Wood.
Clasping-leaved Boltonia. Fig. 4278.
Bol onia glastifolia var. ( ?) decurrens T. & G. Fl. N.
A. 2: 188. 1841.
Boltonia decurrens Wood, Bot. & Flor. 166. 1870.
Boltonia asteroides var. decurrens Engelm. ; A. Gray,
Syn. Fl. i : Part 2, 166. 1884.
Stout, 3-6 high, branched above. Leaves oblong-
lanceolate or elongated-lanceolate, mucronate at
the apex, those of the stem decurrent and sagittate
at the base, 3'-6' long, 6"-8" wide, those of the
branches smaller and merely sessile or some of them
also decurrent; heads 2\ "-3" high; involucre hemi-
spheric; rays about 3" long, violet or purple; pap-
pus of several or numerous short scales and 2 very
slender bristles.
In wet prairies, Illinois and Missouri. Aug.-Sept.
Perhaps a race of B. asteroides.
30. SERICOCARPUS Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 148. 1833.
Erect perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and middle-sized heads of both tubular and
radiate flowers, in terminal cymose panicles. Involucre ovoid, oblong, or campanulate, its
bracts coriaceous, with herbaceous or squarrose tips, imbricated in several series, the outer
shorter. Receptacle small, foveolate. Ray-flowers white, pistillate. Disk-flowers mostly
perfect, their corollas tubular, narrow, yellowish or purplish, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and
entire at the base. Style-branches with lanceolate-subulate appendages. Achenes slightly
compressed, linear-oblong, i-nerved on each side, pubescent. Pappus of numerous capillary
scabrous bristles, the outer usually shorter. [Greek, silky fruit, referring to the achenes.]
Four known species, natives of North America. Besides the following, another occurs on the
northwestern coast of North America. Type species: Sericocarpus solidagineus (Michx.) Nees.
Leaves entire, linear, spatulate, or pbovate, rigid.
Glabrous, or nearly so ; leaves linear or linear-spatulate. i. S. linifolius.
Puberulent or scabrous ; leaves obovate. 2. S. bifoliatus.
Leaves dentate, oblong, or obovate, thin. 3. S. asteroides.
i. Sericocarpus linifolius (L.) B.S.P. Narrow-leaved White-topped Aster.
Fig. 4279.
Conysa linifolia L. Sp. PI. 861. 1753.
Aster solidagineus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 108.
1803.
Sericocarpus solidagineus Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast.
149. 1832.
Sericocarpus linifolius B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 26.
1888.
Glabrous or very nearly so throughout; stem
rather slender, striate, i-2i high. Leaves
linear or linear-spatulate, spreading, faintly
3-nerved, thick, entire, obtuse at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, i'-2 x long, ii"-3" wide, ses-
sile, or the lowest on short margined petioles,
their margins scabrous ; heads about 3"~4"
high, clustered in 2's-6's at the ends of the
cymose branches ; involucre oblong-campanu-
late, 2"-3i" long, its bracts oblong, obtuse, the
outer with somewhat spreading or reflexed
green tips, the inner scarious and often lacer-
ate or ciliate at the apex ; rays 4 or 5, about
5" long; pappus white.
In dry, usually sandy soil, Maine to Ohio, Geor-
gia and Louisiana. Erroneously recorded from
Canada. June-Sept.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
2. Sericocarpus bifoliatus (Walt.) Porter.
Rough White-topped or Silk-seed-
Aster. Fig. 4280.
Conyza bifoliata Walt. Fl. Car. 204. 1788.
Aster tortifolius Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 109. 1803.
.9. tortifolius Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 151. 1832.
S. bifoliatus Porter, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 322. 1894.
Densely puberulent or scabrous, about 2 high,
the stem terete, or slightly angled. Leaves ses-
sile, obscurely veined, obovate or broadly spatu-
late, thick, obtuse, ascending or erect by a twist
at the base, i'-i' long, 4"-8" wide, entire, mu-
cronulate, densely appressed-puberulent on both
sides, the upper mostly oblong, much smaller;
heads 4"-s" high, cymose-paniculate ; involucre
narrowly campanulate, its bracts oblong or the
inner linear, pubescent, their tips somewhat
spreading; rays short; pappus white.
In dry soil, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana,
mainly near the coast. Rattlesnake-master. July-Sept.
3. Sericocarpus asteroides (L.) B.S.P.
Toothed White-topped Aster. Fig 4281.
Conyza asteroides L. Sp. PI. 861. 1753.
S. conyzoides Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 150. 1832.
S. asteroides B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 26. 1888.
Stem pubescent, or glabrate, slightly angled,
i-2 high. Leaves thin, pubescent or glabrous,
ciliate, pinnately veined and faintly 3-nerved, the
basal and lower ones obovate or spatulate, den-
tate or rarely entire, 2'-4' long, i'-iJ' wide, nar-
rowed into margined petioles ; upper leaves ob-
long or oblong-lanceolate, entire or dentate, acute
or obtuse, smaller ; heads s"-6" high, densely clus-
tered ; involucre campanulate, its bracts oblong,
ciliate or pubescent, the outer with green reflexed
tips; pappus brown or white.
In dry woods, Maine to Florida, west to Ohio,
Kentucky and Alabama. July-Sept.
31. ASTER L. Sp. PI. 872. 1753.*
Perennial or rarely annual, mostly branching herbs, with alternate leaves, and corymbose
or paniculate (rarely racemose or solitary) heads of both tubular and radiate flowers. Invo-
lucre hemispheric, campanulate or turbinate, its bracts various, imbricated in several series,
the exterior ones usually smaller and shorter. Receptacle flat or convex, generally foveolate.
Ray-flowers white, pink, purple, blue, or violet (very rarely yellowish), pistillate. Disk-
flowers tubular, perfect, their corollas 5-lobed, usually yellow and changing to red, brown,
or purple. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages
subulate, lanceolate or ovate, acute. Pappus-bristles slender, numerous, scabrous or denticu-
late, usually in I series, sometimes in 2 series. Achenes mostly flattened and nerved. [Greek,
star.]
A genus of not less than 250 species, most abundant in North America, where, in addition to
the following, many others occur beyond our limits. A large number of the species apparently con-
sist of many slightly differing races, and hybridism is also suspected. Known as Asters or Star-
worts. Type species : Aster amellus L.
A. Basal and lower leaves, or some of them, cordate and slender-petioled. (See No. 50.)
i. None of the stem leaves cordate-clasping.
* Rays white, violet, or rose.
Rays white, or rarely rose, usually 2-toothed ; plants not glandular,
t Involucre ovoid, campanulate or turbinate, its bracts mostly obtuse or rounded ; basal leaves few
and small, or commonly none (except in No. 5).
(a) Leaves membranous or thin, smooth, or nearly so.
Heads short-peduncled, g" broad or less, the disk turning crimson ; leaves acute or short-acuminate.
__ i. A. carmesinus.
* Text prepared for our first edition with the assistance of Prof. EDWARD S. BURGESS,
here somewhat revised.
GENUS 31.
THISTLE FAMILY.
407
Heads long-peduncled, 9" broad or more, the disk turning brown or reddish brown ; leaves long-
acuminate.
Heads i' broad or more; leaves of the branches large, long, lanceolate, acuminate.
2. A. tenebrosus.
3. A. divaricatus.
4. A. furcatus.
5. A. glomeratus.
6. A. Claytoni.
13. A. multiformis.
high ; broader leaves
14. A. nobilis.
15. A. anomalus.
16. A.
17. A.
Shortii.
asureus.
Heads g"-i2" broad; leaves of the branches small, obtuse, or acute.
(b) Leaves thick, firm, rough.
Heads 6"-8" high ; inflorescence forking.
Heads 4"-s" high ; inflorescence paniculate or glomerate.
Leaves acute, or short-acuminate, pilose beneath ; inflorescence glomerate.
Leaves long-acuminate, not pilose beneath ; inflorescence open-paniculate.
tt Involucre cylindric, its bracts tapering to an obtuse apex ; basal leaves large, tufted.
Bracts of the involucre pale, scarious, usually without herbaceous tips. 7. A. curvescens.
Bracts of the involucre broader, with herbaceous tips. 8. A. Schreberi.
Rays violet, usually 3-toothed ; plants glandular,
t Predominant glands large, capitate ; leaves thick, coarse, heavy.
Sinus broad ; glands chiefly confined to the inflorescence ; plant usually harsh. g. A. macrophyllus.
Sinus narrow ; glands abundant on the leaves and stem ; growing plant clammy. 10. A. roscidus.
tt Predominant glands minute, scarcely capitate; leaves usually thin.
(a) Inflorescence rather regular, flat, or convex-topped; plants usually less than 2 l / 2 tall.
Sinus broad, shallow.
Broader leaves orbicular-cordate, their teeth and the inflorescence-leaves inconspicuous.
11. A. ianthinus.
Broader leaves reniform, sharply incised ; some inflorescence-leaves conspicuous.
12. A. violaris.
Sinus rather deep and narrow ; broader leaves ovate-cordate, sharply serrate.
(b) Inflorescence very irregular, paniculate-corymbose ; plants often 4-5 c
large, cordate, acute.
** Rays blue or purple ; plants not glandular,
t Bracts of the involucre spreading or recurved ; rays 30-45.
tt Bracts of the involucre appressed, or erect ; rays 8-20.
(a) Leaves all entire, or nearly so, thick, or firm.
Leaves nearly or quite glabrous above.
Leaves rough-puberulent on both sides, the upper bract-like.
(b) Leaves nearly all sharply serrate, thin.
Heads 2" 3" high, numerous ; bracts obtuse or obtusish.
Leaves rough ; petioles not wing-margined ; bracts appressed.
Leaves smooth, or nearly so ; petioles, or some of them, wing-margined.
Heads 4" 5" high, usually few ; bracts acute or acuminate.
Heads 3" -5" high, numerous ; bracts acute or acuminate.
Stem densely and finely pubescent.
Stem glabrous or nearly so ; bract-tips spreading.
2. Stem leaves, or some of them, cordate-clasping ; plant rough when dry.
23. A. undulatus.
B. No cordate and petioled leaves; those of the stem, or some of them, with more or less cordate
or auricled clasping bases (only slightly auricled in A. tardiflorus, and sometimes in A. laevis).
i. Stem rough, or hirsute-pubescent.
* Leaves entire, oblong, linear, or lanceolate.
Heads i'-2' broad; leaves sessile, strongly cordate-clasping,
t Stem rough ; leaves oblong to lanceolate ; involucre turbinate.
Leaves thick, firm, very rough, oblong to oval. 24. A. patens.
Leaves thin, roughish, oblong-lanceolate. 25. A. phlogifolius.
tt Stem hirsute; leaves lanceolate; involucre hemispheric; bracts viscid.
26. A. novae-angliae.
Heads J^'-i' broad; leaves but slightly clasping.
Involucre hemispheric, its bracts glandular.
Involucral bracts hispid or ciliate.
Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 4" 6" wide.
Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 2" -3" wide.
** Leaves, at least the lower, serrate.
Stem usually pilose ; bracts very glandular.
Stem hispid-pubesce.nt ; bracts glabrous, or ciliate.
2. Stem glabrous, or only sparingly pubescent above.
* Leaves sharply serrate.
Leaves tapering to the base.
Leaves narrowed to the base, the lower into winged petioles.
Leaves scarcely or gradually narrowed to the base.
Leaves abruptly contracted into margined petioles, often enlarged near the base.
33. A. prenanthoides.
Leaves usually strongly cordate-clasping ; bracts green-tipped. 34. A. laevis.
** Leaves entire, or very nearly so.
Involucre campanulate, its bracts appressed, green-tipped.
t Bracts of the involucre with rhomboid green tips.
Stem leaves oblong, lanceolate, or oval-lanceolate. 34. A. laevis.
Stem leaves elongated-lanceolate. 35. A. concinnus.
tt Bracts of the involucre linear, the tips narrower, lanceolate ; stem leaves linear or narrowly
lanceolate. 36. A. purpuratus.
Involucre hemispheric,
t Bracts of the involucre narrow, not foliaceous.
1 8. A. cordifplius.
19. A. Lowrieanus.
20. A. Lindleyanus.
21. A. Drummondii.
22. A. sagittifolius.
27. A. oblongifolius.
28. A. nebraskensis.
29. A. amethystinus.
30. A. modes tus.
31. A. puniceus.
32. A. tardiflorus.
31. A. puniceus.
408 COMPOSITAE. VOL. III.
(a) Bracts in several series, unequal.
Bracts linear-subulate ; leaves narrowly linear. 37. A. junceus.
Bracts lanceolate, linear, or spatulate ; leaves lanceolate to linear.
Western dry soil plant, i-2 tall; leaves i'-3' long. 38. A. adscendens.
Eastern swamp plant, 2-5 tall; leaves z'-6' long. 39. A.novi-belgii.
(b) Bracts in only i or 2 series; leaves linear to lanceolate. 40. A. longifolius.
tt Bracts of the involucre green, foliaceous ; western.
Leaves lanceolate, firm; heads few. 41. A.foliaceus.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, thin ; heads many. 42. A. phyllodet.
C. Leaves sessile or petioled, not at all clasping, or scarcely so.
i. Leaves silky, silvery or canescent on both sides, entire.
Heads corymbose-paniculate ; bracts oblong ; achenes glabrous. 43. A. sericeus.
Heads in a narrow raceme ; bracts linear ; achenes silky. 44. A. concolor.
2. Leaves neither silvery, silky nor canescent, entire or toothed.
* Bracts of the involucre with herbaceous tips,
t Bracts thin or coriaceous, relatively small,
t Leaves bristly-ciliate, linear, rigid ; western species. 45. A. Fendleri.
tt Leaves not bristly-ciliate.
Tips of the involucral bracts spreading (little spreading in A. Radula, erect or spreading in
A. Herveyi) ; heads large and showy ; rays violet to purple.
Leaves linear to linear-oblong, rigid, obtuse, entire; heads 2' broad. 46. A. grandiftorus.
Leaves lanceolate to oblong, the lower sparingly dentate.
Basal leaves with margined petioles.
Involucre hemispheric to campanulate ; heads i' or more.
Bracts of the involucre glandular. 47. A. spec abilis.
Bracts of the involucre ciliate, or glabrous. 48. A. surculosus.
Involucre turbinate ; heads 6"-g" broad. 49. A. gracilis.
Basal leaves with unmargined petioles. 51. A, Herveyi.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate, rugose, the basal usually wanting. 50. A. Radula.
00 Involucral bracts all appressed (except in A. multiflorus and A. commutatus, small-headed species).
A Involucre top-shaped; rays violet. 52. A. turbinellus.
AA Involucre hemispheric to campanulate ; rays mostly white, sometimes purple.
Heads unilaterally racemose.
Stem leaves oval, oblong, or lanceolate, serrate, or chiefly so.
Stem pubescent or glabrate. 53. A. lateriflprus.
Stem villous ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, thin. 54. A. hirsuticaulis.
Stem leaves linear-lanceolate to linear, nearly entire ; stem glabrate. 55. A. vimineus.
Heads not unilaterally racemose, mostly paniculate.
Involucral bracts spatulate, mostly ciliate, somewhat spreading, at least the outer obtuse ; plants
roughish-puberulent.
Heads 3 "-4" broad, numerous ; rays 10-20. 56. A. multiflorus.
Heads 5 "-8" broad, relatively few ; rays 20-30. 57. A. commutatus.
Involucral bracts appressed, acute.
Heads solitary at the ends of very small-leaved branchlets. 58. A. dumosus.
Heads paniculate.
Stem -leaves lanceolate, serrate or entire.
Heads 8"-io" broad.
Plants glabrous, or sparingly pubescent above.
Leaves firm, roughish or rough ; rays often purplish ; involucral bracts acute.
59. A. salicifolius.
Leaves thin, smoothish ; rays chiefly white ; involucral bracts acuminate.
60. A. paniculatus.
Plant puberulent all over. 61. A. missouriensis.
Heads 6"-8" broad ; stem leaves narrowly lanceolate. 62. A. Tradescanti.
Stem leaves linear-lanceolate to subulate, mostly entire.
Heads scattered, 6"-g" broad ; upper leaves linear. 63. A. Faxoni.
Heads numerous, 4 "-7" broad ; upper leaves subulate.
Involucre subhemispheric, 2^/2."-^," high.
Rays usually white ; heads 4"-?" broad.
Paniculately branched, bushy. 64. A. ericoides.
Simple, or with slender ascending branches. 65. A. Pringlei.
Rays purple; heads 8" 12" broad. 66. A. Priceae.
Involucre top-shoped, 2^" high or less.
Plant pilose-pubescent, i l /2-2 high. 67. A. parviceps.
Plant glabrous, very slender, i high or less. 68. A.depaupcratus.
tt Bracts stiff, relatively large; leaves narrow, rigid, entire. [Genus HELEASTRUM DC.]
69. A. paludosus.
** Bracts of the involucre without herbaceous tips.
Bracts linear-subulate, acuminate.
Leaves firm, 3' long or less, entire or sparingly serrate. 70. A. nemoralis.
Leaves thin, 6' long or less, sharply serrate. 71. A. acuminates.
Bracts oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish ; leaves narrow, entire. [Genus UNAMIA
Greene.] 72. A. ptarmicoides.
D. Leaves fleshy, narrow, entire; plants of salt marshes or saline soil (No. 74 sometimes in
non-saline situations).
Perennial ; heads 6"- 12" broad ; involucral bracts lanceolate, acuminate. 73. A. tenuifolius.
Annuals; head 3" -5" broad; involucral bracts linear-subulate. [Genus TRIPOLIUM Nees.]
Involucre campanulate ; disk-flowers more numerous than the rays ; rays about 2" long.
74. A. e.rilis.
Involucre cylindraceous ; disk-flowers fewer than the very short rays. 75. A. subulatus.
GENUS 31.
THISTLE FAMILY.
409
i. Aster carmesinus Burgess. Crimson-disk Aster. Fig. 4282.
Stems erect, delicate, closely tufted, i-2 high,
glabrous, reddish brown, terete. Leaves all petioled,
glabrate, very thin, but firm and crisp, the lower and
basal ones oval, rounded, or with a small deep and
rounded sinus at the base, bluntly acute or short-
acuminate at the apex, crenate-serrate, the upper
ones sometimes ovate-lanceolate, the uppermost short-
elliptic ; petioles slender, the uppermost sometimes
winged ; inflorescence 5' broad, or less, usually of
about 5 convex glpmerules, each often of 10-15 short-
peduncled heads, its branches spreading, 3' long, or
less ; rays chiefly 6, white ; disk at first golden yellow,
finally deep purplish crimson ; florets broadly bell-
shaped ; outer bracts obtuse, ciliate, pale, with a green
tip ; achenes glabrous.
On shaded rocks, near Yonkers, N. Y. Peculiar in its
dense glomerules subtended by large short-elliptic leaves,
but probably a race of A. divaricatus L. September.
2. Aster tenebrosus Burgess. Long-leaved
Wood Aster. Fig. 4283.
Stems solitary or scattered, glabrate, striate,
about 3 high. Leaves very thin and smooth,
slender-petioled, broadly oblong, coarsely toothed
with remote acuminate teeth, abruptly long-
acuminate at the apex, the basal sinus broad,
rounded, shallow, except in the lowest ones ;
leaves of the inflorescence lanceolate, subentire,
sessile, sometimes 4' long; inflorescence broadly
corymbose, heads about 4' high, often li' broad;
rays usually 9-12; disk pale yellow, becoming
purplish brown, the florets funnelform with a
long slender tube ; outer bracts chiefly elongated-
triangular, acute, green, the others linear, obtus-
ish, the green tip lance-linear; achenes generally
glabrous.
In moist dark woodlands, New York to Virginia.
Peculiar in its large dark leaves with coarser teeth
than in the next species. Aug.-Sept.
3. Aster divaricatus L. White Wood
Aster. Fig. 4284.
Aster divaricatus L. Sp. PI. 873. 1753.
Aster corymbosus Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 207. 1789.
Stems tufted, assurgent, flexuous, brittle,
terete, ii-2j high, glabrate at maturity.
Leaves thin, smoothish, slender-petioled, ovate-
lanceolate, dentate with sharp teeth, or the
small basal ones coarsely serrate, acute to
acuminate, the basal sinus broad or narrow ;
leaves of the inflorescence small, ovate and
acute to orbicular; corymb broad, flattfsh, re-
peatedly forked, the slender branches long,
divergent ; heads g"-\2" broad ; rays chiefly
6-9, linear, white ; disk turning brown ; bracts
of the involucre broad, ciliate, the rounded
tip with an inconspicuous green spot.
In open woodlands and thickets, in rather dry
.soil, Quebec to Manitoba, Georgia and Tennessee.
Here regarded as consisting of many slightly dif-
fering races, a number of which have been con-
sidered species and varieties. Sept.-Oct.
Aster yiridis Nees, remarkable for its coarse rough basal leaves, and large oval rhomboid rameal
ones, occasionally from New York and Pennsylvania to Virginia, may prove to be a hybrid between
the preceding and A. macrophyllus L.
410
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
4. Aster furcatus Burgess.
Fig. 4285.
Forking Aster.
Aster furcatus Burgess ; Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3 : 358.
1898.
Stem leafy, ii high, or less, loosely forked above.
Leaves hispid above, hispidulous beneath, firm, sa-
liently cut-toothed, the lower ovate, short-petioled,
with a small or shallow sinus, the upper sessile, with
broad laciniate winged bases, often 5' long by 2^'
wide, the uppermost elliptic-oblong, often 3^' long;
teeth long and low, sharp; heads few (5-20), slender-
peduncled ; involucre turbinate to campanulate, with
a truncate or rounded base; rays 3-toothed; disk
turning brown, the florets funnelform with rather
broad lobes ; pappus long, straight ; achenes pubes-
cent, subangular, not constricted at the summit.
In woods, especially on shaded cliffs, Indiana, Illinois
and Missouri. Aug.-Oct.
5. Aster glomeratus (Nees) Bernh. Bern-
hardi's Aster. Fig. 4286.
Eurybia glomerata Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 139. 1832.
Aster glomeratus Bernh. ; Burgess in Britt. & Brown,
111. Fl. 3: 358. 1898.
Loosely clustered, dull green. Leaves not
large, mostly short-pilose beneath, thickish,
rough above; basal leaves present, these and the
lower stern leaves cordate with a deep, narrow
sinus, the teeth sharp, rather close and small ;
petioles slender, ciliate ; upper leaves much
smaller, ovate, truncate with a short broadly
winged base, or the uppermost ovate to lanceo-
late, sessile, entire; inflorescence compact, of
many glomerate clusters, round-topped ; heads
about 4" high; bracts pubescent, obtuse, green,
the inner twice as long as the outer; rays about
6, cream-white, short, soon deciduous; disk
turning brown.
In moist thickets or swamps, especially in ravines,
Maine to New York and Virginia. July.
6. Aster Clayton! Burgess. Clayton's
Aster. Fig. 4287.
Aster Claytoni Burgess ; Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3 :
358. 1898.
Similar to A. divaricatus, stems red, tough.
Leaves chiefly ovate-lanceolate, not large, rough,
thick, slender-petioled, coarsely serrate, pale, or
dull, the apex incurved-acuminate, the upper
spreading or deflexed, sessile by a broad base,
lanceolate-triangular, serrulate ; inflorescence high,
with percurrent axis, the long suberect branches
each bearing a small umbelliform cluster of heads ;
peduncles filiform, as long as the heads, 3" -4"
long; bracts pale; rays short, narrow, chiefly 6,
snow-white ; disks at first golden-yellow, finally
sienna-brown ; florets about 20, achenes densely
short-hairy.
In sunny or slightly shaded rocky places, Maine to
New York and the mountains of Virginia. Sept.
GENUS 31.
THISTLE FAMILY.
411
7. Aster curvescens Burgess. Dome-topped
Aster. Fig. 4288.
Aster curvescens Burgess ; Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3 :
359. 1898.
Dark green, chiefly glabrous ; rootstocks often 10'
long; stem smooth, striate, delicate, i-3i high.
Basal leaves tufted, conspicuous, these and the lowest
stem leaves with a broad sinus tapering into a
petiole 1-2 times as long as the blade, abruptly in-
curved-acuminate; middle leaves ovate, short-peti-
oled, rounded at the base, the upper lanceolate, slen-
derly acuminate, often falcate; leaves firm, smooth-
ish, the teeth broad, curved ; inflorescence mostly
convex, 3'-s' broad, its short filiform naked branches
widely ascending ; heads 4"-5" high ; lower bracts
short, obtuse, the others longer, nearly uniform,
scarious, shining, linear, often acute, usually gla-
brous ; rays about 8, cream-white, about 5" long ;
disk becoming purple-brown ; pappus early redden-
ing ; achenes slender, glabrous.
In loose moist shaded soil, New England and New
York to Virginia. Aug.-Sept.
8. Aster Schreberi Nees. Schreber's Aster.
Fig. 4289.
Aster Schreberi Nees, Syn. Ast. 16. 1818.
Stem stout, 2-3 high, with long internodes.
Basal leaves often in extensive colonies, thin, dull
green, firm, rough above, with scattered slender ap-
pressed bristles, pubescent beneath on the veins,
reni form-cordate or cordate-triangular, often 7' long
by 5' wide, the basal sinus when well developed
rectangular, 2' across and i' deep; upper leaves
ovate-oblong to lanceolate, with a short broad basal
wing, or sessile ; petioles of the lower leaves long,
conspicuously ciliate when young ; inflorescence de-
compound, flattish, or irregularly convex, 6'-i2 f
broad ; heads about 5" high ; bracts greenish, mostly
obtuse, ribs and midrib dark green, ciliate; rays
usually 10.
In borders of woods, and along fence rows in partial
shade, New York to Michigan and Virginia. July-Aug.
9. Aster macrophyllus L. Large-leaved
Aster. Fig. 4290.
Aster macrophyllus L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1232. 1763.
Rough; rootstocks long, thick; stem reddish,
angular, 2-3 high. Basal leaves forming large
colonies, 3 or 4 to each stem, broad, cordate with
a large irregular sinus, rough above, harsh, thick,
the teeth broad, curved, pointed, the petioles long,
narrow ; upper stem leaves oblong with short
broadly winged petioles, the uppermost sessile,
acute ; inflorescence strigose and glandular, broadly
corymbose, irregular ; heads 5"-6" high ; peduncles
rigid, thickish; rays about 16, s"-j" long, chiefly
lavender, sometimes violet, rarely pale ; bracts con-
spicuously green-tipped, the lower acute, the inner
oblong, obtuse ; disk turning reddish brown; florets
short-lobed.
In moderately dry soil, in shaded places, Canada to
Minnesota and North Carolina. Here regarded as con-
sisting of numerous slightly differing races, perhaps in-
cluding the five following described as species. Aug.
412
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
10. Aster roscidus Burgess. Dewy-leaf
Aster. Fig. 4291.
Aster roscidus Burgess ; Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3 :
360. 1898.
Clammy-hairy, odorous, copiously glandular
when young, somewhat so at maturity; stem 3
high, or less. Basal leaves in close colonies, co-
riaceous, the earlier ones cordate-quadrate, low-
serrate, the sinus deep, narrow, the later, or
winter leaves, elliptic, long-petioled, often pros-
trate, often 5' long; stem leaves chiefly orbicular
and not cordate, with short broadly winged
petioles, rarely slender-petioled ; inflorescence
convex, sometimes irregular; involucre hemi-
spheric, its bracts chiefly with rounded ciliate
tips ; rays 14-16, broad, clear violet ; disks at first
golden yellow, soon turning red; pappus long,
white, copious.
In slight shade and rich cleared woodlands, Maine
to Pennsylvania and Michigan. Aug.-Sept.
ii. Aster ianthinus Burgess. Violet Wood
Aster. Fig. 4292.
Aster ianthinus Burgess ; Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3 : 360.
1898.
Glandular, dark green, slightly strigose-pubescent ;
stem erect, or decumbent, 2-3 tall. Leaves thin-
nish, rough, the lower and basal ones orbicular to
oblong, 5' long, or less, abruptly acuminate, low-
serrate or crenate; the sinus broad, open, shallow,
upper leaves sessile by a narrowed base, crenate-
serrate ; inflorescence open, nearly naked, peduncles
slender, divergent ; heads large ; rays 10-13, long,
very deep violet or sometimes pale, 4"-6" long;
bracts green-tipped, little pubescent.
On shaded banks and along woodland paths, Maine
to Lake Erie and West Virginia. July-Oct.
12. Aster violaris Burgess. Violet-leaf Aster.
Fig. 4293.
Aster violaris Burgess; Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3: 361.
1898.
Caudex thick, fleshy; plant glabrate, bluish green,
minutely glandular; stem slender, erect, or assur-
gent, 2 high, or less. Basal and lower leaves broadly
reniform, abruptly acuminate or apiculate, often 3'
long by 4' wide, their slender petioles 6'-8' long, the
sinus very broad and shallow ; middle stem leaves
similar, not cordate; the upper numerous, long-
elliptic, chiefly with narrowed bases, all thin, firm,
rough above; inflorescence leafy, small, loose, rather
narrow and high, paniculate-corymbose, nearly level-
topped, its slender branches with nearly opposite,
oblong leaves; heads 6" high, or more; rays 12-15,
pale violet, narrow.
In shaded moist places, sometimes in leaf-mold among
rocks, New York from the Hudson to Lake Erie. Sept.-
Oct.
GENUS 31.
THISTLE FAMILY
13. Aster multiformis Burgess. Various-
leaved Aster. Fig. 4294.
Aster multiformis Burgess ; Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl.
3: 361. 1898.
Deep green, minutely glandular ; stem erect,
slender, i-2 high, angular-striate in drying.
Basal leaves usually 2, large, thick, cordate-
oblong, often accompanied by later smaller ob-
long ones ; stem leaves very thin, sharply ser-
rate, rough above, minutely puberulent beneath,
the lower ovate, acuminate, usually with a nar-
row sinus, the upper oval to ovate-lanceolate,
petioled, the uppermost elliptic-lanceolate, ser-
rulate, sessile or nearly so; inflorescence small,
its branches upwardly curved ; heads about 7"
high; rays about 13, rounded and retuse at the
apex ; bracts green, glands few, almost hidden
by the minutely strigose pubescence of the pe-
duncles.
In moist shaded places, Maine to western New
York, Pennsylvania and Maryland. July-Aug.
14. Aster nobilis Burgess. Stately Aster
Fig. 4295-
Aster nobilis Burgess ; Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3 : 361.
1898.
Tall, minutely glandular above ; stem shining,
bright green, 4~5 high. Leaves thin, but firm,
smooth in growth, roughened in drying, mi-
nutely puberulent beneath, dark green, basal and
lower leaves large, the blade often 9' long by 6'
wide, about as long as the stout petiole, sharply
toothed, the sinus deep, broad, or the lobes over-
lapping ; stem leaves similar, the upper oblong-
lanceolate, sessile ; inflorescence irregularly cy-
mose-paniculate, with small subulate recurved
leaves ; bracts long, acute, green ; heads 6" high,
or less; rays 13-15, violet-blue or pale violet;
disk-flowers not numerous, their corollas funnel-
form with a long capillary tube.
In leaf-mold, Lake Champlain to Lake Erie. Aug.
15. Aster anomalus Engelm. Many-
rayed Aster. Fig. 4296.
Aster anomalus Engelm. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 503.
1843-
Stem rough, rather stout, branched above,
i-3 high. Leaves thin, the lower and basal
ones deeply cordate, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate,
entire or slightly repand, rough-pubescent on
both surfaces, acute or acuminate at the apex,
3'~4' long, i '-2' wide, on slender naked peti-
oles; upper leaves short-petioled or sessile,
lanceolate, oblong, or linear, much smaller;
heads few, 4"-6" high, I2"-I5" broad; recep-
tacle hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate, acute,
or acuminate, hirsute, imbricated in several
series, their foliaceous tips spreading or re-
flexed ; rays 30-45, 5"-6" long, bright violet-
blue; pappus whitish.
On limestone cliffs, Illinois to Missouri and
Arkansas. Sept.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
16. Aster Shortii Hook. Short's Aster.
Fig. 4297.
Aster Shortii Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 9. 1834.
Stem roughish or smooth, slender, panicu-
lately branched above, 2-4 high. Leaves
thick, glabrous or nearly so above, finely and
sparingly pubescent beneath, the lower and
basal ones ovate or ovate-lanceolate, cordate
at the base, acute or acuminate at the apex,
slightly dentate, or entire, 2 f -6' long, i'-2 r
wide, borne on slender naked petioles; upper
leaves lanceolate, entire, sessile or short-peti-
oled, not cordate, those of the branches small
and bract-like ; heads numerous, s"~7" high ;
involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts lin-
ear, acute, puberulent, imbricated in several
series, their green tips appressed; rays 10-15,
linear, violet-blue, 5"-6" long; pappus tawny.
On banks and along edges of woods, western
Pennsylvania to Virginia, Georgia, Illinois, Wis-
consin and Tennessee. Sept.-Oct.
17. Aster azureus Lindl. Sky-blue Aster.
Fig. 4298.
Aster azureus Lindl. ; Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. I :
98- 1835.
A. capillaceus Burgess; Small, Fl. S.E. U. S. 1215.
1903.
Stem slender, stiff, rough, branched above,
i-4 high. Leaves thick, usually all entire, sca-
brous on both sides, the lower and basal ones
cordate, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate,
acute, acuminate, or obtusish, 2'-6' long, with
slender, naked, often pubescent petioles ; upper
leaves short-petioled or sessile, lanceolate or
linear, those of the branches reduced to small
appressed bracts; heads numerous, 4" -5" high;
involucre turbinate, its bracts glabrous, linear-
oblong, abruptly acute, imbricated in several
series, their green tips appressed ; rays 10-20,
bright blue, 3 '-4" long ; pappus tawny.
On prairies and along borders of woods, Ontario
and western New York to Georgia, Minnesota, Kan-
sas, Alabama and Texas. Aug.-Oct.
1 8. Aster cordifolius L. Common
Blue Wood Aster. Fig. 4299.
Aster cordifolius L. Sp. PI. 875. 1753.
Aster choralis Steele, Contr. Nat. Herb. 10 :
372- 1911-
Stem glabrous or nearly so, rarely pu-
bescent, much branched, bushy, i-5 high.
Leaves thin, rough, more or less pubescent
with scattered hairs above and on the veins
beneath, sharply serrate, acuminate, the
lower and basal ones slender-petioled,
broadly ovate-cordate, 2' -5' long, the upper
short-petioled or sessile, ovate or lanceo-
late, smaller ; petioles scarcely margined ;
heads usually very numerous, small, 2"-3"
high, 6"-o," broad, handsome ; involucre
turbinate to cylindric, its bracts oblong-
linear, obtuse or obtusish, green-tipped, ap-
pressed ; rays 10-20, 3 "-4' long, violet or
blue, sometimes pale, rarely white.
Woods and thickets, Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick to Ontario, Minnesota, Georgia and
Missouri. Consists of .many races, differing
mainly in leaf-form and inflorescence. Sept.-
Dec. Tongue. Bee-weed.
GENUS 31.
THISTLE FAMILY.
19. Aster Lowrieanus Porter. Lowrie's
or Fall Aster. Fig. 4300.
Aster cordifolius var. laevigatus Porter, Bull.
Torr. Club 16 : 67. 1889. Not A. laevigatus
Lam. 1783.
Aster Lowrieanus Porter, Bull. Torr. Club 21 :
121. 1894.
Glabrous, or very nearly so throughout ;
stem branched, i-4 high. Leaves thickish,
firm, a little succulent, the basal slender-peti-
oled, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, mostly cordate,
acute or obtusish, serrate, or sometimes in-
cised, 2'-6' long, those of the stem ovate to
oblong, often cordate, contracted into winged
petioles, the uppermost lanceolate ; heads usu-
ally not very numerous, 2i"-3" high, loosely
panicled ; involucre turbinate, its bracts obtuse
or obtusish, appressed; rays light blue, 3"~4"
long, but variable in length.
In woods, Connecticut and southern New York
to Pennsylvania, Ontario, North Carolina and
Kentucky. Races differ in leaf-form and serration.
Sept.-Oct. Bee-weed. Blue-devil.
20. Aster Lindleyanus T. & G. Lindley's Aster. Fig. 4301.
As er Lindleyanus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 122. 1841.
A. Wilsoni Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 37: 138. 1910.
Aster Lindleyanus eximius Burgess; Britt. & Brown,
111. Fl. 3: 364. 1898.
Stem usually stout, glabrous, or sometimes pu-
bescent, i-6 high, branched above. Leaves
rather thick, glabrous, or slightly pubescent, espe-
cially on the veins, the lower and basal ones cor-
date at the base, sharply serrate, ovate, acute or
acuminate, 2'-^' long, with slender naked peti-
oles ; upper leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or lan-
ceolate, less serrate, or entire, sessile, or with
margined petioles, those of the branches lanceo-
late or linear-lanceolate, smaller; heads usually
not numerous, 4"-$" high; involucre broadly
turbinate or nearly hemispheric, its bracts linear-
lanceolate, acute, rather loosely imbricated, gla-
brous, or nearly so, their tips green; rays 10-20,
blue or violet, 3"-5" long; pappus nearly white.
In open places, Labrador to Mackenzie, Alberta,
Maine, New York, Michigan and Montana. Aug.-
Oct.
21. Aster Drummondii Lindl. Drummond's
Aster. Fig. 4302.
Aster Drummondii Lindl. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. I :
97- 1835-
Aster hirtellus Lindl. in DC. Prodr. 5: 233. 1836.
Stem usually stout, finely and densely canescent,
branched above, 2-s high. Leaves mostly thin,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rough above,
canescent beneath, the lower and basal ones cordate,
with slender naked petioles, sharply toothed, 2'-^'
long, the upper cordate or rounded at the base, usu-
ally on margined petioles, those of the branches
sessile and entire or nearly so, much smaller; heads
3"-4" high, rather numerous on the racemose
branches ; involucre turbinate, its bracts linear,
slightly pubescent, acute or acuminate, their green
tips appressed; rays 8-15, blue, 3"~4" long; pappus
whitish.
In dry soil, borders of woods and on prairies, Ohio
to Minnesota, Kentucky, Arkansas and Texas. Perhaps
not specifically distinct from the following. Sept.-Oct.
416
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
22. Aster sagittifolius Willd. Arrow-
leaved Aster. Fig. 4303.
Aster sagittifolius Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 2035. 1804.
Stem stout, or slender, strict, glabrous, or spar-
ingly pubescent above, 2-5 high, paniculately
branched at the inflorescence, the branches as-
cending. Leaves thin, slightly roughened, or gla-
brous above, glabrate or pubescent beneath, the
lower and basal ones cordate or sagittate, ovate-
lanceolate, sharply serrate, acuminate, 3'-6' long,
with slender naked or narrowly margined peti-
oles; upper leaves lanceolate, sessile, or on short
and usually margined petioles, serrate or entire,
those of the branches very small; heads 2\"-^'
high, 8"-io" broad, numerous, crowded, race-
mose; involucre turbinate, its bracts linear-subu-
late, glabrous or nearly so, their tips green and
slightly spreading; rays 10-15, light blue or pur-
plish, 3"-4" long; pappus whitish.
In dry soil, New Brunswick to Ontario, North Da-
kota, New Jersey, Georgia and Missouri. Aug.-Oct.
Aster Saundersii Burgess, of the Dakotas and
Iowa, differs by a corymbose inflorescence.
23. Aster undulatus L. Wavy-leaf
Aster. Fig. 4304.
Aster undulatus L. Sp. PI. 875. 1753.
Stem stiff, very rough and pubescent, divari-
cately branched above, i-3$ high. Leaves
usually thick, rough on both sides, pubescent
beneath, dentate, undulate or entire, acute or
acuminate, the lowest and basal ones ovate,
cordate, 2.'-6' long, with naked or margined
petioles ; middle ones ovate, lanceolate or ob-
long, with margined petioles dilated and clasp-
ing at the base, the upper sessile or clasping,
those of the branches small and subulate;
heads numerous, racemose and often secund
on the spreading branches, about 4" high,
8"-io" broad ; involucre broadly turbinate, its
bracts linear-oblong, pubescent, acute or acut-
ish, their green tips appressed; rays 8-^15, pale
blue to violet, 3"-s" long ; pappus whitish.
In dry soil, New Brunswick and Ontario to
Minnesota, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana and
Arkansas. Various-leaved aster. Races differ in
leaf-form and inflorescence. Sept.-Oct.
24. Aster patens Ait. Late Purple
Aster. Purple Daisy. Fig. 4305.
Aster patens Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 201. 1789.
A. patens gracilis Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i : 97.
1835-
Stem slender, rough, i-3 high, diver-
gently branched. Leaves ovate-oblong to
oblong-lanceolate, rough or pubescent, thick
and somewhat rigid, strongly cordate or
auriculate-clasping at the broad base, entire,
acute, or the lowest obtuse, i'-3' long, those
of the branches much smaller and bract-like,
the margins rough-ciliate ; heads i' broad or
more, solitary at the ends of the branches ;
involucre broadly turbinate, its bracts linear-
oblong, finely pubescent or scabrous and
somewhat glandular, imbricated in several
series, their green acute tips spreading; rays
20-30, purplish-blue, or deep violet, 4"-6"
long; pappus tawny; achenes pubescent.
In dry, open places, Maine to northern New
York, Minnesota. Florida, Louisiana and Texas.
Reported from Canada. Races differ in leaf-
form and pubescence. Aug.-Oct.
GENUS 31.
THISTLE FAMILY
25. Aster phlogifolius Muhl. Thin-leaved
Purple Aster. Fig. 4306.
A. phlogifolius Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 2034. 1804.
Aster patens var. phlogifolius Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast.
49- 1832.
Similar to the preceding species, usually taller.
Leaves larger, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate,
entire, thin, or membranous, acuminate at the
apex, strongly auriculate-clasping at the base,
roughish above, pubescent beneath, usually nar-
rowed below the middle, sometimes 6' long; heads
usually numerous, i'-2' broad, panicled, or some-
what racemose on the branches ; bracts of the
involucre lanceolate, glabrate, rather loose, with
herbaceous tips; rays numerous, purple-blue.
In woods and thickets, New York to Ohio, North
Carolina and Tennessee. Perhaps a sylvan race of
the preceding species. Aug.-Sept.
26. Aster novae-angliae L. New England
Aster. Fig. 4307.
Aster novae-angliae L. Sp. PI. 875. 1753.
A. roseus Desf. Cat. Hort. Paris, Ed. 3, 401. 1812.
Stem stout, hispid pubescent, corymbosely
branched above, 2-8 high, very leafy. Leaves
lanceolate, entire, rather thin, acute, pubescent,
2'-s' long, 6"-i2" wide, clasping the stem by an
auriculate or broadly cordate base ; heads nu-
merous, I '-2' broad, clustered at the ends of the
branches ; involucre hemispheric, its bracts linear-
subulate, somewhat unequal, green, spreading,
pubescent and more or less glandular, viscid ;
rays 40-50, linear, 5"-8" long, violet-purple,
rarely pink or red, or white; achenes pubes-
cent ; pappus reddish-white.
In fields and along swamps, Quebec to Saskatche-
wan, South Carolina, Alabama, Kansas and Colo-
rado. One of the most beautiful of the genus.
Aug.-Oct.
27. Aster oblongifolius Nutt. Aromatic
Aster. Fig. 4308.
Aster oblongifolius Nutt. Gen. 2: 156. 1818.
Aster oblongifolius var. rigidulus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. I :
Part 2, 179. 1884.
Aster Kumleinii Fries; Rydb. Fl. Colo. 354. 1906.
Stem much branched, hirsute-pubescent, i-2i
high, the branches divaricate or ascending. Leaves
crowded, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, sessile by
a broad, partly clasping base, usually rigid, en-
tire, acute or mucronulate at the apex, rough or
hispidulous on both sides, rough-margined, those
of the stem i'-2 r long, 2"-^" wide, those of the
branches gradually smaller; heads corymbose,
nearly i' broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts
much imbricated, glandular, aromatic, linear or
linear-oblong, the acute green tips spreading; rays
20-30, violet-purple, rarely rose-pink, 3"-s" long;
pappus light brown ; achenes canescent.
On prairies and bluffs, central Pennsylvania to
Minnesota, North Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, Vir-
ginia, Tennessee and Texas. Races differ in leaf-
form and pubescence. Plant odorous. Aug.-Oct.
27
4 iS
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
28. Aster nebraskensis Britton.
Aster. Fig. 4309.
Nebraska
Aster nebraskensis Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl.
3: 375. 1898.
Stem strictly erect, slender, stiff, rough to the
base, simple, or with a few short nearly erect
branches, very leafy, ij-2i tall. Leaves thick,
rather rigid, ascending, lanceolate to oblong-
lanceolate, entire, sessile by a subcordate base,
acute or acuminate at the apex, i'-3' long, 4" -6"
wide, very rough on both sides, the midvein
prominent beneath, the lateral veins obscure ;
heads few, terminating short leafy branchlets,
i'-ii' broad; involucre broadly campanulate or
hemispheric, about 3" high, its bracts green, ob-
long, acute, imbricated in several series, the outer
quite foliaceous; rays purple, about 6" long.
Lake shores, central Nebraska. Sept. Lower and
basal leaves not seen.
29. Aster amethystinus Nutt. Amethyst
Aster. Fig. 4310.
Aster amethystinus Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7:
294. 1841.
Resembles Aster novae-angliae , but is often taller,
sometimes 5 high. Leaves often crowded, linear-
lanceolate, entire, rough or hispidulous on both sides,
partly clasping, though sometimes slightly so, at the
sessile base, acute at the apex, those of the stem
I '-2' long, 2"-3" wide; heads rather numerous, race-
mose or corymbose, i'-i' broad; involucre broadly
turbinate, its bracts much imbricated, linear, hispid,
not glandular, the acutish green tips spreading; rays
20-30, blue or violet, about 3" long; pappus brown;
achenes canescent.
In moist soil, Vermont and Massachusetts to New
York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Iowa and Nebraska. Sept.-
Oct. Specimens have intermediate characters between
Aster novae-anrjliae L. and Aster multiflorus L., and
hybridism is suspected.
30. Aster modestus Lindl. Great Northern
Aster. Fig. 4311.
Aster unalaschensis var. major Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 7.
1834-
Aster modestus Lindl. ; Hook. loc. cit. 8. 1834.
Aster majus Porter, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 325. 1894.
Stem stout, leafy to the summit, usually densely
pilose-pubescent with many-celled hairs, rarely gla-
brate, branched above, 4-6 high. Leaves mem-
branous, lanceolate, partly clasping by a narrowed
base, acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate with
low, distant teeth, dark green and slightly pubes-
cent above, villous-pubescent on the veins beneath,
3'-5' long, 5"-io" wide ; heads mostly solitary at
the ends of short branches, i*' broad; involucre
hemispheric, its bracts little imbricated, green,
linear-subulate, densely glandular; rays 35-45, pur-
ple to violet, 5 "-7" long; achenes appressed-pubes-
cent; pappus tawny.
In moist soil, western Ontario to Minnesota, Oregon
and British Columbia. Sept.-Oct.
GENUS 31.
THISTLE FAMILY.
419
31. Aster puniceus L. Red-stalk or
Purple-stem Aster. Fig. 4312.
Aster puniceus L. Sp. PI. 875. 1753.
Stem usually stout, reddish, corymbosely or
racemosely branched above, hispid with rigid
hairs to glabrous, 3-8 high. Leaves lanceolate
to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile and clasp-
ing by a broad or narrowed base, sharply serrate,
or entire, usually very rough above, pubescent on
the midrib or glabrous beneath, 3'-6' long, i'-ii'
wide; heads generally numerous, I'-ii' broad;
involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts linear or
oblong, attenuate, imbricated in about 2 series,
glabrous or ciliate, green, loose, spreading, nearly
equal, sometimes broadened ; rays 20-40, violet-
purple or pale (rarely white), s"~?" long, showy;
pappus nearly white; achenes pubescent.
In swamps, Newfoundland to Ontario, Manitoba,
Minnesota, Georgia, Tennessee, Ohio and Michigan.
Races differ in pubescence, leaf-form and leaf-serra-
tion. Early purple aster. Swan-weed. Cocash. Meadow-
scabish. July-Nov.
32. Aster tardiflorus L. Northeastern
Aster. Fig. 4313.
Aster '.ardiflorus L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1231. 1763.
Aster patulus Lam. Encycl. i : 308. 1783.
Stem glabrous, slightly pubescent, or villous, co-
rymbosely branched near the summit, i-3 high.
Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or ovate-lan-
ceolate, serrate with low teeth, or some of them
entire, acuminate at the apex, narrowed into a
slightly clasping base, or the lower into winged
petioles, glabrous or nearly so on both sides, rough-
ish-margined, 3' -6" long, 4"-ip" wide; heads about
i' broad, not very numerous, involucre hemispheric,
its bracts often 6" long, acute, somewhat unequal ;
rays 20-30, violet ; pappus nearly white ; achenes
pubescent.
Along streams, New Brunswick to Pennsylvania.
Aug.-Oct.
33. Aster prenanthoides Muhl. Crooked-
stem Aster. Fig. 4314.
A. prenanthoides Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 2046. 1804.
Aster prenanthoides porrectifolius Porter, Mem. Torr.
Club 5 : 326. 1894.
Stem glabrous, or pubescent in lines above,
flexuous, much branched, i-2 high. Leaves
thin, oblong to ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate,
sharply and coarsely serrate, scabrous above, gla-
brous or nearly so beneath, 3'-8' long, g"-iS"
wide, acuminate at the apex, abruptly narrowed
below into a broad margined entire petiole, the
base auriculate-clasping ; heads usually numerous,
i' broad or more; involucre hemispheric, its bracts
linear, acute, green, spreading, imbricated in 3 or
4 series, the outer shorter ; rays 20-30, violet,
4"-6" long; pappus tawny; achenes pubescent.
In moist soil, Massachusetts to Minnesota, Vir-
ginia, Kentucky and Iowa. Aug.-Oct.
Aster schistosus Steele, of West Virginia, is in-
termediate in characters between this species and A. Lowrieanus Porter, and may be a hybrid.
420
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
34. Aster laevis L. Smooth Aster.
Fig- 43 1 5-
Aster laevis L. Sp. PI. 876. 1753.
Aster laevis ainplifolius Porter, Mem. Torr. Club 5 :
324. 1894.
Aster laevis potomacensis Burgess ; Britt. & Brown,
111. Fl. 3: 369. 1898.
Stem usually stout, glabrous, often glaucous,
2-4 high, branched or simple. Leaves thick, en-
tire, or serrate, glabrous, slightly rough-margined,
the upper all sessile and usually cordate-clasping,
lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, oblanceolate or
ovate, acute or obtusish, i'-4' long, 4"-2 r wide,
the basal and lower gradually narrowed into
winged petioles, those of the branches often small
and bract-like; heads usually numerous, about i'
broad ; involucre campanulate, its bracts rigid,
acute, appressed, green-tipped, imbricated in sev-
eral series; rays 15-30, blue or violet; pappus
tawny; achenes glabrous or nearly so.
Usually in dry soil, Maine to Ontario, Virginia,
Alabama, Louisiana, Saskatchewan, Missouri and
Colorado. Races differ in leaf-form. Sept.-Oct.
35. Aster concinnus Willd. Narrow-leaved
Smooth Aster. Fig. 4316.
Aster concinnus Willd. Enum. 884. 1809.
Similar to narrow-leaved forms of Aster laevis,
and perhaps a race of that species, glabrous, or
sparingly pubescent above, not glaucous ; stem
paniculately branched, i-3 high. Leaves light
green, lanceolate to linear, entire, or sometimes ser-
rulate, the upper sessile, somewhat clasping, i'-3'
long, the lower and basal ones spatulate, or oblong,
narrowed into margined petioles, sometimes coarsely
toothed ; heads usually numerous, about 10" broad ;
bracts of the involucre with rhomboid acute herba-
ceous tips ; rays violet to purple.
Woodlands, Connecticut to Pennsylvania, Virginia,
North Carolina, Missouri and Arkansas. Sept.-Oct.
36. Aster purpuratus Nees. Southern
Smooth Aster. Fig. 4317.
Aster virgatus Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 353. 1824. Not
Moench, 1802.
A. purpuratus Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 118. 1832.
Stem slender, glabrous, simple, or branched
above, ii-3 high, the branches sometimes pu-
berulent. Leaves firm, glabrous, dark green, en-
tire, the upper sessile and clasping at the base,
elongated-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, 2'-6' long, 2"-4" wide, the lower and basal
ones petioled, oblong-lanceolate, obtusish, those
of the branches very small ; heads rather few,
loosely paniculate, 8"-i2" broad; involucre cam-
panulate to turbinate, its bracts coriaceous, linear,
appressed, green-tipped, acute, imbricated in sev-
eral series, the outer shorter; rays 5-10, blue or
violet, 3"-5" long, pappus tawny ; achenes glabrous.
Virginia and West Virginia to Georgia and Texas.
Aug.- Sept.
GENUS 31.
THISTLE FAMILY.
421
37. Aster junceus Ait. Rush Aster.
Fig. 4318.
Aster junceus Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 : 204. 1789.
Aster longulus Sheldon, Bull. Geol. Surv. Minn. 9: 18,
pi. 2. 1894.
Aster junciformis Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 37: 142. 1910.
Stem very slender, glabrous, or pubescent above,
simple or little branched, i-3 high. Leaves firm,
glabrous, roughish-margined, narrowly linear, entire
or sometimes with a few distant teeth, acute or
acuminate at the apex, sessile by a broad clasping
and often slightly cordate base, 3'-6' long, i*"-4"
wide; heads paniculate, rather distant, about i'
broad; involucre hemispheric, about 3" high, its
bracts glabrous, linear-subulate, very acute, imbri-
cated in 3 or 4 series, the outer shorter; rays violet
to white, 4"-5" long; pappus pale.
In swamps and bogs, Nova Scotia to British Columbia,
New Jersey, Ohio, Wisconsin and Colorado. July-Sept.
38. Aster adscendens Lindl. Western
Aster. Fig. 4319.
A. adscendens Lindl. ; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 8. 1834.
Stem slender, rigid, glabrous, or sparingly
hirsute-pubescent, branched or simple, 6'-2 high.
Leaves firm* entire, rough-margined, sometimes
ciliolate, those of the stem linear-lanceolate or
linear-oblong, acute or obtusish, i'-3' long, 2"-5"
wide, sessile by a more or less clasping base;
basal leaves spatulate, narrowed into short peti-
oles; heads not numerous, about i' broad; invo-
lucre hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in 3-5
series, oblong-linear or spatulate, their tips obtuse
or obtusish, slightly spreading, the inner often
mucronulate; pappus nearly white; achenes pu-
bescent.
On prairies and moist banks, western Nebraska to
Wyoming, Montana, Assiniboia, Colorado, New Mex-
ico and Nevada. July-Sept.
39. Aster novi-belgii L. New York Aster. Fig. 4320.
Aster novi-belgii L. Sp. PI. 877. 1753.
Aster novi-belgii elodes A. Gray, Syn. Fl. I 2 : 190. 1884.
Aster novi-belgii litoreus A. Gray, loc. cit. 189. 1884.
Aster novi-belgii atlanticus Burgess ; Britt. & Brown,
111. Fl. 3: 370. 1898.
Aster novi-belgii Brittonii Burgess, loc. cit. 371. 1898.
Stem slender, usually much branched, glabrous, or
slightly pubescent above, i-3 high. Leaves lanceo-
late, oblong-lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, firm,
often somewhat fleshy, entire, or slightly serrate,
glabrous, or very nearly so, acuminate at the apex,
narrowed, sessile and more or less clasping at the
base, 2'-6' long, 3"-8" wide, the lowest petioled ;
heads corymbose-paniculate, usually numerous, 10"-
15" broad; involucre hemispheric to campanulate,
its bracts linear, acute, or obtusish, green, somewhat
spreading, in 3-5 series, the outer shorter; rays 15-
25, violet, 4"-S" long ; pappus whitish ; achenes gla-
brous or nearly so.
422
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
In swamps, Newfoundland to Maine and Georgia, mainly near the coast. Races differ in leaf-
form and in the involucral bracts. Aug.-Oct.
40. Aster longifolius Lam. Long-leaved
Aster. Fig. 4321.
Aster longifolius Lam. Encycl. i : 306. 1783.
Aster longifolius villicaulis A. Gray, Syn. Fl. i : Part 2,
189. 1884.
Stem glabrous, or pubescent, leafy, paniculately
branched, i-3 high. Leaves lanceolate to linear-
lanceolate, entire, or nearly so, acuminate at the
apex, narrowed into a sessile clasping usually slightly
cordate base, 3'-8' long, 2" -6" wide; heads rather
numerous, about i' broad; involucre hemispheric,
4"-$" high, its bracts glabrous, narrow, green, acute,
imbricated in few series, nearly equal ; rays numer-
ous, 2j"-7" long, violet or pale purple; pappus pale.
In swamps and moist ground, Labrador to Saskatche-
wan, northern New England, Ontario and Montana.
Summer.
41. Aster foliaceus Lindl. Leafy-bracted
Aster. Fig. 4322.
Aster foliaceus Lindl. in DC. Prodr. 5 : 228. 1835.
Stem usually stout, sparingly pubescent in lines,
2-3 high, branched above, the branches ascend-
ing. Leaves lanceolate, acute at the apex, entire, or
with a few small distant teeth, glabrous on both
sides, very rough-margined, 2' -4' long, i'-i' wide,
the upper clasping at the base, the lowest petioled ;
heads few, i' broad or more ; involucre hemispheric,
its bracts green, foliaceous, oblong, the inner nar-
rower and acute ; rays about 30, violet, 4"~5" long ;
pappus nearly white; achenes pubescent.
Mountains of Quebec ; Oregon to Alaska. July-Sept.
The figure of this species in our first edition was erro-
neously stated to have been drawn from specimens col-
lected in western Nebraska.
42. Aster phyllodes Rydb. Large-bracted
Aster. Fig. 4323.
Aster phyllodes Rydb. Bull. Torn Club 37 : 145. 1910.
Stem rather slender, somewhat branched, loosely
pubescent, 2-3 high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate,
entire, or sparingly low-dentate, the larger 4'
long or less, i'-i' wide, acute or acutish at the
apex, narrowed to a subcordate and slightly
clasping base, rough-margined, glabrous on both
sides ; heads leafy-paniculate, about i' broad ; in-
volucre hemispheric, its bracts narrowly oblong,
foliaceous, acute ; rays purplish ; achenes pubes-
cent.
Wet grounds, western Nebraska and eastern Colo-
rado. Aug.-Sept. Included in A. foliaceus Lindl. in
our first edition.
GENUS 31.
THISTLE FAMILY.
4 2 3
43. Aster sericeus Vent. Western Silvery or
Silky Aster. Fig. 4324.
Aster sericeus Vent. Hort. Cels, pi. 33. 1800.
Aster argenteus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: in. 1803.
Stem slender, paniculately or corymbosely branched,
stiff, glabrous, leafy, i-2 high. Stem leaves sessile,
with a broad base, oblong, entire, mucronate, i'-ii'
long, 2"-5" wide, erect or ascending, with a dense
silvery-white silky pubescence on both sides ; basal
and lowest leaves oblanceolate, narrowed into mar-
gined petioles; heads numerous, about ii' broad; in-
volucre turbinate, its bracts oblong, or the inner
lanceolate, canescent, imbricated in 3 or 4 series, their
tips green, acute, spreading; rays 15-25, violet-blue,
6"-8" long; pappus tawny; achenes glabrous.
In dry open soil, Illinois to Minnesota, Manitoba,
South Dakota, Tennessee, Missouri and Texas. Aug.-
Scpt.
44. Aster concolor L. Eastern Silvery
Aster. Fig. 4325.
Aster concolor L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1228. 1763.
Stem slender, glabrous, or pubescent above,
i-2j high, leafy, simple, or with few erect
branches. Leaves oblong or linear-oblong,
finely and densely canescent on both sides, or
the lower glabrate, sessile, obtuse or mucro-
nate, ii'-2' long; heads numerous in an elon-
gated narrow raceme resembling Lacinaria;
involucre broadly turbinate, its bracts linear
or linear-oblong, appressed, canescent, imbri-
cated in 4 or 5 series, their tips green, acute,
the outer shorter ; rays 10-15, lilac, 3"-4" long ;
pappus tawny; achenes villous.
In dry sandy soil, eastern Massachusetts and
Rhode Island to Florida, Tennessee and Louisiana,
mostly near the coast. Lilac-flowered aster. Aug.-
Oct.
45. Aster Fendleri A. Gray.
Aster. Fig. 4326.
Fendler's
Aster Fendleri A.. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. (II) 4: 66.
1849.
Aster Nuttallii var. Fendleri A. Gray, Pac. R. R. Rep.
4: 97- 1856.
Stems several or solitary from thick woody
roots, rigid, hirsute, 6'-i2' high. Leaves linear,
rigid, i-nerved, acute or acuminate, 8"-is" long,
i"-ii" wide, glabrous on both sides, but the mar-
gins bristly-ciliate; heads usually few and race-
mose, i'-i' broad; involucre turbinate, its bracts
glandular, linear-oblong, imbricated in about 4
series, the inner acute, the outer shorter and ob-
tuse; rays 10-15, violet, 3"~5" long.
In dry soil on the plains, Nebraska and Kansas to
Colorado and New Mexico. .Aug.-Sept.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
46. Aster grandiflorus L. Large-
flowered Aster. Fig. 4327.
Aster grandiflorus L. Sp. PI. 877. 1753.
Stem rather stiff, divaricately much branched,
hispid with short hairs, i-2i high. Leaves
oblong, linear, or somewhat spatulate, rigid,
sessile by a broad, sometimes slightly clasping
base, reflexed, entire, obtusish, hispid, the
larger 2' long and 4" wide, those of the branches
very numerous, 2"-$" long; heads about 2'
broad, terminating the branches ; involucre
hemispheric, its bracts very squarrose and
foliaceous, imbricated in 5-7 series, linear, or
linear-oblong, glandular, the outer obtusish,
the inner acute; rays very numerous, deep
violet, nearly i' long, \\" wide; pappus brown-
ish ; achenes ribbed, canescent.
In dry soil, Virginia, east of the mountains, to
Florida. Sept.
47. Aster spectabilis Ait. Low showy
Aster. Seaside Purple Aster.
Fig. 4328.
Aster spectabilis Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 209. 1789.
Stem stiff, simple, or corymbosely branched
above, puberulent, or rough below, more or
less glandular above, i-2 high. Leaves firm,
thickish, the basal and lower ones oval, acute
or acutish, 3'-s' long, i'-ii' wide, sparingly
dentate with low teeth, narrowed at the base
into slender petioles; upper leaves sessile, en-
tire or very nearly so, acute, linear-oblong;
heads several or numerous, about li' broad,
corymbose, very showy ; involucre nearly hemi-
spheric, its bracts linear-oblong or slightly
spatulate, glandular, viscid, imbricated in about
5 series, their green obtusish tips spreading ;
rays 15-30, bright violet, 6"-io" long; pappus
whitish; achenes slightly pubescent.
In dry sandy soil, Massachusetts to Delaware,
mostly near the coast. Aug.-Oct.
48. Aster surculosus Michx. Creeping
Aster. Fig. 4329.
Aster surculosus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 112. 1803.
Stem slender, from elongated-filiform root-
stocks, minutely scabrous-pubescent, io'-i8'
high, corymbosely branched above. Leaves
firm, lanceolate or linear, the lower petioled,
2'-3' long, 4"-8" wide, rough-margined, slightly
scabrous above, sparingly dentate, the upper
narrower, sessile, entire; heads few, or some-
times solitary, about 15" broad; involucre tur-
binate-hemispheric, its bracts coriaceous, im-
bricated in about 5 series, ciliate, but scarcely
glandular, their green tips spreading; rays 15-
30, violet ; pappus whitish ; achenes nearly gla-
brous.
In sandy or gravelly soil, Kentucky, North Caro-
lina and Georgia. Erroneously reported from New
Jersey. Sept.-Oct.
GENUS 31.
THISTLE FAMILY.
49. Aster gracilis Xutt. Slender or
Tuber Aster. Fig. 4330.
Aster gracilis Nutt. Gen. 2: 158. 1818.
Stem slender, finely puberulent and sca-
brous, corymbosely branched above, i-ii
high. Leaves minutely scabrous, the basal
and lower ones oval, acute or obtusish, 2'-$'
long, 4"-8" wide, dentate, narrowed into
slender petioles ; upper leaves linear, linear-
oblong, or slightly oblanceolate, acute, en-
tire, sessile or a little clasping ; heads usu-
ally numerous, 6"-io" broad; involucre
narrowly turbinate, its bracts coriaceous,
glabrous or very nearly so, imbricated in
about 5 series, their tips green and spread-
ing, obtusish ; rays 9-15, violet, 3"-4i" long ;
pappus nearly white ; achenes minutely pu-
bescent.
In dry sandy soil, New Jersey to Kentucky,
Tennessee and South Carolina. Rootstock
tuberous-thickened. July-Sept.
50. Aster Radula Ait. Low Rough Aster.
File-blade Aster. Fig. 4331.
Aster Radula Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 210. 1789.
Aster biftorus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 114. 1803.
Aster strictus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 556. 1814.
Aster Radula var. strictus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. i : Part
2, 176. 1884.
Aster Radula biflorus Porter, Mem. Torr. Club 5 :
326. 1894.
Stem glabrous, or puberulent above, slender,
corymbosely branched near the summit, or sim-
ple, 4'-2 high. Leaves sessile, rough above,
more or less pubescent beneath, lanceolate to
oblong-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, strong-
ly pinnately veined, 2'-$' long, 3"-i2" wide;
heads several, or sometimes numerous, i'-ij'
broad ; involucre hemispheric, its bracts oblong
or oblong-spatulate, coriaceous, appressed-pu-
bescent, conspicuously ciliolate, their green ob-
tuse or acutish tips very little spreading ; rays
20-30, violet, 4"-6" long; achenes glabrous,
striate ; pappus nearly white.
In swamps, Newfoundland to Delaware, Penn-
sylvania, Maryland and West Virginia. July-Sept.
51. Aster Herveyi A. Gray. Hervey's
Aster. Fig. 4332.
Aster Herveyi A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 229. 1867.
Stem roughish, at least above, slender, simple
or corymbosely branched, rarely paniculate, i-3
high, the branches glandular-puberulent. Leaves
firm, rough above, pubescent on the veins beneath,
the basal and lower ones on slender naked peti-
oles, ovate, dentate with low usually distant teeth,
acute at the apex, narrowed, rounded or rarely
cordate at the base, 2'-6' long, i'-3' wide; upper
leaves sessile, or narrowed into winged petioles,
smaller, entire or nearly so; heads \'-\\' broad;
involucre turbinate or campanulate, its bracts ap-
pressed, or sometimes spreading, densely glandu-
lar, oblong or spatulate, obtuse or mucronulate;
rays 15-25, violet, $"-7" long; achenes minutely
pubescent, striate; pappus nearly white.
In dry soil, eastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
Connecticut and Long Island. Aug.-Oct.
COMPOSITAE.
52. Aster turbinellus Lindl.
Aster. Fig. 4333.
VOL. III.
Prairie
A. turbinellus Lindl. Comp. Bot. Mag. i : 98. 1835.
Stem slender, paniculately branched, glabrous
below, puberulent above, 2-3 high. Leaves firm,
lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, entire, ciliate,
acute or acuminate, 2'-$' long, the lower and
basal ones petioled, the upper sessile, those of
the branches much smaller; heads about i' broad,
mostly solitary at the ends of the branches; in-
volucre turbinate, its bracts oblong, coriaceous,
obtuse, appressed, imbricated in 5 or 6 series,
their tips green only at the apex; rays 10-20,
3"-S" long, violet; pappus tawny; achenes finely
pubescent.
In dry soil, especially on prairies, Illinois to Mis-
souri, Nebraska, Kansas, Louisiana and Arkansas.
Sept.-Oct.
53. Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britton. Starved
Aster. Calico Aster. Fig. 4334.
Solidago lateriflora L. Sp. PI. 879. 1753.
Aster diffusus Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 205. 1789.
Aster miser Nutt. Gen. 2: 158. 1818.
A. lateriflorus Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 9:10. 1889.
Stem puberulent, or nearly glabrous, slender, diver-
gently branched, i-5 high. Basal leaves ovate, slen-
der-petioled ; stem leaves broadly lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, mostly acuminate, serrate, 2'-$' long, 6"- 12"
wide, those of the branches smaller, oblong or linear-
oblong; heads 3"-S" broad, racemosely unilateral on
the branches, short-peduncled or sessile, usually nu-
merous and crowded ; involucre turbinate, its bracts
linear-oblong, obtuse or acutish, imbricated in about 4
series, their short green tips appressed or slightly
spreading; rays numerous, short, white or pale purple;
disk-flowers purple; pappus white; achenes minutely
pubescent.
In dry or moist soil, Nova Scotia to western Ontario,
south to North Carolina, Louisiana and Texas. Consists
of many races, differing in leaf-form, inflorescence and pu-
bescence. Called in Maryland rosemary. Aug.-Oct.
54. Aster hirsuticaulis Lindl. Hairy-
stemmed Aster. Fig. 4335.
A. hirsuticaulis Lindl. ; DC. Prodr. 5 : 242. 1836.
Aster lateriflorus hirsuticaulis Porter, Mem. Torr.
Club 5 : 324. 1894.
Stem slender, erect, ii"-3 high, pubescent,
often nearly or quite to the base, the usually
short branches spreading or ascending. Leaves
thin, glabrous above, usually pubescent on the
midvein beneath, serrate with a few appressed
teeth, or entire, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate,
sometimes 6' long, z"-j" wide, sessile, or the
basal ones spatulate and petioled ; heads more
or less unilateral on the branches, densely or
loosely clustered, often also solitary or few in
the lower axils ; bracts of the involucre in 3
or 4 series, linear-lanceolate, acuminate or
acute; rays white, about 2" long.
In woods and thickets, New Brunswick to Penn-
sylvania, Kentucky and Michigan. Perhaps a
race of the preceding species. Aug.-Oct. Wise-
weed. Old-field sweet. Farewell-summer. Old-Vir-
ginia. Stickweed. White-devil. Nail-rod.
GENUS 31.
THISTLE FAMILY.
427
55. Aster vimineus Lam. Small White Aster. Fig. 4336.
Aster vimineus Lam. Encycl. i : 306. 1783.
Aster foliolosus Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 203. 1789.
Aster Tradescanti T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 129. 1841. Not
L. I7S3.
Aster vimineus foliolosus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. i : Part 2,
1 86. 1884.
Glabrous or nearly so throughout; stem slender,
divergently branched, 2-5 high. Stem leaves linear-
lanceolate, entire, or with a few low teeth, 3'-$'
long, 2"-4" wide, acuminate at the apex, narrowed
to a sessile base, those of the branches much smaller ;
heads very numerous, small, 3"-s" broad, 2"-3"
high, generally densely racemose-secund, sometimes
subpaniculate, short-peduncled ; involucre broadly
turbinate, its bracts linear, acute or acutish, imbri-
cated in about 3 series, green-tipped, appressed ;
rays numerous, about 2" long, white to purplish ;
pappus white; achenes minutely pubescent.
In moist soil, Ontario to Florida, west to Minnesota
and Arkansas. Aug.-Sept.
Aster racemosus Ell., with smaller heads, the leaves
all very small, of the Southeastern States, apparently
occurs in extreme southern Illinois.
56. Aster multiflorus Ait. Dense-flowered
Aster. White Wreath Aster. Fig. 4337.
Aster multiflorus Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 203. 1789.
A. multiflorus stricticaulis T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 125. 1841.
A. multiflorus exiguus Fernald, Rhodora i: 187. 1899.
A. exiguus Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 28: 505. 1901.
A. polycephalus Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 33: 153. 1906.
Stem strict, much branched and bushy, rough-
pubescent or scabrous, r-7 high, the branches as-
cending or spreading. Leaves rigid, linear or linear-
oblong, entire, mostly obtuse, sessile or slightly
clasping at^ the base, rough and ciliate, those of the
stem i-ii' long, those of the branches very small
and crowded ; heads 3"-4" broad, densely crowded,
nearly sessile, sometimes slightly secund on the
branches ; involucre 2" -3" high, its bracts coriaceous,
mostly ciliate or pubescent, in 3 or 4 series, their
short green tips obtuse or mucronate, spreading ;
rays 10-20, white, i*"-2" long; pappus brownish
white; achenes puberulent.
In dry open places, Maine and Ontario to Alberta,
Georgia, Texas and Arizona. Consists of many slightly
differing races. Fall-flower. Aug.-Nov.
57. Aster commutatus (T. & G.) A. Gray.
White Prairie Aster. Fig. 4338.
Aster ramulosus var. incanopilosus Lindl. in DC. Prodr. 5 :
243; 1836.
Aster multiflorus var. commutatus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 125.
1841.
Aster commutatus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. i: Part 2, 185. 1884.
A. incanopilosus Sheldon, Bull. Torr. Club 20: 286. 1893.
Similar to the preceding species, except in the inflores-
cence, the stem rough-pubescent, or sometimes nearly
glabrous, li-2j high, with ascending or divergent
branches. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, obtuse, entire,
sessile or slightly clasping at the base, those of the stem
i' _, long; heads larger than those of A. multiflorus,
6"-8" broad ; involucre 3" -4," high, its ciliate bracts
squarrose-tipped and sometimes foliaceous ; rays 20-30,
about 3" long.
On prairies and along rivers, Minnesota to Saskatchewan,
Nebraska, Texas and New Mexico. Aug.-Oct.
428
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
Aster dumosus L.
Bushy Aster. Rice-button Aster. Fig. 4339.
Aster dumosus L. Sp. PI. 873. 1753.
Aster coridifolius Michx. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 2028. 1804.
As er dumosus strictior T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 128. 1841.
Aster dumosus coridifolius T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 128. 1841.
Glabrous or nearly so throughout, rather stiff and
viscid, usually paniculately branched, i-3 high.
Leaves firm, those of the stem linear or linear-lan-
ceolate, entire, acute, or obtusish, i'-3' long, ii"-3"
wide, roughish-margined, often reflexed, those of
the branches very numerous, small and bract-like,
the basal ones spatulate, dentate ; heads 4"-7" broad,
terminating the slender minutely leafy branches and
branchlets, usually numerous ; involucre broadly
campanulate, its bracts linear-subulate, obtuse or
acutish, appressed, imbricated in about 4 series,
green-tipped ; rays 15-30, blue to pale violet or white,
2"-4" long ; pappus white ; achenes pubescent.
Sandy soil, Massachusetts to western New York,
Ontario, Florida, Louisiana and Missouri. Aug.-Oct.
Aster Gravesii Burgess, known only from Water-
ford, Conn., has oblong-la'nceolate leaves, acuminate at
both ends, the larger 8" wide, the rays bright purple.
59. Aster salicifolius Lam. Willow Aster.
Fig. 4340.
Aster salicifolius Lam. Encycl. i : 306. 1783.
Aster subasper Lindl. Comp. Bot. Mag. i : 97. 1835.
Aster stenophyllus Lindl. DC. Prodr. 5: 242. 1836.
Aster salicifolius subasper A. Gray, Syn. Fl. i : Part 2,
1 88. 1884.
Stem rather slender, paniculately much branched,
usually very leafy, 2-5 high, glabrous, roughish or
somewhat pubescent above. Leaves firm, lanceolate
or linear-lanceolate, roughish or rough-margined,
acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed and sessile
or slightly clasping at the base, entire or sparingly
dentate with low teeth, glabrous or nearly so, 2'-^'
long, 2"-6" wide, the lowest sometimes petioled,
those of the branches gradually smaller; heads nu-
merous, 8"-i2" broad ; involucre 3" 4" high, its
bracts linear-oblong, appressed, imbricated in 4 or 5
series, their green tips acute or obtusish; rays nu-
merous, violet, or violet-purple, or sometimes white,
3"-4" long ; pappus white ; achenes pubescent.
In moist soil, Maine to Massachusetts, Florida, On-
tario, Assiniboia, Texas and Colorado. Aug.-Oct.
60. Aster paniculatus Lam. Tall White
or Panicled Aster. Fig. 4341.
Aster paniculatus Lam. Encycl. i : 306. 1783.
Aster bellidiflorus Willd. Enum. 886. 1809.
Aster tenuifolius var. bellidiflorus T. & G. Fl. N. A.
2 : 132. 1841.
Stem glabrous or nearly so, or sometimes pu-
bescent, paniculately much branched, 2-8 high.
Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate or linear,
acuminate at the apex, narrowed to a sessile or
slightly clasping base, glabrous, usually thin,
roughish-margined, those of the stem sparingly
serrate, or sometimes entire, 3'-6' long, 3"-6'
wide, the upper and those of the branches grad-
ually smaller ; heads numerous, 8"-io" broad ; in-
volucre 3"-4" high, its bracts narrowly linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, appressed, green-tipped,
imbricated in 4 or 5 series ; rays numerous, white,
or faintly tinged with violet, 3"-4" long; pappus
white or nearly so ; achenes minutely pubescent.
In moist soil, New Brunswick to western Ontario
and Montana, south to New Jersey, Virginia, Ken-
tucky, Louisiana and Missouri. Consists of many
races, differing in leaf-form, leaf-serration, size of
heads, color of rays, and pubescence. Aug.-Oct.
GENUS 31.
THISTLE FAMILY.
429
61. Aster missouriensis Britton. Missouri
Aster. Fig. 4342.
Aster missouriensis Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3 :
378. 1898.
Stem densely puberulent or pubescent, at least
above, much branched, 2 high or more. Leaves thin,
oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate, acute or acumi-
nate at the apex, sharply serrate above the middle,
gradually tapering to an entire sessile or slightly
clasping base, or the lower petioled, puberulent above,
finely pubescent beneath, the larger 3' -4' long, the
upper much smaller, entire; heads 6"-8" broad, pan-
icled, short-peduncled, or terminating short leafy
branchlets, sometimes somewhat secund; involucre
2"-3" high, its linear acute bracts well imbricated,
ciliate or pubescent; rays white.
In moist soil, Kansas, Missouri and Iowa. Sept.-Oct.
62. Aster Tradescanti L. Tradescant's
Aster. Michaelmas Daisy. Fig. 4343.
Aster Tradescanti L. Sp. PI. 876. 1753.
Stem slender, paniculately branched, 2-S high,
the branches usually ascending and often pubes-
cent in lines. Stem leaves linear-lanceolate or
lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed to a
sessile base, 3'-6' long, ii"-6" wide, glabrous or
nearly so on both sides, commonly thin, sharply
serrate in the middle with low teeth, or sometimes
entire; heads very numerous, racemose but not
secund on the branches, 5"-^8" broad ; involucre
hemispheric to broadly turbinate, 2" -3" high, its
bracts linear, acute, appressed, green-tipped, im-
bricated in 4 or 5 series ; rays white or nearly so,
numerous, 2" -3" long; pappus white; achenes
minutely pubescent.
In fields and swamps, Maine to Virginia, Ontario,
Illinois and Missouri. Aug.-Oct.
Aster saxatilis (Fernald) Blanchard, of rocky situ-
ations in New England, appears to be a low race of
this species, rather than of A. vimineus.
63. Aster Faxoni Porter. Faxon's Aster.
Fig. 4344-
Aster polyphyllus Willd. Enum. 888. 1809. Not Moench,
1802.
Aster Faxoni Porter, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 323. 1894.
A. ericoides Randi Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3 :
379- 1898.
Glabrous throughout ; stem paniculately or corym-
bosely branched; rather stout, i-5 high. Stem
leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute or acumi-
nate, narrowed to a sessile base, or the lower into
margined petioles, entire or nearly so, firm, 2'-$'
long, 2"-4" wide, those of the branches gradually
smaller; basal leaves oblong to spatulate, obtuse,
dentate, or entire; heads not very numerous, 6"-o/'
broad ; involucre hemispheric, nearly 4" high, its
bracts linear-lanceolate, acute or subulate, green-
tipped or green on the back, imbricated in about 3
series, the outer shorter; rays bright white, rarely
purplish, 3"-4" long, numerous ; pappus white ;
achenes minutely pubescent.
On moist cliffs, Maine and Vermont to Pennsylvania,
Wisconsin and North Carolina. Aug.-Sept.
43
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
64. Aster ericoides L. White Heath Aster.
Frost-weed Aster. Fig. 4345.
Aster ericoides L. Sp. PI. 875. 1753.
Aster villosus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 113. 1803. Not
Thunb. 1800.
Aster ericoides var. villosus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 124.
1841.
Aster ericoides pilosus Porter, Mem. Torn Club 5 :
323. 1894.
Stem glabrous, villous, or hirsute, paniculately
branched, usually bushy, i-3 high, the branches
racemose, and the branchlets often somewhat se-
cund. Leaves firm or rigid, the basal ones spatu-
late, obtuse, dentate, narrowed into margined peti-
oles, glabrous or ciliate; stem leaves narrowly
linear to linear-lanceolate, acute, entire, i'-3' long,
i"-3" wide, those of .the branches linear-subulate,
numerous ; heads usually very numerous, 4" -7"
broad ; involucre campanulate to hemispheric, its
bracts coriaceous, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
abruptly acute or acuminate, green-tipped, imbri-
cated in about 3 series; rays 15-25, white, or tinged
with rose; pappus white; achenes finely pubescent.
In dry soil, Maine to Ontario, Florida, Minnesota
and Missouri. Fros1>weed. Michaelmas daisy. Farewell-summer. White rosemary. Dog-fennel.
Mare's-tail. Scrub-bush. Steel-weed. Sept.-Dec.
A densely villous, broad-leaved relative or race of this species, ranging from Ohio to North
Carolina and Michigan, is known as Aster ericoides platyphyllus T. & G.
This species apparently hybridizes with A. paniculattis Lam. where the two grow together.
65. Aster Pringlei (A. Gray) Britton.
Pringle's Aster. Fig. 4346.
Aster ericoides var. Pringlei A. Gray, Syn. Fl. i :
Part 2, 184. 1884.
Aster Pringlei Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3 :
379. 1898.
Stem very slender, glabrous, simple, or with
few or numerous slender ascending branches, not
bushy, 6'-2 high. Basal leaves lanceolate, oblong
or oblanceolate, 2'-6' long, 2" -6" wide, entire, or
slightly toothed, ciliate and sometimes a little
pubescent, at least on the slender petioles which
are often as long as the blades ; stem leaves nar-
rowly linear, those of the branches small and sub-
ulate; heads as large as those of A. ericoides, or
commonly smaller, usually fewer, solitary at the
ends of the branches and branchlets; bracts of
the involucre with short green tips; rays white.
On banks, especially in rocky places, Massachusetts
and Vermont to Wisconsin. Aug.-Oct.
66. Aster Priceae Britton. Miss Price's Aster.
Fig- 4347-
Aster Priceae Britton, Manual 960. 1901.
Stem pubescent, widely branched, i-2j high. Basal
leaves oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, entire, petioled,
i'-3' long, the petioles ciliate, broad; stem leaves linear-
lanceolate, sessile, ciliate, acuminate, I '-2' long, those
of the branches similar but smaller ; involucre nearly
hemispheric, about 3" high, its bracts linear, the outer
gradually acuminate, green, the inner a little broader,
abruptly acuminate, acute or obtusish; heads about i'
broad ; rays bright purple or pink.
In dry soil, Kentucky and North Carolina. October.
Aster kentuckiensis Britton, also of Kentucky and North
Carolina, differs in being glabrous, its involucral bracts all
gradually acuminate.
GENUS 31.
THISTLE FAMILY
67. Aster parviceps (Burgess) Mackenzie &
Bush. Small-headed Aster. Fig. 4348.
Aster ericoides parviceps Burgess ; Britt. & Brown, 111.
Fl. 3:379. 1898.
Aster parviceps Mackenzie & Bush, Fl. Jackson Co. 196.
1902.
A. depauperatus parviceps Fernald, Rhodora 10 : 94.
1908.
Pilose, sometimes slightly so, much branched above,
i-2i high, the branches ascending. Basal leaves
spatulate; stem leaves linear to linear-lanceolate,
I '-3' long, often with short leafy branches in their
axils, those of the branches very small; heads many,
paniculate; involucre about 2" high, turbinate, its
linear-subulate bracts imbricated in several series;
rays 10-12, white, about 2" long.
Dry prairies and open woodlands, Illinois, Iowa and
Missouri. Aug.-Sept.
68. Aster depauperatus (Porter) Fernald.
Serpentine Aster. Fig. 4349.
Aster ericoides pusillus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. i : : 184. 1884.
Not A. pusillus Horn.
Aster ericoides depauperatus Porter, Mem. Torn Club
5: 323. 1894.
Aster depauperatus Fernald, Rhodora 10 : 94. 1908.
Aster parviceps pusillus Fernald, Rhodora n : 59- i99-
Glabrous, slender, widely branched, 4'-is' high.
Basal leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, obtusish, i'-il'
long, narrowed into petioles ; stem leaves linear to
linear-subulate, i' long or less, i"-i" wide, those of
the branches minute ; heads many, terminating short
branchlets ; involucre turbinate, about 2" high, its
bracts linear-subulate, acute, rays white, about 2"
long.
On serpentine barrens, southern Pennsylvania and
West Virginia. Aug.-Oct.
69. Aster paludosus Ait. Southern
Swamp Aster. Fig. 4350.
Aster paludosus Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 310. 1789.
Heleastrum paludosum DC. Prodr. 5: 264. 1836.
Stem roughish, or rough-pubescent, slen-
der, simple, or somewhat branched above,
i-2i high. Leaves linear, entire, glabrous,
but margins rough or ciliate, rigid, 2'-6' long,
2"-4" wide, mostly i -nerved, acute, the lower
part commonly sheathing the stem ; heads
few or several, racemose or paniculate, ii'-2 r
broad ; involucre broadly campanulate or
hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in about 5
series, foliaceous, ciliate, the outer lanceolate,
acute, the inner oblong or spatulate; rays
20-30, deep violet, 5" -7" long, pappus tawny ;
achenes 8-io-nerved, glabrous, or nearly so.
In swamps, Kansas and Missouri to Texas, east
to North Carolina and Florida. Aug.-Oct.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
70. Aster nemoralis Ait. Bog Aster.
Fig- 435 1.
Aster nemoralis Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 198. 1789.
Aster nemoralis Blakei Porter, Bull. Torr. Club 21 :
311. 1894.
Stem puberulent, slender, simple, or corym-
bosely branched above, 6'-2 high. Leaves ses-
sile, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute at
each end, pubescent or puberulent on both sides,
dentate or entire, i'-3' long, ii"-io" wide, mar-
gins often revolute; heads several, or solitary,
i'-ii' broad, the peduncles slender; involucre
broadly obconic to hemispheric, its bracts ap-
pressed, linear-subulate, acute or acuminate, im-
bricated in about 3 series; rays 15-25, light
violet-purple to rose-pink; achenes glandular-
pubescent ; pappus white.
In sandy bogs, New Jersey to northern New
York, Ontario, Newfoundland and Hudson Bay.
Races differ in leaf-form and serration. Aug.-Sept.
71. Aster acuminatus Michx. Whorled
or Mountain Aster. Fig. 4352.
Aster divaricatus Lam. Encycl. i : 305. 1783. Not L.
1753.
Aster acuminatus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 109. 1803.
Stem pubescent or puberulent, zigzag, corym-
bosely branched, often leafless below,. i-3 high.
Leaves thin, broadly oblong, acuminate at the
apex, narrowed to a somewhat cuneate sessile
base, sharply and coarsely dentate, pinnately vein-
ed, glabrous or pubescent above, pubescent at
least on the veins beneath, 3'-6' long, \'-\V wide,
often approximate above, and appearing whorled ;
heads several or numerous, i'-ii' broad; invo-
lucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts subulate-
linear, acuminate, the outer much shorter; rays
12-18, narrow, 6"-8" long, white or purplish;
pappus soft, fine, nearly white ; achenes pubescent.
Moist woods, Labrador to Ontario, western New
York, and in the mountains to Tennessee and Geor-
gia. July-Oct.
72. Aster ptarmicoides (Nees) T. & G. Upland White Aster. Fig. 4353.
Chrysopsisalba Nutt. Gen. 2 : 152. 1818. Not
A. albus Willd.
Doellingeria ptarmicoides Nees, Gen. & Sp.
Ast. 183. 1832.
A. ptarmicoides T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 160.
1841.
Unamia alba Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 37 =
146. 1910.
Stems tufted, slender, rigid, usually
rough above, corymbosely branched near
the summit, i-2 high. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, i-3-ribbed, entire, or with a
few distant teeth, firm, shining, rough-
margined or ciliate, sometimes scabrous,
acute, narrowed to a sessile base, or the
lower petioled, the lowest and basal ones
3'-6' long, 2"-4" wide, the upper smaller,
those of the branches linear-subulate;
heads 8"-i2" broad ; involucre nearly
hemispheric, 2"-$' high, its bracts lin-
ear-oblong, obtuse, or the outer acutish,
appressed, nearly glabrous, green, im-
bricated in about 4 series ; rays 10-20,
white, 3"-4" long ; pappus white ; achenes
glabrous.
In dry or rocky soil, .Massachusetts, Ver-
mont and Ontario to Saskatchewan, Illinois, Missouri and Colorado. July-Sept.
GENUS 31.
THISTLE FAMILY.
433
Aster lutescens (Lindl.) T. & G. is a very interesting race with light yellow rays, known from
Illinois, Wisconsin and Saskatchewan. Yellow rays are otherwise almost or quite unknown in the
genus Aster as here limited.
73. Aster tenuifolius L. Perennial Salt-
marsh Aster. Fig. 4354.
Aster tenuifolius L. Sp. PI. 873. 1753.
Aster fle.ruosus Nutt. Gen. 2: 154. 1818.
Perennial, glabrous and fleshy; stem flexuous,
striate, at least when dry, sparingly and loosely
branched, i-2 high. Stem leaves linear, entire,
acute, sessile or partly clasping at the base, the
lowest lanceolate-linear, 2'-6' long, 2"-3" wide,
those of the branches minute, bract-like, ap-
pressed; heads rather few, 6"-i2" broad, termi-
nating the branches ; involucre turbinate, about
4" high, its bracts lanceolate, acuminate or mu-
cronate, glabrous, green on the back or tip, ap-
pressed, imbricated in about 5 series, the outer
shorter; rays numerous, longer than the pappus,
pale purple or nearly white; pappus tawny;
achenes hispid-pubescent, 5-nerved.
In salt marshes, coast of Massachusetts to Flor-
ida. Aug.-Oct.
74. Aster exilis Ell. Slim Aster. Fig. 4355.
Aster exilis Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2 : 344. 1824.
Aster divaricatus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 163. 1841. Not L. 1753.
Annual, glabrous, fleshy; stem slender, usually much
branched, the branches usually divergent. Leaves linear
to linear-lanceolate, i'-4' long, \"-2,\" wide, entire, sessile,
acute or acuminate, or the lowest narrowly oblong, 3" -4"
wide and petioled, those of the branches subulate; heads
numerous, panicled, about 5" broad; involucre campanu-
late, about 3" high, its bracts linear-subulate, appressed,
imbricated in 3 or 4 series ; rays purplish, about 2" long,
mostly fewer than the disk-flowers, longer than the pappus;
achenes somewhat pubescent.
In moist or wet soil, especially in saline situations, Kansas to
Texas, South Carolina and Florida. Bahamas ; Cuba. Aug.-Oct.
75. Aster subulatus Michx. Annual Salt-
marsh Aster. Fig. 4356.
Aster subulatus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: in. 1803.
Aster linifolius T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 162. 1841. Not
L. 1753-
Annual, glabrous and fleshy; stem paniculately
branched, flexuous above, i-6 high, slightly an-
gled, sometimes i' in diameter at the base, but
usually smaller. Stem leaves linear-lanceolate,
acute, entire, sessile by abroad or slightly clasping
base, 2'-io' long, i"-8" wide, those of the branches
very small and subulate ; heads numerous, 3"-s"
broad ; involucre campanulate, or at length hemi-
spheric, 2" 3" high, its bracts linear-subulate,
green, imbricated in 3 or 4 series, the outer shorter ;
rays 20-30, purplish, scarcely exceeding the nearly
white pappus, more numerous than the disk-
flowers ; achenes compressed, minutely pubescent.
In salt marshes, coast of New Brunswick to Flor-
ida. Also on salt lands Onondaga Lake, N. Y. Aug.-
Nov.
28
434
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
32. LEUCELENE Greene, Pittonia 3: 147. 1896.
Low perennial herbs, with much branched leafy stems, sessile, rather rigid, narrow,
entire leaves and small heads of both tubular and radiate white flowers, solitary at the ends
of the numerous slender branchlets, involucre turbinate, its bracts well imbricated. Disk-
flowers perfect, their corollas white, tubular-funnelform, 5-toothed. Ray-flowers numerous,
white, or drying red to rose, pistillate. Style appendages acutish. Achenes elongated, flat-
tened, hispidulous. Pappus a single series of slender rough white bristles. [Greek, referring
to the white disk.]
Two or three species, natives of the central and southwestern States and Mexico, the follow-
ing typical.
i. Leucelene ericoides (Torr.) Greene.
Heath Aster. Fig. 4357.
Rose
Inula (?) ericoides Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2 : 212. 1828.
Aster ericaefolius Rothrock, Bot. Gaz. 2: 70. 1877.
Leucelene ericoides Greene, Pittonia 3: 148. 1896.
Stems tufted from deep woody roots, corymbosely
much branched, 3'-i2' high, hispid or scabrous, the
branches erect or diffuse. Leaves hispid-ciliate, erect,
or slightly spreading, obtusish or mucronulate, the
lower and basal ones spatulate, 3"-6" long, tapering
into short petioles, the upper sessile, linear or linear-
spatulate; heads terminating the branches, 5 "-8"
broad ; involucre broadly turbinate, its bracts lanceo-
late, appressed, scarious-margined, imbricated in 3
or 4 series; rays 12-15, white to rose, 2"-4" long.
In dry soil, western Nebraska to Kansas, Texas and
New Mexico. May-Aug.
33. BRACHYACTIS Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 2 : 495. 1846.
Annual, nearly glabrous, somewhat fleshy herbs, with narrow chiefly entire leaves, and
small racemose or racemose-paniculate heads of tubular, or also radiate purplish flowers.
Involucre campanulate. Central flowers of the head few, perfect, their narrow corollas
4-5-toothed; outer flowers pistillate, usually in 2 series or more, and more numerous than
the perfect ones; style-appendages lanceolate; rays very short, or none. Achenes 2-3-nerved,
slender, appressed-pubescent. Pappus a single series of nearly white bristles. [Greek, short
rays.]
About 5 species, natives of western North America and northern Asia. Type species : Brachy-
actis ciliata Ledeb.
i. Brachyactis angusta (Lindl.) Britton. Ray less Aster. Fig.
Tripolium angustum Lindl.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 15.
1834-
Aster angustus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 162. 1841.
Brachyactis angusta Britton, in Britt. & Brown ; 111. Fl.
3:383. 1898.
Stem usually sparsely pubescent, at least above,
racemosely or rarely paniculately branched, 6'-24'
high, striate, at least when dry. Leaves linear, fleshy,
ciliate on the margins, acutish, entire, sessile by a
rather broad base, the basal (when present) spatu-
late ; heads 4"-6" broad, racemose on the ascending
branches, or terminating them ; involucre campanu-
late or nearly hemispheric, 2"-3" high, its bracts
linear or linear-oblong, somewhat foliaceous, green,
acute. or acutish, imbricated in 2 or 3 series, glabrous
or slightly ciliate, nearly equal ; rays none, or rudi-
mentary; pappus soft and copious.
In wet saline soil, or sometimes in waste places, Min-
nesota to Saskatchewan, Utah and Colorado, and along
the St. Lawrence River in Quebec. Found also about
Chicago. July-Sept.
Brachyactis frondosa (Nutt.) A. Gray, of the Rocky
Mountain region, differing by bluntly pointed leaves and
oblong or oblanceolate involucral bracts, has been found
on Prince Edward Island.
4358.
GENUS 34.
THISTLE FAMILY.
435
34. MACHAERANTHERA Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 224. 1832.
Annual, biennial or perennial branched herbs, with leafy stems, alternate, mostly serrate
or pinnatifid leaves, the teeth or lobes usually bristle-tipped, and large heads of both tubular
and radiate flowers. Involucre of numerous series of imbricated canescent or glandular
bracts with herbaceous or foliaceous spreading or appressed tips. Receptacle alveolate, the
alveoli usually toothed or lacerate. Ray-flowers numerous, violet to red or purple, pistillate.
Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas tubular, 5-lobed, yellow, changing to red or brown;
anthers exserted, appendaged at the tip, rounded at the base; style-appendages subulate to
lanceolate. Achenes turbinate, narrowed below, pubescent. Pappus of numrous stiff, rough
unequal bristles. [Greek, sickle-anther.]
About 15 species, natives of western North America. Type species: Machaeranthera -anaceti-
folia (H.B.K.) Nees.
Annual or biennial ; leaves pinnatifid. i. M. tanacetifolia.
Perennial or biennial ; leaves sharply serrate. 2. M. sessiliflora.
i. Machaeranthera tanacetifolia (H.B.K.)
Nees. Tansy Aster. Dagger-flower.
Fig- 4359-
Aster tanacetifolius H.B.K. Nov. Gen. Sp. 4: 95. 1820.
M. tanacetifolia Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 225. 1832.
Annual or biennial ; stem glandular-pubescent,
often viscid, densely leafy, much branched and
bushy, i-2 high. Leaves sessile or short-petioled,
pubescent, the lowest i'-3' long, 2-3-pinnatifid, their
lobes linear or oblong, acute or mucronate, the up-
per pinnatifid, those of the branches sometimes en-
tire; heads numerous, corymbose-paniculate, i'-2'
broad ; involucre hemispheric, 4" -6" high, its bracts
linear, glandular, imbricated in 5-7 series, their green
tips very squarrose; rays 15-25, violet-purple, 5"-8"
long, pappus copious, tawny ; achenes villous.
In dry soil, South Dakota to Nebraska, Texas, Mex-
ico, Montana and California. June-Aug.
2. Machaeranthera sessiliflora (Nutt.)
Greene. Viscid Aster. Fig. 4360.
Dieteria sessiliflora Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 7: 301.
1840.
M. sessiliflora Greene, Pittonia 3 : 60. 1896.
Stem usually stout, finely rough-pubescent or ca-
nescent, branched, and viscid-glandular above, i-2
high. Leaves lanceolate, linear, or the lowest spatu-
late, sessile, somewhat viscid, sharply incised-dentate,
the larger i'~3' long, the teeth bristle-tipped; heads
numerous, racemose, or corymbose above, i'-ii'
broad, the lower often nearly sessile ; involucre broad-
ly turbinate or hemispheric, 4" -6" high, its bracts
acute, imbricated in 6-10 series, their tips strongly
squarrose; rays numerous, violet, 4"-6" long; pap-
pus copious ; achenes narrow, appressed-pubescent.
In dry soil, central and western Nebraska and Colo-
rado. July-Oct.
A Kansas plant differs from this species by having
acute appressed tips to the involucral bracts.
35. ERIGERON L. Sp. PI. 863. 1753.
Branching or scapose herbs, with alternate or basal leaves, and corymbose, paniculate or
solitary, peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate (rarely all tubular) flowers. Involucre
hemispheric, cylindric or campanulate, its bracts narrow, nearly equal, mostly imbricated in
but i or 2 series. Receptacle nearly flat, usually naked. Ray-flowers, in our species, white,
violet or purple, pistillate. Disk-flowers yellow, tubular, perfect, their corollas mostly 5-lobed.
Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches more or less flattened, their appendages
short, mostly rounded or obtuse. Achenes flattened, usually 2-nerved. Pappus-bristles fragile,
slender, scabrous or denticulate, in i series, or often an additional outer short series. [Greek,
early-old, alluding to the early hoary pappus.]
43 6
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
A genus of 130 species or more, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in the New
World. In addition to the following, many others occur in the southern and western parts of North
America. Type species : Erigcron acris L.
* Rays long, narrow, usually equalling or longer than the diameter of the disk.
t Stem i'-io' high, simple, leafy ; head solitary ; involucre woolly. i. . uniflorus.
tt Stem 4'~3 high, leafy, usually branched ; involucre hirsute or glabrous.
I. Roots perennial, thick and woody.
Heads i'-a' broad; leaves lanceolate, ovate, oblong, or spatulate.
Rays violet or purple ; stem leaves ovate, lanceolate, or oblong.
Stem leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper much smaller. 2. E. asper.
Stem leaves ovate-lanceolate, the upper little smaller. 3. E. subtrinervis.
Rays mostly white ; stem leaves linear or linear-oblong. 4. E. caespitosus.
Heads l / 2 '-i' broad; leaves linear.
Plants hirsute or canescent ; pappus double ; western species.
Stem hirsute ; achenes pubescent ; flowers white.
Stem appressed-canescent ; achenes glabrous ; flowers purple or white.
Plant nearly glabrous ; pappus simple ; northern.
2. Perennial by decumbent, rooting stems or stolons.
3. Roots annual or biennial, fibrous ; plants often perennial by offsets.
5. E. pumilus.
6. E. canus.
7. E. hyssopifolius.
E. ft age liar is.
9. E. pulchellus.
10. E. philadelphicus.
n. E. diver gens.
12. E. Bellidiastrum.
E. annuus.
E. ramosus.
E. tenuis.
Heads i'-ij4' broad, few; stem simple; eastern.
Heads j4'-i' broad, numerous ; stem branched.
Rays 100-150, narrow, mostly purple or violet.
Pappus simple ; plant erect, corymbosely branched.
Pappus double ; plant diffusely branched, western.
Rays much less numerous, purplish or white.
Plants 6'-i2' high, diffuse, western; pappus simple.
Plants 6'-3 high, erect, branched; pappus double.
Pappus of the ray-flowers and disk-flowers unlike.
Stem leaves lanceolate, nearly all sharply serrate.
Stem leaves linear-lanceolate or oblong, nearly all entire.
Pappus of the ray-flowers and disk-flowers alike ; plant hirsute.
ttt Stem leafless or nearly so ; heads J^' broad, corymbose. 16. E.vernus.
** Rays inconspicuous or short; a row of tubular pistillate flowers inside the row of rays.
17. E. acris.
i. Erigeron uniflorus L. Arctic Erigeron. Fig. 4361.
Erigeron uniflorus L. Sp. PI. 864. 1753.
Perennial by short branching rootstocks; stems slender,
single or .tufted, more or less pubescent, simple, erect, i'-io'
high. Basal leaves petioled, spatulate, obtuse, entire, i'-2 r
long; stem leaves sessile, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, en-
tire, acute or obtuse; head solitary, peduncled, i'-i' broad;
rays about 100, purple or purplish, 2" -4" long; involucre
hemispheric, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, copiously
woolly; pappus simple.
Labrador and Arctic America to Alaska, south in the Rocky
Mountains to Colorado and in the Sierra Nevada to California.
Also in Europe. Summer.
2. Erigeron asper Nutt. Rough Erigeron.
Fig. 4362.
Erigeron asper Nutt. Gen. 2: 147. 1818.
Erigeron glabellus Nutt. loc. cit. 1818.
Perennial by a woody root; stem simple, or
branched ^above, more or less pubescent, sometimes
hirsute, 6'-24' high. Leaves glabrous, pubescent or
ciliate, ^entire, the basal ones spatulate, obtuse, 2'-^
long, 3"-i' wide, narrowed into margined petioles;
stem leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
obtuse or acute, the upper smaller; heads several or
solitary, slender-peduncled, i'-2' broad; involucre
hemispheric, its bracts linear, acute, hirsute or pu-
bescent; rays 100-150, very narrow, violet, purple,
or nearly white, 4"~7" long; pappus double, the
outer row of bristles much shorter than the inner.
In dry soil, Minnesota to Wisconsin, Nebraska, Manitoba, Utah and New Mexico,
differ in pubescence. June-Sept.
Races
GENUS 35.
THISTLE FAMILY.
3. Erigeron subtrinervis Rydberg. Three-
nerved Fleabane. Fig. 4363.
Erigeron glabellus var. mollis A. Gray, Proc. Acad.
Phila. 1863: 64. 1864. Not E. mollis D. Don.
Erigeron subtrinervis Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club 5 :
328. 1894.
Similar to the preceding species, perennial by
a woody root, finely pubescent all over; stems
leafy to the inflorescence. Leaves entire, thin, the
basal and lower ones oblanceolate to oblong, ob-
tuse or acute, petioled, the upper lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, sessile or somewhat clasping,
acute, rather distinctly 3-nerved; heads i'-ii'
broad, corymbose, or rarely solitary; involucre
hemispheric, hirsute; rays numerous, blue to pink;
pappus double, the outer bristles very short.
In dry soil, South Dakota to Wyoming, Nebraska,
Utah and New Mexico. July-Sept.
4. Erigeron caespitosus Nutt. Tufted
Erigeron. Fig. 4364.
Diplopappus canescens Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 21.
1834. Not E. canescens Willd. 1804.
Erigeron caespitosus Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II)
7:307. 1841.
Perennial by a deep root; stems tufted, canes-
cent, simple, or branched above, 6'-i2' high.
Leaves canescent or pubescent, entire, the lower
and basal ones petioled, narrowly oblanceolate
or spatulate, obtuse or acutish, i'~3' long; stem
leaves linear or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse,
sessile, the upper gradually shorter, heads soli-
tary or several, short-peduncled, i'-ii' broad; in-
volucre hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate or linear-
oblong, acute, canescent; rays 40-60, 3"-6" long,
white or pinkish ; pappus double, the outer series
of bristles very short.
In dry soil, Manitoba to Yukon, Nebraska (accord-
ing to Webber), British Columbia and Colorado.
June-Aug.
5. Erigeron pumilus Nutt. Low Erigeron.
Daisy. Fig. 4365.
Erigeron pumilis Nutt. Gen. 2: 147. 1818.
Perennial by a deep root; stems tufted, hirsute, slen-
der, simple, or branched, 4'-io' high. Leaves entire,
hirsute, the lower and basal ones narrowly spatulate or
linear, petioled, obtuse or acutish, i'~4' long, i"-2" wide ;
stem leaves linear, sessile, \'-2\' long, acute; heads soli-
tary or several, 6"-io" broad, short-peduncled ; invo-
lucre hemispheric, its bracts linear, acute, hirsute; rays
50-80, white, 3"-4" long, at length deflexed ; pappus
double, the outer row of bristles short and more or less
intermixed with the inner; achenes pubescent.
Dry plains, North Dakota to western Nebraska, Kansas,
British Columbia, Colorado and Utah. May-Sept.
COMPOSiTAE.
VOL. III.
6. Erigeron canus A. Gray. Hoary Erigeron.
Fig. 4366.
Erigeron canus A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. (II) 4: 67. 1849.
Perennial by a deep woody root, resembling the pre-
ceding species; stems slender, erect, tufted, appressed-
canescent, 6'-io' high, simple, or branched above. Leaves
narrow, entire, canescent, the basal and lower ones nar-
rowly spatulate, petioled, 2'-4' long, the upper linear,
sessile, acute, gradually smaller; heads solitary, or 2-4,
peduncled, 6"-8" broad ; involucre hemispheric, its bracts
linear, acute, densely canescent ; rays 40-50, purple or
white, 2"-3" long; achenes glabrous, 8-io-nerved; pap-
pus double, the outer row of bristles rather conspicuous.
In dry soil, South Dakota to western Nebraska, Wyoming.
Colorado and New Mexico. June-Aug.
7. Erigeron hyssopifolius Michx. Hyssop-
leaved Erigeron. Fig. 4367.
Erigeron hyssopifolius Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 123.
1803.
Aster graminifolius Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 545. 1814.
Perennial by slender rootstocks; stems tufted
or single, very slender, simple or branched, gla-
brous or very nearly so, 4'-iS' high. Leaves nar-
row, thin, the basal and lower ones oblong or
spatulate, short-petioled, I'-iY long, ii"-2" wide,
the upper linear or linear-oblong, acute, usually
numerous; heads solitary or several, slender-
peduncled, s"-8" broad ; peduncles appressed-
pubescent; involucre nearly cylindric at flower-
ing time, its bracts linear-lanceolate, sparingly
pubescent ; rays 12-30, white or purplish, 3"-6"
long; pappus simple.
On moist cliffs, Newfoundland to northern Ver-
mont, Mackenzie and Lake Superior. July-Aug.
8. Erigeron flagellaris A. Gray. Run-
ning Fleabane. Fig. 4368.
Erigeron flagellaris A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. (II)
4: 68. 1849.
Appressed-pubescent, sometimes densely so,
perennial by decumbent rooting stems or sto-
lons; root slender; stem slender, branched,
the branches elongated. Leaves entire, the
basal and lower ones spatulate or oblong, ob-
tuse or acute, i'-2' long, narrowed into long
petioles, the upper sessile, linear or linear-
spatulate, much smaller ; peduncles solitary,
elongated ; heads about i' broad and high ;
involucre hemispheric, its narrow bracts pu-
bescent ; rays very numerous, white to pink ;
pappus double, the outer series of subulate
bristles.
In moist soil, South Dakota to Wyoming, Utah,
western Texas and New Mexico. May-July.
GENUS 35.
THISTLE FAMILY
g. Erigeron pulchellus Michx. Robin's
or Poor Robin's Plantain. Fig. 4369.
E. pulchellus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 124. 1803.
E. bellidifolius Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 1958. 1804.
Perennial by stolons and offsets, villous-
pubescent ; stems simple, slender, io'-24' high.
Basal leaves tufted, spatulate or obovate,
somewhat cuneate at the base, narrowed into
short margined petioles, obtuse at the apex,
i '-3' long, i'-2' wide, dentate or serrate; stem
leaves sessile, partly clasping, oblong, lanceo-
late or ovate, mostly acute, entire, or spar-
ingly serrate; heads 1-6, slender-peduncled,
I'-iV broad; involucre depressed-hemispheric,
its bracts linear, acuminate, villous; rays nu-
merous, violet or purplish, 4"-?" long ; achenes
nearly glabrous; pappus simple.
On hills and banks, Maine to Ontario and Min-
nesota, Kansas, Florida and Louisiana. Recorded
from Quebec and Nova Scotia. Rose-petty.
Robert's-plantain. Blue spring-daisy. April-June.
10. Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadel-
phia Fleabane. Skevish. Fig. 4370.
Erigeron philadelphicus L. Sp. PI. 863. 1753.
Perennial by stolons and offsets, soft-pubescent
or sometimes nearly glabrous ; stems slender,
mostly branched above, i-3 high. Basal and
lower leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse, dentate,
i '-3' long, narrowed into short petioles; upper
stem leaves clasping and often cordate at the
base, obtuse or acute, dentate or entire; heads
several or numerous, corymbose-paniculate, 5"-
12" broad, slender-peduncled ; peduncles thick-
ened at the summit; involucre depressed-hemi-
spheric, its bracts linear, usually scarious-mar-
gined ; rays 100-150, 2"-^" long, light rose-purple
to pinkish ; pappus simple ; achenes puberulent.
In fields and woods, Labrador to British Columbia,
Florida and California, but locally rare. Races differ
in leaf-form and pubescence. Buds drooping. Sweet
scabious. Daisy-fleabane. April-Aug.
ii. Erigeron divergens T. & G. Spreading
Fleabane. Fig. 4371.
Erigeron divergens T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 175. 1841.
Annual or biennial, diffusely branched, 6'-is' high,
densely cinereous-pubescent or hirsute. Basal and
lower leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, acute or ob-
tuse, mostly petioled, entire, dentate or lobed, i'-2
long, 2"-5" wide, the upper sessile, linear or nar-
rowly spatulate, usually acute, gradually smaller;
heads slender-peduncled, 8"-i2" broad, usually nu-
merous ; involucre hemispheric, about 2" high, its
bracts linear, acute, hirsute or canescent ; rays about
loo, purplish, violet or nearly white, 2" -4" long;
pappus double, the shorter outer row of bristles
subulate.
In moist soil, Montana to Nebraska, Texas, Mexico,
Washington and California. April-Sept.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
12. Erigeron Bellidiastrum Nutt. Western
Daisy Fleabane. Fig. 4372.
Erigeron Bellidiastrum Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7:
307. 1841.
Annual, much branched, 6'-iS' high, cinereous-pubes-
cent throughout. Leaves entire, linear-spatulate, the
lower and basal petioled, i'-ij' long, the upper sessile
and smaller; heads several or numerous, 5"-8" broad;
involucre hemispheric, about 2" high, its bracts linear,
hirsute, acute; rays 30-65, purplish, about 2" long;
pappus a single series of capillary bristles.
In moist soil, South Dakota to Nebraska, Kansas, Texas,
Wyoming and Arizona. May-July.
13. Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. Sweet Scabious. White-top. Fig. 4373.
Aster annuus L. Sp. PI. 875. 1753.
Erigeron annuus Pers. Syn. 2: 431. 1807.
Annual, sparingly pubescent with spreading hairs ;
stem erect, corymbosely branched, i -4 high. Leaves
thin, the lower and basal ones ovate or ovate-lan-
ceolate, mostly obtuse, petioled, usually coarsely
dentate, 2'-6' long, i'-3' wide, the upper sessile or
short-petioled, lanceolate, oblong, or linear-lanceo-
late, acute or acuminate, mostly sharply dentate in
the middle, those of the branches narrower and
often entire; heads rather numerous, 5" -7" broad,
mostly short-peduncled ; bracts of the hemispheric
involucre somewhat hispid; rays 40-70, linear,
white, or commonly tinged with purple, 2" -4" long;
pappus double, the inner a series of slender fragile
deciduous bristles, often wanting in the ray-flowers,
the outer a persistent series of short, partly united,
slender scales.
In fields, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Georgia, Kentucky and Missouri. Naturalized in Bermuda
and in continental Europe. Daisy-fleabane. Lace-buttons. May-Nov.
14. Erigeron ramosus (W T alt.) B.S.P.
Daisy Fleabane. Fig. 4374.
Doronicum ramosum Walt. Fl. Car. 205. 1788.
E. strigosus Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1956. 1804.
Stenactis Beyricliii F. & M. Index Sem. Hort. Petrop.
;>: 1838.
Erigeron ramosus B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 27. 1888.
Erigeron ramosus Beyrichii Smith & Pond, Bot. Surv.
Neb. 2:11. 1893.
Resembles the preceding species, but is usually
lower and the pubescence more appressed. Stem
leaves linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, nearly
all of them entire; basal and lowest spatulate or
oblong, usually serrate; bracts of the involucre
glabrous or nearly so ; pappus similar to that of
the preceding; rays white, or sometimes purplish,
occasionally minute or wanting.
In fields, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, Florida,
Louisiana, Texas and California. Naturalized in
Europe. White-top. May-Nov.
GENUS 35.
THISTLE FAMILY,
15. Erigeron tenuis T. & G. Slender Rough
Fleabane. Fig. 4375.
Erigeron tenuis T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 175. 1841.
Annual or biennial, branched from the base and some-
times also above, strigose-pubescent ; stems slender, erect
or ascending, i high or less. Basal leaves obovate to
spatulate, i'-2$' long, 3"-6" wide, usually toothed; stem
leaves linear or linear-oblong, toothed or entire; heads
several or solitary, slender-peduncled, 7"-io" broad; in-
volucre 2"-3" high, its linear bracts glabrous or spar-
ingly pubescent ; rays white or purplish, numerous ;
pappus of ray-flowers and disk-flowers alike, of few
long bristles and short small scales.
Moist prairies and plains. Missouri to Texas and Louis-
iana. April-May.
1 6. Erigeron vernus (L.) T. & G. Early
Fleabane. Fig. 4376.
Aster vernus L. Sp. PI. 876. 1753.
E. nudicaulis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 124. 1803.
Erigeron vernus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 176. 1841.
Perennial by stolons and offsets ; stem slender,
simple or branched above, glabrous, or the
branches pubescent, i-2^ high. Leaves mainly
in a basal rosette, glabrous, obovate, oval or spat-
ulate, obtuse, repand-denticulate or entire, 2'-^'
long, narrowed into margined petioles; stem
leaves mostly reduced to subulate-lanceolate
scales, 'the lowest sometimes spatulate or oblong;
heads not numerous, corymbose, peduncled, about
5" broad ; involucre hemispheric, its bracts linear-
subulate; rays 20-30, white or pink, 2"-3" long;
pappus simple ; achenes usually 4-nerved.
In marshes and moist soil, Virginia to Florida and
Louisiana. April-May.
17. Erigeron acris L. Blue or Bitter Flea-
bane. Fig. 4377.
Erigeron acris L. Sp. PI. 863. 1753.
Erigeron Droebachianus O. F. Mueller, Fl. Dan. pi. 874.
1782.
Erigeron acris Droebachianus Blytt, Norg. Fl. i : 562.
1861.
Erigeron acris debilis A. Gray, Syn. Fl. i : Part 2, 220.
1884.
Biennial or perennial; stem hirsute-pubescent or
glabrate, slender, simple, or branched above, 6'-2
high. Leaves pubescent or glabrous, entire, the
basal and lower ones spatulate, mostly obtuse, i'-3'
long, petioled, those of the stem mostly oblong or
oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, sessile, shorter;
heads several or numerous, racemose or paniculate,
peduncled, 5"-6" broad ; involucre hemispheric, its
bracts linear, hirsute to glabrous ; rays numerous,
purple, equalling or slightly exceeding the brownish
pappus ; tubular pistillate flowers filiform, numer-
ous; pappus simple or nearly so, copious.
Labrador to Alaska, Maine, Ontario, south in the
Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah. Also in Eu-
rope and Asia. Races differ in size, pubescence and,
length of rays. July-Aug.
442
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
36. LEPTILON Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2 : 268. 1818.
[CAENOTUS Raf. Fl. Tell. 2 : 50. 1836.]
Annual or biennial herbs, with small racemose thyrsoid or panicled heads of white
flowers, the rays small, usually shorter than the diameter of the disk, or none. Involucre
mostly campanulate, its narrow bracts in 2 or 3 series. Receptacle naked. Ray-flowers
pistillate ; disk-flowers perfect, their corollas usually 4-lobed or 4-toothed, the anthers obtuse
at the base; style-branches somewhat flattened, their appendages short. Achenes flattened.
Pappus of numerous simple fragile bristles in i series. [Greek, referring to the small heads.]
About 20 species, natives of America and Asia. Besides the following, 2 or 3 others occur in
the southwestern United States and one is naturalized from Asia on the southern Atlantic and
Pacific coast. Type species: Leptilon divaricatum (Michx.) Raf.
i. Leptilon canadense (L.) Britton. Horse- weed. Canada Fleabane.
Fig- 4378.
Erigeron canadensis L. Sp. PI. 863. 1753.
Leptilon canadense Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111.
Fl. 3: 391- 1898.
Stem hispid-pubescent or glabrate, 3'-io high,
the larger plants paniculately much branched.
Leaves usually pubescent or ciliate, the basal and
lower spatulate, petioled, incised, dentate or en-
tire, i '-4' lon'g, obtuse or acutish, those of the
stem linear and mainly entire; heads usually very
numerous ; about 2" broad ; involucre campanu-
late, i"-ii" high, its bracts linear, acute, gla-
brate, the outer shorter; rays numerous, white,
shorter than the pappus and mostly shorter than
their tubes.
In fields and waste places, a common weed through-
out North America except the extreme north. Widely
distributed as a weed in the Old World, the West
Indies and South America. Butter-weed. Prideweed.
Fireweed. Blood-staunch. Cow's-, mare's- or colt's-
tail. Hogweed. Bitter-weed. June-Nov.
2. Leptilon divaricatum (Michx.) Raf. Low
Horse-weed. Purple Horse-weed. Dwarf
Fleabane. Fig. 4379.
Erigeron divaricatus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 123. 1803.
Leptilon divaricatum Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 268. 1818.
Stem diffusely much branched, 3'-i2' high, pubescent
or hirsute. Leaves all linear or subulate, entire, 4"-i2"
long, about \" wide, the uppermost minute; heads nu-
merous, about 2" broad ; involucre campanulate, i"
high, its bracts linear, acute, pubescent, the outer
shorter; rays purplish, shorter than their tubes.
In sandy soil, especially along rivers, Indiana to Minne-
sota, Tennessee, Louisiana, Nebraska and Texas. June-Oct,
GENUS 37.
THISTLE FAMILY.
443
37. DOELLINGERIA Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 177. 1832.
Perennial leafy herbs, the lower leaves reduced to scales or sheaths, the upper large,
mostly entire, acute or acuminate in our species. Basal leaves none. Heads corymbose,
usually numerous; involucre campanulate to hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in several
series, appressed, thin, sometimes scarious-margined, their tips not herbaceous nor foliaceous.
Receptacle foveolate. Ray-flowers white, pistillate, not very numerous. Disk-flowers per-
fect, the corolla with a slender tube abruptly expanded into a campanulate 5-lobed limb,
white to greenish in our species. Anthers obtuse at the base ; style-appendages ovate to subu-
late (rarely obtuse). Achenes obovoid, glabrous, or pubescent. Pappus double, the outer
series of numerous short bristles or scales, the inner series of long capillary bristles, some
or all of which have thickened tips. [In honor of Th. Dollinger, botanical explorer.]
About 5 species, natives of eastern North America. Type species: Doellingeria umbellata
(Mill.) Nees.
Leaves lanceolate to ovate ; heads mostly numerous.
Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate. i. D. umbellata.
Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute. 2. D. humilis.
Leaves, at least the lower, obovate ; heads commonly few. 3. D. infirma.
i. Doellingeria umbellata (Mill.) Nees. Tall Flat-top White Aster. Fig. 4380.
Aster umbellatus Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 22. 1768.
Diplopappus umbellatus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 22. 1834.
D. umbellata Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 178. 1832.
Aster umbellatus var. pubens A. Gray, Syn. Fl. i : Part
2, 197. 1884.
D. pubens Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 37: 147. 1910.
Stem glabrous or pubescent above, striate, corym-
bosely branched at the summit, i-8 high. Leaves
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, ascending, glabrous
above, usually pubescent at least on the veins be-
neath, membranous, acuminate at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base into short petioles, or the upper-
most sessile, hispid-margined, those of the stem
S'-6'long, i'-i' wide; heads numerous, 6"-io" broad,
in terminal compound corymbs ; involucre broadly
campanulate or hemispheric, i-J"-2" high, its bracts
lanceolate, usually pubescent or ciliate, acutish or
obtuse, imbricated in 3 or 4 series, the outer shorter;
rays 10-15, white; style-appendages ovate, acute;
pappus nearly white ; achenes nerved, slightly pu-
bescent.
In moist soil, Newfoundland to Georgia, Saskatche-
wan, Iowa and Michigan. July-Oct.
2. Doellingeria humilis (Willd.) Britton.
Broad-leaved Flat-top White Aster.
Fig. 4381.
Aster humilis Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 2038. 1804.
D. amygdalina Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 179. 1832.
Aster umbellatus var. latifolius A. Gray, Syn. Fl. I :
Part 2, 197. 1884.
Doellingeria humilis Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl.
3: 392. 1898.
Similar to the preceding species, usually lower,
seldom over 4 high; stem striate, corymbosely
branched above, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent.
Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, rather firm, ses-
sile, or the lower very short-petioled, acute or short-
acuminate at the apex, narrowed, or sometimes
rounded at the base, rough-margined, those of the
stem i'-3' long, \'-2 r wide, inflorescence as in D.
umbellatus; pappus dirty white; achenes somewhat
pubescent.
In moist soil, eastern Massachusetts to New Jersey,
Perhaps a broad-leaved race of the preceding species. July-Sept.
Pennsylvania, Florida and Texas.
444
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
3. Doellingeria infirma (Michx.)
Greene. Cornel-leaved Aster.
Fig. 4382.
Aster infirmus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 109. 1803.
Diplopappus cornifolius Less. ; Darl. Fl. Cestr.
474. 1837.
D. infirma Greene, Pittonia 3: 52. 1896.
Stem slender, glabrous, or roughish above,
sparingly branched at the summit, terete, iJ-3
high. Leaves entire, hispid-margined, glabrous
above, sparingly hispid on the veins beneath,
the lower obovate, small, obtuse, usually ses-
sile, the upper larger, oblong-lanceolate, acute,
2'-5' long, i'-ii' wide; heads few, about i'
broad, in a divergently branched terminal co-
rymbose cluster; involucre broadly campanu-
late, 2"-3" high, its bracts oblong-lanceolate,
obtuse, sparingly pubescent, imbricated in about
4 series, the outer much shorter; rays 8-15,
white; style-appendages subulate; pappus
tawny; achenes nerved, glabrous.
In dry, usually rocky soil, Massachusetts to
New York, Georgia, Tennessee and Alabama.
Aug.-Sept.
38. IONACTIS Greene, Pittonia 3 : 245. 1897.
Low, mostly branching, perennial herbs with numerous narrow, entire, i-nerved leaves,
and rather large and showy heads of tubular and radiate flowers terminating the stem and
branches. Basal leaves none. Involucral bracts coriaceous, imbricated in several series,
appressed, their tips not herbaceous. Ray-flowers normally violet, pistillate. Disk-flowers
perfect, the corolla with a campanulate limb. Achenes villous. Pappus double, the inner
series of long capillary bristles, the outer much shorter. [Greek, violet rays.]
Three known species, natives of North America, the following typical.
i. lonactis linariifolius (L.) Greene. Stiff or Savory-leaved Aster. Fig. 4383.
Aster linariifolius L. Sp. PI. 874. 1753.
Diplopappus linariifolius Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 21. 1834.
lonactis linariifolius Greene, Pittonia 3: 245. 1897.
Stems tufted, stiff, puberulent or scabrous, very leafy,
corymbosely branched above, 6'-2 high. Leaves linear
or spatulate, spreading, i -nerved, rigid, entire, rough,
usually ciliolate on the margins, mucronulate, g"-i8"
long, i "-2" wide, sessile, those of the branches much
smaller and somewhat appressed ; heads several, termi-
nating the branchlets, about i' broad ; involucre broadly
turbinate, its bracts linear-lanceolate, keeled, green on
the back, appressed, imbricated in 4 or 5 series, the
inner obtuse, the outer usually acute ; rays 10-15, violet,
rarely white, 4"-S" long, entire, or their tips dentate, or
even laciniate ; pappus bristles in 2 series, tawny, the
outer ones setose ; achenes silky.
In dry o_r rocky soil, Maine to Florida, west to Minne-
sota, Mississippi and Texas. Recorded from Newfound-
land, New Brunswick and Quebec, apparently erroneously.
Sandpaper- or pine-starwort. July-Oct.
39. BACCHARIS L. Sp. PI. 860. 1753.
Dioecious shrubs or herbs, with alternate leaves, and paniculate or corymbose heads of
tubular flowers. Involucre campanulate in our species, its bracts imbricated in several series,
the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, naked, commonly foveolate. Corolla of the pistillate
flowers slender, that of the staminate tubular, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the
base. Style-branches narrow or subulate, those of the fertile flowers smooth, exserted, those
of the sterile flowers rudimentary, tipped with an ovate pubescent appendage. Achenes more
or less compressed, ribbed. Pappus of the fertile flowers copious, capillary, that of the
sterile flowers short. [Named for Bacchus; originally applied to some different shrubs.]
About 300 species, all American, most abundant in South America. Besides the following, some
1 8 others occur in the southern and western United States. Type species: Baccharis ivifolia L.
Shrubs ; pappus of fertile flowers in i or 2 series.
Leaves oblong, or lance-oblong, mostly obtuse, sparingly dentate. i. B.salicina.
Leaves deltoid-obovate, or oblong, the lower coarsely dentate. 2. B. halimifolia.
Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, mostly acute, sparingly dentate. 3. B. neglecta.
Herbaceous, from a woody base ; pappus of fertile flowers in several series. 4. B. Wrightii.
GENUS 39.
THISTLE FAMILY
i. Baccharis salicina T. & G. Willow Bac-
charis. Fig. 4384.
Baccharis salicina T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 258. 1841.
A glabrous glutinous much-branched shrub, 3-6
high, the branches ascending. Leaves firm, oblong-
lanceolate or somewhat oblanceolate, more or less
conspicuously 3-nerved, mostly obtuse at the apex,
narrowed into a cuneate subsessile base, i'-ii' long,
2"-6" wide, sparingly repand-dentate, or entire;
heads in peduncled clusters of 1-7, the involucre of
both sterile and fertile ones campanulate, 2i"-3"
high, its bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or
subacute; pappus usually but a single series of nearly
white capillary bristles.
Western Kansas and eastern Colorado to Texas and
New Mexico. May-July.
2. Baccharis halimifolia L. Groundsel-tree or
-bush. Pencil-tree. Fig. 4385.
Baccharis halimifolia L. Sp. PI. 860. 1753.
A branching glabrous shrub, 3-io high, the branch-
lets angled, sometimes minutely scurfy. Leaves thick,
those of the stem and larger branches obovate or del-
toid-obovate, obtuse, petioled, coarsely angular-dentate,
i '-3' long, J'-2' wide, those of the branchlets oblanceo-
late, short-petioled or sessile, entire, or few-toothed
toward the apex ; heads in peduncled clusters of 1-5,
those of the sterile plant nearly globose when young,
the bracts. of the involucre oblong-ovate, obtuse, gluti-
nous, appressed, the inner ones of the pistillate heads
lanceolate, acute or acutish ; fertile pappus bright white,
3" -4" long, of 1-2 series of capillary bristles, much ex-
ceeding the involucre.
Along salt marshes and tidal rivers, extending beyond
saline influence, Massachusetts to Florida and Texas. Ba-
hamas ; Cuba. The white pappus is very conspicuous in
autumn. Cotton-seed tree. Ploughman's-spikenard. Sept.-
Nov.
Baccharis glomeruliflora Pers., which has larger heads
glomerate in the axils of the upper leaves, is doubtfully re-
ported from southern Virginia, but occurs along the coast
from North Carolina to Florida, and in Bermuda.
3. Baccharis neglecta Britton. Linear-
leaved Baccharis. Fig. 4386.
Baccharis neglecta Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl.
3: 394. 1898.
A much-branched, glabrous or slightly glutinous
shrub, 3 high or more, the branches paniculate,
slender, ascending. Leaves narrowly linear to
linear-lanceolate, faintly 3-nerved, acute, or the
lower subobtuse at the apex, gradually attenuate
into a nearly sessile base, i'-3' long, i"-3" wide,
entire, or remotely dentate or denticulate, green
in drying ; heads in short-peduncled clusters ; in-
volucre of both kinds of heads campanulate, 2"
high, its outer bracts ovate, acute or somewhat
obtuse, the inner lanceolate, acuminate ; pappus
of the fertile flowers a single series of capillary
dull-white bristles.
Nebraska to Texas and North Mexico. July-Sept.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
4. Baccharis Wrightii A. Gray. Wright's
Baccharis. Fig. 4387.
Baccharis Wrightii A. Gray, PI. Wright, i : 101. 1852.
Herbaceous from a thick woody base, much
branched, glabrous, not glutinous, i-3 high, the
branches straight, nearly erect, slender, striate.
Leaves linear, sessile, i-nerved, entire, 3"-i2" long,
\"-\" wide; heads solitary at the ends of the
branches, 5 "-6" broad; involucre of the sterile
heads hemispheric, about 3" high, that of the fertile
ones somewhat campanulate and longer; bracts of
both involucres lanceolate, acuminate, with scarious
margins and a green back; pappus of the fertile
flowers of several series of tawny or purplish capil-
lary bristles.
Western Kansas and Colorado to Texas, Arizona and
Chihuahua. April-July.
40. FILAGO Loefl. ; L. Sp. PI. 927. 1753.
[EvAX Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 393. pi. 165. f. 3. 1791.]
White-woolly annual herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small discoid clustered
heads, usually subtended by leafy bracts. Bracts of the involucre few and scarious. Recep-
tacle convex or elongated, chaffy, each chaffy scale subtending an achene. Outer flowers
of the heads in several series, pistillate, fertile, their corollas filiform, minutly 2-4-dentate.
Central flowers few, perfect, mainly sterile, their corollas tubular, 4-5-toothed. Anthers
sagittate at the base, the auricles acuminate. Achenes compressed or terete. Pappus none.
[Latin filum, a thread.]
About 12 species, natives of temperate or warm regions of both the New World and the Old.
In addition to the following, 3 others occur in the western and southwestern United States. Type
species : Filago pygmaea L.
i. Filago prolifera (Nutt.) Britton. Filago.
Fig. 4388.
Evax prolifera Nutt. ; DC. Prodr. 5 : 459. 1836.
Diapcria prolifera Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) J:
338. 1841.
Filago prolifera Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 329. 1894.
Stem simple, or branched at the base, very leafy,
2'-6' high. Leaves spatulate, obtuse, sessile, ascend-
ing or appressed, 4"-8" long, \"-2\" wide; heads in
a sessile leafy-bracted cluster, usually subtended by i
or several slender, nearly leafless branches, each ter-
minated by a similar cluster, or these again prolifer-
ous; heads oblong or fusiform; receptacle convex;
chaff of the central sterile flowers woolly-tipped, that
of the fertile flowers scarious, mostly glabrous.
In dry soil, Texas to western Kansas and South Da-
kota, west to Colorado and New Mexico. April-July.
41. Gl'FOLA Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1819: 143. 1819.
[FILAGO L. Gen. PI. Ed. 5. 1758. Not Sp. PI. 927. 1753.]
White-woolly herbs, closely resembling those of the preceding genus, with alternate,
entire leaves, and small discoid glomerate heads, often subtended by leafy bracts, the clusters
proliferous in our species. Involucre small, its bracts scarious, imbricated in several series,
the outer usually tomentose. Receptacle subulate, cylindric or obconic, chaffy, each chaffy
scale near its base enclosing an achene. Outermost flowers pistillate, fertile, with filiform
corollas and no pappus, or the pappus a few rudimentary bristles; inner flowers also pistillate
and fertile, but with a pappus of capillary scabrous bristles; central* (uppermost) flowers few,
perfect, their corollas tubular, their pappus capillary and scabrous. Anthers sagittate at the
base. Achenes terete or slightly compressed. [Anagram of Filago.]
About 10 species, natives of warm and temperate regions, the following typical. In addition to
the following, 3 Californian species are probably to be referred to this genus.
GENUS 41.
THISTLE FAMILY.
i. Gifola germanica (L.) Dumort. Cudweed. Cotton
Rose. Herb Impius. Fig. 4389.
Gnaphalium germanicum L. Sp. PI. 857. 1753.
Filago germanica L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1311. 1763.
Gifola germanica Dumort. Fl. Belg. 68. 1827.
Annual, erect, cottony, 4'-i8' high, simple, or branched at
the base, very leafy. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, linear, or
slightly spatulate, erect or ascending, obtuse or acutish, 3"-i2"
long; stem terminated by a sessile dense cluster of heads,
usually subtended by several leafy branches terminated by
similar clusters and these often again proliferous; heads 12-30
in each cluster, many-flowered ; involucre ovoid, light yellow,
its bracts mainly acute.
In dry fields, southern New York and New Jersey to Pennsylva-
nia, West Virginia and North Carolina. Old names downweed.
hoarwort, owl's-crown, chafeweed, childing cudweed. May-Sept.
42. PLUCHEA Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1817: 31. 1817.
Pubescent or glabrous herbs, or some tropical species shrubby, with alternate dentate
leaves, and small heads of tubular flowers in terminal corymbose cymes. Involucre ovoid,
campanulate, or nearly hemispheric, its bracts appressed, herbaceous, imbricated in several
series. Receptacle flat, naked. Outer flowers of the head pistillate, their corollas filiform,
3-cleft or dentate at the apex. Central flowers perfect, but mainly sterile, their corollas 5-cleft.
Anthers sagittate at the base, the auricles caudate. Style of the perfect flowers 2-cleft or.
undivided. Achenes 4-5-angled. Pappus a single series of capillary scabrous bristles. [Named
for the Abbe N. A. Pluche, of Paris.]
About 35 species, widely distributed in warm and temperate regions. In addition to the follow-
ing, 2 or 3 other indigenous species occurs in the southern United States, and two introduced ones
have been found in waste places in Florida. Type species : Conyza marilandica Michx.
Perennial; leaves sessile, cordate, or clasping at the base. i. P. foetida.
Annual ; leaves, at least those of the stem, petioled.
Leaves short-petioled ; heads about 3" high ; involucral bracts densely puberulent.
2. P. camphorata.
Leaves slender-petioled ; heads 2"-2 l / 2 " high; involucral bracts granulose, ciliate.
3. P. petiolata.
i. Pluchea foetida (L.) DC. Viscid Marsh
Fleabane. Fig. 4390.
Baccharis foetida L. Sp. PI. 861. 1753.
Baccharis viscosa Walt. Fl. Car. 202. 1788.
Pluchea bifrons DC. Prodr. 5: 451. 1836.
Pluchea foetida DC. Prodr. 5 : 452. 1836.
Root perennial ; stem simple or sparingly branch-
ed at the summit, puberulent and slightly viscid,
ii-3 high. Leaves oblong, ovate or ovate-lan-
ceolate, closely sessile and more or less cordate-
clasping at the base, obtuse or acute at the apex,
sharply denticulate, pubescent or puberulent, 2'-4'
long, i'-ii' wide, reticulate-veiny; clusters of
heads sessile, or stalked, compact, leafy-bracted ;
involucre 2j"-3" high, its bracts lanceolate, acute,
viscid-puberulent.
In swamps, southern New Jersey to Florida and
Texas, mainly near the coast. Also in the West In-
dies. Foetid marsh-fleabane. July-Sept.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
2. Pluchea camphorata (L.) DC. Spicy or
Salt-marsh Fleabane. Fig. 4391.
Erigeron camphoratum L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1212. 1763.
Conysa marilandica Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 126. 1803.
Pluchea camphorata DC. Proclr. 5: 451. 1836.
Root annual ; stem usually branched, finely viscid-
puberulent, or nearly glabrous, 2-3 high, somewhat
channeled. Leaves ovate, oblong or lanceolate, pu-
berulent or glabrous, acute or acuminate at the
apex, narrowed at the base, short-petioled, or the
upper sessile but not clasping, 3'-8' long, i'-3' wide,
serrate or denticulate, not conspicuously reticulate-
veined; heads about 3" high, rarely leafy-bracted,
mostly in naked open corymbiform cymes; bracts
of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate,
acute, puberulent; flowers purplish; achenes pubes-
cent.
In salt marshes, coast of Massachusetts to Florida,
Texas and Mexico. Called also ploughman's-wort.
Aug.-Oct.
3. Pluchea petiolata Cass. Inland Marsh Flea-
bane. Fig. 4392.
Pluchea petiolata Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 42: 2. 1826.
Pluchea foetida DC. Prodr. 5 : 452. 1830.
Similar to the preceding species, but glabrate, darker
green, usually taller, 2i-4 high, the stem stout, rather
strongly channelled. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to oval,
thin, 4'-io' long, ii'-3' wide, mostly acuminate at the
apex, cuneate-narrowed at the base, long-petioled, ir-
regularly serrate; petioles of the larger leaves 8"-i2"
long; heads 2"-2i" high, in terminal and often also
axillary clusters; bracts of the involucre granular, cil-
iate; achenes short-pubescent.
In moist soil, often in woods, Maryland to Florida, Illi-
nois, Missouri and Oklahoma. Aug.-Oct.
43. ANTENNARIA Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 2: 410. pi. 167. 1791.
Perennial woolly dioecious or polygamo-dioecious herbs, with alternate and basal leaves,
and small discoid many-flowered heads usually capitate, glomerate or corymbose. Involucre
oblong, ovoid or campanulate, its bracts scarious, imbricated in several series, the outer
shorter, usually woolly. Receptacle convex, or nearly flat, foveolate, not chaffy. Staminate
flowers with a truncate or minutely dentate corolla, usually undivided style and scanty pappus
of club-shaped smooth or minutely barbed bristles. Pistillate or perfect flowers with tubular
mostly 5-toothed corollas, 2-cleft style, and copious pappus of capillary naked bristles, slightly
united at the base, the style often crimson. Achenes oblong, terete, or slightly compressed.
[Latin, in allusion to the fancied resemblance of the sterile pappus to insect antennae.]
About 50 species, natives of the north temperate zone and southern South America. In addi-
tion to the following, many others occur in the western parts of North America. The patches of
fertile and sterile plants are usually quite distinct, and the sterile plants of some species are much
less abundant than the pistillate. Perfect achenes are, however, abundant, parthenogenesis being
a known feature of this genus. Type species: Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn.
GENUS 43.
THISTLE FAMILY.
449
* Pappus-bristles of sterile flowers with club-shaped or dilated tips.
t Plant not stolonif erous ; basal leaves oblanceolate. i. A. carpathica.
ft Plants stoloniferous, growing in patches.
Involucral bracts of fertile heads dark brownish green, lanceolate, acute or acuminate ; plant
i '-4' high. 2. A. alpina.
Involucral bracts all light green, or light brown, with white or pinkish scarious tips.
Basal leaves and those of the ends of stolons bright green and glabrous above from the first.
Basal leaves small, spatulate, with only i prominent nerve. 3. A. canadensis.
Basal leaves large, obovate, distinctly 3-nerved. 4. A. Parlinii.
Basal leaves and those of the ends of stolons dull green, arachnoid at first, becoming glabrous.
Basal leaves large, mostly 2'- 5' long, mostly 10" wide or wider, oblong to obovate,
3-5-nerved.
Stolons leafy only at the ends, scaly-bracted ; head solitary. 5. A. solitaria.
Stolons leafy throughout ; heads corymbose or subcapitate. 6. A. plantaginifolia.
Basal leaves small, 2' long or less, spatulate to oblanceolate or obovate, mostly i -nerved.
Basal leaves persistently appressed silvery-silky on both sides. 7. A. microphylla.
Basal leaves dull, the upper surface more or less persistently arachnoid.
Basal leaves abruptly apiculate ; stolons leafy throughout. 8. A. neodioica.
Basal leaves obtuse or acute.
Stolons leafy throughout ; western species.
Basal leaves spatulate. 9. A. aprica.
Basal leaves obovate. 10. A. campestris.
Stolons leafy only at the ends. n. A.neglecta,
** Pappus-bristles of sterile flowers not dilated, barbellate; plant about i' high, tufted;
head solitary. 12. A. dimorpha.
i. Antennaria carpathica (Wahl.) Hook. Carpathian
Everlasting. Fig. 4393.
Gnaphalium carpathicum Wahl. Fl. Carp. 258. pi. 3. 1814.
Antennaria carpathica Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 329. 1833.
Plant floccose- woolly throughout, not stoloniferous; stem
2'-io' high, simple. Basal leaves oblanceolate or oblong, ob-
tuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the base into short
petioles, i'-2' long, 2" -4" wide ; stem leaves linear, acute or
acutish, erect, the upper gradually smaller; heads in a termi-
nal subcapitate cluster, or rarely solitary, 2i"-3" broad ; invo-
lucre 2"-3" high, woolly at the base, its bracts brownish purple,
the inner ones of the fertile heads mostly acutish, those of the
sterile heads mainly obtuse.
In dry soil, Labrador and Anticosti to Hudson Bay.
Europe and northern Asia. May-Sept.
Also in
2. Antennaria alpina (L.) Gaertn. Alpine Everlasting. Fig. 4394.
Gnaphalium alpinuin L. Sp. PI. 856. 1753-
Antennaria alpina Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 410. 1791.
?A. labradorica Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) T. 46-
1841.
A. angustata Greene, Pittonia 3: 284. 1898.
Surculose by short stolons ; stems floccose-woolly,
i '-4' high. Basal leaves usually numerous, tufted,
spatulate or linear-oblong, obtuse, silvery-woolly on
both sides, or glabrate and green above, 4"-! 2" long;
stem leaves linear and small, few, sessile, woolly;
heads in a terminal capitate, or seldom somewhat
corymbose cluster, rarely solitary, 2"-2i" broad; in-
volucre about 2i" high, the bracts of the fertile heads
dark brownish-green, the inner ones acute or acumi-
nate, those of the sterile heads lighter, brownish,
broader and obtuse ; achenes glandular.
Labrador and Arctic America to Alaska and British
Columbia. Western plants previously referred to this
species prove to be distinct. April-Aug.
29
45
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
Antennaria canadensis Greene,
dian Cat's-foot. Fig. 4395.
Cana-
4. Antennaria Parlinii Fernald.
Cat's-foot. Fig. 4396.
Antennaria Parlinii Fernald, Card. & For. 10 : 284.
1897-
A. arnoglossa Greene, Pittonia 3: 318. 1898.
A. Parlinii arnoglossa Fernald, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist. 28 : 243. 1898.
A. propinqua Greene, Pittonia 4: 83. 1899.
More or less glandular-pubescent ; stems of
fertile plant i-ii tall. Leaves bright green
and devoid of tomentum on the upper surface
from the time of unfolding, or very slightly floe-
cose when very young, the basal ones obovate or
spatulate to elliptic, obtuse or acutish, gradually
contracted into a narrow base about as long as
the expanded part, 2'-$' long, t'-ii' wide; stem-
leaves lanceolate or the lower narrowly oblong ;
heads corymbose ; involucre 3^"-5" high, its bracts
all lanceolate-acuminate or the outer ones linear-
oblong and obtusish.
Fields, hillsides and woodlands, Maine to Ontario,
Virginia and Iowa. May-July.
Antennaria canadensis Greene, Pittonia 3 : 275. 1898.
Stems 8'-i2' high, slender. Basal leaves and
those of the ends of stolons spatulate to oblan-
ceolate, obtuse or apiculate, i'-i4' long, 6" wide
or less, gradually tapering from above the middle
to a long narrow base, i-nerved or with two faint
lateral nerves, bright green and glabrous above,
lanate beneath ; stolons short, leafy, assurgent ;
stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, distant, about I '
wide ; inflorescence capitate to racemose-corym-
bose ; fertile involucre about 4^" high, its outer
bracts oblong, obtuse, the inner lanceolate, acute
to attenuate; bracts of the staminate involucre
white-tipped.
In dry soil, Newfoundland to Connecticut, Mani-
toba and Michigan. May-July.
The Old World Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn.,
with stem leaves close together and rose-colored in-
volucral bracts, is recorded as long ago found at
Providence, R. I.
Parlin's
5. Antennaria solitaria Rydb. Single-
headed Cat's-foot. Fig. 4397.
Antennaria plantaginifolia monocephala T. & G. Fl.
N. A. 2: 431. 1843.
Antennaria monocephala Greene, Pittonia 3: 176.
1896. Not DC. 1836.
Antennaria solitaria Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 24 : 304.
1897.
Stem slender, weak, floccose-woolly, 2'-io'
long, bearing a solitary head. Basal leaves obo-
vate to oblong-obovate or broadly spatulate, 3^'
long or less, 8"-i6" wide, obtuse or apiculate,
densely floccose beneath, loosely floccose, becom-
ing glabrate above, 3-5-nerved ; stem-leaves
linear, few and distant ; stolons procumbent, leafy
at the ends ; involucre 4"-6" high, its linear
white-tipped bracts very woolly.
Woodlands, Pennsylvania to Georgia, Ohio, Ala-
bama and Louisiana. March-May.
GENUS 43.
THISTLE FAMILY.
45 i
6. Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.)
Richards. Plantain-leaf Everlasting.
Fig. 4398.
Gnaphalium plantaginifolium L. Sp. PI. 850. 1753-
Antennaria plantaginifolia Richards. App. Frank.
Journ. Ed. 2, 30. 1823.
Floccose- woolly, stoloniferous, forming broad
patches ; flowering stems of fertile plant 4'-2o'
high, slender or stout, sometimes with glandu-
lar hairs. Basal leaves obovate, spatulate, or
broadly oval, obtuse or acutish, distinctly 3-
ribbed, petioled, dull dark green and arachnoid
above, silvery beneath, ii'-3' long, s"-i8"
wide; stem-leaves sessile, oblong or lanceolate,
the upper usually small and distant ; heads in
corymbose or often subcapitate clusters, 4"-5"
broad ; involucre 3"-4i" high, its bracts green-
ish-white, linear to lanceolate, acute or acutish ;
achenes minutely glandular; sterile plant
smaller, 3'-8' high ; basal leaves somewhat
smaller; heads smaller, 3"-4" broad; bracts
oblong, obtuse.
In dry soil, especially in open woods, Quebec to
Florida, Minnesota, Nebraska and Texas. Spring-
or early everlasting. White plantain. Pussy-toes.
Ladies'-tobacco. Dog-toes. Four-toes. Love's-test. Indian- or woman's-tobacco. Poverty-weed. Pearly
mouse-ear everlasting. Consists of many races differing in size, leaf-form, leaf-size, size of heads
and shape of involucral bracts ; these have been variously regarded by authors as species and as
varieties. April-June.
A^HiW, 7. Antennaria microphylla Rydb. Small-leaved
Cat's-foot. Fig. 4399.
A. microphylla Rydb. Bull. Torn Club 24: 303. 1897.
1A. parvifolia Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7 : 406. 1841.
Stem slender, 8'-i2' high ; stolons short, not over 2\'
long. Basal leaves and those of the ends of the stolons
spatulate, obtuse, or apiculate, 2"-8" long, i"-2" wide,
narrowed from above the middle ; stem-leaves linear-
oblong, or the leaves linear-spatulate, often longer than
the basal ones ; heads corymbose, rather numerous ;
involucre 2i"-3i" high ; bracts of the fertile heads
linear-oblong, acute or acutish, those of the sterile ob-
tuse.
Dry plains and hills, Saskatchewan to Nebraska, British
Columbia and New Mexico. July- Aug.
8. Antennaria neodioica Greene. Smaller
Cat's-foot. Fig. 4400.
Antennaria neodioica Greene, Pittonia 3: 184. 1897.
A. alsinoides Greene, Pittonia 4: 83. 1899.
A. rupicola Fernald, Rhodora i : 74. 1899.
Floccose-woolly, with numerous stolons which
are leafy throughout; stem of fertile plants slen-
der, about i high. Basal leaves about i' long,
3"-S" wide, broadly obovate to spatulate, i-nerved,
or indistinctly 3-nerved, white-tomentose beneath,
becoming glabrate above, usually narrowed into
distinct petioles ; stem-leaves linear, acute ; heads
loosely corymbose, 3," -4" broad ; outermost bracts
of the involucre obtuse, the rest lanceolate, acute,
or acuminate, all greenish or brownish below,
with white scarious tips ; achenes obtusely 4-an-
gled, granular-papillose; sterile plant lower, 3'-8'
high ; heads more densely clustered, the bracts of
the involucre oblong, obtuse.
In dry places, Newfoundland to Virginia, Quebec, Michigan and South Dakota.
April-July.
45 2
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
9. Antennaria aprica Greene. Rocky Moun-
tain Cudweed. Fig. 4401.
Antennaria aprica Greene, Pittonia 3: 282. 1898.
Floccose-woolly or canescent, surculose, forming
broad patches ; flowering stems 2'-i2' high. Basal
leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse, narrowed into
short petioles, white-canescent on both sides, 4" -15"
long, i "-4" wide; stem-leaves linear, sessile; heads
3"-4" broad in a terminal capitate or corymbose
cluster; involucre 2"-3" high, the bracts of the fer-
tile heads oblong, white or pink, all obtuse, or the
inner ones acute ; those of the sterile heads oval or
elliptical, obtuse; achenes glabrous, or minutely
glandular.
In dry soil, South Dakota to Nebraska, Alberta, Utah
and New Mexico. June-Sept. Erroneously referred, in
our first edition, as by previous authors, to the Old
World Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn.
.**
10. Antennaria campestris Rydberg.
Prairie Cat's- foot. Fig. 4402.
Antennaria campestris Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Club
24: 304. 1897.
Stolons short, leafy ; flowering stems of both
fertile and sterile plants 2^-6' high. Basal leaves
obovate-cuneate, without a distinct petiole,
white-tomentose beneath, glabrate above, i-
nerved, or indistinctly 3-nerved ; stem-leaves
small, linear; heads 3" -4" broad in subcapi-
tate clusters; bracts of the fertile heads lan-
ceolate, greenish below, brownish at the mid-
dle, the apex white, acute or acuminate;
bracts of sterile heads elliptic, obtuse.
On dry prairies, Nebraska and Kansas to Sas-
katchewan. May-June.
i //In. Antennaria neglecta Greene,
foot. Fig. 4403.
Field Cat's-
Antennaria neglecta Greene, Pittonia 3: 173. 1897.
An ennaria petaloidea Fernald, Rhodora i : 73. 1899.
A. neglecta simplex Peck, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 67 : Bot.
6: 33- 1903-
Stoloniferous, the stolons long and slender, bear-
[// ing small leaves, except at the ends, where they are
normally developed. Basal leaves oblanceolate or
cuneate-spatulate, gradually tapering to a sessile
base, without a distinct petiole, white-tomentose be-
neath, glabrate above, i-nerved; stem-leaves linear;
fertile plant nearly i high; heads 3"-4" broad,
corymbose or sometimes only I or 2 ; bracts brown-
ish, with white tips, lanceolate, acute; sterile plant
4'-8' high, the heads densely clustered, the bracts
oblong, obtuse.
In fields and pastures, Maine to New York, Virginia
and Wisconsin. April-June.
GENUS 43.
THISTLE FAMILY.
453
12. Antennaria dimorpha (Nutt.) T. & G.
Low Everlasting. Fig. 4404.
Gnaphalium dimorphum Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
(II) 7: 405. 1841.
A. dimorpha T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 431. 1843.
Tufted from a thick woody often branched cau-
dex, i'-ii' high. Leaves all in a basal cluster, spatu-
late, white-canescent or tomentose on both sides,
obtuse or acutish, i'-i' long, i"-2" wide, narrowed
into short petioles; heads of staminate flowers
about 3" broad and high, solitary and sessile
among the leaves, or raised on a very short spar-
ingly leafy stem, with obtuse or obtusish brown-
ish involucral bracts, those of pistillate flowers
longer, their inner bracts linear-lanceolate, acumi-
nate; pappus of the staminate flowers slender,
scarcely thickened, but barbellate at the tips, that
of the pistillate flowers of fine and smooth bristles.
Dry soil, Nebraska to Utah and California, north
to Montana and British Columbia. April-June.
44. ANAPHALIS DC. Prodr. 6: 271. 1837.
Perennial white-tomentose or woolly herbs, with leafy erect stems, in our species alter-
nate entire leaves, and small corymbose discoid heads of dioecious flowers. Involucre oblong
to campanulate, its bracts scarious, imbricated in several series, mostly white, the outer
shorter. Receptacle mostly convex, not chaffy. Staminate flowers with a slender or filiform
corolla, an undivided style, and a pappus of slender bristles, not thickened at the summit, or
scarcely so; anthers tailed at the base. Pistillate flowers with a tubular 5-toothed corolla,
2-cleft style, and a pappus of capillary bristles. [Greek name of some similar plant.]
About 35 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, 2 or 3 other
species occur in western North America. Type species: Anaphalis nubigena (Wall.) DC.
i. Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. &
Hook. Pearly or Large-flowered Ever-
lasting. Fig. 4405.
Gnaphalium margaritaceum L. Sp. PI. 850. 1753.
Antennaria margaritacea Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 329. ' 1833.
A. margaritacea Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. 2: 303. 1873.
Stem floccose-woolly, corymbosely branched at the
summit, leafy, i-3 high. Leaves linear-lanceolate,
narrowed to a sessile base, revolute, green, but mostly
more or less pubescent above, woolly beneath, 3' 5"
long, 2"-4" wide, the lowest shorter, spatulate, usually
obtuse ; corymb compound, 2'-8' broad ; heads very nu-
merous, short-peduncled or sessile, about 3" high, 4"
broad when expanded ; involucre campanulate, its
bracts ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, finely striate, pearly
white, mostly glabrous ; pappus-bristles of the fertile
flowers distinct and falling away separately.
Dry soil, Newfoundland to Alaska, Pennsylvania, Kansas,
Oregon and northern Asia. Recorded south to North Caro-
lina. Adventive in Europe. Silver-leaf. Life-everlas*ing.
Moonshine. Cotton-weed. None-so-pretty. Lady-never-fade.
Indian-posy. Ladies'-tobacco. Poverty-weed. Silver-button.
July-Sept.
Anaphalis OCcidentalis (Greene) Heller, occurring from Alaska to California and in New-
foundland and Quebec, differs by its mostly broader leaves being green and glabrous.
45. GNAPHALIUM L. Sp. PI. 850. 1753.
Woolly erect or diffusely branched herbs, with alternate leaves, and discoid heads of
pistillate and perfect flowers arranged in corymbs, spikes, racemes, or capitate. Receptacle
flat, concex or conic, not chaffy, usually foveolate. Pistillate flowers in several series, their
corollas filiform, minutely dentate or 3-4-lobed. Central flowers perfect, tubular, few, their
corollas 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Anthers sagittate at the base, the auricles tailed. Achenes
oblong or obovate, terete or slightly compressed, not ribbed. Pappus a single series of cap-
illary bristles, sometimes thickened above. [Greek, referring to the wool.]
About 120 species, widely distributed. Type species: Gnaphalium luteo-album L.
i. Pappus-bristles distinct.
Tall, erect ; inflorescence corymbose, or paniculate.
Leaves sessile ; plant not viscid. i. G. obtusifolium.
Leaves sessile ; plant glandular-viscid. 2. G. Helleri.
Leaves decurrent ; plant glandular-viscid. 3. G. decurrens.
454
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
Low, diffuse ; inflorescence mostly capitate ; pappus-bristles distinct.
Floccose-woolly ; involucral bracts yellowish, or white., 4. G. palnstre.
Appressed-woolly ; involucral bracts becoming dark brown. 5. G. uliginosum.
Tufted low mountain herbs ; heads few ; bracts brown ; pappus-bristles distinct. 6. G. supinum.
2. Slender, simple; heads spicate; pappus-bristles united at base.
Leaves linear or lanceolate-spatulate, acute ; heads about 3" high ; northeastern.
Bracts dark brown ; stem leaves lanceolate-spatulate. 7. G. norvegicum.
Bracts brownish tipped ; stem leaves linear. 8. G. sylvaticum.
Leaves spatulate, obtuse or obtusish ; heads 2"-2 1 /^" high ; eastern and southern. 9. G. purpureum.
i. Gnaphalium obtusifolium L. Sweet or
White Balsam. Sweet or Fragrant Life
Everlasting. Fig. 4406.
Gnaphalium obtusifolium L. Sp. PI. 851. 1753.
G. polycephalum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 127. 1803.
Annual or winter-annual, fragrant; stem erect,
simple, or branched above, tomentose, i-3 high.
Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, sessile,
acute or acutish, or the lower obtuse at the apex,
narrowed at the base, densely white-woolly be-
neath, glabrate and commonly dark green above,
i '-3' long, 2"-4" wide, the margins undulate; heads
in numerous corymbose or paniculate clusters of
1-5, about 3" high ; bracts of the involucre white,
or tinged with brown, oblong, thin and scarious,
obtuse, the outer woolly at the base ; pappus-bris-
tles distinct, separately deciduous ; achenes glabrous.
In dry, mostly open places, Nova Scotia to Florida,
Manitoba, Kansas and Texas. Jamaica. Poverty-,
chafe- or balsam-weed. Old-field balsam. Indian-posy.
Feather-weed. Fussy-gussy. Rabbit-tobacco. Life-of-
man. Moonshine. Leaves of rosettes oblong. Aug.-Sept.
2. Gnaphalium Helleri Britton. Heller's
Everlasting. Fig. 4407.
G. Helleri Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 20: 280. 1893.
G. polycephalum Helleri Fernald, Rhodora 10: 94. 1908.
Similar to the preceding species, corymbosely or
somewhat paniculately branched above, ii-2 high,
the stem and branches densely glandular-pubescent,
not tomentose. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile,
acuminate at both ends, green and hispidulous above,
white-tomentose beneath, the larger about 2' long
and 5" wide, the uppermost much smaller and nar-
rower; heads very numerous, corymbose or corym-
bose-paniculate, sessile or short-peduncled in the
clusters, about 2.\" broad ; involucre oblong, or be-
coming campanulate, 3" high, its bracts bright white,
tomentose, the outer oblong, the inner linear-oblong,
all obtuse ; pappus-bristles distinct ; achenes glabrous.
In fields and woods, New York and New Jersey to
Virginia, Kentucky and Georgia. Sept.-Oct.
3. Gnaphalium decurrens Ives. Clammy Everlasting.
Winged Cudweed. Fig. 4408.
Gnaphalium decurrens Ives, Am. Journ. Sci. i : 380. pi. i. 1819.
Annual or biennial, similar to the two preceding species, fra-
grant; stem very leafy, glandular-viscid, corymbosely branched
above, 2-3 high. Leaves lanceolate or broadly linear, acutish
at the apex, densely white-woolly beneath, glabrate or loosely
woolly above, sessile and decurrent on the stem at the base,
i '-3' long, 2"-3" wide, or the lowest shorter and slightly spatu-
late ; heads in several or numerous corymbose glomerules of
2-6, about 3" high ; bracts of the involucre yellowish-white or
brownish, ovate, acutish or the inner lanceolate and acute, the
outer woolly at base; pappus-bristles distinct; achenes glabrous.
In open, moist or dry places, Nova Scotia to Pennsylvania, West
Virginia ?, Ontario, British Columbia, Michigan, south in the Rocky
Mountains to Arizona. Sweet balsam. Balsam-weed. July-Sept.
GENUS 45.
THISTLE FAMILY.
4. Gnaphalium palustre Nutt. Western Marsh
Cudweed. Fig. 4409.
Gnaphalium palustre Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7:
403. 1841.
Annual; diffusely branched from the base, densely
but loosely floccose-woolly all over, 2'-8' high. Leaves
sessile, oblong, linear-oblong, or the lower spatulate,
obtuse or acutish, 6"-i2" long, i4"-3" wide; heads
about 2" high, several together in leafy-bracted glom-
erules; involucre more or less woolly, its bracts linear
or lanceolate, acute, white or pale yellow ; pappus-
bristles distinct, separately deciduous.
In moist wet soil, Saskatchewan to Montana, western
Nebraska and New Mexico, west to British Columbia and
California. May-Aug.
5. Gnaphalium uliginosum L. Low or
Marsh Cudweed. Wartwort. Mouse-
Fig. 4410.
ear.
Gnaphalium uliginosum L. Sp. PI. 856. 1753.
Annual; diffusely branched from the base, or
the stems sometimes erect or ascending, ap-
pressed-woolly all over, 2 r -8' high. Leaves sessile,
spatulate-linear, linear, or the lower oblanceolate
or spatulate and narrowed into petioles, all ob-
tuse or obtusish, generally mucronulate, i'-ii'
long; heads about 2" high, numerous in dense
leafy-bracted terminal glomerules ; bracts of the
involucre oblong or oblong-lanceolate, brown, the
outer obtuse or obtusish and more or less woolly,
the inner acute ; pappus-bristles distinct, sepa-
rately deciduous.
In damp soil, Newfoundland to Virginia, west to
western Ontario, Saskatchewan, British Columbia and
Oregon, and Indiana. Also in Europe. July-Sept.
6. Gnaphalium supinum L. Dwarf Cudweed.
Fig. 4411.
Gnaphalium supinum L. Syst. Ed. 2, 234. 1767.
Perennial, white-woolly, much tufted; stems sim-
ple, i'-3i' high. Leaves mainly basal, linear, acute,
narrowed at the base, sessile, 6"-i2" long, i"-2"
wide; heads few or several, capitate or short-spicate,
about 3" high; flowers yellowish; bracts of the invo-
lucre brown, glabrous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceo-
late, acute; pappus-bristles distinct, separately de-
ciduous.
Alpine summit of the White Mountains of New Hamp-
shire, and of Mt. Katahdin, Maine ; Labrador and Green-
land, and on high mountains in Europe and Asia. Called
also mountain-cudweed. July-Aug.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
7. Gnaphalium norvegicum Gunner. Nor-
wegian Cudweed. Fig. 4412.
G. norvegicum Gunner, Fl. Norveg. 2: 105. 1772.
Perennial ; stem simple, 6'-i8' high. Leaves lan-
ceolate to spatulate, elongated, acute, narrowed
at the base, woolly on both sides, or green and
glabrate above, $'-6' long, 2"-^" wide, the lower
and basal ones petioled; heads about 3" high,
numerous in a more or less leafy spike, the lowest
often distant, solitary or glomerate in the upper
axils; bracts of the involucre ovate-oblong, dark
brown, or brown-tipped, glabrous or slightly
woolly, obtuse ; pappus-bristles united at the base,
falling away in a ring; achenes hispidulous.
Mt. Albert, Gaspe, Quebec, north to Greenland and
Arctic America. Also in Europe. July-Aug.
8. Gnaphalium sylvaticum L. Wood
Cudweed. Chafweed. Owl's Crown.
Golden Motherwort. Fig. 4413.
Gnaphalium sylvaticum L. Sp. PI. 856. 1753.
Perennial; stem slender, simple, 6'-i8' high.
Leaves linear, acute, i'-2' long, \"-2\" wide,
or the lowest linear-spatulate, woolly beneath,
glabrous or glabrate above; heads about 3"
high, numerous in a more or less leafy spike,
or the lowest solitary or glomerate . in the
upper axils; bracts of the involucre linear-
oblong, obtuse, mostly glabrous, yellowish or
greenish with a brown spot at or just below
the apex; pappus-bristles united at the base;
achenes hispidulous.
New Brunswick and Cape Breton Island to
Quebec and northern Maine and New Hampshire.
Widely distributed in Europe and northern Asia.
June-Aug.
9. Gnaphalium purpureum L. Purplish
Cudweed. Fig. 4414.
Gnaphalium purpureum L. Sp. PI. 854. 1753.
Annual or biennial, simple and erect or branch-
ed from the base and the branches ascending, 2 r -2
high. Leaves spatulate, or the uppermost linear,
mostly obtuse, mucronulate, woolly beneath, usu-
ally green and glabrous or nearly so above when
old. sessile, or the lowest narrowed into petioles,
I '-2' long, 2" -6" wide; heads 2"-2$" high in a
terminal, sometimes leafy, often interrupted spike,
or the lowest ones distant and axillary; bracts of
the involucre yellowish brown or purplish, lan-
ceolate-oblong, acute or acutish, the outer woolly
at the base ; pappus-bristles united below ; achenes
roughish.
In dry sandy soil, eastern Maine to Florida, Penn-
sylvania, West Virginia, Kentucky, Kansas and Texas.
Bermuda ; Jamaica ; Mexico. Far western plants for-
merely referred to this species prove to be distinct.
May-Sept.
GENUS 46.
THISTLE FAMILY.
457
46. ADENOCAULON Hook. Bot. Misc. i : 19. 1830.
Perennial herbs, with broad alternate slender-petioled leaves, woolly beneath, and pani-
cled small 5-io-flowered heads of tubular flowers. Involucre campanulate, composed of a
few herbaceous bracts. Receptacle nearly flat, naked. Corollas all tubular, 4~5-lobed. Mar-
ginal flowers pistillate, fertile. Central flowers perfect, sterile, the style undivided ; anthers
slightly sagittate at the base. Pappus none. Achenes obovoid or clavate, very obtuse, faintly
nerved, glandular above, longer than the bracts of the involucre. [Greek, gland-stem.]
Two species, natives of North America, Japan and the Himalayas. Only the following typical
one is known in North America.
i. Adenocaulon bicolor Hook.
Fig- 44I5-
Adenocaulon.
Adenocaulon bicolor Hook. Bot. Misc. i : 19. pi. 15. 1830.
Stem floccose- woolly, or at length glabrous, i-3
high, leafless and mostly paniculately branched above.
Leaves all basal or nearly so, deltoid-ovate, obtuse or
acute at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, coarsely
repand-toothed or lobed, thin, green and glabrous above,
densely and persistently white-woolly beneath, 2'-6'
long and broad, with slender narrowly margined peti-
oles ; heads numerous, very slender-peduncled, small ;
bracts of the involucre 4 or 5, ovate to lanceolate, re-
flexed in fruit, at length deciduous ; achenes 3"-4"
long, i" thick, the upper part beset with nail-shaped
glands.
In moist woods, northern Michigan and Lake Superior to
British Columbia, Montana and California. May-July.
47. INULA L. Sp. PI. 881. 1753.
Perennial, mostly tomentose or woolly herbs, with alternate and basal leaves, and large
heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre hemispheric or campanulate,
its bracts imbricated in several series, the outer often foliaceous. Receptacle flat or convex,
areolate or foveolate, not chaffy. Ray-flowers pistillate, their ligules 3-toothed. Disk-flowers
perfect, their corollas tubular, 5-toothed. Anthers sagittate at the base, the auricles caudate.
Style-branches of the disk-flowers linear, obtuse. Achenes 4-5-ribbed ; pappus of capillary
rough bristles in our species. [The ancient Latin name.]
About 90 species, natives of Europe, Asia and Africa, the following typical.
i. Inula Helenium L. Elecampane.
Horseheal. Fig. 4416.
Inula Helenium L. Sp. PI. 881. 1753.
Stems tufted from large thick roots, simple
or rarely somewhat branched, 2-6 high,
densely pubescent above. Leaves large, broadly
oblong, rough above, densely pubescent be-
neath, denticulate, the basal ones acute at each
end, long-petioled, io'-2o' long, 4'-8' wide;
stem leaves sessile, or cordate-clasping at the
base, acute at the apex, smaller ; heads solitary
or few, terminal, stout-peduncled, 2'-^' broad ;
involucre hemispheric, nearly i' high, its outer
bracts ovate, foliaceous, pubescent ; rays nu-
merous, linear; achenes glabrous, 4-sided.
Along roadsides and in fields, Nova Scotia to
Ontario and Minnesota, south to North Carolina
and Missouri. Naturalized from Europe. Native
also in Asia. Scabwort. Horse-elder. Yellow star-
wort. Elfdock. Elfwort. Wild sunflower.
45S
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. 111.
48. POLYMNIA L. Sp. PI. 926. 1753.
Perennial herbs (some tropical species woody), with opposite membranous lobed or
angled leaves, or the lower alternate, and mostly large corymbose-paniculate heads of both
tubular and radiate yellow or whitish flowers, or rays sometimes wanting. Involucre hemi-
spheric or broader, of about 5 large outer bracts, and more numerous smaller inner ones.
Receptacle chaffy. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile, subtended by the inner involucral bracts,
the ligules elongated, minute, or none. Disk-flowers subtended by the chaffy scales of the
receptacle, perfect, sterile, their corollas tubular, 5-toothed. Anthers 2-toothed at the base.
Pappus none. Achenes thick, short, turgid, glabrous. [From the Muse Polhymnia.]
About 10 species, natives of America. Only the following are known in North America. Type
species: Polymnia canadensis L.
Rays commonly 6" long or more, yellow; achenes strongly striate. i. P. Uvedalia.
Rays commonly minute or up to 6" long, whitish, or none ; achenes 3-ribbed. 2. P. canadensis.
i. Polymnia Uvedalia L.
flowered Leaf-cup.
Yellow or Large-
Fig. 4417.
Polymnia Uvedalia L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1303. 1763.
Rough-pubescent, stout, branched, 3-io high.
Leaves broadly ovate or deltoid, 3-nerved, abruptly
contracted above the base, minutely ciliate, more
or less pubescent on both sides, angulate-lobed, the
lower often i long and broad, petioled, the upper
sessile, somewhat clasping ; heads few in terminal
clusters, peduncled, ii'-3' broad; rays 10-15, com-
monly 6"-l2" long, linear-oblong, bright yellow,
3-toothed or entire; exterior bracts of the cup-like
involucre ovate-oblong, obtuse, ciliate, 4"-io" long ;
achenes slightly oblique and laterally compressed,
strongly striate, nearly 3" long.
In rich woods, New York to Indiana, Florida, Mis-
souri, Oklahoma and Texas. Bermuda. Yellow bears-
foot. July-Aug.
2. Polymnia canadensis L. Small-flowered
Leaf-cup. Fig. 4418.
Polymnia canadensis L. Sp. PI. 926. 1753.
Polymnia canadensis radiata A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A.
I : Part 2, 238. 1884.
P. radiata Small, Fl. S.E. U. S. 1239. 1903.
Rather slender, viscid-pubescent, at least above,
simple or branched, 2-5 high. Leaves deltoid-
ovate to hastate, usually very thin, all petioled,
deeply angulate-lobed and the lobes dentate, or
the lower lyrate-pinnatifid, 4'-io' long, the upper-
most sometimes ovate and entire or merely den-
ticulate ; heads few in terminal clusters, short-
peduncled or sessile, 4"-6" broad ; outer bracts of
the involucre ovate to lanceolate, obtuse or acut-
ish, 2"-3" long ; rays small, minute or none, or
sometimes up to 6" long and 3-lobed, whitish or
yellowish; achenes 3-angled, obovoid, obcom-
pressed, 3-ribbed, not striate.
In damp, rich shaded places, Vermont and Ontario
to Minnesota, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas. June-Sept.
49. MELAMPODIUM L. Sp. PI. 921. 1753-
Herbs, some species woody, with opposite entire or dentate leaves, and terminal peduncled
heads of both tubular and radiate, white or yellow flowers in our species. Involucre hemi-
spheric, its bracts in 2 series, the 4 or 5 outer ones broad, often connate at the base, the inner
hooded, embracing or permanently surrounding the pistillate fertile ray-flowers. Receptacle
convex or conic, chaffy. Ray-flowers in I series, the rays spreading, 2-3-lobed or entire.
Disk-flowers perfect, sterile, their corollas with a narrowly campanulate 5-toothed limb, the
anthers entire at the base, the style undivided. Achenes obovoid, more or less incurved.
Pappus none. [Greek, black-foot, of doubtful significance, but the stem bases of the typical
species are dark-colored.]
GENUS 49.
THISTLE FAMILY.
459
About 35 species, natives of the warmer parts of America. Besides the following, 2 or 3 others
ir in the southwestern United States. Type species: Melampodium americanum L.
i. Melampodium leucanthum T. & G.
Plains Melampodium. Fig. 4419.
Melampodium leucanthum T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 271.
1842.
Perennial, woody at the base, branched, canes-
cent, 4'-! 2' high, the branches slender. Leaves
linear, lanceolate, or the lower spatulate, sessile,
entire, or nearly so, canescent, i'-2' long, i$"-3"
wide, obtuse or obtusish at the apex; heads i'-!'
broad, terminating the branches; peduncles slen-
der, i '-3' long; outer bracts of the involucre ovate
or oval, obtuse, united below ; rays 5-9, cuneate-
oblong, white, 2-3-lobed, firm in texture, veiny,
persistent; inner bracts turbinate or terete, hood-
ed, muricate, the hood wider than the body.
In dry soil, Kansas to Colorado, Arizona, Texas
and Mexico. June-Oct. Not distinguished, in our
first edition, from M. cinereum DC. of Texas and
northern Mexico.
50. ACANTHOSPERMUM Schrank, PI. Rar. Hort. Monac. pi. 53. 1819.
Annual rather coarse herbs, with pubescent foliage and erect or creeping stems, opposite,
broad, often leathery, toothed leaves, and radiate but inconspicuous heads, axillary to leaf-
like bracts. Involucre double, an outer one of flat herbaceous bracts, and an inner one of
several smaller bracts which become bur-like and fall away enclosing an achene at maturity.
Receptacle concave or convex. Ray-flowers few, in I series, the rays very small, yellowish,
concave or hooded. Disk-flowers perfect, sterile. Anthers entire at the base. Achenes
broadest above the middle, slightly curved. Pappus wanting. [Greek, thorn-seed, from the
prickly, bur-like fruits.]
About 3 species, natives of tropical America. Type species : Acanthospermum brasilium Schrank.
i. Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) Kuntze.
Spiny-bur. Fig. 4420.
Melampodium australe Loefl. Iter. Hisp. 268. 1758.
A. xanthoides DC. Prodr. 5 : 521. 1836.
A. australe Kuntze. Rev. Gen. PI. 303. 1891.
Stems branching at the base, the branches prostrate or
creeping, J-2 long. Leaves ovate, oval or rhombic, a'-i'
long, usually acute, serrate-dentate above the middle, cu-
neate at the base; peduncles shorter than the subtending
leaves ; involucre campanulate, the bracts broadly ovate,
obtuse, l"-ii" long, uniformly prickly; disk-flowers with
corollas i" long, puberulent ; mature inner bracts of the
involucre forming a starfish-like bur, each lobe 4" -5" long,
densely beset with uniform blunt weak prickles.
In waste places and dry soil, Virginia to Florida and Louisi-
ana. June-Oct. Widely distributed as a weed in tropical re-
gions.
51. SILPHIUM L. Sp. PI. 919. 1753-
Tall perennial herbs, with resinous juice, opposite whorled or alternate leaves, and large
corymbose or paniculate (rarely solitary) peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate yellow
flowers. Involucre hemispheric or campanulate, its bracts imbricated in few series. Recep-
tacle flat or nearly so, chaffy, the chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers in 2 or 3
460
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. ill.
series, pistillate, fertile, the ligules numerous, linear. Disk-flowers perfect but sterile, their
corollas tubular, 5-toothed, the style undivided. Anthers minutely 2-toothed or entire at the
base. Achenes broad, dorsally flattened, 2-winged, notched at the apex. Pappus none, or of
2 awns confluent with the wings of the achene. [Greek, from the resinous juice.]
About 12 species, natives of North America, known as Rosin-weed or Rosin-plant. Type species :
Silphium Asteriscus L.
Stem leafy, the leaves opposite, alternate, or verticillate.
Leaves, or their petiole-bases, connate-perfoliate ; stem square.
Leaves not connate-perfoliate, sessile or petioled.
Leaves opposite, or the uppermost alternate ; cauline sessile.
Leaves, or some of them, verticillate in 3's or 4's, petioled.
Most or all of the leaves alternate, entire or dentate.
Leaves all alternate, pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, large.
Stem leafless or nearly so, scaly above ; leaves basal, large.
Leaves sharply serrate to pinnatifid ; achenes obovate.
Leaves coarsely dentate ; achenes suborbicular.
1. S. perfoliatum.
2. S. integrifolium.
3. 5". trifoliatum.
4. 5". Asteriscus.
5. S. laciniatum.
6. S. terebin hinaceum.
7. S. reniforme.
i. Silphium perfoliatum L. Cup-
plant. Indian-cup. Fig. 4421.
S. perfoliatum L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1301. 1763.
Stem square, glabrous, or rarely some-
what hispid, branched above, or sometimes
simple, 4-8 high. Leaves ovate or deltoid-
ovate, opposite, the upper connate-perfol-
iate, the lower abruptly contracted into
margined petioles, all thin, usually scabrous
on both sides, or pubescent beneath, coarse-
ly angulate-dentate, or the upper entire, the
larger 6'-i2' long, 4'-8' wide; heads com-
monly numerous, 2'-$' broad; rays 20-30,
about i' long and 2" wide; involucre de-
pressed-hemispheric, its outer bracts broad,
ovate, ciliolate, spreading or erect; achenes
obovate, emarginate, sometimes 2-toothed.
In moist soil, southern Ontario to Minne-
sota, South Dakota, New Jersey, Georgia, Ne-
braska and Louisiana. Naturalized near New
York City, and elsewhere escaped from culti-
vation. Called also ragged-cup. July-Sept.
2. Silphium integrifolium Michx. Entire-
leaved Rosin-wood. Fig. 4422.
5". integrifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 146. 1803.
5". speciosum Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 341.
1841.
Stem glabrous, rough or sometimes hirsute, co-
rymbosely branched above, 2-5 high. Leaves ovate
to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire, den-
ticulate or remotely dentate, rough above, pubescent
or glabrous beneath, those of the stem all closely
sessile, often half-clasping but not connate-perfol-
iate at the rounded base, 3'-s' long, i'-2' wide;
heads usually numerous, i'-2' broad; involucre
nearly hemispheric, its outer bracts ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, acute, spreading, ciliolate or pubescent ;
rays 15-25; achenes oval or obovate, 4"-5" long,
deeply emarginate.
On prairies, Ohio to Minnesota, south to Louisiana,
Nebraska, Arkansas and Texas. Aug.-Sept.
GENUS 51.
THISTLE FAMILY
3. Silphium trifoliatum L. Whorled
Rosin-weed. Fig. 4423.
Silphium trifoliatum L. Sp. PI. 920. 1753.
Stem glabrous, sometimes glaucous, corym-
bosely branched at the summit, 4-7 high.
Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, the
middle ones almost' always whorled in 3's or
4*s, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the
base and usually somewhat petioled, rough
or roughish above, pubescent or nearly gla-
brous beneath, entire or denticulate, 3'-?' long,
V-ii' wide; heads several or numerous, \\'-2.'
broad ; involucre hemispheric, its outer bracts
ovate or oval, acute or obtuse, glabrous or
slightly pubescent, ciliolate; rays 15-20; achenes
oval or obovate, narrowly winged, emarginate,
sharply 2-toothed.
In woods, Pennsylvania to Ohio, Ontario, Vir-
ginia and Alabama. July-Oct.
4. Silphium Asteriscus L. Starry Rosin-
weed. Fig. 4424.
Silphium Asteriscus L. Sp. PI. 920. 1753.
Stem hispid-pubescent, simple or branched above,
2-4 high, usually purple. Leaves nearly all
alternate, ovate, ovate-oblong, or lanceolate, acute
or obtusish, sessile, somewhat clasping, or the
lower narrowed into short petioles, dentate, or
the upper entire, 2'-$' long, i'-i' wide; heads
commonly few, i'-2' broad; rays 12-15; invo-
lucre hemispheric, its bracts mostly hispid, ovate
to oblong, acute or obtuse, squarrose; achenes
oval or obovate. narrowly winged, 2-toothed.
In dry soil, Maryland to Tennessee and Missouri,
south to Florida and Louisiana. June-Sept.
5. Silphium laciniatum L. Compass-
plant. Pilot- weed. Fig. 4425.
Silphium laciniatum L. Sp. PI. 919. 1753.
Rough or hispid, very resinous ; stem 6-i2
high ; basal leaves pinnatifid or bipinnatifid,
long-petioled, i long or more, the lobes ob-
long or lanceolate; stem leaves alternate, ver-
tical, their edges tending to point north and
south, sessile, or the lower short-petioled, the
upper cordate-clasping at the base, gradually
smaller and less divided ; heads several or
numerous, sessile or short-peduncled, 2'-$'
broad, the peduncles bracted at the base ; rays
20-30, i '-2' long ; involucre nearly hemispheric,
its bracts large, rigid, lanceolate or ovate, very
squarrose ; achenes oval, about 6" long, the
wing broader above than below, notched at
the apex, awnless.
On prairies, Ohio to South Dakota, south to
Alabama, Louisiana and Texas. Turpentine- weed,
polar-plant, rosin-weed. July-Sept.
462
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
6. Silphium terebinthinaceum Jacq.
Prairie Dock. Prairie Burdock.
Fig. 4426.
Silphium terebinthinaceum Jacq. Hort. Vind.
i: pi. 43- i77-
S. pinnatifidum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2 : 462.
1824.
Silphium terebinthinaceum pinnatifidum A.
Gray, Man. 220. 1848.
Stem glabrous or nearly so, branched
and scaly above, 4-io high. Leaves all
basal or nearly so, coriaceous, ovate, mostly
long-petioled, acute at the apex, cordate
at the base, rough on both sides, often 12'
long and 6' wide, sharply dentate, laciniate
or pinnatifid ; heads numerous, li '-3' broad,
borne on glabrous peduncles ; involucre
hemispheric, its bracts ovate-oblong, erect,
glabrous or minutely pubescent; rays 12-20;
achenes obovate, narrowly winged, slightly
2-toothed and emarginate at the apex.
On prairies and in dry woods, southern On-
tario and Ohio to Minnesota, south to Georgia,
Iowa and Louisiana. Rosin-plant. July-Sept.
7. Silphium reniforme Raf. Kidney-
leaved Silphium. Fig. 4427.
Silphium reniforme Raf.; Nutt. Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 342. 1840.
5". compositum reniforme T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 :
276. 1842.
Stem scape-like, 3-6 tall, glabrous or
nearly so, corymbosely branched above.
Leaves mostly basal, broadly ovate to reni-
form, 4'-! 5' long, obtuse or abruptly point-
ed, coarsely dentate, deeply cordate at the
base, long-petioled ; heads numerous, about
i' broad, the peduncles glabrous ; involucre
campanulate, the bracts ovate or broadly
oblong to narrowly oblong or oblong-spatu-
late, obtuse ; rays several, yellow ; achenes
suborbicular or orbicular-obovate, 3^" long,
the wings prolonged enough to form a shal-
low apical sinus.
In dry or stony soil, mountains of Virginia
and North Carolina. July-Aug.
Silphium compositum Michx., a related
southern species with pedately parted leaves,
is reported as observed in southern Virginia.
52. CHRYSOGONUM L. Sp. PI. 920. 1753.
Pubescent perennial herbs, with opposite and basal petioled leaves, and slender-peduncled-
axillary and terminal, rather large heads of both tubular and radiate, yellow flowers. Invo-
lucre hemispheric, its bracts in 2 series of 5, the outer large, obovate or spatulate, foliaceous,
the inner oval, firm, each subtending a pistillate ray-flower. Receptacle chaffy, each scale
subtending and partly enclosing a perfect but sterile tubular flower with a 5-tooth.ed corolla.
Anthers nearly entire at the base. Achenes obovate, compressed, their margins acute, not
winged, i-nerved on the back, i-2-ribbed on the inner side. Pappus a short half-cup-shaped
crown. [Greek, golden-knee.]
A monotypic genus of eastern North America.
GENUS 52.
THISTLE FAMILY.
4 6 3
i. Chrysogonum virginianum L. Chryso-
gonum. Fig. 4428.
Chrysogonum virginianum L. Sp. PI. 920. 1753.
Chrysogonum virginianum dentatum A. Gray, Bot.
Gaz. 7: 31. 1882.
Perennial by rootstocks or runners, pubescent
or hirsute throughout, branched from the base,
or at first acaulescent, 3'-i2' high. Leaves ovate or
oblong, obtuse or acutish at the apex, the upper
sometimes subcordate at the base, dentate or
crenate-dentate, rather thin, i'-3' long, i'-2' wide,
the basal ones with petioles as long as the blade
or longer, those of the upper one shorter; pedun-
cles I '-4' long; heads I'-ii' broad; outer bracts
of the involucre obtuse or acute; rays about 5,
4"-?" long-
In dry soil, southern Pennsylvania to Florida and
Alabama. April-July.
53. BERLANDIERA DC. Prodr. 5: 517. 1836.
Perennial canescent or pubescent herbs, with alternate leaves and rather large, peduncled
solitary or corymbose heads of both tubular and radiate yellow-flowers. Involucre depressed-
hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in about 3 series, the outermost small, mostly oblong, the
second series broader, oval or obovate, the inner membranous, similar, reticulated when mature,
subtending the ray-flowers and exceeding the disk. Receptacle nearly flat, chaffy, the chaff
subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers 5-12, pistillate, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, tubular,
sterile, their corollas 5-toothed. Anthers entire, or minutely 2-toothed at the base. Style of
the tubular flowers undivided, hirsute. Achenes obovate, compressed, not winged, i-ribbed
on the inner side, the pappus obsolete, early deciduous or of 2 caducous awns. [Named
after J. L. Berlandier, a Swiss botanical collector in Texas and Mexico.]
About 8 species, natives of the southern United States and Mexico. Type species : Berlandiera
texana DC.
Stem leafy ; leaves ovate to oblong, crenate.
Plant acaulescent, or nearly so ; leaves lyrate-pinnatifid.
1. B. texana.
2. B. lyrata.
i. Berlandiera texana DC. Texan
Berlandiera. Fig. 4429.
Berlandiera texana DC. Prodr. 5: 517. 1836.
Hirsute-pubescent throughout; stem erect,
branched above, or simple, 2-3 high, leafy.
Leaves ovate, or the basal oblong, crenate,
acutish or obtuse at the apex, rounded or
cordate at the base, 2 r -4' long, i'-2' wide, the
upper sessile, the lower petioled ; heads few
or several, i'-ii' broad, in a terminal corym-
bose-cymose cluster; peduncles i'-ii' long;
inner bracts of the involucre twice as large
as the outer.
In dry soil, Missouri and Kansas to Arkansas
and Louisiana. July-Aug.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
2. Berlandiera lyrata Benth. Lyre-leaved
Berlandiera. Fig. 4430.
Silphium Nuttallianum Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 216.
Name only. 1827.
Berlandiera lyrata Benth. PI. Hartw. 17. 1839.
Finely whitish-canescent, acaulescent or short-
stemmed; scapes or peduncles slender, 3'-8' long,
bearing a solitary head, or rarely 2. Leaves lyrate-
pinnatifid, obtuse, petioled, the terminal segment
usually larger than the lateral ones, the lower ones
very small, all obtuse, mostly crenate, sometimes
becoming green and glabrate above; head about i'
broad; inner bracts of the involucre much broader
than the outer, orbicular, or wider than long; achenes
obovate, keeled on the inner face.
In dry soil, Kansas to Texas, Arizona and Mexico.
54. ENGELMANNIA T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 283. 1841.
Perennial hirsute herbs, with alternate pinnatifid leaves, and corymbose slender-peduncled
rather large heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre hemispheric, its
bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series, the outer linear, loose, hirsute, ciliate, the inner oval or
obovate, concave, appressed, subtending the ray-flowers. Receptacle flat, chaffy, the chaft
subtending and partly enclosing the disk-flowers. Rays 8-10, pistillate, fertile. Disk-flowers
about as many, tubular, perfect, sterile, the corolla 5-toothed. Anthers minutely 2-dentate
at the base. Style of the tubular flowers undivided. Achenes obovate, compressed, not
winged, i -ribbed on each face. Pappus a persistent irregularly cleft crown. [Named for
Dr. Geo. Engelmann, 1809-1884, botanist, of St. Louis.]
A monotypic genus of the south-central United States.
i. Engelmannia pinnatifida T. & G. Engel-
mannia. Fig. 4431.
E. pinnatifida T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 283. 1841.
Stem usually branched above, i-3 high. Basal
leaves slender-petioled, 4'-8' long, their lobes lanceo-
late or oblong, dentate or entire, obtuse or acutish ;
upper leaves smaller, sessile, less divided, the upper-
most sometimes entire, or with a pair of basal lobes;
heads usually numerous, about i' broad; peduncles
i'-S' long; outer bracts of the involucre somewhat
in 2 series, the first linear, the second broadened at
the base.
In dry soil, Kansas to Colorado, Louisiana, Arizona
and North Mexico. Reported as found along railroads
in western Missouri. May-Aug.
55. PARTHENIUM L. Sp. PI. 988. 1753.
Perennial, mostly pubescent or canescent herbs, or shrubs, with alternate leaves, and
small corymbose or paniculate heads of both tubular and radiate white or yellow flowers.
Involucre broadly campanulate or hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series, obtuse,
appressed, nearly equal. Receptacle convex or conic, chaffy, the chaff membranous, sur-
rounding the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers about 5, pistillate, fertile, their ligules short, broad,
2-toothed or obcordate. Disk-flowers perfect, sterile, their corollas 5-toothed, the style undi-
vided. Anthers entire at the base. Achenes compressed, keeled on the inner face, margined,
bearing the persistent rays on the summit. Pappus of 2-3 scales or awns. [Greek, virgin.]
About 12 species, natives of North America, Mexico, the West Indies and northern South America.
Besides the following, some 3 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Type
species : Parthehium Hysterophorus L.
GENUS 55.
THISTLE FAMILY.
4 6 5
Leaves i-2-pinnatifid ; annual weed.
Leaves crenate-dentate, or somewhat lyrate ; perennials.
Stem glabrous, or pubescent or puberulent above ; rootstock
tuberous-thickened.
Stem hirsute or villous.
Stem leaves auricled, clasping at base ; rootstock thick.
Stem leaves sessile, not auricled ; rootstock long, slender.
i. Parthenium Hysterophorus L. Santa Maria.
Fig. 4432.
P. Hysterophorus L. Sp. PI. 988. 1753.
Annual, strigose-pubescent or somewhat villous, usu-
ally much branched, i-2\ high. Leaves ovate to ob-
long in outline, i-2-pinnately parted into linear or lan-
ceolate toothed or pinnatifid segments, thin and flaccid;
heads numerous, 2i"-3" broad ; involucre saucer-shaped,
its bracts concave, the outer ones rhombic, the inner
broader; ray-flowers few; rays reniform, white, about
i" wide; achenes obovate, about \" long.
Waste and cultivated grounds, southern Pennsylvania to
Illinois, Missouri, Florida and Texas. Throughout tropical
America. July-Sept.
1. P. Hysterophorus.
2. P. integrifolium.
3. P. auriculatum.
4. P. hispidum.
2. Parthenium integrifolium L. Amer-
ican Fever-few. Prairie Dock.
Fig. 4433-
P. integrifolium L. Sp. PI. 988. 1753.
Stem stout, striate, finely pubescent with
short hairs, or glabrous below, corymbosely
branched above, I -4 high. Rootstocks tuber-
ous thickened ; leaves firm, ovate or ovate-
oblong, acute or acuminate, crenate-dentate
or somewhat lyrate at the base, hispidulous
and roughish on both sides, the lower and
basal ones petioled, often 12' long and 5' wide,
the upper smaller, sessile; heads numerous
in a dense terminal corymb; involucre nearly
hemispheric, about 3" high, its bracts firm,
the outer oblong, densely appressed-pubes-
cent, the inner broader, glabrous, or ciliate
on the margins ; rays white or whitish.
In dry soil, Maryland to Minnesota, south to
Georgia, Missouri and Arkansas. Cutting-almond.
Wild quinine. May-Sept.
Parthenium auriculatum Britton.
cled Parthenium. Fig. 4434.
Auri-
P. auriculatum Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3 :
521. 1898.
Rootstock an oval erect tuber twice as long as
thick ; stem villous-pubescent, \\-2\ high. Leaves
rough above, villous, especially on the veins be-
neath, oval, ovate or oblong, irregularly crenate-
dentate, some or all of them laciniate or pinnatifid
at the base, the basal and lower slender-petioled
with petiole as long as the blade, or longer, the
upper with a sessile clas'ping auricled base, or
with margined clasping petioles; inflorescence
densely corymbose, its branches villous-tomen-
tose; bracts of the involucre densely canescent.
Mountains of Virginia.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
4. Parthenium hispidum Raf . Creeping
or Hairy Parthenium. Fig. 4435.
Parthenium hispidum Raf. New Fl. N. A. 2: 35.
1836.
P. repens Eggert, Cat. PI. St. Louis 16. 1891.
Similar to the two preceding species, but
lower, seldom over 2 high. Rootstocks slen-
der, forming runners; stem pilose or hispid
with spreading hairs; leaves hispid on both
sides, irregularly crenate, sometimes lyrate at
the base, the teeth rounded and obtuse ; heads
fewer, slightly larger, in a small loose corymb ;
outer bracts of the involucre proportionately
broader.
Barren rocky soil, Missouri to Kansas and
Texas. April- July.
56. CRASSINA Scepin, Sched. Acido Veg. 42. 1758.
[ZINNIA L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1221. 1759-]
Annual or perennal herbs, some species shrubby, with opposite, entire, or sparingly ser-
rate, mostly narrow and sessile leaves, and large or middle-sized heads of both tubular and
radiate flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate, yellow, or variegated, persistent on the achene. Disk-
flowers perfect, fertile; corolla cylindraceous, its lobes villous. Involucre campanulate to
nearly cylindric, its bracts obtuse, dry, firm, appressed, imbricated in 3 series or more, the
outer gradually shorter. Receptacle conic or cylindric, chaffy, the chaff subtending and
enwrapping the disk-flowers. Style-branches elongated, not appendages. Achenes of the
ray-flowers somewhat 3-angled, those of the disk flattened. Pappus of few awns or teeth.
[In honor of Paul Crassus, an Italian botanist of the sixteenth century.]
About 12 species, natives of the United States and Mexico. Type species: Chrysogonum peru-
vianum L.
i. Crassina grandiflora (Nutt.) Kuntze.
Prairie Zinnia. Fig. 4436.
Zinnia grandiflora Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II)
7: 348. 1841.
Crassina grandiflora Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 331. 1891.
Perennial, woody at the base, tufted, much
branched, rough, 4'-6' high. Leaves rather rigid,
linear to linear-lanceolate, entire, 6" -is" long,
li" wide, or less, connate at the base, acute or
acutish, crowded ; heads numerous, peduncled,
terminating the branches, io"-i8" broad ; rays 4
or 5, broad, yellow, rounded, or emarginate, their
achenes with a pappus of 2 or 4 awns; involucre
campanulate-cylindric, 3"-4" high ; style-branches
of the disk flowers subulate.
In dry soil, Kansas and Colorado to Texas, Mexico
and Arizona. June-Sept.
57. HELIOPSIS Pers. Syn. 2 : 473. 1807.
Perennial herbs (a tropical species annual), with opposite petioled 3-ribbed leaves, and
large peduncled terminal and axillary heads of tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Invo-
lucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts oblong or lanceolate, imbricated in 2
or 3 series. Receptacle convex or conic, chaffy, the chaff enveloping the disk-flowers. Ray-
flowers pistillate, fertile, the rays spreading, the tube very short, commonly persistent on
the achene. Disk-flowers perfect, the tube short, the limb elongated, 5-toothed. Anthers
GENUS 57.
THISTLE FAMILY.
467
entire, or minutely 2-toothed at the base. Style-branches tipped with small hirsute append-
ages. Achenes thick, obtusely 3-4-angled, the summit truncate. Pappus none, or of 2-4
teeth, or a coroniform border. [Greek, sun-like.]
About 6 species, natives of America. Besides the following, two others occur in the southern
and southwestern United States. Type species : Heliopsis laevis Pers.
1. H. helianthoides.
2. H. scabra.
Leaves mostly smooth, or nearly so ; pappus none, or of 2-4 stout teeth.
Leaves rough ; pappus crown-like, or of 1-3 sharp teeth.
i. Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet.
Ox-eye. False Sunflower. Fig. 4437.
Buphthalmum helianthoides L. Sp. PI. 904. 1753.
Heliopsis laevis Pers. Syn. 2: 473. 1807.
Heliopsis helianthoides Sweet, Hort. Brit. 487.
1827.
Stem glabrous, branched above, 3-5 high.
Leaves opposite, or rarely in 3's, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, rather thin, acuminate at the
apex, usually abruptly narrowed at the base,
sharply and nearly equally dentate, smooth on
both sides, or roughish, 3' -6' long, \'-~z\' wide;
heads long-peduncled, somewhat corymbose,
\\'-2\' broad; rays g"-i2" long, persistent, or
at length decaying away from the achenes ;
bracts of the involucre oblong or linear-oblong,
obtuse or acutish, the outer commonly longer
than the inner; achenes glabrous, the summit
truncate ; pappus none, or of 2-4 short teeth.
In open places, Ontario to New York, Florida,
North Dakota, Illinois and Tennessee. July-Sept.
2. Heliopsis scabra Dunal. Rough Ox-eye.
Fig. 4438.
Heliopsis scabra Dunal, Mem. Mus. Paris 5 : 56. pi. 4.
1819.
Heliopsis laevis var. scabra T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 303.
1842.
Similar to the preceding species, but stem
rough, at least above, simple or branched, 2-4
high. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or
sometimes acuminate, sharply dentate, rough on
both sides, firm, 2'-$' long, ii'-2' wide, abruptly
narrowed at the base, short-petioled ; heads few,
or sometimes solitary, long-peduncled, 2'-2^'
broad ; rays usually i' long, or more ; bracts of
the involucre canescent, oblong or linear-oblong ;
achenes pubescent on the margins when young ;
pappus a short laciniate crown, or 1-3 sharp teeth.
Usually in dry soil, Maine to New York, New Jer-
sey, Manitoba, British Columbia, Arkansas and New
Mexico. June-Sept. False sunflower.
58. VERBESINA L. Sp. PI. 901. 1753.
Erect or diffuse branching pubescent or hirsute herbs, with opposite leaves, and small
peduncled terminal and axillary heads of tubular and radiate whitish flowers. Involucre
hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts imbricated in about 2 series, nearly equal, of
the outer longer. Receptacle flat or convex, chaffy, the chaff awn-like, subtending the achenes.
Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, mostly fertile, their corollas tubular,
4-toothed or rarely S-toothed. Anthers entire or minutely 2-toothed at the base. Style-
branches of the disk-flowers with obtuse or triangular tips. Achenes thick, those of the rays
3-sided or 4-sided, those of the disk compressed. Pappus none, or of a few short teeth.
[Name changed from Verbena.]
About 4 species, mostly of tropical distribution, the following typical.
468
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
i. Verbesina alba L. Yerbadetajo. Fig. 4439.
Verbesina alba L. Sp. PI. 902. 1753.
Eclipta erecta L. Mant. 2 : 286. 1771.
Eclipta procumbent Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 129. 1803.
Eclipta alba Hassk. PI. Jav. Rar. 528. 1848.
Annual, rough with appressed pubescence, erect or
diffuse, 6'-3 high. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceo-
late or linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, denticulate
or entire, narrowed to a sessile base, or the lower peti-
oled, i '-5' long, 2"-io" wide; heads commonly numer-
ous, 3"-6" broad, nearly sessile, or slender-peduncled ;
rays short, nearly white; anthers brown; achenes
4-toothed, or at length truncate.
Along streams, and in waste places, Massachusetts to Illi-
nois, Nebraska, Florida, Texas and Mexico. Naturalized
from the south in its northeastern range and widely dis-
tributed in warm regipns as a weed. July-Oct.
59. TETRAGONOTHECA (Dill.) L. Sp. PL 903. 1753.
Erect perennial mostly branched herbs, with opposite, sessile or connate-perfoliate, broad
dentate leaves, and large peduncled heads of tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucrte
depressed-hemispheric, its principal bracts 4, large and foliaceous, inserted in i series; inner
bracts 6-15, small, subtending the pistillate ray-flowers. Receptacle conic, chaffy, the chaff
concave, enwrapping the perfect fertile disk-flowers, the corollas of which are slender and
S-toothed. Anthers entire or minutely 2-toothed at the base. Style-branches of the disk-
flowers hispid, tipped with elongated appendages. Achenes thick, 4-sided, truncate at the
summit. Pappus none, or of several short scales. [Greek, 4-angled-case, referring to the
involucre.]
Four known species, natives of the southern United States and noi'thern Mexico, the follow-
ing typical.
i. Tetragonotheca helianthoides L.
Tetragonotheca. Fig. 4440.
Tetragonotheca helianthoides L. Sp. PI. 903. 1753.
Viscidly pubescent ; stem brancned or sim-
ple, i-2i high Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong,
or somewhat rhomboid, thin, coarsely and un-
equally dentate, pinnately veined, acute at the
apex, narrowed at the sessile or somewhat
clasping base, 2'-6' long, i'-3' wide; heads
usually few, li'-3' broad ; involucre 4-angled
in the bud, its principal bracts broadly ovate,
acute; rays 6-10, strongly parallel-nerved, 2-3-
toothed ; corolla-tube villous below ; achenes
4-sided, or nearly terete; pappus none.
In dry soil, Virginia to Tennessee, Florida and
Alabama. May-June. Sometimes flowering again
in autumn.
GENUS 60.
THISTLE FAMILY.
469
60. SPILANTHES Jacq. Stirp. Am. 214. pi. 126. 1763.
Annual or perennial branching herbs, with opposite, usually toothed leaves and rather
small, long-peduncled discoid and radiate heads, terminal, or in the upper axils, or rays
wanting in some species. Involucre campanulate, its bracts in about 2 series, herbaceous,
loosely appressed. Receptacle convex or elongated, chaffy, its chaff embracing the disk-
achenes and at length falling away with them. Ray-flowers yellow, or white, pistillate, some-
times wanting. Disk-flowers yellow, perfect, their corollas tubular with an expanded 4~5-cleft
limb. Anthers truncate at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers long, sometimes
penicillate at the summit. Ray-achenes 3-sided, or compressed, those of the disk-flowers
compressed, margined. Pappus of 1-3 awns, or more. [Greek, spot- or stain-flower, not
significant.]
About 30 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Type species : Spilanthes urens Jacq.
i. Spilanthes repens (.Walt.) Michx.
Spilanthes. Fig. 4441.
Anthemis repens Walt. Fl. Car. 211. 1788.
Spilanthes repens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 131. 1803.
S. americana repens A. H. Moore, Proc. Am. Acad.
42: 547. 1907.
Perennial, usually rooting at the lower nodes ;
stem slender, simple or branched, spreading or
ascending, 8'-2 long, pubescent, or nearly gla-
brous. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, petioled, acute
or acuminate at the apex, or the lower obtuse,
coarsely toothed, or nearly entire, i'-3' long;
heads long-peduncled, solitary at the end of the
stem and branches, 6"-io" broad ; bracts of the
involucre oblong to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or
acute ; rays 8-12, yellow ; receptacle narrowly
conic ; achenes oblong, most of them roughened
when mature and hispidulous ; pappus of i or 2
very short awns, or none.
In moist or wet soil, Missouri to Texas, east to
South Carolina and Florida. June-Sept.
61. RUDBECKIA L. Sp. PI. 906. 1753.
Perennial or biennial (rarely annual), mostly rigid, usually rough or hispid herbs, with
alternate undivided lobed or pinnatifid leaves, and large long-peduncled heads of tubular
(mostly purple) and radiate (yellow) flowers. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts imbricated
in 2-4 series. Receptacle conic or convex, with chaffy concave scales subtending or envelop-
ing the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers neutral, the rays entire or toothed. Disk-flowers perfect,
fertile, their corollas 5-lobed. Anthers entire or minutely 2-mucronate at the base. Style-
branches tipped with hirsute appendages. Achenes 4-angled, obtuse or truncate at the apex.
Pappus coroniform, sometimes of 2-4 short teeth, or none. [In honor of Claus Rudbeck,
1630-1702, Swedish anatomist and botanist.]
About 30 species, natives of North America and Mexico. In addition to the following, some 20
others occur in the southern and western United States. Type species : Rudbeckia hirta L.
Disk globose or ovoid and purple or dark brown in fruit ; lower leaves entire or lobed.
Lower leaves deeply 3-lobed or 3-divided.
Plant more or less hirsute ; leaves thin ; chaff awned.
Plant scabrous ; leaves thick ; chaff blunt, pubescent at apex.
Leaves neither 3-lobed nor 3-divided.
Plants hispid ; style-branches subulate.
Stem leaves lanceolate to oblong ; involucre shorter than the rays.
Stem leaves o.val to obovate ; involucral bracts foliaceous, nearly as long as the rays.
4. R. Brittonii.
Plants pubescent or glabrate ; style-branches obtuse.
Chaff merely ciliate.
Leaves denticulate or entire; rays 9"- 12" long.
Basal leaves narrowed at base. 5. R. fulgida.
Basal leaves cordate at base. 6. ^?. itmbrosa.
Leaves dentate or laciniate ; rays about 18" long. 7. R. speciosa.
Chaff canescent. 8. R. grandiflora.
Disk elongated or cylindric in fruit, yellowish or gray.
Leaves very thick, shallowly toothed. 9. R. maxima.
Leaves thin, pinnately divided or pinnatifid. 10. R. laciniata.
1. R. triloba.
2. R. subtomentosa.
3. R. hir'a.
470
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
i. Rudbeckia triloba L. Thin-leaved
Cone-flower. Fig. 4442.
Rudbeckia triloba L. Sp. PI. 907. 1753.
Stem somewhat pubescent and rough, rarely
glabrate, branched, 2-5 high. Leaves thin,
rough on both sides, bright green, the basal
and lower ones petioled, some or all of them
3-lobed or 3-parted, the lobes lanceolate or ob-
long, acuminate, sharply serrate ; upper leaves
ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, acumi-
nate or acute, narrowed to a sessile base or
into short margined petioles, serrate or entire,
2'-4' long, i'-i' wide; heads nearly 2' broad,
corymbed ; bracts of the involucre linear,
acute ; pubescent, soon reflexed ; rays 8-12,
yellow, or the base orange or brownish-purple;
disk dark purple, ovoid, about 6" broad ; chaff
of the receptacle awn-pointed; pappus a mi-
nute crown.
In moist soil, New Jersey to Georgia, west to
Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Kansas and Louisi-
Sometimes escaped from gardens to road-
sides. Brown-eyed susan. June-Oct.
2. Rudbeckia subtomentosa Pursh. Sweet
Cone-flower. Fig. 4443.
Rudbeckia subtomentosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 575. 1814.
Densely and finely cinereous-pubescent and scabrous ;
stem branched above, 2-6 high. Leaves thick, some
or all of the lower ones deeply 3-lobed or 3-parted,
petioled, 3'-5' long, the lobes oblong or lanceolate, acute
or acuminate, dentate ; upper leaves, or some of them,
lanceolate or ovate, acuminate, sessile or nearly so ;
heads numerous, 2'-3' broad ; rays 15-20, yellow, or
with a darker base; disc subglobose, rounded, purple
or brown, 6"-8" broad ; bracts of the involucre linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, squarrose, sweet-scented ; chaff
of the receptacle linear, obtuse or obtusish, pubescent,
or somewhat glandular at the apex; pappus a short
crenate crown.
On prairies and along rivers, Illinois to Louisiana, Kan-
sas and Texas. July-Sept.
3. Rudbeckia hirta L. Black Eyed Susan.
Yellow Daisy. Fig. <\<\/\<\.
Rudbeckia hirta L. Sp. PI. 907. 1753.
Hirsute or hispid throughout, biennial or some-
times annual ; stems simple or sparingly branched,
often tufted, i-3 high. Leaves thick, sparingly
serrate with low teeth, or entire, lanceolate or ob-
long, the lower and basal ones petioled, mostly ob-
tuse, 3-5-nerved, 2'~7' long, \'-2.' wide, the upper
sessile, narrower, acute or acutish ; heads commonly
few or solitary, 2'-^' broad ; rays 10-20, orange or
orange-yellow, rarely darker at the base; bracts of
the involucre very hirsute, spreading or reflexed,
much shorter than the rays ; disk globose-ovoid,
purple-brown; chaff of the receptacle linear, acute
or acutish, hirsute at the apex ; style-tips acute ;
pappus none.
Prairies and plains, Ontario to Manitoba, Florida,
Colorado and Texas. Widely distributed in the east as
a weed, north to Quebec. Races differ in pubescence
and in length and color of the rays. Nigger- or darkey-
head. Nigger- or poor-land daisy. Golden-Jerusalem. Yel-
low ox-eye-daisy. English bull's-eye. Brown daisy or betty. Brown-eyed susan. May-Sept.
Rudbeckia monticola Small, of the southern Alleghanies, with broader, ovate, acute or acumi-
nate stem leaves, is recorded as extending northward into Pennsylvania.
GENUS 61.
THISTLE FAMILY
4. Rudbeckia Brittonii Small. Britten's
Cone-flower. Fig. 4445.
R. Brittonii Small, Mem. Torr. Club 4: 130.. 1894.
Stem stout, hispid, erect, ii-2i high, simple,
grooved, leafy, at least below. Leaves serrate
or crenate-serrate, strigose-pubescent, the basal
ones ovate to ovate-lanceolate, $'-4' long, obtuse,
long-petioled ; stem leaves obovate to oval, often
with a lateral lobe, the petioles wing-margined ;
uppermost leaves often ovate-lanceolate, sessile,
cordate; bracts of the involucre foliaceous, often
i' long or more; head 2'-$' broad; rays about 12,
2-lobed ; outer chaff oblanceolate, the inner linear,
acute, purple-tipped, fringed with jointed hairs;
style-tips slender, acute.
In woods, Pennsylvania to Virginia and Tennessee.
May-July.
5. Rudbeckia fulgida Ait. Orange or Bril-
liant Cone-flower. Fig. 4446.
Rudbeckia fulgida Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 251. 1789.
R. spathulata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 144. 1803.
Rudbeckia missouriensis Engelm. ; Boynton & Beadle,
Biltmore Bot. Studies 1:17. 1901.
R. palustris Eggert; Boynton & Beadle, loc. cit. 16. 1901.
Perennial ; stem hirsute, or strigose-pubescent,
slender, sparingly branched or simple, i-3 high.
Leaves entire or sparingly serrate with distant teeth,
more or less hirsute or pubescent on both sides, the
basal and lower ones oblong or spatulate, obtuse,
2'~4' long, 3-nerved, narrowed into margined petioles,
the upper lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, ovate or obo-
vate, sessile, or slightly clasping at the base ; heads
few, i'-ii' broad; bracts of the involucre oblong or
lanceolate, 3"-8" long; rays 8-15, linear, bright yel-
low or with an orange base ; disk globose or globose-
ovoid, brown-purple, $"-7" broad; chaff of the re-
ceptacle linear-oblong, glabrous, or ciliate at the
summit; pappus a minute crown.
In dry soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida,
west to Missouri and Texas. Consists of races differing
in pubescence and leaf-form. Aug.-Oct.
6. Rudbeckia umbrosa Boynton & Beadle.
Woodland Cone-flower. Fig. 4447.
Rudbeckia umbrosa Boynton & Beadle, Biltmore Bot.
Studies 1 : 16. 1901.
Pubescent, perennial; stems i3-34 tall, striate,
simple or branched. Leaves thin, the basal and
lower cauline ones ovate, 2'-4$' long, coarsely ser-
rate, rounded, truncate or cordate at the base, acute
at the apex, the upper stem leaves diminishing in
size, short-petioled or subsessile, narrower and less
toothed than the lower ; heads mostly several, showy ;
rays 8-12, yellow or orange-yellow, 7"-io" long;
bracts of the involucre oblong to linear-oblong,
5"-7i" long, pointed ; disk somewhat depressed, 5' -
7i" wide, dark purple; chaff broad, densely ciliate
at the apex; pappus coroniform.
In moist soil and woodlands, Kentucky, Tennessee and
northwestern Georgia. Aug.-Sept.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
7. Rudbeckia speciosa Wenderoth. Showy
Cone-flower. Fig. 4448.
Rudbeckia aspera Pers. Syn. 2: 477. 1807?
R. speciosa Wendler. Ind. Sem. Hort. Marb. 1828.
Perennial, more or less hirsute or hispid ; stem
branched above, i-4 high. Leaves firm, slender-
petioled, 2'-$' long, i'-2 r wide, dentate with low teeth,
acute or sometimes acuminate, 3~5-nerved ; stem
leaves sessile or partly clasping, or narrowed into
broad margined petioles, laciniate or serrate, lanceo-
late to ovate, acuminate, often 6' long, the uppermost
smaller and sometimes entire ; heads several, 2'-3'
broad; bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate,
acute; rays 12-20, i'-ii' long, bright yellow, usually
orange at the base; disk depressed-globose, 5"-S"
broad, brown-purple; chaff of the receptacle obtusish
or acute, ciliate or naked ; pappus a short crown.
In moist soil, New Jersey to Michigan, south to Ala-
bama and Arkansas. Aug.-Oct.
Rudbeckia Sullivantii Boynton & Beadle has been
separated from R. speciosa on account of its broader
leaves, larger disk-flowers and larger achenes.
8. Rudbeckia grandiflora Gmelin.
Large-flowered Cone-flower.
Fig. 4449.
Rudbeckia grandiflora Gmelin ; DC. Prodr. 5 :
556. 1836.
Perennial; stem if-3 tall, scabrous or
hispid throughout. Leaves mainly on the
lower part of the stem, very rough on both
surfaces, ovate-elliptic to lanceolate, 2|'-6'
long, acute or acuminate at the apex, cu-
neate or more abruptly contracted at the
base, shallowly serrate or denticulate, the
petioles of the lower cauline and basal
leaves as long as the blades or longer;
heads large, solitary or few, showy; rays
several, yellow, li'-ll' long, drooping;
bracts of the involucre linear, acuminate ;
disk ovoid or ovoid-globose, '-i' thick;
chaff obtuse, canescent ; pappus conspicuous,
crenate or toothed.
On dry prairies, Oklahoma to Louisiana and
Texas; introduced into Missouri. June-Aug.
9. Rudbeckia maxima Nutt. Great Cone-
flower. Fig. 4450.
Rudbeckia maxima Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II)
7: 354. 1841.
Perennial; stem 3-9 tall, simple or branched
above, smooth, glaucous. Leaves oblong, oval,
or ovate, or pandurate, 2^'-8' long, mostly ob-
tuse, undulate, repand-denticulate or entire, the
upper sessile and partly clasping; heads large,
showy ; rays several, yellow, 7"-2o" long ; bracts
of the involucres linear or linear-lanceolate,
acute, short; disk cylindric to conic-cylindric,
i'-2*' long; chaff abruptly short-pointed, pubes-
cent at the summit ; pappus conspicuous, den-
ticulate, accentuated at the angles.
In moist soil, Missouri to Louisiana and Texas.
June-Aug.
GENUS 61.
THISTLE FAMILY.
473
10. Rudbeckia laciniata L. Tall, or Green-
headed Cone-flower. Fig. 4451.
Rudbeckia laciniata L. Sp. PI. 906. 1753.
Perennial ; stem much branched, glabrous, or nearly
so, 3-i2 high. Leaves rather thin, minutely pubes-
cent on the margins and upper surface, broad, the
basal and lower ones long-petioled, often i wide,
pinnately 3-7-divided, the segments variously toothed
and lobed ; stem leaves shorter-petioled, 3~5-parted
or divided, the uppermost much smaller, 3-lobed,
dentate or entire; heads several or numerous, 2^-4'
broad; rays 6-10, bright yellow, drooping; bracts of
the involucre unequal; chaff of the receptacle trun-
cate and canescent at the apex ; disk greenish-yellow,
at length oblong and twice as long as thick or longer ;
pappus a short crown.
In moist thickets, Quebec to Manitoba, Idaho, Colo-
rado, Florida and Arizona. Thimble-weed. A double-
flowered form in cultivation is called golden-glow. July-
Sept.
A southern mountain race, lower, often only i high,
with smaller heads, has been described as Rudbeckia
laciniata humilis A. Gray.
62. DRACOPIS Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 35 : 273. 1825.46:400. 1827.
An annual caulescent herb, with smooth and glaucous foliage, and alternate broad thickish.
entire or slightly serrate, i-ribbed, clasping leaves. Heads radiate, showy. Involucre flat,
many-flowered, of few narrow, somewhat foliaceous bracts. Receptacle slender, with early
deciduous chaffy scales. Ray-flowers few, neutral, the rays yellow or often brownish-purple
at the base. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, brownish, their corollas 5-lobed. Style-branches
with small pubescent appendages. Achenes terete or nearly so, not angled, stnate and
minutely transversely wrinkled. Pappus wanting. [Greek, dragon-like, referring to the
appendaged style-branches.]
A monotypic genus of the southeastern United States.
i. Dracopis amplexicaulis (Vahl) Cass.
Clasping-leaved Cone-flower. Fig. 4452.
Rudbeckia amplexicaulis Vahl, Act. Havn. 2 : 29. fl. 4.
1783-
Dracopis amplexicaulis Cass.; DC. Prodr. 5: 558. 1836.
Annual ; glabrous throughout, somewhat glaucous ;
stem branched, grooved, i-2 high, the branches
ascending. Leaves entire or sparingly toothed, i -ribbed,
reticulate-veined, the lower oblong to spatulate, ses-
sile, the upper ovate, ovate-oblong, or lanceolate,
acute, cordate-clasping; heads solitary at the ends of
the branches, long-peduncled, about 2' broad ; bracts
of the involucre few, lanceolate, acuminate; rays
yellow, or sometimes brown at the base ; disk ovoid-
oblong, often becoming i' high; achenes not angled,
obliquely attached to the elongated receptacle; chaff
at length deciduous.
In wet soil, Missouri to Oklahoma, Louisiana and
Texas. June-Aug.
63. RATIBIDA Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2 : 268. 1818.
[LEPACHYS Raf Journ. Phys. 89: 100. 1819.]
Perennial herbs, with alternate pinnately divided or parted leaves, and long-peduncled
terminal heads of tubular and radiate flowers, the disk-flowers gray or yellow, becoming
brown, the rays yellow, or with brown bases, drooping or spreading. Involucral bracts in
2 or 3 series. Disk globose, oblong or cylindric. Receptacle columnar to subulate, the con-
cave chaff subtending or enveloping the disk-flowers, truncate, the tips inflexed, canescent.
Ray-flowers neutral. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas with scarcely any tube.
474
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
Achenes short, flattened, sharp-margined, or winged, at length deciduous with the chaff.
Pappus with i or 2 teeth, or none. [Name unexplained.]
About 4 species, natives of North America. Type species : Rudbeckia columnaris Sims.
Style-tips lanceolate-subulate; leaf-segments lanceolate; rays i'-3' long. i. R. pinnata.
Style-tips short, blunt; leaf-segments linear, rays 3" 15" long.
Disk cylindric, at length i' long or more; rays mostly as long, or longer. 2. R. columnaris.
Disk globose to short-oblong, about y 2 ' high; rays mostly short. 3. R. Tagetes.
i. Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnhart. Gray-headed Cone-flower. Fig. 4453.
Rudbeckia pinnata Vent. Hort. Cels. pi. 71. 1800.
Lepachys pinnata T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 314. 1842.
Ratibida pinnata Barnhart, Bull. Torr. Club 24: 410.
1897.
Rough and strigose-pubescent throughout ; stem
branched or simple, 3-5 high. Leaves pin-
nately 3~7-divided, the basal ones sometimes 10'
long, petioled, the segments lanceolate, dentate,
cleft or entire, acute .or acuminate; upper leaves
sessile or nearly so, the uppermost commonly
small and entire; bracts of the involucre linear
or linear-oblong, short, reflexed; rays 4-10, yel-
low, i'-3' long, 3"-9" wide, drooping; style-tips
lance-subulate ; disk oblong, gray or becoming
brown, rounded, at length twice as long as thick;
chaff of the receptacle canescent at the summit;
achenes compressed, acutely margined, the inner
margin produced into a short tooth.
On dry prairies, Ontario and western New York to
Florida, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas and Louisi-
ana. Adventive eastward to Massachusetts. June-
Sept.
2. Ratibida columnaris (Sims) D. Don. Long-headed or Prairie Cone-flower.
Fig. 4454-
Rudbeckia columnaris Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. 1601. 1813.
Ratibida columnaris D. Don ; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Card. 2 :
361. 1838.
Lepachys columnaris T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 313. 1842.
Lepachys columnaris var. pulcherrima T. & G. loc. cit.
1842.
Strigose-pubescent and scabrous; stem slender,
usually branched, i-2^ high. Leaves thick, pin-
nately divided into linear or linear-oblong, acute or
obtuse, entire dentate or cleft segments, the cauline
short-petioled or sessile, 2'-^' long, the basal ones
sometimes oblong, obtuse and undivided, slender-
petioled; bracts of the involucre short, linear-lan-
ceolate or subulate, reflexed ; rays 4-10, yellow,
brown at the base, or brown all over, 4"-! 5" long,
drooping; disk gray, elongated-conic or cylindric,
blunt, at length 3 or 4 times as long as thick ; chaff
of the receptacle canescent at the apex ; achenes
scarious-margined or narrowly winged on the inner
side ; pappus of i or 2 subulate teeth usually with
several short intermediate scales.
On dry prairies, Minnesota to Assiniboia, British Co-
lumbia, Montana, Nebraska, Texas, Mexico and Ari-
zona. Also in Tennessee. Brush. May-Aug.
GENUS 63.
THISTLE FAMILY.
3. Ratibida Tagetes (James) Barnhart.
Short-rayed Cone-flower. Fig. 4455.
Rudbeckia Tagetes James in Long's Exp. 2 : 68. 1823.
Lepachys Tagetes A. Gray, Pac. R. R. Rep. 4: 103.
1856.
Ratibida Tagetes Barnhart, Bull. Torn Club 24: 100.
1897.
Rough-canescent ; stem i-ii high, usually
much branched, leafy. Leaves firm, pinnately
divided into 3-7 narrowly linear, mostly entire
segments; peduncles terminal, '-2' long; heads
i' broad, or less ; bracts of the receptacle narrow,
deflexed ; rays few, mostly shorter than the glo-
bose to short-oval disk ; style-tips obtuse ; achenes
scarious-margined ; pappus of I or 2 subulate
deciduous teeth, with no short intermediate teeth.
On dry plains and rocky hills, Kansas to Texas,
Colorado, Chihuahua, New Mexico and Arizona.
July-Sept.
64. ECHINACEA Moench, Meth. 591. 1794.
[BRAUNERIA Neck. Elem. i : 17. Hyponym. 1790.]
Perennial erect branched or simple herbs, with thick black roots, thick rough alternate
or opposite, 3-5-nerved entire or dentate, undivided leaves, and large long-peduncled heads of
tubular and radiate flowers, the rays purple, purplish, crimson or yellow, the disk green or
purple, at length ovoid or conic. Involucre depressed-hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate,
spreading or appressed, imbricated in 2-4 series. Receptacle conic, chaffy, the chaff carinate
and cuspidate. Ray-flowers neutral, or with a rudimentary pistil. Disk-flowers perfect, the
corolla cylindric, 5-toothed. Achenes 4-sided, obpyramidal, thick. Pappus a short dentate
crown. [Greek, referring to the spiny chaff of the receptacle.]
Four species, natives of eastern and central North America. Type species : Echinacea purpurea
(L.) Moench.
Rays purple, crimson, pink or white.
Leaves broad, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, often toothed.
Leaves narrow, linear to lanceolate, entire.
Rays about i' long, spreading.
Rays \y-i'-j>' long, drooping.
Rays bright yellow, drooping.
1 . E. purpurea.
2. E. angustifolia.
3. E. pal lid a.
4. E. paradoxa.
i. Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench.
Purple Cone-flower. Black Sampson.
Fig. 4456.
Rudbeckia purpurea L. Sp. PI. 907. 1753.
Echinacea purpurea Moench, Meth. 591. 1794.
Brauneria purpurea Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 334.
1894.
Stem glabrous, or sparingly hispid, usually
stout, 2-5 high. Lower and basal leaves slen-
der-petioled, ovate, mostly 5-nerved, acute or
acuminate at the apex, abruptly narrowed or
rarely cordate at the base, commonly sharply
dentate, 3'-8' long, i'-3' wide; petioles mostly
winged at the summit ; upper leaves lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, sessile or nearly
so, often entire; rays 12-20, purple, crimson, or
rarely pale, iJ'-3' long, spreading or drooping.
In moist, rich soil, Pennsylvania to Alabama,
Georgia, Michigan, Kentucky, Louisiana and Arkan-
sas. Called also Red sunflower. July-Oct.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
2. Echinacea angustifolia DC. Narrow-
leaved Purple Cone-flower. Fig. 4457.
Echinacea angustifolia DC. Prodr. 5: 554. 1836.
Brauneria angustifolia Heller, Muhlenbergia i :
5. 1900.
Stem hispid or hirsute, slender, often sim-
ple, i-2 high. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-
lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, hirsute, acute
and about equally narrowed at each end,
strongly 3-neryed and sometimes with an ad-
ditional pair of marginal less distinct nerves,
entire, 3'-8' long, 4"-i2" wide, the lower and
basal ones slender-petioled, the upper short-
petioled or sessile; heads and flowers similar
to those of the preceding species, but the rays
usually shorter, spreading.
In dry soil, especially on prairies, Minnesota to
Saskatchewan, Nebraska and Texas. Confused
with the following species in our first edition.
June-Oct. Comb.
3. Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Britton.
Pale Purple Cone-flower. Fig. 4458.
Rudbeckia pallida Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. ^ :
77. 1834.
Brauneria pallida Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 :
333- 1894.
Similar to the preceding species, but often
taller, sometimes 3 high. Leaves elongated-
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, entire; rays
narrow, linear, elongated, drooping, ii'~3'
long, ia"-3" wide, rose-purple or nearly
white.
In dry soil on prairies, Illinois to Michigan,
Alabama and Texas. May-July.
4. Echinacea paradoxa (Norton) Brit-
ton. Bush's Cone-flower. Fig. 4459.
Brauneria atrorubens Boynton & Beadle, Biltmore
Bot. Stud, i: ii. 1901. Not Rudbeckia atro-
rubens Nutt.
Brauneria paradoxa Norton, Trans. Acad. St.
Louis 12 : 40. 1902.
Stem glabrous to somewhat hispid, i-2}
high. Leaves smooth or sparingly rough-
hairy, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, the lower
ones petioled, sometimes i long, i'-i' wide,
3-5-nerved, the upper smaller and nearly ses-
sile; involucre about i' high and broad, the
disk-flowers brown ; rays bright yellow, droop-
ing or somewhat spreading, \\'-2\' long.
Prairies and barren soil, Missouri to Texas.
June.
GENUS 65.
THISTLE FAMILY.
477
65. BORRICHIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 130. 1763.
Fleshy, more or less canescent, branching shrubs of the sea-coast, with opposite entire
or denticulate, cuneate oblong spatulate or obovate, i-3-nerved leaves, and terminal large
long-peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre hemispheric, its
bracts slightly unequal, imbricated in 2 or 3 series, the inner ones coriaceous. Receptacle
convex, chaffy, the chaff rigid, concave, subtending or enwrapping the disk-flowers. Ray-
flowers pistillate, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, the corolla tubular, 5-toothed, the style-branches
elongated, hispid. Anthers dark-colored, entire at the base, or minutely sagittate. Achenes
of the ray-flowers 3-sided, those of the disk-flowers 4-sided. Pappus a short dentate crown.
[Named for Olaf Borrick, a Danish botanist.]
About 5 species, natives of America. In addition to the
following typical one, another occurs in South Florida.
i. Borrichia frutescens (L.) DC. Sea Ox-eye.
Fig. 4460.
Buphthalmum frutescens L. Sp. PI. 903. 1753.
Borrichia frutescens DC. Prodr. 5: 488. 1836.
Finely canescent, even when old; stems terete, spar-
ingly branched, i-4 high. Leaves mostly erect or
ascending, lanceolate, spatulate or obovate, obtuse or
acutish and mucronulate at the apex, fleshy, tapering
to the sessile base, somewhat connate, i'-3' long, 2"-j"
wide; heads solitary or few, about i' broad; rays 15-25,
rather short; exterior bracts of the involucre ovate and
somewhat spreading, the inner ones and the chaff of
the receptacle cuspidate.
Sea-coast, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Also on the
coasts of Mexico and in Bermuda. April-Oct.
66. HELIANTHUS [Vaill.] L. Sp. PI. 904. 1753.
Erect, annual or perennial, mostly branched herbs, with opposite or alternate, simple
leaves, and large peduncled corymbose or solitary heads of both tubular and radiate flowers,
the rays yellow, the disk yellow, brown, or purple. Involucre hemispheric, or depressed, its
bracts imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat, convex or conic, chaffy, the chaff sub-
tending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers neutral (in our species), the rays spreading, mostly
entire. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, the corolla tubular, the tube short, the limb 5-lobed.
Anthers entire, or minutely 2-toothed at the base. Style-branches tipped with hirsute append-
ages. Achenes thick, oblong or obovate, compressed, or somewhat 4-angled. Pappus of
2 scales or awns, or sometimes with 2-4 additional shorter ones, deciduous. [Greek, sun-
flower.]
About 70 species, natives of the New World. Besides the following, about 30 others occur in
the southern and western parts of North America, and hybrids may exist. Type species : Helianthus
annttus L.
A. Annual species; disk brown or purple; heads large.
Leaves dentate; bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate, strongly ciliate. i. H. annuus.
Leaves mostly entire ; bracts lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, canescent, sometimes ciliate.
2. H. petiolaris.
B. Perennial species.
* Disk purple or purple-brown.
Leaves narrowly linear or the lower broader, many 'of them alternate.
Stem rough ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate.
Stem smooth ; leaves elongated-lanceolate.
Leaves lanceolate to ovate, mainly opposite.
Leaves hispid, rather thin, abruptly contracted into winged petioles.
Leaves firm in texture, gradually narrowed into petioles.
Leaves lanceolate ; bracts acute or obtusish.
Leaves rhombic-ovate to rhombic-lanceolate ; bracts acute or acuminate.
7. H. subrhomboideus,
** Disk yellow or yellowish; receptacle convex or conic.
t Leaves nearly all basal or near the base ; upper bract-like. 8. H. occidentalis.
tt Stem leafy ; leaves alternate or opposite.
I. Leaves prevailingly lanceolate and 3-8 times as long as wide.
a. Leaves glabrous on both sides ; heads i '-i }4 ' broad, g. H.laevigatus.
b. Leaves scabrous, at least on the upper surface.
Heads I'-i J^' broad ; leaves thin ; stem glabrous. 10. H. microcephalus.
Heads i J4'-3J4' broad ; leaves firm, many of them often alternate.
Stem scabrous, scabrate or hispid ; leaves sessile or nearly so.
Leaves lanceolate, scabrous above, hirsute beneath, flat. n. H. gigantcus.
3. H. angustifolius.
4. H. orgyalis.
5. H. atrorubens.
6. H. scaberrirntis.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
Leaves very scabrous on both sides.
Leaves elongated-lanceolate, conduplicate, pinnately-veined.
Heads numerous; leaves mostly alternate. 12. H. M aximiliani.
Heads only i or 2 ; leaves, all but the upper, opposite. 13. H.Dalyi.
Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, flat, 3-nerved. 14. H. subtuberosus.
Stem glabrous; leaves sessile by a truncate base. 17. H. divaricatus.
Stem glabrous ; leaves petioled.
Leaves lanceolate, firm, canescent and pale beneath. 15. H. grosse-serratus.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, thin, green on both sides. 16. H. Kellermani.
2. Leaves prevailingly ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong.
a. Leaves sessile, or very nearly so.
Stem glabrous ; leaves divaricate. 17. H. divaricatus.
Stem hirsute or hispid ; leaves ascending.
Leaves cordate-clasping at the base. 18. H. mollis.
Leaves narrowed from below the middle. 19. H. doronicoides.
b. Leaves manifestly petioled.
Stem puberulent or glabrous.
Leaves membranous or thin, slender-petioled, sharply serrate. 20. H. decapetalus.
Leaves firmer, shorter-petioled, less serrate or entire.
Bracts of the involucre much longer than the disk. 21. H. tracheHifolius.
Bracts of the involucre about equalling the disk. 22. H. strumosus.
Stem hirsute, hispid, or scabrous.
Leaves rounded or truncate at the base, short-petioled. 23. H. hirsutus.
Leaves, at least the upper, narrowed at the base.
Bracts of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, appressed. 24. H. lae iflorus.
Bracts of the involucre lanceolate-acuminate, spreading.
Leaves villous-pubescent beneath. 25. H. tomentosus.
Leaves scabrous or puberulent beneath. 26. H. tuberosus.
i. Helianthus animus L. Common Sunflower.
Fig. 4461.
Helianthus annuus L. Sp. PI. 904- 1753-
Helianthus lenticu'aris Dougl. Bot. Reg. pi. 1265.
1829.
Stem hispid or scabrous, stout, branched above, 3-6
high, or in cultivated races sometimes 15 high. Leaves
all but the lower alternate, broadly ovate, petioled,
3-nerved, dentate or denticulate, acute at the apex,
rough on both sides, sometimes pubescent beneath, the
lower cordate at the base, 3'-i2' long; heads in the wild
plant 3'-6' broad ; disk dark purple or brown, io"-2'
broad ; involucre depressed, its bracts ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, usually long-acuminate or aristate, hispid-
ciliate; chaff of the flat receptacle 3-cleft; achenes
obovate-oblong, appressed-pubescent, or nearly glabrous.
On prairies, etc., Minnesota to North Dakota, Idaho, Mis-
souri, Texas and California. Recorded north to Saskatche-
wan. Much larger in cultivation ; an occasional escape in
the east. Gold. Golden. Larea-bell. Comb-flower. Its flowers
yield honey and a yellow dye ; its leaves fodder ; its seeds,
an oil and food ; and its stalks a textile fibre. July-Sept.
2. Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. Prairie Sun-
flower. Fig. 4462.
H. petiolaris Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 2: 115. 1821.
H. aridus Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 32: 127. 1905.
Annual, similar to the preceding species, but smaller
and with smaller heads ; stem strigose-hispid or hir-
sute, i-3 high. Leaves all but the lowest alternate,
petioled, oblong, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, rough on
both sides, usually paler beneath than above, sometimes
canescent beneath, i'-3' long, entire, or denticulate, ob-
tuse or acutish at the apex, mostly narrowed at the
base; heads ii'-3' broad; disk brown, mostly less than
10" broad ; involucre depressed-hemispheric, its bracts
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, densely canescent, some-
times hispid-ciliate, acute or short-acuminate; achenes
villous-pubescent, at least when young.
On dry prairies, Minnesota to Saskatchewan, Oregon,
Iowa, Missouri, Texas and California. Found rarely in
waste places farther east. Races differ in leaf-form, size
and pubescence. June-Sept.
GENUS 66.
THISTLE FAMILY.
479
3. Helianthus angustifolius L. Narrow-leaved
or Swamp Sunflower. Fig. 4463.
Helianthus angustifolius L. Sp. PI. 906. 1753.
Perennial by slender rootstocks ; stems branched above,
or simple, slender, rough or roughish above, often hir-
sute* below, 2-7 high. Leaves firm, entire, sessile,
linear, slightly scabrous, rarely somewhat canescent be-
neath, 2'-7' long, 2"-3" wide, the margins revolute when
dry, the upper ones all alternate, the lower opposite;
heads usually few, sometimes solitary, 2'-$' broad; in-
volucre hemispheric, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acute
or acuminate, scarcely squarrose, pubescent ; receptacle
slightly convex; disk purple; chaff entire or 3-toothed;
rays 12-20; achenes truncate, glabrous; pappus usually
of 2 short awns.
In swamps, Long Island, N. Y., to Florida, Kentucky and
Texas, mainly near the coast. Aug.-Oct.
4. Helianthus orgyalis DC. Linear-leaved
Sunflower. Fig. 4464.
H. giganteus var. crinitus Nutt. Gen. 2: 177. 1818?
Helianthus orgyalis DC. Prodr. 5: 586. 1836.
Perennial by slender rootstocks; stems glabrous,
branched near the summit, very leafy to the top,
6-io high. Leaves sessile, entire, linear or nearly
filiform, or the lowest lanceolate, remotely dentate
and short-petioled, rough with mucronate-tipped
papillae, especially on the lower surface, acuminate,
4'-i6' long, i "-4" wide, the upper all alternate and
i-nerved, the lower commonly opposite; heads nu-
merous, about 2' broad, terminating slender branches ;
involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts linear-subu-
late to lanceolate, acuminate, squarrose, ciliate; disk
purple or brown; receptacle convex, its chaff entire,
or toothed, slightly ciliate; rays 10-20; achenes ob-
long-obovate, glabrous, 2i"-3" long, 2-4-awned.
On dry plains, Missouri and Nebraska to Colorado
and Texas. Sept.-Oct.
5. Helianthus atrorubens L.
Hairy Wood Sunflower.
Fig. 4465.
Purple-disk Sunflower.
Helianthus atrorubens L. Sp. PI. 906. 1753.
Perennial ; stems hirsute below, often minutely pu-
bescent above, branched at the summit, 2-S high.
Leaves hirsute on both sides, or canescent beneath,
mostly thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acutish, con-
tracted near the base into margined petioles, sometimes
subcordate, dentate or crenate-dentate, 4'-io' long, i'-4'
wide, the lower opposite, the upper few, distant, small,
mainly alternate; heads not numerous, slender-pedun-
cled, about 2' broad ; involucre hemispheric, its bracts
oblong to obovate, obtuse, ciliolate, appressed; disk
purple ; recptacle convex, its chaff acute, entire, or
3-toothed ; rays 10-20 ; achenes obovate, truncate, finely
pubescent, about 2" long; pappus usually of 2 lanceo-
late awns.
In dry woods, Virginia to Florida, west to Ohio, Mis-
souri, Arkansas and Louisiana. Aug.-Oct.
480
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
6. Helianthus scaberrimus Ell. Stiff Sun-
flower. Fig. 4466.
PI. scaberrimus Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2 : 423. 1824.
H. rigidus Desf. Cat. Hort. Paris, Ed. 3, 184. 1829.
Perennial; stems simple or little branched, hispid
or scabrate, i-8 high. Leaves thick, coriaceous,
serrate or serrulate, very scabrous on both sides, 2' -7'
long, \'-2' wide, acute at the apex, narrowed at the
base, the lower ovate or ovate-oblong, petioled, the
upper lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile or short-
petioled, all opposite, or the uppermost bract-like and
alternate ; heads solitary or few, 2' -3' broad ; invo-
lucre hemispheric, its bracts ovate, acute or obtusish,
ciliate, appressed ; disk purple or brown ; receptacle
convex, its chaff obtuse; rays 15-25, light yellow;
achenes more or less pubescent, oblong-obovate ;
pappus of 2 broad scales or of 2-4 stout awns.
Prairies, Illinois to Minnesota, Iowa, Kansas, Georgia
and Texas. Aug.-Sept.
7. Helianthus subrhomboideus Rydb.
Rhombic-leaved Sunflower. Fig. 4467.
Helianthus subrhomboideus Rydb. Mem. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. i : 419. 1900.
Stem simple, sparingly hirsute, usually tinged
with red. Leaves opposite, firm, very scabrous,
3-nerved, slightly serrate, the basal ones broad-
ly ovate to obovate-spatulate, those of the
stem rhomboid-ov.ate to rhomboid-lanceolate,
short-petioled, 2'-4' long, the uppermost very
small; heads 1-3, i'-i|' in diameter; bracts
of the involucre oblong, acutish, densely white-
ciliate; disk purple.
Plains, Manitoba and Saskatchewan to South
Dakota, Nebraska, Montana and New Mexico.
Adventive, New Jersey to New Hampshire. July-
Sept. Included in H. scaberrimus in our first
edition.
8. Helianthus occidentals Riddell. Few-leaved
Sunflower. Fig. 4468.
H. occidentalis Ridd. Suppl. Cat. Ohio PI. 13. 1836.
H. illinoensis Gleason, Ohio Nat. 5: 214. 1904.
H. occidentalis illinoensis Gates, Bull. Torr. Club 37 : Si.
1910.
Perennial; stems appressed-pubescent or sometimes
nearly glabrous, slender, mostly simple, i-3 high.
Leaves mostly basal, or below the middle of the stem,
firm, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or obtusish at
the apex, narrowed at the base, 3-5-nerved, serrulate
or entire, scabrous above, pubescent beneath, with
slender petioles about as long as the blades ; stem usu-
ally bearing i or 2 pairs of small distant leaves; heads
several or solitary, \\'-2\' broad; involucre hemi-
spheric, its bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute
or acuminate, generally ciliate, appressed ; receptacle
convex, its chaff acute; disk yellow; rays 12-15;
achenes truncate and pubescent at the summit; pappus
of 2 lanceolate-subulate awns.
In dry soil, Ohio to Minnesota, south to Florida and Missouri. Aug.-Sept.
Helianthus Dowellianus M. A. Curtis, which differs in being stouter, the stem leafy, the leaves
merely puberulent, and ranges from the District of Columbia to Georgia, appears to be a race
of this species.
GENUS 66.
9. Helianthus laevigatus T. & G. Smooth
Sunflower. Fig. 4469.
Helianthus laevigatus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 330. 1842.
Stems slender, from a perennial root, simple or
little branched, glabrous, or somewhat glaucous,
2-6 high. Leaves nearly all opposite, firm, gla-
brous, lanceolate, short-petioled, or the upper sessile,
serrulate or entire, pale beneath, acuminate, nar-
nowed at the base, $'-& long, 4'-ii' wide, the mar-
gins sometimes roughish-ciliate ; heads few or soli-
tary, i'-ii' broad; involucre campanulate, its bracts
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, firm, ciliolate, the
tips of the outer ones spreading; rays 5-10; disk
yellow; chaff linear; achenes slightly pubescent at
the summit; pappus of 2 lanceolate or ovate owns,
with or without 2 intermediate scales.
In dry soil, mountains of Virginia, West Virginia
and North Carolina. Aug.-Oct.
10. Helianthus microcephalus T. & G.
Small Wood Sunflower. Fig. 4470.
Helian hus parviflorus Bernh. ; Spreng. Syst. 3: 617.
1826. Not H.B.K. 1820.
H. microcephalus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 329. 1842.
Stems slender, glabrous, branched above, or
rarely simple, 3-6 high. Leaves thin or thin-
nish, petioled, most of them opposite, lanceolate,
or the lower ovate-lanceolate, rough above, canes-
cent or puberulent beneath, long-acuminate at the
apex, narrowed at the base, serrulate, or the
lower serrate, 3 '-7' long, i'-ii' wide; heads com-
monly several or numerous, i'-ii' wide, borne
on slender, sometimes roughish peduncles; invo-
lucre campanulate, 4"-5" broad, its bracts lanceo-
late or ovate, acute or acuminate, ciliolate, the
tips of the outer ones spreading; chaff of the
receptacle oblong, entire, or 3-toothed; rays 5-10;
disk yellow; achenes nearly glabrous; pappus
usually of 2 subulate awns.
In moist woods and along streams, Pennsylvania to
Georgia, west to Ohio, Missouri and Louisiana. July-
Sept.
ii. Helianthus giganteus L. Tall, Giant or
Wild Sunflower. Fig. 4471.
Helianthus giganteus L. Sp. PI. 905. 1753.
Perennial by fleshy roots and creeping rootstocks ;
stems hispid or scabrous, at least above, branched near
the summit, or simple, 3-i2 high. Leaves sessile or
short-petioled, firm, lanceolate, very rough above,
rough-pubescent beneath, serrate or denticulate, acumi-
nate at the apex, narrowed at the base, many or all of
the upper ones alternate but sometimes all opposite,
2 r -6' long, Y-i' wide ; heads usually several, mostly
long-peduncled, i'-2j' broad ; involucre hemispheric,
its bracts squarrose, lanceolate-subulate, hirsute or
ciliate, commonly as long as the diameter of the yel-
lowish disk; chaff of the receptacle oblong-linear,
acute; achenes oblong, glabrous; rays 10-20; pappus
of 2 subulate awns.
In swamps and wet meadows, Maine and Ontario to Sas-
katchewan, Florida, Louisiana and Colorado. Stem com-
monly purple. Aug.-Oct.
Helianthus ambiguus (A. Gray) Britton, differing in
having all but the uppermost leaves opposite and rounded
at the base, found on Long Island, New York, and recorded
from Georgia, appears to be a hybrid, with this species one of it., parents
3 1
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
12. Helianthus Maximilian! Schrad. Maxi-
milian's Sunflower. Fig. 4472.
Helianthus Maximiliani Schrad. Ind. Sem. Hort. Goett.
1835-
Perennial by fleshy roots and thickened rootstocks ;
stems stout, scabrous or hispid below, 2-i2 high.
Leaves sessile or short-petioled, long-lanceolate, fold-
ing in drying, alternate or the lower opposite, very
rough on both sides, rigid, acuminate or acute at
both ends, denticulate or entire, 3 '-7' long, J'-ii'
wide; heads few or numerous, 2' -3' broad on stout
densely rough-pubescent peduncles ; involucre hemi-
spheric, its bracts lanceolate, acuminate, squarrose,
densely strigose-pubescent, often 9" long; disk yel-
lowish; rays 15-30; chaff linear, acute, pubescent
above ; achenes linear-oblong, glabrous or nearly so ;
pappus commonly of 2 lanceolate awns.
On dry prairies, Minnesota and Manitoba to Sas-
katchewan, Missouri, Nebraska and Texas. Locally
adventive eastward. Aug.-Oct.
13. Helianthus Dalyi Britten. Judge
Daly's Sunflower. Fig. 4473.
Helianthus Dalyi Britton, Journ. N. Y. Bot.
Card. 2 : 89. 1901.
Perennial by a fusiform tuber i'-if
long; stem slender, simple, rpughish, ap-
pressed-pubescent, about 2 high. Leaves
firm, conduplicate, drooping, finely rough-
pubescent on both sides, narrowly lanceo-
late, acuminate at both ends, distantly ser-
rate with low teeth, the larger about 4'
long and 7" wide, all opposite or the up-
permost alternate ; heads usually solitary
and long-peduncled, rarely 2, about 3$'
broad ; involucral bracts narrowly lanceo-
late with long subulate tips ; rays acute ;
pappus 2 subulate awns; chaff of the re-
ceptacle pubescent at the acute apex.
On a dry bank, Sag Harbor, New York. Sept.
14. Helianthus subtuberosus Bourgeau.
Indian Potato. Fig. 4474.
H. giganteus subtuberosus (Bourgeau) Britton, in
Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3: 425. 1898.
H. subtuberosus Bourgeau ; Britton, Manual 993.
1901.
Fleshy roots, thick and edible. Leaves thick,
more or less serrate, all or all but the upper dis-
tinctly petioled, sometimes all opposite, 2$'-$'
long, acuminate at the apex, mostly narrowed at
the base, the petioles ciliate ; heads not very nu-
merous ; bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acumi-
nate, densely pubescent and white-ciliate, about
8" long; rays i'-if long.
Dry soil, Michigan and Minnesota to Saskatche-
wan, Montana and Wyoming. Aug.-Sept.
Helianthus Rydbergi Britton, of western Ne-
braska, differs by broader, ovate-lanceolate leaves,
rather abruptly narrowed at the base.
GENUS 66.
THISTLE FAMILY.
483
15. Helianthus grosse-serratus Martens.
Saw-tooth Sunflower. Fig. 4475.
Helianthus grosse-serratus Martens, Sel. Sem. Hort.
Loven. 1839.
Perennial by fleshy roots and slender rootstocks ;
stems glabrous, glaucous, branched above, 6-io
high, the branches usually strigose-pubescent. Leaves
long-lanceolate, slender-petioled, the upper alternate,
the lower opposite, long-acuminate, narrowed at the
base, sharply serrate, or merely denticulate, the up-
permost entire, rough above, densely puberulent or
canescent beneath, 4'-8' long, 4'-i' wide ; heads sev-
eral or numerous, ii'-3' broad; involucre hemi-
spheric, its bracts squarrose, narrowly lanceolate,
acuminate, hirsute ; chaff linear-oblong, pubescent at
the summit, acute, often 3-toothed ; disk yellowish ;
rays 10-20, deep yellow; achenes nearly glabrous;
pappus of 2 lanceolate awns.
In dry soil, Maine to Long Island, Pennsylvania, On-
tario, South Dakota, Missouri, Kansas and Texas. Aug.-
Oct.
16. Helianthus Kellermani Britton
Kellerman's Sunflower. Fig. 4476.
Helianthus Kellermani Britton, Manual 994. 1901.
Stem 6-io high, very smooth, much branch-
ed above, the branches slender. Leaves nar-
rowly elongated-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate,
drooping, rather thin, distantly serrate with
very small teeth, long-acuminate at the apex,
attenuate at the base into short petioles or the
upper sessile, scabrate and sparingly pubes-
cent on both surfaces, pinnately veined, the
lower about 8' long and 7" wide ; branches of
the inflorescence pubescent ; bracts of the in-
volucre linear-lanceolate, about 7" long, and i"
wide or less at the base, ciliate, long-acumi-
nate; rays golden-yellow, i'-if long; chaff of
the receptacle linear.
Dry soil, vicinity of Columbus, Ohio. Aug.-
Sept.
17. Helianthus divaricatus L. Rough or
Woodland Sunflower. Fig. 4477.
Helianthus divaricatus L. Sp. PI. 906. 1753.
Perennial by slender rootstocks; stem glabrous
throughout, or pubescent at the summit, slender,
2-7 high. Leaves usually all opposite, divaricate,
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, firm, dentate or den-
ticulate, 3-nerved, rough above, pubescent beneath,
sessile or nearly so by a truncate base, tapering
gradually to the long-acuminate apex, 3'-8' long,
J'-iJ' wide; heads few or solitary, about 2' broad,
borne on strigose-pubescent peduncles ; involucre
hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late, strigose or hirsute, the outer ones spreading ;
disk yellow; rays 8-15; chaff of the receptacle
apiculate; achenes glabrous; pappus of 2 short
subulate awns.
In dry woodlands, Maine and Ontario to Manitoba,
Nebraska, Florida and Louisiana. July-Sept.
4 8 4
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
18. Helianthus mollis Lam. Hairy Sun-
flower. Fig. 4478.
Helianthus mollis Lain. Encycl. 3: 85. 1789.
Perennial ; stem stout, simple or sparingly branched
above, densely hirsute, 2-4 high. Leaves "ovate or
t ovate-lanceolate,, closely sessile and somewhat clasp-
ing by a broad cordate base, pinnately veined, 3-
nerved above the base, all opposite, or the upper
alternate, ascending, acute or acuminate, scabrous or
cinereous-pubescent above, densely and finely pubes-
cent beneath, serrulate, 2'-s' long, i'-2i' wide; heads
solitary or few, 2'-3' broad ; involucre hemispheric,
its bracts lanceolate, acuminate, densely villous-ca-
nescent, somewhat spreading; disk yellow; rays 15-
25 ; chaff canescent at" the summit ; mature achenes
nearly glabrous ; pappus of 2 lanceolate scales.
In dry barren soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey, Geor-
gia, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas and Texas. Aug.-Sept.
19. Helianthus doronicoides Lam. Oblong-
leaved Sunflower. Fig. 4479.
Helianthus doronicoides Lam. Encycl. 3 : 84. 1 789.
Perennial by slender rootstocks ; stems stout, rough,
or finely rough-pubescent, branched above, 3-7 high.
Leaves oblong, ovate-oblong, or ovate, thick, ascend-
ing, serrate or serrulate, acute or acuminate at the
apex, narrowed at or below the middle to a sessile or
slightly clasping base, rough on both sides, or finely
pubescent beneath, 3-nerved, 4' -8' long, i'-2i' wide;
heads commonly numerous, 2$'-d' broad; involucre
hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent
or hirsute, somewhat spreading ; disk yellow ; rays 12-
20, 4"-6" wide; achenes glabrous; pappus of 2 subu-
late awns.
In dry soil, Ohio to Missouri and Arkansas. Recorded
from Michigan. Aug.-Sept.
20. Helianthus decapetalus L. Thin-leaved or Wild Sunflower. Fig. 4480.
Plleianthus decapetalus L. Sp. PI. 905. 1753.
Perennial by branched, sometimes thickened root-
stocks; stem slender, glabrous or nearly so, branched
above, i-5 high; branches puberulent. Leaves
thin or membranous, 3'-8' long, i'-3' wide, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, the lower all opposite and slender-
petioled, the upper commonly alternate, all usually
sharply serrate, roughish above, finely but often
sparingly pubescent beneath, acuminate, the rounded
or truncate base decurrent on the petiole ; heads nu-
merous, 2'-3' broad ; involucre hemispheric, its bracts
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute, long-ciliate,
spreading, often longer than the yellow disk; rays
8^15, light yellow; chaff entire or 3-toothed, pubes-
cent at the apex; achenes glabrous; pappus of 2
subulate awns.
In moist woods and along streams, Quebec to Michi-
gan, Georgia, Tennessee and Missouri. Aug.-Sept.
Helianthus scrophulariaefolius Britton, from near
Woodlawn, New York, differing by laciniate-serrate
leaves, is probably a race of this species.
GENUS 66.
THISTLE FAMILY
21. Helianthus tracheliifolius Mill. Throatwort
Sunflower. Fig. 4481.
Helianthus tracheliifolius Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 7.
1768.
Similar to the following species, but the stem usually
roughish-pubescent above. Leaves short-petioled, ovate-
lanceolate, or lanceolate, 3-nerved, green both sides, but
darker above, generally rougher on the upper surface,
the lower ones sharply serrate ; branches and peduncles
scabrous; heads several, 2i'-3i' broad; bracts of the
hemispheric involucre linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate,
ciliate and puberulent, longer than the yellow disk,
sometimes foliaceous, and 3 times its length.
In dry soil, Connecticut to Pennsylvania, North Carolina,
Ohio, Minnesota and Arkansas. Aug.-Sept.
22. Helianthus strumosus L. Pale-leaved
Wood Sunflower. Fig. 4482.
Helianthus strumosus L. Sp. PI. 905. 1753.
H. mollis Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 2240. 1804. Not Lam. 1789.
H. macrophyllus Willd. Hort. Berol. pi. 70. 1806.
Perennial by branched, sometimes tuberous-thick-
ened rootstocks ; stem glabrous below, sometimes
glaucous, 3-7 high, branched above, the branches
usually pubescent. Leaves short-petioled, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, rarely lanceolate, not membranous,
rough above, pale and somewhat puberulent or ca-
nescent beneath, serrate, serrulate, or nearly entire,
acuminate, contracted much below the middle and
decurrent on the petiole, 3-nerved above the base,
3'-8' long, \'-2.\' wide, mostly opposite, the upper
often alternate; heads commonly several, 2^-4'
broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, equalling or
a little longer than the diameter of the yellow disk;
rays 5-15 ; chaff pubescent ; achenes nearly glabrous.
In dry woods and on banks, Maine and Ontario to
Minnesota, Georgia, Tennessee and Arkansas. July-
Sept. Races differ in leaf-form and texture. A hybrid
with H. decapetalus has been described.
23. Helianthus hirsutus Raf. Stiff-haired
Sunflower. Fig. 4483.
Helianthus hirsutus Raf. Ann. Nat. 14. 1820.
Helianthus hirsutus trachyphyllus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 :
329. 1842.
Perennial; stem densely hirsute, usually branched
above, stout, rigid, 2-4 high. Leaves ovate-lanceo-
late or the upper lanceolate, rounded, truncate or
subcordate at the base, acuminate at the apex, thick,
very rough above, rough-pubescent beneath, 3-nerved,
serrate or serrulate, 3'-6' long, $'-2' wide, short-
petioled, or the uppermost sessile, nearly all oppo-
site, the petioles of the lower ones \'-\' long; heads
usually several, 2'-3i' broad ; involucre hemispheric,
its bracts lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
ciliate, mostly puberulent, erect or somewhat spread-
ing, equalling or shorter than the yellow disk ; rays
12-15; chaff obtusish, pubescent at the summit;
achenes oval, rounded at the summit, glabrous;
pappus of I or 2 subulate awns.
In dry soil, Pennsylvania and Ohio to Wisconsin, Ne-
braska, West Virginia, Georgia and Texas. July-Oct.
4 86
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
24. Helianthus laetiflorus Pers. Showy Sun-
flower. Fig. 4484.
Helianthus laetiflorus Pers. Syn. 2: 476. 1807.
Perennial ; stem scabrous or hispid, leafy, 4-8 high.
Leaves oval-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, short-peti-
oled, 3-nerved, rough on both sides, narrrowed at the
base, acute or acuminate at the apex, serrate or serru-
late, 4'-io' long, i'-ii' wide, the upper often alter-
nate; heads usually several, 2'-^' broad, mostly short-
peduncled; bracts of the hemispheric involucre ovate-
lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, imbricated in only 2 or
3 series, ciliate, otherwise nearly glabrous, appressed or
but little spreading, shorter than or equalling the yellow
disk; rays 15-25, showy; chaff of the receptacle entire,
or sometimes 3-toothed.
On prairies and barrens, Pennsylvania to Minnesota. Re-
corded as adventive in Massachusetts. Aug.-Sept.
25. Helianthus tomentosus Michx. Woolly
Sunflower. Fig. 4485.
H. tomentosus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 141. 1803.
Perennial ; stem stout, hirsute or hispid, especially
above, branched, 4-io high. Leaves rather thin,
ovate, or the lower oblong, mostly alternate, 3-ribbed
above the base, gradually or abruptly contracted into
margined petioles, rough above, softly villous-pubes-
cent beneath, sparingly serrate, the lower often i
long and 4' wide; heads commonly several or nu-
merous, 3' -4' broad ; involucre hemispheric, its bracts
imbricated in many series, linear-lanceolate, long-
acuminate, squarrose, densely hirsute and ciliate,
usually longer than the broad yellowish disk; chaff
of the receptacle and lobes of the disk corolla pubes-
cent ; pappus of 2 subulate awns.
In dry soil, Virginia to Georgia and Alabama. Re-
ported from Illinois, probably erroneously. Aug.-Oct.
26. Helianthus tuberosus L.
choke. Earth Apple.
Jerusalem Arti-
Fig. 4486.
Helianthus tuberosus L. Sp. PI. 905. 1753.
Helianthus tuberosus subcanescens A. Gray, Syn. Fl. I :
Part 2, 280. 1884.
Perennial by fleshy thickened rootstocks, bearing
tubers ; stems hirsute or pubescent, branched above,
6-i2 high. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, rarely
ovate-lanceolate, firm, 3-nerved near the base, nar-
rowed, or the lower rounded, truncate or subcordate
at the base, acuminate at the apex, rather long-
petioled, scabrous above, finely pubescent or canes-
cent beneath, serrate, 4'-8' long, ii'-3' wide, the up-
per alternate, the lower opposite; heads several or
numerous, 2'-$' broad ; involucre hemispheric, its
bracts lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute or ciliate, squar-
rose ; disk yellow ; rays 12-20 ; chaff of the receptacle
acute and pubescent at the summit ; achenes pubescent.
In moist soil, Nova Scotia and Ontario to Manitoba,
Georgia and Arkansas and Kansas. Often occurs along
roadsides in the east, a relic of cultivation by the abo-
rigines. Now extensively grown for its edible tubers.
Canada potato. Girasole. Topinambour. Sept.-Oct.
6 7 .
RIDAN Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 130. 1763.
[ACTINOMERIS Nutt. Gen. 2: 181. 1818.]
Rough-pubescent, rather coarse, herbs with alternate or opposite, simple, more or less
toothed leaves, usually decurrent on the stem and branches, and corymbose, radiate or discoid
GENUS 67.
THISTLE FAMILY.
487
heads. Involucre small, flattish, of few spreading or recurved narrow bracts. Receptacle
convex or conic, becoming globose, chaffy. Ray-flowers neutral, yellow or white, sometimes
wanting. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, embraced by the chaff. Anthers entire at the base.
Style-branches of the disk with acute appendages. Achenes flattened, more or less winged,
spreading in all directions on the globose receptacle. Pappus of 2 or 3 finally spreading
smooth awns, sometimes with 2-3 smaller awns or scales. [Name unexplained.]
Two species, of eastern North America, the following
typical.
i. Ridan alternifolius (L.) Britton. Wing-
stem. Yellow Iron weed. Fig. 4487.
Coreopsis alternifolia L. Sp. PI. 909. 1753.
Ac inomeris squarrosa Nutt. Gen. z: 181. 1818.
Actinomeris alternifolia DC. Prodr. 5: 575. 1836.
Verbesina alternifolia Britton ; Kearney, Bull. Torn Club
20: 485. 1893.
Perennial ; stem puberulent or glabrous, narrowly
winged, or wingless, simple, or branched near the
summit, leafy, 4-9 high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate
or lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, serrulate or entire,
rough or roughish on both sides, gradually narrowed
to the sessile base, or short-petioled, 4'-i2' long,
\'-2.\' wide, alternate, or the lower opposite and
slender-petioled ; heads numerous, i'-2' broad, co-
rymbose-paniculate ; rays 2-10, yellow; involucre of
few lanceolate, at length deflexed bracts; disk glo-
bose, yellow ; achenes broadly winged or nearly wing-
less, sparingly pubescent ; pappus 2 divergent awns.
In rich soil, New Jersey to Iowa, Kansas, Florida and
Louisiana. Winged ironweed. Aug.-Sept.
68. PHAETHUSA Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 425. 1791.
Perennial, pubescent or scabrous herbs (some tropical species shrubby), with alternate
or opposite dentate leaves often decurrent on the stem and branches, and corymbose or soli-
tary heads of both tubular and radiate yellow or white flowers, or the rays sometimes want-
ing. Involucre campanulate or hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in few series. Receptacle
convex or conic, chaffy, the chaff embracing the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate or neu-
tral. Disk-flowers perfect, mostly fertile, their corollas with an expanded 5-lobed limb,
usually longer than the tube. Style-branches of the disk-flowers with acute papillose append-
ages. Achenes flattened, or those of the ray-flowers 3-sided. Pappus of 2 (1-3) subulate
awns, sometimes with 2 or 3 intermediate scales. [The daughter of Helios.]
A large genus, mainly natives of the New World. Besides the following, about 6 others occur
in the southern and southwestern United States. Type species: Phaethusa americana Gaertn.
Involucre campanulate, 2"-j," broad ; heads small, numerous.
Leaves alternate ; rays white. i. P. virginica.
Leaves opposite ; rays yellow. 2. P. occidentalis.
Involucre hemispheric, f-\2" broad; heads few, large. 3. P. helianthoides.
i. Phaethusa virginica (L.) Britton. Small
White or Virginia Crownbeard. Fig. 4488.
Verbesina virginica L. Sp. PI. 901. 1753.
Perennial ; stem densely puberulent, terete or winged,
simple or branched, 3-6 high. Leaves usually thin,
alternate, ovate, roughish above, puberulent, canes-
cent or glabrate beneath, acute or acuminate at the
apex, 4'-io' long, i'-3' wide, contracted at the base
into winged petioles, the uppermost sessile, lanceo-
late, smaller, often entire; heads corymbose-panicu-
late at the ends of the stem and branches, numerous,
6"-io" broad ; involucre oblong-campanulate, 2"-3"
broad, its bracts narrowly lanceolate, erect, obtuse,
pubescent; rays 3-5, obpvate, white, pistillate; achenes
minutely pubescent, winged or wingless; pappus of
2 slender awns, or sometimes none.
In dry soil, Pennsylvania to Virginia, Illinois, Mis-
souri, Kansas, Florida and Texas. Aug.-Sept.
488
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
2. Phaethusa occidentalis (L.) Britton. Small Yellow Crownbeard. Fig. 4489.
Siegesbeckia occidentalis L. Sp. PI. 900. 1753.
Verbesina occidentalis Walt. Fl. Car. 213. 1788.
Phaethusa americana Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2 : 425. 1791.
V. Siegesbeckia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 134. 1803.
Perennial; stem glabrous, or puberulent above,
usually much branched, narrowly 4-winged, 3-7
high, the branches also winged and pubescent.
Leaves thin, ovate, or the upper oblong, opposite,
minutely rough-pubescent on both sides, or gla-
brate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed or con-
tracted below into slender margined or naked
petiole, serrate, 4'-io' long, i'-3$' wide; heads
numerous, 6"-i2" broad, corymbose at the ends
of the stem and branches; involucre oblong-cam-
panulate, 2"-3" broad, its bracts lanceolate, ob-
tuse, erect, or the tips slightly spreading, pubes-
cent; rays 1-5, yellow, usually pistillate, rarely
none; achenes wingless; pappus of 2 slender, at
length divergent awns.
In dry thickets and on hillsides, Maryland and southern Pennsylvania to Illinois, Florida,
Alabama and Texas. Aug.-Oct.
3. Phaethusa helianthoides (Michx.) Britton.
Sunflower Crownbeard. Fig. 4490.
Verbesina helian hoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 135.
1803.
Actinomeris helianthoides Nutt. Gen. 2: 181. 1818.
Perennial; stem hispid or hirsute, 4-winged, usu-
ally simple. 2-4 high. Leaves ovate or oval, ses-
sile, acute, acuminate or obtuse at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, serrate or serrulate, rough or
appressed-hispid above, densely pubescent or canes-
cent beneath, 2'-4' long, i'-i4' wide, all alternate,
or the lower opposite; heads solitary or few, 2'-3'
broad; involucre hemispheric, about \' high, its
bracts lanceolate, acutish, canescent, appressed ; rays
8-15, pistillate or neutral, linear-oblong, yellow;
achenes scabrous or pubescent, broadly winged;
pappus of 2 subulate awns.
On dry prairies and in thickets, Ohio to Georgia, west
to Iowa, Missouri and Texas. June-July.
69. XIMENESIA Cav. Icones 2 : 60. 1793.
Pubescent caulescent herbs, with alternate or sometimes opposite, simple, toothed or
somewhat laciniate leaves, and solitary or few, radiate, showy, peduncled heads. Involucre
rather flat, of narrow spreading bracts. Receptacle convex, chaffy. Ray-flowers pistillate,
fertile, numerous, the rays yellow. Disk-flowers numerous, perfect, fertile. Anthers some-
what sagittate at the base. Style-branches with slender pubescent appendages. Achenes
flat, winged. Pappus of short and straight awns. [In honor of Joseph Ximenes, a Spanish
apothecary and botanist.]
About 4 species, natives of America, the following typical.
GENUS 69.
THISTLE FAMILY.
489
i. Ximenesia encelioides Cav. Golden Crownbeard. Fig. 4491.
Ximenesia encelioides Cav. Icon. 2: 60. pi. 178. 1793.
Verbesina encelioides A. Gray, Syn. Fl. i : Part 2, 288.
1884.
Annual; stem densely puberulent, much branched,
i-2 high. Leaves deltoid-ovate or deltoid-lanceo-
late, thin, 2'~4' long, acuminate, acute or blunt at the
apex, coarsely dentate, or even laciniate, green and
minutely pubescent above, pale and densely canescent
beneath, all alternate, or the lowest opposite, nar-
rowed at the base into naked or wing-margined peti-
oles, which are often provided with dilated append-
ages at the base ; heads several or numerous, i'-2'
broad ; involucre hemispheric, about high, its bracts
lanceolate, canescent; rays 12-15, bright golden yel-
low, 3-toothed ; achenes of the disk-like flowers obo-
vate, winged, pubescent, their pappus of 2 subulate
awns, those of the ray-flowers rugose, thickened,
often wingless.
In moist soil, Kansas to Texas, Arizona and Mexico,
and occasional in waste grounds farther east. Also in
Florida and widely distributed in warm regions as a
weed. Summer.
70. COREOPSIS L. Sp. PI. 907. 1753.
Anual or perennial, mostly erect herbs, with opposite leaves, or the upper alternate, and
large long-peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, the rays yellow, or brown
at the base, or brown throughout, or pink. Involucre usually hemispheric, its bracts in 2
distinct series, all united at the base, those of the outer series commonly narrower and shorter
than the inner. Receptacle flat or slightly convex, chaffy, the chaff flat or concave. Ray-
flowers neutral. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas with slender tube and broader
5-toothed limb. Anthers mostly entire at the base. Style-tips truncate or subulate. Achenes
flat, orbicular to oblong, winged or wingless. Pappus of 2 short teeth, or a mere coroniform
border, or none. [Greek, bug-like, referring to the achenes.]
About 55 species, natives of America, South Africa and Australia, known as Tickseed. In
addition to the following, some 20 others occur in the southern and western United States. Type
species : Coreopsis lanceolata L.
1. Style-tips acute or cuspidate; outer involucral bracts about as long as the inner (except in
C. tripteris).
Leaves simple, or pinnately lobed ; achenes often with a callus on the incurved inner side.
Achenes with thin flat broad wings.
Leaves mostly near the base of the stem, the heads long-peduncled.
Glabrous, or sparingly hairy below. i. C. lanceolata.
Pubescent or hirsute. 2. C. crassifolia.
Stem leafy to near the shorter-peduncled heads.
Pubescent or hirsute ; leaves entire or with a few lateral lobes. 3. C. pubescent.
Glabrous or very nearly so ; leaves i-2-pinnately parted into narrow segments.
4. C. grandiflora.
Achenes with thick, involute narrow wings. 5. C. auricula a.
Leaves palmately 3-cleft or divided ; achenes without callus.
Leaves petioled, 3-divided into lanceolate segments, or the upper entire. 6. C. tripteris.
Leaves sessile.
Leaves rigid, deeply 3-lobed above the base. 7. C. palmata.
Leaves divided to the base.
Leaf-segments entire ; disk-flowers yellow. 8. C. major.
Leaf-segments i-2-parted.
Disk-flowers yellow ; leaf-segments linear-filiform. 9. C. verticillata.
Disk-flowers purple-brown ; leaf-segments \"~z" wide. 10. C. delphinifolia.
2. Style-tips truncate or obtuse; outer involucral bracts much shorter than the inner. [Genus
CALLIOPSIS Reichb.]
Achenes broadly winged; annual. n. C. cardaminefolia.
Achenes wingless.
Rays yellow with brownish bases ; annual with pinnately divided leaves. 12. C. tinctoria.
Rays rose-pink, rarely white; perennial with linear entire leaves. 13. C.rosea.
490
COMPOS1TAE.
VOL. III.
i. Coreopsis lanceolata L. Lance-leaved
Tickseed. Fig. 4492.
Coreopsis lanceolata L. Sp. PI. 908. 1753.
Coreopsis lanceolata var. angustifolia T. & G. Fl. N.
A. 2: 344. 1842.
Perennial; stem slender, glabrous, or sparingly
hispid near the base, i-2 high. Leaves glabrous,
the lower and basal ones slender-petioled, spatu-
late or narrowly oblong, very obtuse, 2'-6' long,
entire, or with 1-3 lateral obtuse entire lobes;
stem leaves few, sessile or nearly so,- lanceolate
or oblong, obtuse or acutish, usually quite entire ;
heads few or solitary on elongated slender pedun-
cles, ii'-2i' broad, showy; peduncles often 12'
long; involucre depressed-hemispheric, its bracts
glabrous or ciliate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
the outer narrower than the inner, but nearly as
long ; rays 6-10, bright yellow, cuneate, 3-7-lobed ;
achenes oblong, broadly winged, about i" long;
pappus of 2 short teeth.
In dry or moist soil, Ontario to Virginia, Michigan,
Illinois, Florida, Louisiana and Missouri. Escaped
o from cultivation eastward. May-Aug.
2. Coreopsis crassifolia Ait. Thick-leaved
or Hairy Tickseed. Fig. 4493.
Coreopsis crassifolia Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 253. 1789.
Coreopsis lanceolata var. villosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am.
2 : 137. 1803.
Perennial; stem hirsute or villous-pubescent
below, ascending, little branched, 8'-2o' high.
Leaves rather thick, hirsute or pubescent, all
entire, the lower and basal ones petioled, oblong
to obovate-spatulate, mostly very obtuse, i'-3'
long, 4"-io" wide ; stem leaves few, short-peti-
oled or sessile, obtuse or acutish, narrower ; heads
few, i '-2' broad, borne on slender, puberulent pe-
duncles often i long, similar to those of C. lan-
ceolata, as are the rays, involucral bracts and
achenes.
Dry soil, Illinois and Missouri to Kansas, Louisi-
ana, east to South Carolina and Florida. May-Aug.
3. Coreopsis pubescens Ell. Star Tick-
seed. Fig. 4494.
C. pubescens Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga 2: 441. 1824.
Perennial; stem pubescent or puberulent, leafy,
little branched or simple, erect, 2-4 high. Leaves
firm in texture, pubescent or glabrous, entire, or
some of them 3-5-lobed or divided, the basal and
lower ones slender-petioled, obovate-oval, obtuse,
the upper short-petioled or sessile, broadly lan-
ceolate or oblong, acute or acutish, 2'-3' long;
heads few, i'-ii' broad, long-peduncled ; invo-
lucre depressed-hemispheric, glabrous, star-like,
its lanceolate obtuse or acute outer bracts nearly
as long as but much narrower than the ovate
inner ones ; rays 8-^10, yellow, cuneate, lobed at
the apex ; achenes similar to those of the preced-
ing species or broader.
In dry woods, Virginia to Illinois and Missouri,
south to Florida and Louisiana. June-Aug.
GENUS 70.
THISTLE FAMILY
4. Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg. Large-
flowered Tickseed. Fig. 4495.
Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Card.
2: pi. 175. 1825-27.
Perennial ; stem glabrous, usually branched
above, i-3 high. Leaves, or most of them,
i-2-pinnately parted, or the lower entire and
slender-petioled ; segments of the lower stem
leaves oblong, obtuse, the terminal one larger
than the lateral; segments of most of the stem
leaves linear or even filiform, petioles ciliate;
heads commonly several, i'-2' broad, long-pedun-
cled ; outer bracts of the involucre lanceolate,
narrower and mostly somewhat shorter than the
oval or ovate-lanceolate inner ones ; rays 6-10,
yellow, lobed ; achenes oblong, broadly winged
when mature, the projections on the inner face
usually large; pappus of 2 short scales.
In moist soil, Kansas and Missouri to Texas, east
to Georgia. May-Aug.
5. Coreopsis auriculata L. Running or
Lobed Tickseed. Fig. 4496.
Coreopsis auriculata L. Sp. PI. 908. 1753.
Perennial ; stoloniferous ; stems weak, very slen-
der, decumbent or ascending, 6'-i5' long, little
branched, or simple, pubescent or hirsute, at least
below, mostly glabrous above. Leaves thin, en-
tire or pinnately 3-5-lobed or 3-5-divided, the
terminal segment entire and much larger than the
lateral ones, the lower and basal more or less pu-
bescent, broadly oblong or nearly orbicular, with
slender pubescent petioles ; stem leaves few, peti-
oled or sessile, mostly obtuse; heads i'-ij' broad,
slender-peduncled ; outer bracts of the involucre
oblong to lanceolate, narrower than the mostly
ovate and acute inner ones ; rays 6-10, cuneate,
about 4-toothed, yellow ; achenes oval, narrowly
winged, the wings involute and thick.
In woods, Virginia to Illinois, Kentucky, Florida
and Louisiana. May-Aug.
6. Coreopsis tripteris L. Tall Tickseed.
Fig. 4497-
Coreopsis tripteris L. Sp. PI. 908. 1753.
Perennial; stem glabrous, much branched above,
4-8 high. Leaves petioled, glabrous, or very
nearly so, firm, the lower all divided into lanceo-
late, entire, acute, rough-margined segments, which
are 2'-$' long, i'-i' wide and pinnately veined ;
uppermost leaves lanceolate, entire; heads numer-
ous, slender-peduncled, i'-ii' broad; outer bracts
of the involucre linear, obtusish, much narrower
and somewhat shorter than the ovate-oval or ovate-
lanceolate, acute inner ones; rays 6-10, yellow, ob-
tuse, entire ; achenes oblong to obovate, narrowly
winged, emarginate; pappus none.
In moist woods and thickets, southern Ontario to
Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Arkansas, Virginia, Florida
and Louisiana. July-Oct.
492
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
7. Coreopsis palmata Nutt. Stiff Tick-
seed. Fig. 4498.
Coreopsis palmata Nutt. Gen. 2: 180. 1818.
Perennial ; stems rigid, glabrous, simple, or
little branched, very leafy, i-3 high. Leaves
sessile, 2'-3' long, palmately deeply 3-lobed at or
below the middle, or the uppermost entire, thick,
rigid, the lobes linear-oblong, obtusish, entire,
or with 1-3 lateral lobes, their margins rough ;
heads few or solitary, short-peduncled, i -2'
broad ; involucre hemispheric, its bracts some-
what united at the base, those of the outer series
narrower and nearly as long as the inner ones ;
rays 6-10, bright yellow, oblong or obovate, most-
ly 3-toothed ; achenes oblong, narrowly winged,
slightly incurved; pappus of 2 short tips, or none.
On dry prairies and in thickets, Indiana to Mis-
souri, Louisiana, Minnesota, Manitoba, Nebraska and
Texas. June-July.
8. Coreopsis major Walt. Wood or Greater
Tickseed. Fig. 4499.
Coreopsis major Walt. Fl. Car. 214. 1788.
Coreopsis senifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 138. 1803.
Coreopsis Oemleri Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2 : 435. 1824.
Coreopsis Stella a Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil. 7 : 76. 1834.
Coreopsis senifolia var. stellata T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 :
342. 1842.
Perennial; stem pubescent or glabrous, branch-
ed above, 2-3 high. Leaves sessile, more or
less pubescent, or glabrous, divided to the base
into 3, lanceolate, linear, ovate-lanceolate or ob-
long, acute, entire segments 2'-4' long, 2" -12"
wide, which appear as if in verticils of 6; upper
and lower leaves (rarely all of them), undivided
and entire; heads several or numerous, slender-
peduncled, i'-2' broad; bracts of the hemispheric
involucre all united at the base, the outer ones
linear-oblong, obtuse, equalling or shorter than
the broader inner ones, all pubescent; rays 6-10,
yellow, oblong, entire; disk yellow; achenes ob-
long to elliptic, winged, i"-2 ' long ; pappus of 2
short deciduous teeth.
In dry sandy woods, Virginia to Kentucky, Florida
and Alabama. July-Aug. Consists of several races,
differing in pubescence and in shape and width of the
leaf-segments.
9. Coreopsis verticillata L. Whorled
Tickseed. Fig. 4500.
Coreopsis verlicillata L. Sp. PI. 907. 1753.
Perennial; stem stiff, much branched, slender,
leafy, i-2 high. Leaves sessile, glabrous, 2-3-
ternately dissected into linear-filiform entire seg-
ments; heads numerous, I'-i^' broad; involucre
hemispheric, or short-cylindric in fruit, glabrous,
its outer bracts linear, obtuse, commonly some-
what shorter and much narrower than the ovate-
oblong inner ones; rays 6-10, yellow, spatulate-
oblong, obtuse; disk dull yellow; achenes oblong,
narrowly winged, 2" long; pappus of 2 short
teeth.
In dry soil, Maryland to South Carolina, Kentucky,
Nebraska and Arkansas. Apparently erroneously re-
corded from farther north. June-Sept.
GENUS 70.
THISTLE FAMILY.
10. Coreopsis delphinifolia Lam. Lark-
spur Tickseed. Fig. 4501.
Coreopsis delphinifolia Lam. Encycl. 2: 108. 1786.
Perennial ; stem glabrous, branched above, rather
slender, i-3 high. Leaves sessile, l-2-ternately
partly into linear or linear-lanceolate segments,
which are i'-2' long, i"-3" wide ; heads several
or numerous, i*'-2' broad; involucre hemispheric,
its bracts glabrous, the outer linear-oblong, ob-
tuse, shorter than or equalling the ovate-oblong
inner ones ; rays 6-10, yellow, entire ; disk brown ;
achenes oblong to oval, narrowed at the base,
narrowly winged; pappus of 2 short teeth.
In dry woods, Virginia (according to Torrey and
Gray), North Carolina to Georgia and Alabama.
Aug.-Sept.
2
ii. Coreopsis cardaminefolia (DC.) T. & G.
Cress-leaved Tickseed. Fig. 4502.
Calliopsis cardaminefolia DC. Prodr. 5: 568. 1836.
C. cardaminefolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 346. 1842.
Annual; stem glabrous, branched, i-2i high.
Basal leaves petioled, 2'-4' long, i-2-pinnately parted
into oblong or oval obtuse segments, the petioles
sometimes slightly ciliate; stem leaves distant, ses-
sile, or nearly so, pinnately parted into linear seg-
ments, or the uppermost entire ; heads 8"-i2" broad,
slender-peduncled ; involucre hemispheric, its inner
bracts brown, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or
obtusish, scarious-margined, much longer than the
lanceolate obtusish outer ones ; rays 4-8, yellow with
a brown base, 3-toothed; achenes oval, \"-\\" long,
winged, smooth, or slightly papillose ; pappus of 2
minute awns, or none.
In moist soil, Kansas to New Mexico, Louisiana and
northern Mexico. May-Oct.
Coreopsis Atkinsoniana Dougl., a northwestern
species, with linear leaf-segments and very narrowly
winged achenes, ranges eastward into North Dakota.
12. Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. Golden Co-
reopsis. Garden Tickseed. Fig. 4503.
C. tinctoria Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 2: 114. 1821.
Annual; stem glabrous, branched, i-3 high.
Leaves i-2-pinnately divided into linear, obtusish,
mostly entire segments, or the uppermost linear and
entire, the lower petioled; heads slender-peduncled,
io"-i2" broad, or in cultivation much broader ; invo-
lucre hemispheric, its inner bracts brown, ovate or
oblong, obtuse or acute, scarious-margined, 3-5 times
as long as the obtuse outer ones ; rays 6-10, cuneate,
yellow with a brown base or brown all over ; achenes
linear or linear-oblong, about i" long, wingless; pap-
pus a mere border, or none.
In moist soil, Minnesota to Alberta, Nebraska, Louisi-
ana and Arizona. Escaped from gardens to roadsides
and waste places eastward. Wild flax. Nuttall's-weed.
May-Sept.
494
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
13. Coreopsis rosea Xutt. Small Rose or Pink Tickseed. Fig. 4504.
Coreopsis rosea Nutt. Gen. 2: 179. 1818.
Perennial by slender rootstocks; stems at length
much branched, slender, strict, glabrous, 6'-24' high.
Leaves opposite, linear, glabrous, entire, obscurely i-
nerved, i'-2i' long, Y'-i" wide, sessile, or the lower
petioled ; heads slender-peduncled, several or numer-
ous, 6"-i2" broad; disk yellow; rays 4-8, pink or rose-
colored (occasionally white), oblong to obovate, slight-
ly 3-toothed or sometimes entire; inner bracts of the
hemispheric involucre ovate-oblong, acutish or obtuse,
glabrous, much longer than the lanceolate outer ones;
achenes oblong or linear-oblong, thin, not winged,
nearly straight, slightly ribbed on the inner face; pap-
pus a very short truncate crown.
In open swamps, eastern Massachusetts to Georgia, near
the coast. July-Aug.
71. BIDENS L. Sp. PI. 831. 1753.
Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite serrate lobed divided or dissected leaves, or the
uppermost alternate, and mostly large heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, or the rays
none, or rudimentary. Involucre campanulate or hemispheric, its bracts in 2 series, distinct,
or slightly united at the base; the outer often foliaceous and much larger than the inner.
Receptacle flat or nearly so, chaffy, the chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Rays, when present,
neutral, mostly entire, yellow in our species. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas tubu-
lar, 5-toothed. Anthers entire, or minutely sagittate at the base. Style-branches with short
or subulate tips. Achenes flat, or quadrangular, cuneate, oblong or linear, the outer ones
often shorter than the inner. Pappus of 2-6 teeth or subulate awns, upwardly or down-
wardly barbed or hispid. [Latin, two-toothed, referring to the achenes.]
About 75 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, about 12 others occur
in the southern and southwestern United States. Type species : Bidens tripartite, L.
Leaves lanceolate, serrate, undivided, rarely 3-s-lobed or incised.
Rays present, large and conspicuous.
Rays large, longer than the involucral bracts.
Rays short, rarely as long as the involucral bracts.
Rays rudimentary, or none.
Heads nodding after flowering.
Heads persistently erect.
Pappus awns downwardly barbed.
Tnvolucral bracts not foliaceous ; stem purple ; flowers orange.
Involucral bracts foliaceous ; stem straw-color ; flowers greenish
Pappus awns upwardly barbed ; involucre narrow.
Leaves, some or all of them, pinnately i-3-parted or dissected.
Rays rudimentary, or none, or very short.
Achenes flat ; leaves, some or all of them, i-3-divided.
Outer involucral bracts 4-8 ; achenes black or nearly black.
Leaves membranous ; heads 2" -3" high ; awns short.
Leaves not membranous ; heads 5" 7" high ; awns long.
Outer involucral bracts 10-16; achenes brown.
Achenes linear ; leaves dissected.
Rays large and conspicuous.
Achenes sparingly pubescent, not ciliate ; pappus of 2 short teeth.
Achenes ciliate ; pappus 2-4 subulate teeth or awns.
Achenes cuneate, or linear-cuneate.
Achenes obovate, very flat.
Bracts of the involucre glabrous, or ciliate, short.
Outer bracts densely hispid, much longer than the inner.
1. B. laevis.
2. B. cernua.
2. B. cernua.
3. B. connata.
yellow.
4. B. comosa.
5. B. bidentoides.
6. B. discoid ea.
7. B. frondosa.
8. B. rulgata.
g. B. bipinnata.
10. B. coronata.
11. B.trichosperma.
12. B. aristosa.
13. B.tnvolucrata.
GENUS 71.
THISTLE FAMILY.
495
i. Bidens laevis (L.) B.S.P. Larger or Smooth Bur-Marigold. Brook Sun-
flower. Fig. 4505.
Helianthus laevis L. Sp. PI. 906. 1753.
Bidens chrysanthemoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 :
136. 1803.
Bidens laevis B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 29. 1888.
Bidens lugens Greene, Pittonia 4: 254. 1901.
Annual ; glabrous throughout ; stems branch-
ed, erect or ascending, i-3 high. Leaves
sessile, lanceolate, evenly serrate or serrulate,
acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the some-
times connate-perfoliate base, 3'-8' long, i'-i'
wide ; heads numerous, short-peduncled, erect
in flower, often declined in fruit, \'-~2\' broad;
rays very showy, golden yellow; involucre
hemispheric, its outer bracts linear-oblong or
spatulate, equalling or exceeding the broader,
ovate or oblong, membranous inner ones,
shorter than the rays; rays 8-10, obovate-
oblong, obtuse; achenes cuneate, truncate, 2"-
4" long, retrorsely hispid on the margins;
pappus of 2-4 (usually 2), rigid downwardly
barbed awns, shorter than the achene.
In swamps and wet meadows, Massachusetts to Illinois, Kansas, Florida, Louisiana and Mexiico.
Northern records of this species apply to Bidens cernua. Aug.-Nov.
Bidens elegans Greene, of southeastern Virginia, appears to be a narrow-rayed race of this
species.
2. Bidens cernua L. Smaller or Nodding Bur-Marigold. Fig. 4506.
Bidens cernua L. Sp. PI. 832. 1753.
Coreopsis Bidens L. loc. cit. 908. 1753.
Annual ; stems glabrous, or hispid, usually erect,
branched, 3'-3 high. Leaves sessile and commonly
somewhat connate-perfoliate at the base, lanceolate
to oblong-lanceolate, usually coarsely and sharply
serrate, glabrous, acuminate, 3'-6' long, i'-i' wide;
heads numerous, globose, short-peduncled, i'-i'
broad, nodding after or during flowering; rays
6-10, short (3"-6") or none; involucre depressed-
hemispheric, its outer bracts commonly ciliate,
often large, foliaceous and much exceeding the
broad, yellowish-margined membranous inner ones ;
achenes cuneate, 2" long, retrorsely hispid on the
margins; pappus of 2-4 (usually 4), downwardly
barbed awns, about half as long as the achene.
In wet soil, Nova Scotia to Hudson Bay and British
Columbia, North Carolina, Missouri and California.
Also in Europe and Asia. Consists of many races,
differing in size. Water-agrimony. Double-tooth. Pitch-
forks. July-Oct.
Bidens Eatoni Fernald, known only from brackish soil, along the Merrimac River, Mass., has
narrower heads and smaller achenes with awns either upwardly or downwardly barbed.
A plant, with all the leaves pinnately divided, growing in the vicinity of Minneapolis, Minn.,
described as Bidens connata pinnata S. Wats., may be a hybrid with B. aristosa.
496
COMPOSITAE
VOL. III.
3. Bidens connata Muhl. Purple-stemmed
Swamp Beggar-ticks. Fig. 4507.
B. connata Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1718. 1804.
Annual ; glabrous throughout ; stem erect, usu-
ally branched, 6'-8 high, purple. Leaves peti-
oled, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sharply and
coarsely serrate, thin, 2'-$' long, i'-i' wide, apex
acuminate, base tapering, the uppermost some-
times sessile, nearly entire and acutish, the lower
sometimes with a pair of basal lobes, decurrent
on the petiole ; heads several or numerous, pe-
duncled, i'-li" broad; involucre campanulate or
hemispheric, the outer bracts somewhat exceed-
ing the ovate-oblong, inner ones ; rays none, or
1-5 and inconspicuous; disk-flowers orange;
achenes cuneate or obovate, hairy and tubercled,
or nearly glabrous, keeled, or angled, 2" -3" long,
the margins with either erect or retrorse hairs,
or both, the 2-4 pappus awns downwardly barbed,
half as long as the achene.
In swamps or moist soil, Rhode Island to Ontario,
Minnesota, Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky, Missouri
and Nebraska. Introduced into Europe. Cuckold.
Harvest-lice. Pitchforks. Aug.-Oct.
4. Bidens comosa (A. Gray) Wiegand.
Leafy-bracted Tickseed. Fig. 4508
B. connata var. comosa A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 261. 1867.
B. comosa Wiegand, Bull. Torn Club 24: 436. 1897.
B. riparia Gfeene, Pittonia 4: 261. 1901.
B. acuta (Wiegand) Britton, Man. 1001. 1901.
Annual, glabrous; stem erect, branched, 6'-4i
high, straw-colored. Leaves short-petioled, or sub-
sessile, lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, coarsely ser-
rate with mostly smaller teeth than in B. connata,
tapering to each end, the petioles broadly margined ;
heads several or numerous, i"-ii" broad; outer
bracts of the involucre linear, spatulate or lanceo-
late, foliaceous, erect or spreading, often toothed,
2-4 times as long as the head ; rays none ; corollas
mostly 4-lobed, pale greenish yellow; stamens and
style included; achenes larger, 3i"-5J" long, evenly
cuneate, very flat; pappus awns commonly 3, down-
wardly barbed, somewhat shorter than the achene.
In wet soil, Massachusetts to Illinois, North Dakota,
New Jersey, West Virginia, Kentucky and Kansas.
Leaves thicker and paler than in B. connata. Aug.-Oct.
5. Bidens bidentoides (Nutt.) Britton.
Swamp Beggar-ticks. Fig. 4509.
Diodonta bidentoides Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
(II) 7: 361. 1841.
Coreopsis bidentoides T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 339. 1842.
B. bidentoides Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 20 : 281. 1893.
Closely resembles B. connata, glabrous through-
out; stem branched, i-4 high. Leaves similar,
lanceolate, sharply serrate, petioled, or the upper
sessile and entire, acuminate at the apex, nar-
nowed at the base; involucre narrowly or be-
coming somewhat broadly campanulate, its outer
bracts linear, foliaceous, not ciliate, usually much
exceeding the oblong inner ones; rays none, or
rarely present and very short; achenes linear-
cuneate, 3"-5" long, their sides and the 2 slender
pappus awns (rarely with 2 short intermediate
awns) upwardly barbed or hispid.
Muddy shores of the Delaware River and Bay in
Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland.
Aug.-Oct.
GENUS 71.
THISTLE FAMILY.
497
6. Bidens discoidea (T. & G.) Britton.
Small Beggar-ticks. Fig. 4510.
Coreopsis discoidea T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 339. 1842.
B. discoidea Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 20: 281. 1893.
Annual, glabrous, slender, branching, erect, 2 r -6
high. Leaves membranous, very slender-petioled,
all the lower ones divided into 3 lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, dentate, acuminate segments
which are i'-3' long; uppermost leaves commonly
rhombic-lanceolate and undivided; heads usually
numerous, slender-peduncled, 2"-4" broad and
about as high; involucre broadly campanulate or
hemispheric, its outer bracts mostly 4, usually
foliaceous and obtuse, usually much surpassing
the inner ones ; rays apparently always wanting ;
achenes flat, narrowly cuneate, upwardly strigose,
about 2" long; pappus of 2 short, upwardly his-
pid, rarely downwardly barbed awns.
In swamps and wet places, Massachusetts to Vir-
ginia, Ohio, Michigan, Louisiana and Texas. July-
Sept.
I \ 1 ^71
7. Bidens frondosa L. Beggar-ticks.
Stick-tight. Fig. 4511.
Bidens frondosa L. Sp. PI. 832. 1753.
B. melanocarpa VViegand, Bull. Torr. Club 26: 405.
1899.
Annual ; stem erect, branched, glabrous, or
nearly so, often purplish, 2-3 high. Leaves thin,
but not membranous, slender-petioled, pinnately
3-5-divided or the uppermost undivided, the seg-
ments lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sharply
serrate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the
base, usually slightly pubescent beneath, stalked,
2'-4' long, i'-i' wide ; heads usually numerous,
long-peduncled, about 6" high, s"-io" broad; in-
volucre campanulate, becoming hemispheric, its
outer bracts 4-8, more or less foliaceous, often
much exceeding the ovate-lanceolate, scarious-
margined inner ones ; rays none or rudimentary
and inconspicuous; disk-corollas orange; achenes
flat, narrowly cuneate, nearly black, 3" -5" long,
ciliate, the two slender awns downwardly barbed,
or sometimes upwardly hispid.
In moist soil, often a weed in fields, Nova Scotia to Florida, British Columbia, Texas, Colorado
and California. Introduced as a weed into southern Europe. Rayless marigold. Beggar-lice.
Devil's-pitchfork. Stick-seed. Common bur-marigold.
Old-ladies clothes-pins. Cuckles. July-Oct.
8. Bidens vulgata Greene. Tall Beggar-ticks.
Fig. 4512.
Bidens vulgata Greene, Pittonia 4: 72. 1899.
B. frondosa puberula Wiegand, Bull. Torr. Club 26 : 408.
1899.
Taller, sometimes 9 high, glabrous or nearly so,
or crisp-pubescent above. Leaves pinnately 3-5-
divided, the veins straight and prominent ; heads
larger, 7"-i2" broad, stout-peduncled ; outer invo-
lucral bracts linear to linear-spatulate, ciliate, the
inner mostly ovate or narrowly triangular, pubescent
at apex ; ray-flowers usually present, small, yellow ;
achenes very flat, 3"-4$" long, 2"-2i" wide, brown
or greenish brown, the margins downwardly barbed
above, upwardly hairy below ; awns 2, half as long
as the achene or more, downwardly barbed.
In moist soil, Quebec to British Columbia, New York,
North Carolina, Missouri, Colorado and California.
Aug.-Sept. Included in the preceding species in our
first edition.
32
49 s
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
g. Bidens bipinnata L. Spanish Needles.
Cuckolds. Fig. 4513.
Didens bipinnata L. Sp. PI. 832. 1753.
Annual ; stem quadrangular, erect, freely branch-
ed, rather slender, i-5 high. Leaves thin, acumi-
nate, petioled, i-3-pinnately dissected into ovate or
oblong, toothed or lobed segments, the lower often
8' long; heads usually numerous, long-peduncled,
2"~4" broad ; involucre narrow, its outer bracts
linear, ascending, nearly as long as the broader erect
inner ones ; rays 3-4, yellow, short, sometimes none ;
achenes linear, 4-angled, slightly pubescent, narrowed
upward into a beak. s"-9" long, the outer ones com-
monly shorter and thicker than the inner; pappus
of 2-4 (usually 4), downwardly barbed, slightly un-
equal, spreading awns, much shorter than the achene.
In various situations, often a weed in cultivated fields,
Rhode Island to Florida, Ohio, Nebraska, Kansas and
Arizona. Introduced as a weed into southern Europe
and Asia. July-Get.
10. Bidens coronata (L.)
Tickseed-Sunflower.
Fisch. Southern
Fig. 4514.
Coreopsis coronata L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1281. 1763.
Coreopsis aurea Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 252. 1789.
Bidens coronata Fisch.; Steudel, Nom. Ed. 2, 202. 1840.
Annual, glabrous or nearly so throughout; stem
branched, i-3 high. Lower leaves petioled, 3'-$'
longj 3-divided, the terminal segment lanceolate, acute
or acuminate, serrate, much larger than the serrate
or entire lateral ones; upper leaves much smaller,
3-parted, 3-lobed or undivided, sessile or short-
petioled, entire or serrate; leaves rarely all undi-
vided; heads numerous, slender-peduncled, \'-2 r
broad ; involucre hemispheric, its outer bracts linear-
oblong, obtuse, equalling or slightly exceeding the
broader inner ones; rays 6-10, obtuse; achenes
broadly cuneate, slightly pubescent, i"-2" long; pap-
pus of 2 chaffy blunt divergent somewhat laciniate
teeth, rarely with 2 shorter intermediate ones.
In wet places, Virginia to Florida and Alabama. July-
Sept.
ii. Bidens trichosperma (Michx.) Britton.
Tall Tickseed-Sunflower. Fig. 4545.
C. trichosperma Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 139. 1803.
B. trichosperma Britton, Bull. Torn Club 20: 281. 1893.
Coreopsis trichosperma var. tenuiloba A. Gray, Syn. Fl.
i : Part 2, 295. 1884.
Bidens trichosperma tenuiloba Britton, Bull. Torr. Club
20 : 281. 1893.
Annual or biennial, glabrous; stem tall, obscurely
quadrangular, much branched, 2-5 high. Lower
leaves petioled, 4'-8' long, pinnately divided into 5~7
lanceolate or linear, acuminate, sharply serrate, in-
cised or nearly entire, sessile or short-stalked seg-
ments ; upper leaves sessile or nearly so, 3-lobed,
3-divided, or entire and linear-lanceolate; heads nu-
merous, ii'-2i' broad, long-peduncled; involucre
hemispheric, its outer bracts linear or spatulate,
sometimes ciliate, about the length of the broader
inner ones; rays 6-19, obtuse, golden yellow, j"-i2"
long; achenes oblong-cuneate or the inner ones nar-
rower, hispid-pubescent and ciliate, 2"-4" long ; pap-
pus of 2 short erect or divergent, upwardly hispid
teeth or short awns.
In swamps and wet meadows, Massachusetts to Georgia ; Illinois to Michigan and Kentucky.
Recorded from Ontario and Minnesota. Aug.-Oct.
GENUS 71.
THISTLE FAMILY.
499
12. Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britton. Western Tickseed-Sunflower.
Fig. 4516.
Coreopsis aristosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 140. 1803.
C. aristata Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 2253. 1804.
B. aristosa Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 20: 281. 1893.
Annual or biennial; stem much branched, i-3
high. Leaves thin, slender-petioled, pubescent
beneath, the lower ones pinnately 5~7-divided,
3'-6' long, the segments lanceolate, serrate, in-
cised or pinnatifid, acuminate, narrowed at the
base; upper leaves less divided, lanceolate, or
merely lobed, sessile or short-petioled ; heads nu-
merous, slender-peduncled, i'-2' broad; outer
bracts of the hemispheric involucre 8-10, linear
or spatulate, usually ciliate, not surpassing the
inner; rays 6-9, obtuse; achenes very flat, oblan-
ceolate or obovate, upwardly ciliate and strigose-
pubescent; pappus of 2, rarely 4, slender upward-
ly or downwardly barbed awns, sometimes nearly
as long as the achene, rarely wanting.
In swamps and wet prairies, Ohio to Minnesota,
south to Louisiana and Missouri; southeastern Penn-
sylvania and Delaware. Aug.-Oct.
13. Bidens involucrata (Nutt.) Britton.
Long-bracted Tickseed-Sunflower.
Fig. 45I7-
Coreopsis involucrata Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. 7 : 74.
1834-
Didens inv olucra a Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 20: 281.
1893.
Similar to the two preceding species, minutely
pubescent, i-3 high, much branched. Segments
of the leaves narrower, linear-lanceolate, incised
or pinnatifid, long-acuminate; heads numerous,
i '-2' broad, on slender usually hispid peduncles ;
outer bracts of the hemispheric involucre 10-20,
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, densely hispid and
ciliate, much exceeding the inner ones; rays
orange at the base; achenes flat, ciliate and stri-
gose; pappus of 2 short teeth.
In swamps, Illinois to Kansas, Arkansas and Texas;
southeastern Pennsylvania and Delaware. July-Sept.
72. MEGALODONTA Greene, Pittonia 4: 270. 1901.
Perennial aquatic herbs, with opposite or whorled leaves, those of the submersed ones
filiformly dissected, those of the emersed ones serrate to laciniate, and solitary peduncled
showy heads with both tubular and radiate flowers. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts in 2
series, rather broad, distinct or nearly so, the outer ones smaller than the inner, often lax.
Receptacle chaffy. Rays neutral, yellow. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas tubular,
S-toothed. Anthers minutely sagittate at the base. Style-branches with subulate tips.
Achenes nearly terete, truncate at both ends. Pappus of 3-6 long-subulate awns which are
retrorsely barbed, except near the base. [Greek, large-toothed, referring to the pappus awns.]
Two known species, the following typical, the other occurring in Washington State.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
i. Megalodonta Beckii (Torr.) Greene.
Water Marigold. Fig. 4518.
Bidens Beckii Torr. ; Spreng. Neue Entdeck. 2 :
135. 1821.
M. Beckii Greene, Pittonia 4: 271. 1901.
M. nudata Greene, loc. cit. 1901.
Stems simple, or little branched, 2-8 long.
Submersed leaves sessile, i'-2' long, repeat-
edly divided into numerous capillary segments ;
emersed leaves few, sessile, opposite, or some-
times in 3's, lanceolate or oblong, acute, serrate
or laciniate, i'-ii' long; heads solitary or few,
short-peduncled, i'-ii broad; involucre hemi-
spheric, its bracts oval or oblong, obtusish,
glabrous, the outer somewhat shorter than the
inner; rays 6-10, obovate, or oblong, notched,
golden yellow ; achenes nearly terete, s"~7"
long; pappus of 3-6 slender awns, downwardly
barbed above, smooth below, divergent, 6"-i2 '
long.
In ponds and streams, Quebec to New Jersey,
west to Manitoba and Missouri. Aug.-Sept.
73. THELESPERMA Less. Linnaea6: 511. 1831.
Glabrous annual or perennial herbs, with opposite linear and undivided, or finely dis-
sected leaves, and long-peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, or the rays
wanting. Involucre hemispheric or campanulate, of 2 distinct series of bracts, the outer
short, narrow and somewhat spreading, the inner united nearly to or beyond the middle into
a cup, their tips scarious-margined. Receptacle flat, chaffy, the 2-nerved broad white scarious
chaff subtending the disk-flowers and .achenes. Ray-flowers, when present, neutral, the rays
yellow, entire or toothed. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corolla with a slender tube and
5-toothed limb. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-tips acute. Achenes, some or
all of them, papillose on the back, oblong or linear, slightly compressed or terete, wingless.
Pappus of 2 retrorsely hispid awns or scales, or sometimes none. [Greek, nipple-seed.]
About 10 species, natives of the south central United States, Mexico and southern South Amer
ica. Type species: Thelesperma scabiousoides Less.
Rays large ; pappus-awns shorter than the width of the achene.
Leaves not rigid, their segments filiform-linear ; annual or biennial. i. T. trifidum.
Leaves rigid, their segments linear; perennial. 2. T. intermedium.
Rays inconspicuous, or none ; awns longer than the width of the achene ; perennial.
3. T. gracile.
i. Thelesperma trifidum (Poir.) Brit-
ton. Fine-leaved Thelesperma.
Fig- 45I9-
Coreopsis trifida Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 2 :
353- 1811.
Thelesperma filifolium A. Gray, Kew. Journ. Bot.
i : 252. 1849.
Thelesperma trifidum Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad.
Sci. 9 : 182. 1890.
Annual or biennial; stem branched, i-3
high. Leaves numerous, not rigid, ii'-2' long,
bipinnately divided into filiform or linear-
filiform segments; heads several or numerous,
i2"-is" broad ; outer bracts of the involucre
about 8, subulate-linear, equalling or more
than half as long as the inner, which are
united not higher than the middle ; rays 6-10,
somewhat spatulate, 3-lobed ; disk purple or
brown ; achenes linear-oblong, straight, or
slightly curved, the outer ones strongly papil-
lose; awns of the pappus not longer than the
width of the summit of the achene.
In dry soil, South Dakota, Missouri and Ne-
braska to Colorado, Texas, New Mexico and north-
ern Mexico. June-Aug.
GENUS 73.
THISTLE FAMILY.
5 01
2. Thelesperma intermedium Rydb.
Stiff Thelesperma. Fig. 4520.
Thelesperma intermedium Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club
27 : 631. 1900.
Perennial from a deep woody root and slen-
der rootstocks ; stem rigid, usually much
branched, i-i$ high. Leaves usually numer-
ous, i\'-2' long, bipinnately divided into entire,
rigid, linear segments, but less compound than
those of the preceding species; outer bracts of
the involucre lanceolate-subulate, usually much
shorter than the inner ones, which are united
to about the middle: rays and achenes similar
to those of the preceding.
In dry soil, on plains, Nebraska and Wyoming
to Colorado and New Mexico. In our first edition
included in T. ambiguum A. Gray, of the South-
west. June-Aug.
3. Thelesperma gracile (Torr.) A. Gray.
Rayless Thelesperma. Fig. 4521.
Bidens gracilis Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 215. 1827.
T. gracile A. Gray, Kew. Journ. Bot. i : 252. 1849.
Perennial from a deep root; stem rigid, branched,
i-3 high, the branches nearly erect. Leaves rigid,
erect or ascending, 2'-3' long, pinnately or bipin-
nately divided into linear segments, or the upper
linear and entire; heads 6"-io" broad; rays usually
none, sometimes present and 2"-3" long ; outer bracts
of the involucre 4-6, oblong or ovate, mostly ob-
tuse, very much shorter than the inner ones, which
are united to the middle or beyond ; disk yellow or
brownish; outer achenes slightly papillose; pappus
awns longer than the width of the summit of the
achene.
On dry plains, Nebraska and Wyoming to Texas,
northern Mexico and Arizona. May-Aug.
74. GALINSOGA Cav. Icon. 3: 41. 1794.
Annual branching herbs, with opposite, mostly petioled, dentate or entire leaves, and
small peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, terminal and in the upper axils.
Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts in 2 series, ovate, obtuse, mem-
branous, striate, nearly equal, or the outer shorter. Receptacle conic or elongated, its thin
chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers white or red, pistillate, fertile, the rays 4 or
5, short. Disk-flowers yellow, perfect, the corolla 5-toothed. Anthers minutely sagittate at
the base. Style-branches tipped with acute appendages. Achenes angled, or the outer ones
flat. Pappus of the disk-flowers of several short laciniate or fimbriate scales, that of the
ray-flowers of several or few short slender bristles, or none. [Named in honor of M. M.
Galinsoga, superintendent of the Botanic Gardens at Madrid.]
About 5 species, natives of tropical and warm temperate America, the following typical.
502
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
i. Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Galinsoga. Fig. 4522.
Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Icon. 3: 41. pi. 281. 1794.
Galinsoga parviflora hispida DC. Prodr. 5: 677. 1836.
Slightly appressed-pubescent or hirsute, i-3 high.
Leaves thin, ovate or deltoid-ovate, 3-nerved, i'-3' long,
acute at the apex, mostly obtuse at the base, dentate,
the lower slender-petioled, the upper short-petioled or
sessile, and sometimes nearly or quite entire; heads
usually numerous, 2" -3" broad, slender-peduncled;
bracts of the involucre glabrous or nearly so, the outer
shorter; pappus of the disk-flowers 4-16, oblong to
spatulate, fimbriate obtusish or bristle-tipped scales,
somewhat shorter than or equalling the finely pubescent
/ obpyramidal achene.
In door-yards and waste places, Maine to Ontario, Oregon,
North Carolina, Missouri, Arizona, California and Mexico.
Bermuda; Jamaica. Naturalized from tropical America.
Introduced into Europe as a weed. June-Nov.
Galinsoga caracasana (DC.) Sch. Bip., similar to this
species but with reddish rays, and the pappus of the disk-
flowers only half as long as the achene, also tropical Amer-
ica, has been found in waste grounds in New Jersey and
Maryland.
75. ENDORIMA Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 4 : 195. 1819.
[BALDUINA Nutt. Gen. 2: 175. 1818. Not Baldwinia Raf. F. 1818.]
Perennial, caulescent, simple or branched, erect herbs, with alternate entire narrow punctate
leaves, and large terminal heads of both tubular and radiate, yellow flowers, or those of the
disk purple. Involucre hemispheric, its small bracts imbricated in several series, appressed,
or with spreading tips, the outer shorter. Receptacle convex, deeply honey-combed, chaffy,
the persistent chaff coriaceous or cartilaginous, laterally united, subtending the disk-flowers.
Rays large, neutral, toothed. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, the corolla 5-toothed. Anthers
sagittate at the base. Style-branches with truncate subulate tips. Achenes turbinate, silky-
villous. Pappus of 7-12 scarious nearly equal scales. [Greek, perhaps referring to the
immersion of the achenes in the honeycombed receptacle.]
Two known species, natives of the southwestern United States. Type species : Balduina nni-
flora Nutt.
i. Endorima uniflora (Xutt.) Barnhart.
headed Actinospermum. Fig. 4523.
One-
Balduina uniflora Nutt. Gen. 2: 175. 1818.
Actinospermum uniflorum Barnhart, Bull. Torr. Club 24: 411.
1897.
E. uniflora Barnhart; Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1283. 1903.
Stem stout, puberulent, simple, or with a few erect
branches, i-3 high. Leaves thick, spatulate-linear or the
upper linear, sessile, erect or ascending, i'-2' long, the
lower 2"-3" wide; heads long-peduncled, solitary, 2,'-2\'
broad; bracts of the involucre ovate, acuminate, thick, their
tips at length spreading ; rays 20-30, cuneate, 3-4-toothed
at the truncate apex ; disk 8"-i2" broad ; chaff of the re-
ceptacle cuneate, truncate, very cartilaginous, more or less
united laterally, the summit eroded ; achenes obconic ; pap-
pus of 7-9 oblong scales about as long as the achene.
In wet pine-barrens, Virginia (according to Torrey and Gray) ;
North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. July-Sept.
76. MARSHALLIA Schreb.; Gmelin, Syst. 1208. 1791.
Perennial, often tufted, simple or branched herbs, with basal or alternate, entire leaves,
and large long-peduncled discoid heads of purple, pink or white, glandular-pubescent flowers.
Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts in I or 2 series, herbaceous, narrow,
nearly equal. Receptacle convex or at length conic, chaffy, the scales narrow, rigid, distinct.
Rays none. Flowers all perfect and fertile, their corollas with a deeply 5-lobed or S-parted
campanulate limb and a slender tube. Anthers minutely sagittate at the base. Style-branches
long, truncate. Achenes turbinate, 5-ribbed and 5-angled. Pappus of 5 or 6 acute or acumi-
nate, ovate or lanceolate-deltoid, nearly entire scales. [Named for Humphrey Marshall, of
Pennsylvania, botanical author.]
About 6 species, natives of the central United States. Type species : Marshallia Schreberi Gmel.
GENUS 76.
THISTLE FAMILY.
503
Leaves ovate, oval, or ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved.
Leaves linear, lanceolate, or the basal spatulate, or obovate.
Chaff of the receptacle linear ; leaves linear ; western.
Chaff of the receptacle broader ; leaves obovate to lanceolate ; eastern.
i. Marshallia trinervia (Walt.) Porter. Broad-
leaved Marshallia. Fig. 4524.
Athanasia trinervia Walt. Fl. Car. 201. 1788.
Marshallia Schreberi Gmelin, Syst. 1208. 1791.
Marshallia latifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 519. 1814.
Marshallia trinervia Porter, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 337. 1894.
Stem simple, or little branched, leafy to or beyond the
middle, i-2 high. Leaves thin, those cf the stem
ovate, oval or ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, acute or acumi-
nate at the apex, narrowed to a sessile base, 2 '-3' long,
g"-i8" wide; heads i'-i' broad, corolla purplish; bracts
of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid; chaff of
the receptacle subulate-filiform; pappus r:alc-3 lanceo-
late-acuminate from a triangular base; achenes gla-
brous when mature.
In dry soil, Virginia to Alabama and Mississippi. May-
June.
1. M. trinervia.
2. M. caespi osa.
3. M . grandiflora.
2. Marshallia caespitosa Nutt. Narrow-leaved
Marshallia. Fig. 4525.
Marshallia caespitosa Nutt.; DC. Prodr. 5: 680. 1836.
Stems usually tufted and simple, sometimes sparingly
branched, leafy either only near the base or to beyond
the middle, 8'-i5' high. Leaves thick, mostly basal,
faintly 3-nerved, linear or linear-spatulate, obtuse, some-
times 4' long and 3" wide, the upper ones linear, acutish,
shorter; head about i' broad, borne on a peduncle often
10' long ; corollas pale rose or white ; bracts of the. invo-
lucre linear-lanceolate, acute or acutish; chaff of the
receptacle linear, or slightly dilated above ; achenes vil-
lous on the angles ; scales of the pappus ovate, acutish,
equalling or longer than the achene.
Prairies and hills, Missouri and Kansas to Texas. May-
June.
3. Marshallia grandiflora Beadle &
Boynton. Large-flowered Marshallia.
Fig. 4526.
Marshallia grandiflora Beadle & Boynton, Bilt-
more Bot. Stud, i: 7. 1901.
Stem simple, i-2 high, leafy to above the
middle. Lower and basal leaves obovate to
oblong-lanceolate, tapering into petioles often
as long as the blade, obtuse or obtusish ;
upper leaves lanceolate, sessile, or more or
less clasping ; florets slightly larger than those
of M. trinervia, 7"-io" long; achenes larger,
2"-2i" long, pubescent.
In moist soil, Pennsylvania to West Virginia
and North Carolina. July-Aug.
Marshallia obovata (Walt.) Beadle & Boyn-
ton, a lower plant of the Southern States, with
obovate or spatulate leaves mainly basal, is re-
corded as extending northward to southwestern
Pennsylvania.
54
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
77. PSILOSTROPHE DC. Prodr. 7: 261. 1838.
[RiDDELLiA Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 271. 1841.]
Branched annual or perennial woolly herbs, often nearly glabrous when old, with alter-
nate leaves, and middle-sized heads of both tubular and radiate yellow or orange flowers,
corymbose, or clustered at the ends of the branches. Involucre cylindraceous, its bracts 4-10
in i series, narrow, equal, densely white-woolly, separate, but erect and connivent, commonly
with 1-4 scarious ones within, and occasionally a narrow outer one. Rays broad, becoming
papery and whitish, persistent, 5-7-nerved, 2-3-toothed, pistillate. Receptacle small, naked.
Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas with a short proper tube and elongated cylkndra-
ceous limb, 5-toothed, the teeth glandular-bearded. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base.
Style-branches of the disk-flowers capitellate. Achenes linear, striate. Pappus of 4-6 nerve-
less acute scales, glabrous or villous. [Greek, referring to the naked receptacle.]
About 7 species, natives of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Type species :
Psilostrophe gnaphalodes DC.
i. Psilostrophe villosa Rydb. Plains Psilo-
strophe. Fig. 4527.
P. villosa Rydb.; Britton, Manual 1006. 1901.
Perennial, branched, 6'-2 high, loosely white-
woolly. Basal and lower leaves spatulate, entire, den-
tate or rarely pinnatifid, mostly obtuse, 2'-^ long;
upper leaves sessile, or nearly so, smaller, linear to
spatulate, usually entire; heads several together in
the clusters, 4"-6" broad, short-peduncled ; rays few,
lemon-yellow, commonly as wide as long, with 2 or
3 broad teeth or lobes at the summit; achenes gla-
brous, or sparingly pubescent; pappus scales linear-
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, shorter
than the disk-corollas.
In dry sandy soil, Kansas to Texas and Arizona. In-
cluded, in our first edition, in P. Tagettnae (Nutt.)
Kuntze, which has much larger yellow rays. June-Sept.
78. FLAVERIA Juss.; Gmelin, Syst. 1269. 1791.
Glabrous or minutely puberulent, light-green, mostly annual herbs, with opposite sessile
entire or serrate leaves, and small i-several-flowered, usually sessile, oblong and densely
cymose-capitate heads of tubular, or both tubular and radiate yellow or yellowish flowers.
Involucre of 2-5 narrow, nearly equal, appressed bracts, sometimes with i or 2 additional
small exterior ones. Receptacle small, naked or setose. Ray-flower commonly only i, pistil-
late, fertile, sometimes wanting. Disk-flowers 1-15, perfect, fertile, their corollas 5-toothed.
Anthers entire at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers truncate. Achenes oblong or
linear-oblong, 8-io-ribbed. Pappus none. [Latin, fiavus, yellow, from its dyeing properties.]
About 7 species, natives of the warmer parts of America. In addition to the following, 3 others
occur in the southern United States. Type species : Flaveria chilensis Gmelin.
i. Flaveria campestris Johnston,
veria. Fig. 4528.
Plains Fla-
Flaveria campestris Johnston, Proc. Am. Acad. 39 : 287.
1903.
Annual, glabrous, erect, i-2 high, little branched.
Leaves linear or lanceolate, serrulate or entire, 3-nerved,
acuminate or acute at the apex, sessile by a broad and
somewhat clasping base, i'-2j' long, 2"-4" wide; heads
about 3" high, closely sessile in terminal glomerules or
these pedunculate from the upper axils; involucre of 3
oblong-lanceolate bracts, 2-5-flowered ; ray equalling or
longer than the breadth of the disk; achenes linear, gla-
brous, about \\" long.
In alkaline soil, Missouri to Colorado, Texas and Mexico.
Aug.-Oct. In our first edition included in the Mexican F.
angustifolia (Cav.) Pers.
GENUS 79.
THISTLE FAMILY.
55
79. HYMENOPAPPUS L'Her. ; Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2< 103. 1803.
Perennial or biennial, erect herbs, with angled stems, alternate or basal, mostly pinnatifid
or dissected leaves, and corymbose or solitary, small or rather large discoid heads, of white
or yellow flowers. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts 6-12 in i or 2
series, nearly equal, mostly appressed, colored, petal-like, the margins and apices scarious.
Receptacle small, naked. Rays none. Disk-flowers all perfect and fertile, their corollas with
slender tubes and reflexed or spreading campanulate 5-lobed limbs, the lobes ovate. Anthers
entire at the base. Style-branches with short conic appendages. Achenes obovoid or obpyra-
midal, 4~5-angled, the faces usually prominently i-3-nerved. Pappus of 10-20 thin obtuse
scales, sometimes very short or none. [Greek, membrane-pappus.]
About 7 species, natives of southern and central North America and Mexico. Type species :
Hymenopappus scabiosaeus L'Her.
Bracts of the involucre broadly ovate or oval, bright white. i. H. carolinensis.
Bracts obovate to oblong, green or with white tips.
Heads numerous, 4"-6" broad ; biennials.
Achenes puberulent ; corolla white. 2. H. corymbosus.
Achenes densely villous.
Plant glabrate, or loosely woolly ; corolla dull white. 3. H. tenuifolius.
Plant densely white-woolly ; corolla yellow. 4. H. flavescens.
Heads few, 6" 12" broad; corolla yellow; perennial. 5. H.filifolius.
i. Hymenopappus carolinensis (Lam.) Porter. White-bracted Hymenopappus.
Fig. 4529.
Rothia carolinensis Lam. Journ. Hist. Nat. i : 16. pi.
i. 1792.
Hymenopappus scabiosaeus L'Her. ; Michx. Fl. Bor.
Am. 2 : 104. 1803.
Hymenopappus carolinensis Porter, Mem. Torn Club
5:338. 1894.
Biennial; stem woolly-pubescent or glabrate,
leafy below, corymbosely branched and nearly
naked above, 2-3 high. Basal and lower leaves
petioled, 4'-6' long, i-2-pinnately parted or deeply
pinnatifid into linear or oblong, obtuse or ob-
tusish lobes, more or less white-tomentose be-
neath, green and glabrate above ; upper leaves
few, smaller, sessile, less divided^; heads com-
monly numerous, corymbose, 6"-io" broad;
bracts of involucre oblong, ovate or oval, some-
times slightly obovate, thin, bright white, pu-
berulent or glabrate ; corolla-lobes about as long
as the throat, white ; achenes puberulent or pu-
bescent ; pappus of very s'mall nerveless scales,
shorter than the width of the top of the achene.
In dry sandy soil, Illinois to Texas, east to South
Carolina and Florida. March-June.
2. Hymenopappus corymbosus T. & G.
Corymbed or Smooth White Hymeno-
pappus. Fig. 4530.
Hymenopappus corymbosus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 372.
1842.
Biennial; stem glabrous, or nearly so, corymbosely
branched and nearly naked above, i-2 high. Lower
and basal leaves petioled, i-2-pinnately parted into
linear or nearly filiform, acute or acutish, glabrous
lobes, or somewhat tomentose beneath ; upper leaves
few, much smaller and less divided, or the upper-
most reduced to linear scales ; heads corymbose, nu-
merous, 4"-6" broad ; bracts of the involucre obo-
vate to oblong, puberulent, their tips greenish white ;
corolla white, its lobes about as long as the throat;
achenes puberulent ; pappus scales small, nerveless,
shorter than the width of the top of the achene.
On dry prairies, Missouri and Nebraska to Texas.
Summer.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
3. Hymenopappus tenuifolius Pursh.
Woolly \\"hite Hymenopappus.
Fig- 453 1-
Hymenopappus tenuifolius Pursh, Am. Sept. 742. 1814.
Biennial ; stem lightly tomentose, or at length
glabrate, i-2 high, slender, leafy below, corym-
bosely branched and nearly naked above. Lower
and basal leaves petioled, i-3-pinnately parted
into linear or filiform lobes, woolly pubescent be-
neath, at least when young; upper leaves much
smaller and less compound ; heads numerous, co-
rymbose, 4" -6" broad; bracts of the involucre
obovate-oblong, usually densely tomentose; co-
rolla white, its lobes slightly shorter than the
throat ; achenes densely villous-pubescent ; pappus
of several oblong to ovate, ribbed or nerved scales,
which are about as long as the width of the top
of the achene or shorter.
On dry prairies, South Dakota to Nebraska, Kansas
and Texas. June-Sept.
4. Hymenopappus flavescens A. Gray.
Woolly Yellow Hymenopappus.
Fig- 453 2 -
Hymenopappus flavescens A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad.
(11)4:97. 1849.
Biennial; stem densely white-woolly, at least
when young, i-2j high, leafy, branched above.
Leaves i-3-pinnately parted or divided into linear
segments ; heads numerous, usually larger than
those of the preceding species; involucral bracts
obovate to ovate with greenish white margins ;
corolla yellow or yellowish, the lobes about equal-
ling the throat, achenes short-villous ; pappus scales
spatulate, shorter than the slender corolla-tube.
In sandy soil, Kansas to Texas, Arizona and north-
ern Mexico.
5. Hymenopappus filifolius Hook. Low
Tufted Hymenopappus. Fig. 4533.
Hymenopappus filifolius Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:317. 1833.
Perennial from a deep woody root; stems usually
tufted, woolly when young, sometimes glabrate when
old, densely leafy toward the base, usually naked or
nearly so and sparingly branched above, 6'-i8' high.
Leaves tomentose when young, the lower and basal
ones petioled, i-3-pinnately parted or pinnatifid into
narrowly linear, somewhat rigid lobes ; heads com-
monly few, 6"-i2" broad; bracts of the involucre
obovate-oblong, usually densely woolly, their tips
whitish ; corolla yellow or yellowish, its lobes much
shorter than the throat; achenes densely villous;
pappus scales costate, short.
On prairies and in dry rocky soil, Saskatchewan to
North Dakota, Montana, Nebraska and Colorado. Tune-
Sept.
GLNUS 80.
THISTLE FAMILY.
57
80. OTHAKE Raf. New Fl. N. A. 4: 73. 1836.
Erect rough, glandular or cinereous, branching annual herbs, with alternate, mostly entire
leaves, or the lower opposite, and corymbose or panicled heads of tubular or both tubular
and radiate pink or purple flowers. Involucre campanulate or obconic, its bracts in i or 2
series, narrow, herbaceous, nearly equal, or with a few exterior shorter ones, appressed,
usually colored. Receptacles small, flat, naked. Ray-flowers, when present, pistillate, fertile,
the rays 3-cleft. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas with slender tubes and deeply
5-parted campanulate limbs. Anthers entire or emarginate at the base. Style-branches fili-
form, acutish, glandular-pubescent throughout. Achenes linear or narrowly obpyramidal,
quadrangular. Pappus of 6-12 lanceolate strongly costate scales, that of the outer achenes
often much shorter. [Greek, warty apex, referring to the callous-tipped leaves of some
species.]
About 6 species, natives of the south-central United States and Mexico ; in our first edition
referred to the genus Polypteris Nutt. Type species: Othake tenuifolium Raf.
Rays purple, deeply 3-lobed ; leaves lanceolate. i. O. sphacelatum.
Rays none ; leaves linear. 2. O. callositm.
i. Othake sphacelatum ( Nutt. ) Rydb. Hooker's
Othake. Fig. 4534.
Stevia sphacelata Nutt. ; Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2 : 214. 1827.
Palafoxia Hookeriana T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 368. 1842.
Polypteris Hookeriana A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19: 31.
1883.
O. sphacelatum Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 37: 331. 1910.
Annual; stem rather stout, glandular-pubescent and
viscid above, i-3 high. Leaves lanceolate, entire,
acute or acuminate, narrowed at the base, rough on both
sides, the upper alternate, the lower opposite and slen-
der-petioled, 2'-^' long, 3"-s" wide; bracts of the invo-
lucre 10-16, linear-lanceolate or spatulate, glandular-
hispid, the inner with purplish tips; ray-flowers 8-10;
rays rose-purple, deeply 3-cleft, sometimes small, or
none; achenes about 4" long and i" thick; pappus scales
of the disk-flowers 6-8, lanceolate, awned, more than
half the length of the achene, those of the ray-flowers
as many, spatulate, obtuse, shorter.
In dry soil, Nebraska to Colorado, Texas and Mexico.
July-Sept.
2. Othake callosum (Nutt.) Bush. Rayless
Othake. . Fig. 4535.
S evia callosa Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 2: 121. 1821.
O. tcniiifolium Raf. New Fl. N. A. 4: 74. 1836.
Poiypteris callosa A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19 : 30. 1883.
O. callosum Bush, Trans. Acad. Sci. 14: 174. 1904-
Annual, glandular, at least above; stem slender,
paniculately branched, i-2 high. Leaves linear,
or linear-lanceolate, i'-2$' long, i"-2$" wide, entire,
short-petioled, mostly alternate ; heads discoid ;
bracts of the top-shaped involucre 8-10, linear or
narrowly oblong, herbaceous, pubescent, about 4'
long, their tips reddish; corollas purple, deeply 5-
parted; achenes narrowly obpyramidal, pubescent or
glabrous, nearly as long as the involucre; pappus
scales obovate or nearly orbicular, rounded, or re-
tuse, or sometimes minute, or none.
In dry soil, Missouri to Texas and New Mexico.
June- Oct.
81. PICRADENIOPSIS Rydb. ; Britton, Man. 1008. 1901.
Herbs more or less woolly, with opposite leaves, and small corymbose heads, of both
tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre campanulate or hemispheric, its bracts in I
or 2 series, herbaceous, obtuse, appressed, nearly equal. Receptacle small, nearly flat, naked,
foveolate. Ray-flowers in i series, pistillate, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas
508
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
with campanulate or cylindric, S-cleft limb. Anthers entire or emarginate at the base. Style-
tips mostly truncate and obtuse. Achenes quadrangular, linear or oblong. Pappus of several
scales, obtuse or truncate and scarious at the apex. [Named for its resemblance to Picradenia.]
Two known species, natives of western North America, the following typical.
i. Picradeniopsis oppositifolia (Nutt.)
Rydb. Picradeniopsis. Fig. 4536.
Trichophyllum oppositifolium Nutt. Gen. 2 : 167. 1818.
Bahia oppositifolium Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 376.
1842.
P. oppositifolia Rydb.; Britton, Manual 1008. 1901.
Perennial, herbaceous ; stem densely cinereous,
much branched, 4'-i2 r high, very leafy. Leaves
opposite, or the uppermost alternate, i'-ij' long,
palmately 2-5-parted into linear, obtuse or ob-
tusish, entire segments, finely cinereous on both
sides ; heads short-peduncled, 6"-g" broad ; invo-
lucre campanulate, or becoming hemispheric, its
bracts oblong, obtuse, densely tomentose ; rays
5-7, short; achenes linear-oblong, glandular-pu-
bescent; pappus of 4-8 spatulate to lanceolate
scales with thickened bases.
On plains, especially in alkaline soil, South Da-
kota to Montana, Nebraska, Texas, New Mexico.
June-Sept.
82. TETRANEURIS Greene, Pittonia 3 : 265. 1898.
[ACTINELLA Nutt. (i8i8), not Pers. (1807), n or Actinea Juss. (1803).]
Branched or scapose, villous-pubescent or glabrous, bitter and aromatic punctate herbs,
with alternate or basal, often punctate leaves, and small or rather large, peduncled heads of
both tubular and radiate, yellow flowers, or rays rarely wanting. Involucre hemispheric,
campanulate or depressed, its bracts imbricated in 2-3 series, appressed. Receptacle convex
or conic, naked. Ray-flowers pistillate and fertile, the rays 3-toothed, 4-nerved. Disk-flowers
perfect, fertile, their corollas with 4~5-toothed limbs. Anthers entire or minutely sagittate
at the base. Style-branches truncate and penicillate at the summit. Achenes turbinate, 5-10-
ribbed or angled, villous or pubescent. Pappus of 5-12 thin aristate, acuminate or truncate
scales. [Greek, four-nerved.]
About 1 8 species, natives of western North America and Mexico. Besides the following, some
12 others occur in the western and southwestern parts of the United States. Type species: Te.ra-
neuris acaulis (Pursh) Greene.
Stem leafy, branching; stem leaves linear; annual or biennial. i. T. lincarifolia.
Stems tufted, simple, scapose ; leaves basal ; perennials.
Leaves narrowly linear ; branches of the caudex slender. 2. T. stenophylla.
Leaves broader, linear to spatulate ; branches of the caudex short and thick.
Bracts of the involucre acutish. 3. T. acaulis.
Bracts of the involucre obtuse, rounded. 4. T. herbacea.
^/*>-~\r>^
i. Tetraneuris linearifolia (Hook.) Greene.
Fine-leaved Tetraneuris. Fig. 4537.
Hymenoxys linearifolia Hook. Icon. pi. 146. 1837.
Actinella linearifolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 383. 1842.
T. linearifolia Greene, Pittonia 3: 369. 1898.
Annual or perhaps biennial; stem usually diffusely
branched, finely hirsute, or glabrous, or woolly at
the base, slender, 6'-iS' high. Stem leaves narrowly
linear, sessile, \'-\\' long, \"-\" wide; basal leaves
spatulate, often villous, much broader, obtuse, nar-
rowed into margined petioles; heads numerous,
slender-peduncled, 6"-8" broad; involucre broadly
campanulate, its bracts oblong, obtuse, pubescent,
distinct to the base, imbricated in about 2 series;
receptacle conic; rays 6-10, oblong; achenes pubes-
cent; pappus of S or 6 ovate awned scales.
In dry soil, Kansas to Louisiana, Texas and New
Mexico. May-Sept.
GENUS 82.
THISTLE FAMILY.
2. Tetraneuris stenophylla Rydb. Narrow-
leaved Tetraneuris. Fig. 4538.
Tetraneuris stenophylla Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 33: 155.
1906.
Perennial with a branched caudex, the branches
often 3^' long, the upper portion covered with the
scarious bases of old leaves. Bases of the leaves
dilated, sparingly silky-villous ; blades narrowly lin-
ear, i '-i I' long, about i" wide, glabrous, conspicu-
ously punctate ; scape 2'-^' high, minutely strigose ;
involucre s"-7" wide ; bracts oval or oblong-acutish ;
rays about 5" long and 2" wide.
In dry soil, Kansas to Colorado and Mexico. Formerly
confused with T. scaposa (DC.) Greene.
Tetraneuris fastigiata Greene, of Kansas, differs by
the leaf-bases and involucre being more densely pubes-
cent; it is known only from imperfect specimens, and
may not be distinct from T. stenophylla, over which it
has priority of publication.
3. Tetraneuris acaulis (Pursh) Greene.
Stemless Tetraneuris. Fig. 4539.
Gaillardia acaulis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 743. 1814.
T. acaulis Greene, Pittonia 3: 265. 1898.
Actinella acaulis Nutt. Gen. 2: 173. 1818.
Picradenia acaulis Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 339.
1894.
T. simplex A. Nelson, Bot. Gaz. 28: 127. 1899.
Perennial with thick roots and a stout branched
caudex; scapes tufted, rather stout, or slender,
densely silky or tomentose, 2'-8' high. Leaves all
borne on the ends of the branches of the caudex,
linear-spatulate, entire, obtuse or obtusish, i'-3'
long, ii"-3" wide, densely silky or villous; heads
9"- 1 8" broad ; involucre hemispheric, its bracts
densely villous, acutish; rays 10-15; pappus of 5
or 6, ovate or oblong, awned scales.
In dry or rocky soil, North Dakota to Assiniboia,
Montana, Nebraska and New Mexico. May-Aug.
Tetraneuris scaposa (DC.) Greene, admitted into
our first edition as from Nebraska, is not definitely
known north of Texas.
4. Tetraneuris herbacea Greene. Eastern Tetra-
neuris. Fig. 4540.
T. herbacea Greene, Pittonia 3: 268. 1898.
Actinia herbacea Robinson, Rhodora 10: 68. 1908.
Perennial by a stout thick caudex; scape stout, villous-
pubescent, especially above, 6'-8' high. Leaves linear-
spatulate, slightly fleshy, bluntish, strongly punctate, spar-
ingly loosely long-hairy, at least toward the base, 2'-$' long,
about 3" wide ; heads nearly 2' broad ; involucral bracts
oblong, obtuse and rounded at the apex, densely villous ;
rays about 15; pappus scales ovate-oblong, obtuse, acute or
apiculate.
Southern Ontario, Ohio and Illinois. May-June.
83. HYMENOXYS Cass. Diet. Sci.
Nat. 55 : 278. 1828.
[PICRADENIA Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 317. 1833.]
Pubescent herbs with branching stems and alternate entire or dissected leaves, the blades
or divisions narrow, usually linear or filiform, and relatively small, peduncled, radiate or
discoid yellow heads. Involucre turbinate to campanulate, its bracts in 2 series, appressed,
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
rather broad, the outer connate at base. Receptacle flat, convex or conic. Ray-flowers fertile,
the rays short and broad, 3-lobed. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, with 5 short lobes. Anthers
notched at the base, with rounded auricles. Style-
branches truncate and penicillate. Achenes turbi-
nate, pubescent. Pappus of 5-8 acuminate or aristate
hyaline scales. [Greek, referring to the thin and
pointed pappus scales.]
Type species : Hymenopappus anthemoides Juss.
i. Hymenoxys odorata DC. Limonillo.
Fig- 4541-
Hymenoxys odorata DC. Prodr. 5: 661. 1836.
Actinella odora a A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. (II) 4: 101.
1849.
Picradenia odorata Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3 :
449. 1898.
Philozera multiflora Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1861 : 459.
1862.
H. multiflora Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 33: 157. 1906.
Annual ; stem much branched, puberulent, spar-
ingly hirsute or glabrous, i-2 high, leafy. Leaves
I '-2' long, i-3-parted into filiform, entire, somewhat
pubescent segments about \" wide; heads commonly
numerous, 6'-io" broad; involucre campanulate, pu-
berulent, its outer bracts 6-9, lanceolate, keeled,
acute, united at the base ; rays 7-10, cuneate.
In dry soil, Kansas and Colorado to Texas, Mexico
and southern California. April-July.
V
84. HELENIUM L. Sp. PI. 886. 1753.
Erect, mostly branching herbs, with alternate, mainly decurrent, punctate bitter entire or
dentate leaves, and large peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate, yellow or brownish-
yellow flowers, or rays sometimes wanting. Involucre broad and short, its bracts in I or 2
series, linear or subulate, reflexed or spreading. Receptacle convex, subglobose or oblong,
naked. Ray-flowers pistillate and fertile, or neutral, the rays cuneate, 3-5-lobed. Disk-
flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas 4-5-toothed, the teeth glandular-pubescent. Anthers
2-toothed or sagittate at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers dilated and truncate at
the apex. Achenes turbinate, ribbed. Pappus of 5-8 entire, dentate or incised, acuminate
or aristate scales. [The Greek name of some plant, from Helenus or Helena.]
About 24 species, natives of North and Central America. In addition to the following, some 18
others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Type species : Helenium autumnale L.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, dentate ; rays fertile ; disk yellow. i. H. autumnale.
Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, mainly entire; rays neutral ; disk purple. 2. H. nudiflorum.
Leaves all linear-filiform, entire ; rays fertile. 3- H. tenuifolium.
i. Helenium autumnale L. False or
Swamp Sunflower. Fig. 4542.
Helenium autumnale L. Sp. PI. 886. 1753.
Helenium pubescens Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 : 287. 1789.
Helenium antumnale pubescens Britton, Mem.
Torr. Club 5: 339. 1894.
Perennial ; stem puberulent or glabrous,
rather stout, narrowly winged by the decur-
rent bases of the leaves, corymbosely branched
above, 2-6 high. Leaves firm, oblong, lan-
ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or acute
at apex, narrowed to the sessile base, pinnately
few-veined, 2'-$' long, i'-2 r wide, dentate, den-
ticulate or entire, puberulent, glabrous or pu-
bescent, bright green; heads numerous, i'-2 r
broad, borne on long puberulent peduncles ;
bracts of the flattish involucre densely canes-
cent ; rays 10-18, drooping, bright yellow,
equalling or longer than the globose yellow
disk, pistillate and fertile, 3-cleft ; achenes pu-
bescent on the angles; pappus scales ovate.
In swamps and wet meadows, Quebec to Flor-
ida, Manitoba, Oregon, Nevada and Arizona. Yel-
low-star. Ox-eye. Sneezeweed. Ascends to 2600 ft.
in Virginia. Aug.-Oct.
GENUS
THISTLE FAMILY.
2. Helenium nudiflorum Nutt. Purple-
head Sneezeweecl. Fig. 4543.
Helenium nudiflorum Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
(II) 7: 384. 1841.
Leptopoda brachypoda T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 388.
1842.
Perennial ; stem mostly slender, puberulent at
least above, corymbosely branched near the sum-
mit, i-3 high, narrowly winged by the decur-
rent leaf-bases. Stem leaves lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, entire or sparingly denticulate, acute
or obtusish at the apex, 1^-3' long, 2 "-6" wide,
sessile; basal and lower leaves spatulate, obtuse,
more or less dentate, tapering into margined
petioles; heads several or numerous, i'-ii' broad,
on slender or short-puberulent peduncles ; rays
10-15 (sometimes wanting), drooping, yellow,
yellow with a brown base, or brown throughout,
3-topthed, neutral, or with rudimentary pistils,
sterile, equalling or exceeding the brown or
purple globose disk; pappus scales ovate, aristate.
In moist soil, Missouri and Illinois to Texas, east
to North Carolina and Florida. Also locally natural-
ized from Pennsylvania to Connecticut. June-Oct.
3. Helenium tenuifolium Nutt. Fine-
leaved Sneezeweed. Fig. 4544.
H. tenuifolium Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. 7: 66. 1834.
Annual ; glabrous or minutely pubescent above ;
stem slender, very leafy and usually much
branched, 8' -24' high. Leaves all linear-filiform,
entire, sessile, often fascicled, \'-\\' long, i" or
less wide; heads several or numerous, corym-
bose, 9"-i5" broad, borne on slender or filiform
peduncles; bracts of the involucre few, linear or
subulate, sometimes pubescent, soon reflexed ;
rays 4-8, fertile, 3-4-toothed, at length drooping,
longer than the globose disk; achenes villous;
pappus scales ovate, tipped with slender awns.
In moist soil, southeastern Virginia to Florida.
Missouri, Kansas and Texas. Naturalized in waste
places, northward to Massachusetts, and in Cuba and
Santo Domingo. Aug.-Oct.
85. GAILLARDIA Foug. Mem. Acad. Sci. Paris 1786: 5. pi. i, 2. 1788.
Branching or scapose, more or less pubescent herbs, with alternate or basal leaves, and
large peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, or rays wanting. Involucre
depressed-hemispheric, or flatter, its bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series, their tips spreading or
reflexed. Receptacle convex or globose, bristly, fimbrillate or nearly naked. Rays cuneate,
yellow, purple or parti-colored, neutral or rarely pistillate, 3-toothed or 3-lobed. Disk-flowers
perfect, fertile, their corollas with slender tubes and 5-toothed limbs, the teeth pubescent with
jointed hairs. Anthers minutely sagittate or auricled at the base. Style-branches tipped
with filiform or short appendages. Achenes turbinate, 5-ribbed, densely villous, at least at
the base. Pappus of 6-12, i-nerved awned scales, longer than the achene. [Named for M.
Gaillard de Marentonneau, a French botanist.]
Aboul 15 species, natives of the south-central part of the United States, and Mexico, i in
southern South America. Type species : Gaillardia pulchella Foug. Called in Texas blanket-flower.
Stem leafy ; style-tips with filiform hispid appendages.
Fimbrillae of the receptacle obsolete, or short. i. G. lutea.
Fimbrillae subulate or bristle-like, mostly longer than the achenes.
Rays yellow ; fimbrillae exceeding the achenes. 2. G. aristata.
Rays purple, or red at base ; fimbrillae about equalling the achenes. 3. G. pulchella.
Leaves basal; style-tips with short naked appendages; rays none, or few. 4. G. suavis.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. II I.
i. Gaillardia lutea Greene. Yellow Gaillardia.
Fig- 4545-
Gaillardia lutea Greene, Pittonia 5 : 57. 1902.
Stem roughish-puberulent or cinereous, usually branched,
ii-2 high, the branches straight, nearly erect. Stem leaves
sessile, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, roughish-puberulent, acute
at the apex, narrowed to the base, i'-2' long, 2"-s" wide;
heads about 2' broad, peduncled; bracts of the involucre about
equalling the yellow disk ; rays 8-12, yellow ; style-tips with
filiform hispid appendages; achenes villous at the base, or to
beyond the middle; fimbrillae of the receptacle short or none;
awns of the pappus slender.
In dry woods, Missouri to Texas. July-Sept. Included, in our
<irst edition, in G. lanceolata Michx., of the Southern States.
2. Gaillardia aristata Pursh. Great-
flowered Gaillardia. Fig. 4546.
Gaillardia aristata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 573-
Perennial ; stem simple, or little branched,
hirsute or densely pubescent with jointed hairs.
i-3 high. Leaves firm, densely and finely
pubescent, the lower and basal ones petioled,
oblong or spatulate, laciniate, pinnatifid or en-
tire, mostly obtuse, 2'-s' long ; upper leaves ses-
sile, lanceolate, or oblong, or slightly spatulate,
smaller, entire or dentate, rarely pinnatifid ;
heads ii'-4' broad, long-peduncled ; bracts of
the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute ;
rays 10-18, yellow; style-tips with filiform ap-
pendages ; fimbrillae of the receptacle mostly
longer than the achenes, which are villous at
least at the base.
On plains and prairies, Minnesota to Saskatche-
wan, British Columbia, Colorado, New Mexico and
Oregon. Adventive eastward. Leaves sometimes
all basal. May-Sept.
3. Gaillardia pulchella Fotig. Showy
Gaillardia. Fig. 4547.
Gaillardia pulchella Foug. Mem. Acad. Sci. Paris
1786: 5. 1786.
Annual; diffusely branched at the base, the
branches ascending, 6'-is' high, or larger in
cultivation, more or less hirsute or pubescent
with jointed hairs. Leaves lanceolate, oblong,
or the lower spatulate, i'-3' long, entire, den-
tate or sinuate-pinnatifid, all but the lowest
sessile; heads i'-3' broad, long-peduncled,
bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate,
hirsute or pubescent ; rays 10-20, red or purple
at the base, yellow toward the apex ; style-tips
with filiform hispid appendages; fimbrillae of
the receptacle equalling or scarcely longer than
the achenes, which are more or less villous,
or glabrous.
In dry soil, Nebraska and Missouri to Louisi-
ana, Mexico and Arizona. May-Sept.
GENUS 85.
THISTLE FAMILY.
4. Gaillardia suavis (A. Gray) Britt. &
Rusby. Rayless Gaillardia. Fig. 4548. _J|
Agassisia suavis A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. i : 49. 1846. - ^
Gaillardia simplex Scheele, Linnaea 22: 160. 1849.
Gaillardia suavis Britt. & Rusby, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
7: ii. 1887.
Annual or biennial. Leaves in a basal tuft, or a
few near the base of the slender pubescent scape,
spatulate or obovate in outline, 2 r -6' long, pinnatifid,
dentate, or some of them entire; scape i-2 high,
monocephalous ; head about i' broad with the odor
of heliotrope, globose in fruit ; rays none, or short
and pistillate, or a few of them longer and neutral;
bracts of the involucre oblong or lanceolate, spar-
ingly pubescent; fimbrillae of the receptacle obso-
lete ; style-appendages short, naked ; achenes densely
villous; pappus scales broad, their awns very slender.
In dry rocky soil, Kansas to Texas. April-June.
86. BOEBERA Willd. Sp. PL 3 : 2125. 1804!
Erect or diffuse, branching, annual, or perennial, strong-scented, more or less glandular
herbs, with opposite, mostly finely dissected leaves, and small peduncled heads of both tubular
and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre campanulate or nearly hemispheric, its bracts in I
series, united into a cup, with small additional outer ones. Receptacle flat, pubescent. Ray-
flowers pistillate, the rays short. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas 5-toothed. Anthers
entire or minutely 2-toothed at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers hirsute, apicu-
late. Achenes narrowly obpyramidal, 3~5-angled, striate. Pappus of about 10 scales, parted
to beyond the middle into numerous capillary, bristle-like segments. [In honor of J. von
Boeber, a Russian botanist, died 1820.]
About 3 species, natives of the central United States and of Mexico, the following typical.
i. Boebera papposa (Vent.) Rydb. Fetid Mari-
gold. False Dog-fennel. Fig. 4549.
Tagetes papposa Vent. Hort. Cels. pi. 36. 1800.
Boebera chrysanthcmoides Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 2125. 1804.
Dysodia chrysanthemoides Lag. Gen. et Sp. Nov. 29. 1816.
D. papposa Hitchc. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 5: 503. 1891.
B. papposa Rydb.; Britton, Manual 1012. 1901.
Annual, very leafy, glabrous or finely pubescent,
gland-dotted, much branched, 6'-i8' high, the branches
diffuse or erect. Leaves sessile, or short-petioled, i'-ii'
long, pinnately parted into linear or slightly spatulate,
sharply serrate or incised segments ; heads numerous,
short-peduncled, $"-5" broad ; involucre campanulate,
of 8-10 appressed, oblong, obtuse, green or purplish,
glabrous or ciliate bracts, with several narrow shorter
outer ones; rays few, not longer than the width of the
disk; receptacle and achenes pubescent.
Along streams and roadsides, Ohio to Minnesota, Mon-
tana, Louisiana, Mexico and Arizona. Occasionally found
as a weed in waste places in the Eastern and Middle States,
and in Ontario. Prairie-dogweed. July-Oct.
87. THYMOPHYLLA Lag. Gen. et Sp. Nov. 25. 1816.
[HYMENATHERUM Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1817: 12. 1817.]
Annual or perennial herbs, some species low undershrubs, with gland-dotted foliage and
involucre, alternate or opposite leaves, and small heads of both tubular and radiate, mostly
yellow flowers. Involucre campanulate, its principal bracts united into a cup, sometimes
with smaller outer ones. Receptacle naked, or fimbrillate, not chaffy. Ray-flowers pistillate,
fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile. Style-branches truncate or blunt. Achenes striate.
Pappus of several or numerous scales or bristles. [Greek, thyme-leaf, not applicable to the
following species.]
About 15 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 4 others occur in the west-
ern parts of the United States. Type species : Thymophylla setifolia Lag.
33
5*4
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
i. Thymophylla aurea (A. Gray) Greene.
Thyme-leaf. Fig. 4550.
Lo-wellia aurea A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. (II) 4: 91.
1849.
Hymena herum aureum A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19 :
42. 1883.
T. aurea Greene; Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3: 453. 1898.
Annual, glabrous, ^'-12' high, much branched ; the
leaves and involucre with large oval oil-glands. Leaves
alternate, or the lower opposite, sessile or nearly so,
very deeply parted into 5-9 linear-filiform, mostly
entire, blunt segments ; heads numerous, corymbose,
6"-io" broad, terminating the branches ; involucre
about 3" high, its bracts acute ; rays about 12, 2i"-3"
long; pappus of 6-8 erose truncate scales, somewhat
longer than the thickness of the achene.
Kansas and Colorado to Texas and New Mexico.
June-Sept.
88. PECTIS L. Syst. Nat. Ed. 10, 1221.
1759-
Annual or perennial, diffuse prostrate or erect, mostly glabrous herbs, gland-dotted and
strong-scented, with opposite narrow sometimes ciliate leaves, and small usually cymose
heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre cylindric, oblong or campanu-
late, its bracts in i series, narrow, keeled, distinct. Receptacle small, naked. Ray-flowers
pistillate, the rays small, entire or 3-lobed. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas with expanded,
somewhat irregularly 5-cleft limbs. Anthers entire at the base. Style-branches of the disk-
flowers very short, obtuse. Achenes linear, slightly angled, striate. Pappus of several or
numerous scales, slender bristles or awns, sometimes with a few outer smaller additional
ones. [Latin, pecten, comb, referring to the pappus.]
About 75 species, natives of the warmer parts of America. Besides the following, about 10
others occur in the southern and western parts of the United States. Type species : Pectis ciliaris L.
i. Pectis angustifolia Torr. Lemon-scented
Pectis. Fig. 4551.
Pectis angus'iifolia Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 214. 1827.
Annual, much branched, 4'-! 2' high, the branches
diffuse or ascending. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile,
obtusish, \'-2.' long, i" wide or less, often ciliate with
a few bristles near the base; heads several or numer-
ous, short-peduncled, about 3" broad ; involucre short-
cylindric or narrowly campanulate, its bracts about 8,
linear, acutish, partly enclosing the outer achenes ; rays
few, 3-toothed, or entire ; pappus a crown of 4-6 some-
what united short scales, with or without 2 slender
short awns.
In dry soil, Nebraska and Colorado to Mexico and Ari-
zona. Plant with the odor of lemons. May-Oct.
89. ACHILLEA [Vaill.] L. Sp. PI. 898. 1753.
Herbs, mostly perennial, with erect leafy stems, finely
dissected, pinnatifid or serrate alternate leaves, and small
heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, corymbose at
the ends of the stem and branches. Involucre obovoid, or campanulate, its bracts appressed,
imbricated in few series, the outer shorter. Receptacle nearly flat or convex, chaffy, the mem-
branous chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile, the rays white or
pink. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas yellow, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire
at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers truncate. Achenes oblong or obovate, slightly
compressed. Pappus none. [Named for Achilles.]
About 75 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, mostly of the Old World. Besides the
following, another, or perhaps 2 others, occur in northwestern North America. Type species :
Achillea santolina L.
Involucre broadly campanulate; leaves serrate. i. A.Ptarmica.
Involucre ovoid to cylindric ; leaves finely dissected.
Invo'.ucral bracts greenish-yellow ; rays small.
Plant loosely woolly or nearly glabrous ; inflorescence flat-topped. 2. A. Millefolhim.
Plant densely woolly; inflorescence convex. 3. A. lamtlosa.
Involucral bracts black-margined ; rays large. 4. A. borealis.
GENUS 89.
THISTLE FAMILY.
i. Achillea Ptarmica L. Sneezewort. White
Tansy. Sneezewort- Yarrow. Fig. 4552.
Achillea Ptarmica L. Sp. PI.
1/53.
Perennial from horizontal or creeping rootstocks ;
stem glabrous, or slightly pubescent, nearly or quite
simple, i-2 high. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate,
sessile and slightly clasping at the base, acute at the
apex, regularly and closely serrate, sometimes pubes-
cent on the veins beneath, i'-2*' long, ii"-3" wide;
heads not very numerous, s"-9" broad ; peduncles pu-
berulent ; involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts
ovate-oblong, obtuse or obtusish, slightly tomentose ;
rays 5-15, white, rather large.
In moist soil, Newfoundland, New Brunswick and Quebec
to Massachusetts and Michigan. Naturalized from Europe.
Native also of northern Asia. Goose-tongue. Wild, bastard-
or european pellitory. Fair-maid-of-France. Sneezewort-
tansy. July-Sept.
2. Achillea Millefolium L. Yarrow.
Milfoil. Fig. 4553.
Achillea Millefolium L. Sp. PI. 899. 1753.
Perennial from horizontal rootstocks ; flow-
ering stems pubescent, or nearly glabrous, sim-
ple, or corymbosely branched above, i-2
high. Basal leaves, and those of the numerous
short sterile shoots, mostly petioled, sometimes
10' long and i' wide, those of the stem sessile,
all narrowly oblong or lanceolate in outline
and finely dissected into narrow pinnatifid seg-
ments, tomentose, pubescent or nearly glabrous ;
heads numerous, 2"-3" broad, in terminal com-
pound dense, somewhat convex or nearly flat-
topped corymbs ; involucre ovoid-cylindric, its
bracts oblong, obtusish, pubescent; rays 4-6,
white, or often pink or- purple, less than 2"
broad.
In various situations throughout eastern North
America, often occurring as a naturalized weed.
Native also of Europe and Asia. Old names, san-
guinary, thousand-leaf, nosebleed, old-man's-pep-
per, soldier's-woundwort, gordaldo. June-Nov.
3. Achillea lanulosa Nutt. Woolly Yar-
row. Fig. 4554.
Achillea lanulosa Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7 : 36.
1834-
Similar to the preceding species, perennial by
rootstocks, i-2j high, densely silky-woolly
nearly all over. Leaves deeply bipinnatifid into
narrow lobes and segments, those of the stem
mostly sessile ; inflorescence convex, 2'-^' broad ;
involucre oblong-cylindric, its bracts greenish-
yellow, with brownish margins ; rays \"-2\" broad,
white.
In dry soil, Quebec and Ontario to Michigan,
Yukon, south to Oklahoma, Mexico and California.
June-Sept. Locally naturalized eastward.
Achillea ligustica All., differing from A. Millefo-
lium by being stouter with loosely corymbose heads,
native of Europe, has been found in cultivated ground
near Tannersville, New York.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
4. Achillea borealis Bongard. Northern Yar-
row. Fig. 4555.
Achillea borealis Bongard, Veg. Sitch. 149. 1831.
More or less silky-woolly; stem erect, 16' high or
less. Leaves deeply bipinnatifid into narrow crowded
lobes and segments, those of the stem few, sessile
or nearly so, the ultimate divisions very^ small ; co-
rymb dense, strongly convex, 2\' broad, or less ; in-
volucre about 3" high, its bracts with broad black or
blackish margins; rays 10-20, white or pink, broadly
oblong or suborbicular, often 2\" broad.
In wet places, on hillsides and rocks, Newfoundland
to Quebec and Alaska. Summer. Rocky Mountain
plants referred to this species appear to be distinct
from it.
go. ANTHEMIS [Micheli] L. Sp. PI. 893. 1753.
Annual or perennial herbs, with pinnatifid or dissected, alternate leaves, and usually large
peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, terminating the branches, or heads
rarely rayless. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in several series, scarious-margined,
appressed, the outer shorter. Receptacle convex, conic or oblong, chaffy at least toward the
summit, the chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate and fertile, or neutral,
the tube terete or 2-winged, the ray white or yellow, entire or 2-3-toothed. Disk-flowers
perfect, fertile, yellow, their corollas with 5-cleft limbs. Anthers obtuse and entire at the
base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers truncate. Achenes oblong, angled, ribbed or striate.
Pappus none, or a short coroniform border. [Greek name of Camomile.]
About 60 species, natives of Europe, Asia and Africa. Type species : Anthemis maritima L.
Rays white.
Rays neutral ; plant glabrous, or nearly so, fetid. i. A. Cotula.
Rays pistillate ; plants pubescent.
Annual ; chaff of the receptacle acute. 2.
Perennial ; chaff of the receptacle obtuse.
Rays yellow ; plant pubescent, or tomentose.
A. arvensis.
3. A. nobilis.
4. A. tinctoria.
i. Anthemis Cotula L. Mayweed. Dog's or Fetid Camomile.
Dillweed. Fig. 4556.
Anthemis Cotula L. Sp. PI. 894. 1753.
Maruta Co nla DC. Prodr. 6: 13. 1837.
Annual, glabrous, or sometimes pubescent
above, glandular and with a fetid odor and
acrid taste, much branched, i-2 high. Leaves
mostly sessile, i'-2' long, finely i-3-pinnately
dissected into narrow, or almost filiform, acute
lobes; heads commonly numerous, about i'
broad ; bracts of the involucre oblong, obtuse
or obtusish, usually somewhat tomentose; rays
10-18, white, at length reflexed, neutral, or
rarely with abortive pistils, mostly 3-toothed ;
receptacle convex, becoming oblong, its chaff
bristly, subtending the central flowers ; achenes
lo-ribbed, rugose or glandular-tuberculate ;
pappus none.
In fields, waste places and along roadsides, all
over North America except the extreme north.
Naturalized from Europe, and widely distributed
as a weed in Asia, Africa and Australia. Other
names are mather, dog- or hog's-fennel, dog-finkle,
morgan. Dog-daisy. Pig-sty-daisy. Maise. Chig-
ger-weed. Balders. June-Nov.
GENUS go.
THISTLE FAMILY.
5'7
2. Anthemis arvensis L. Corn or Field Camomile. Fig. 4557.
Anthemis arvensis L. Sp. PI. 894. 1753.
Annual or sometimes biennial, not fetid; stem
finely pubescent, usually much branched, about
i high, the branches decumbent or ascending.
Leaves sessile, i'-3' long, i-2-pinnately parted
into linear or lanceolate acute lobes, less divided
than those of the preceding species and with
broader segments ; heads commonly numerous,
i'-ii' broad; bracts of the involucre oblong,
obtuse, usually somewhat pubescent, with broad
scarious margins ; rays 10-18, white, pistillate,
spreading, mostly 2-toothed; chaff of the obtuse
receptacle lanceolate, acute or acuminate; achenes
oblong, obtusely 4-angled; pappus a mere border.
In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Virginia,
west to Michigan, Missouri, and on the Pacific coast.
Naturalized from Europe. May-Aug.
3. Anthemis nobilis L. Garden, Scotch,
White or Low Camomile. Fig. 4558.
Anthemis nobilis L. Sp. PI. 894. 1753.
Perennial, pubescent, aromatic, much branched,
6'-i8' high, the branches procumbent. Leaves
numerous, i'-2' long, finely and compactly dis-
sected into nearly filiform lobes and segments;
heads about i' broad; bracts of the involucre ob-
tuse, pubescent, their scarious margins broad;
rays 12-18, white, spreading, pistillate, 2-3-toothed;
chaff of the conic receptacle broad, membranous,
obtuse ; achenes oblong, obtusely 3-angled ; pappus
Sparingly escaped from gardens, Rhode Island to
Delaware, Michigan and Wyoming. Adventive from
Europe. June-Aug.
4. Anthemis tinctoria L. Yellow or Ox-
eye Camomile. Fig. 4559.
Anthemis tinctoria L. Sp. PI. 896. 1753.
Perennial, pubescent or tomentose; stem erect,
branched, i-3 high, with nearly erect branches.
Leaves sessile, i'-3' long, pinnately divided, the
oblong segments pinnatifid into narrow acute
lobes; heads few or several, I'-ii' broad; bracts
of the involucre oblong, obtuse, densely tomen-
tose; rays 20-30, pistillate, usually 2-toothed,
bright yellow or sometimes paler; chaff of the
nearly hemispheric receptacle lanceolate, acumi-
nate, rather rigid ; achenes 4-angled, somewhat
compressed ; pappus a crown-like border.
In fields and waste places, New Brunswick to New
Jersey, and locally escaped from gardens. Adventive
from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Sept.
Anthemis aurea (L.) DC., a species with small ray-
less heads, was found many years ago near St. Louis,
Missouri.
5 i8
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
gi. CHRYSANTHEMUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 888. 1753.
Perennial or annual, mostly erect and branching herbs, with alternate, dentate, incised
or dissected leaves, and large, usually long-peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate
flowers, or rays rarely wanting. Involucre hemispheric or depressed, its bracts appressed,
imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, convex or hemispheric, naked.
Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile, the rays white, yellow or rose-colored, entire or toothed. Disk-
flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas with terete or 2-winged tubes and 4-5-cleft limbs.
Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers truncate, penicil-
late. Achenes angled or terete, 5-io-ribbed, those of the ray-flowers commonly 3-angled.
Pappus none, or a scaly cup. [Greek, golden-flower.]
About 100 species, of wide geographic distribution in the northern hemisphere. Besides the
following, 2 others occur in northwestern arctic America. Type species : Chrysanthemum coro-
narium L.
Heads large, few or solitary at the ends of the stem or branches.
Rays white.
Stem leaves linear-spatulate, pinnately incised; weed. i. C. Leucanthemum.
Stem leaves cuneate-spatulate, toothed or lobed above ; arctic. 2. C. arcticum.
Rays yellow. 3. C. segetum.
Heads numerous, small, corymbose ; plants ecsaped from gardens.
Leaves pinnatifid, the segments incised. 4. C. Parthenium. .
Leaves oblong, serrate. 5. C. Balsamita.
i. Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum L.
White-weed. White, Field or Ox-eye
Daisy. Fig. 4560.
C. Leucanthemum L. Sp. PI. 888. 1753.
Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. Fl. Fr. 2 : 137. 1778.
Perennial ; stems glabrous, or sparingly pu-
berulent, simple or little branched, i-3 high,
often tufted, the branches nearly erect. Basal
leaves obovate, oblong, or spatulate, coarsely
dentate, incised or pinnatifid, narrowed into
long slender petioles; stem leaves mostly sessile
and partly clasping, i'~3' long, linear-spatulate
or linear, pinnately incised or toothed, the up-
permost very small and nearly entire; heads
few or solitary, i'-2 f broad, on long naked pe-
duncles ; rays 20-30, white, spreading, slightly
2-3-toothed ; bracts of the involucre oblong-
lanceolate, obtuse, mostly glabrous, with scari-
ous margins and a brown line within the mar-
gins; pappus none.
In pastures, meadows and waste places, com-
mon throughout our area as a weed, but less
abundant in the south and west. Bermuda. Na-
turalized from Europe. Native also of Asia.
Other English names are dog-, bull-, butter-, big-,
midsummer-, moon-, horse-, poorland- or maudlin-daisy ;
dutch morgan, moon-flower, moon-penny, great white ox-
eye, poverty-weed, white man's-weed, herb margaret ; bull's-
eye daisy. Sheriff-pink. Dog-blow. Rays rarely short and
tubular. Disk bright yellow. May-Nov.
2. Chrysanthemum arcticum L. Arctic Daisy.
Fig. 4561.
Chrysanthemum arciicum L. Sp. PI. 889. 1753.
Leucanthemum arcticum DC. Prodr. 6: 45. 1837.
Similar to the preceding species, but somewhat fleshy,
lower, seldom over ij high. Leaves cuneate-spatulate,
i $'-3' long, crenate or cleft at the apex, narrowed into
a long tapering entire base, or the lower into slender
petioles, slightly clasping at the base, the uppermost
few, small, linear and nearly entire ; heads solitary or
few, long-peduncled, i'-2 r broad; rays 20-30, white;
bracts of the involucre oblong, obtuse, brown, or with
broad brown scarious margins, usually pubescent;
pappus none.
Coast of Hudson Bay to Alaska. Also in arctic Europe
and Asia. Summer.
GENUS 91.
THISTLE FAMILY.
5 J 9
3. Chrysanthemum segetum L. Yellow Ox-
eye. Corn Marigold. Fig. 4562.
Chrysanthemum segetum L. Sp. PI. 889. 1753.
Annual, glabrous, ii high or less. Leaves oblong
to oblanceolate, the upper auriculate-clasping, the
lower petioled, dentate, incised, or nearly entire, 3'
long or less; heads about iY broad; involucral bracts
obtuse, scarious ; rays obovate, yellow, emarginate ;
pappus a mere margin.
Waste grounds, New York, New Jersey, and in ballast
about the seaports. Adventive from Europe.
Chrysanthemum coronarium L., also European, with
yellow rays and bipinnatifid leaves, has been found in
Ontario.
4. Chrysanthemum Parthenium (L.)
Pers. Common Feverfew. Feather-
few. Fig. 4563.
Matricaria Parthenium L. Sp. PI. 890. 1753.
C. Parthenium Pers. Syn. 2: 462. 1807.
Perennial ; stem puberulent or glabrate, much
branched, \-2\ high. Leaves thin, the lower
often 6' long, petioled, or the upper sessile,
pinnately parted into ovate or oblong, pinna-
tifid or incised segments ; heads numerous, co-
rymbose, slender-peduncled, 6"-io" broad;
bracts of the depressed involucre lanceolate,
rather rigid, keeled, pubescent, acute or acutish;
rays 10-20, white, oval or obovate, spreading,
mostly toothed, long-persistent ; pappus a short
toothed crown.
In waste places, New Brunswick and Ontario to
New Jersey, Ohio, and in California, mostly es-
caped from gardens. Naturalized or adventive
from Europe. Called also pellitory, wild camo-
mile. Rays variable in length. Summer.
5. Chrysanthemum Balsamita L. Cost-
mary. Mint Geranium. Fig. 4564.
C. Balsamita L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1252. 1763.
Pyrethrum Balsamita Willd. Sp. PL 3 : 2153. 1804.
Perennial, puberulent or canescent ; stem
much branched, 2-4 high. Leaves oblong,
obtuse, crenate-dentate, i'-2 r long, those of the
stem mostly sessile, and often with a pair of
lateral lobes at the base ; heads numerous, co-
rymbose, slender-peduncled, s"-8" broad, or
when rayless only 3" broad ; bracts of the in-
volucre narrow, obtuse, pubescent; rays 10-15,
white, spreading; pappus a short crown.
Sparingly escaped from gardens, Ohio to Mich-
igan, Ontario and Nova Scotia. Native of the Old
World. Other English names are cost, alecost, ale-
coast. Summer.
I2O
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
92. MATRICARIA L. Sp. PI. 890. 1753.
Annual or perennial, mostly erect herbs, similar to some species of the preceding genus,
with alternate leaves, dissected into filiform or narrowly linear segments and lobes, and
peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, or rays wanting in some species. Invo-
lucre hemispheric, its bracts appressed, imbricated in few series, the outer shorter. Recep-
tacle conic, elongated or hemispheric, naked. Rays, when present, white, pistillate and fertile.
Disk-flowers yellow, perfect, fertile, their corollas 4~5-toothed. Anthers obtuse and entire
at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers truncate, penicillate. Achenes 3~5-ribbed.
Pappus none, or a coroniform border. [Latin, matrix, from its medicinal virtues.]
About 20 species, natives of the northern hemisphere and South Africa. The following are the
only ones known to occur in North America. Type species ; Matricaria inodora L.
Rays present, white.
Achenes obpyramidal, strongly 3-ribbed.
Plant tall, much branched ; bracts of the involucre green.
Plant low, nearly simple, arctic ; bracts dark brown or black.
Achenes nearly terete, oblong, faintly 3-s-ribbed.
Rays none ; achenes oblong, faintly nerved.
1. M. inodora.
2. M. grandiflora.
3. M. Chamomilla.
4. M. matricarioides.
i. Matricaria inodora L. Scentless Camo-
mile. Corn Mayweed. Fig. 4565.
Matricaria inodora L. Fl. Suec. Ed. 2, 297. 1755.
Chrysanthemum inodorum L. Sp. PL Ed. 2, 1253.
1763-
Annual; stem usually much branched, glabrous,
or very nearly so throughout, i-2 high. Leaves
numerous, sessile, 2-3-pinnately dissected into fili-
form lobes, the rachis somewhat dilated at the
base; heads several or numerous, terminating the
branches, i'-ii' broad; bracts of the involucre
lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, green with brown scari-
ous margins ; rays 20-30, white, spreading ; recep-
tacle hemispheric or ovoid ; achenes obpyramidal
with three prominent ribs; pappus a short entire
or 4-toothed crown.
In fields and waste places, Newfoundland to New
Jersey, Pennsylvania and Michigan. Naturalized or
adventive from Europe. June-Sept.
2. Matricaria grandiflora (Hook.) Britton.
Arctic Camomile. Fig. 4566.
Chrysanthemum grandiflorum Hook, in Parry's 2d Voy. 398.
1825.
Pyrethrum inodorum var. nanum Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i :
320. 1833.
M. grandiflora Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 340. 1894.
Perennial ; stem usually simple and monocephalous
glabrous, 4'-i2 r high. Leaves sessile, or the lowest
short-petioled, i-2-pinnately dissected, i'-2*' long;
head not very long-peduncled, i'-2' broad; bracts of
the involucre ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, glabrous,
brown or nearly black, or with broad, brown, scarious
margins; rays 15-35, bright white, slightly 3-5-toothed
at the summit; receptacle hemispheric when mature.
Coast of Hudson Bay to Alaska. Reported from Lake
Huron. Summer.
GENUS 92.
THISTLE FAMILY
3. Matricaria Chamomilla L. Wild or
German Camomile. Fig. 4567.
Matricaria Chamomilla L. Sp. PI. 891. 1753.
Annual, glabrous, much branched, i-2 high.
Leaves aromatic, finely 2-3-pinnately dissected
into numerous linear lobes ; heads numerous,
8"-i2" broad, slender-peduncled at the ends of
the branches; bracts of the involucre oblong,
obtuse, green, or with brownish margins ; rays
10-20, white, spreading ; receptacle ovoid, be-
coming conic and hollow ; achcnes nearly oblong,
or somewhat obovoid, faintly 3-5-ribbed; pappus
In waste places and on ballast, southern New York
to Pennsylvania. Adventive or fugitive from Eu-
rope. Horse-gowan. Summer.
4. Matricaria matricarioides (Less.)
Porter. Rayless Camomile. Wild
Marigold. 4568.
Santolina suaveolens Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 520.
1814. Not M. suaveolens L. 1755.
Artemisia matricarioides Less. Linnaea 6: 210.
1831.
Matricaria discoidea DC. Prodr. 6: 50. 1837.
Matricaria matricarioides Porter, Mem. Torr.
Club 5: 341. 1894.
M. suaveolens Buchenau, Fl. Nord. Tief. 496.
1894.
Annual, glabrous ; stem very leafy, at length
much branched, 6'-i8' high. Leaves 2-3-pin-
nately dissected into linear acute lobes ; heads
numerous, 3"-4" broad, peduncled ; bracts of
the involucre oval or oblong, green, with
broad white scarious margins, much shorter
than the ovoid yellow disk; rays none; recep-
tacle conic ; achenes oblong, slightly angular,
faintly nerved ; pappus an obscure crown,
sometimes produced into 2 coriaceous oblique
auricles.
In waste places, in ballast and along railroads,
Missouri to Massachusetts and Maine. Adven-
tive from the Pacific coast. Naturalized as a
weed in northern Europe. May-Aug.
93. TANACETUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 843. 1753.
Erect, strongly aromatic herbs, our species perennials, with alternate, i-3-pinnately dis-
sected or divided leaves, and numerous small corymbose heads of tubular flowers, or with
rays sometimes present and imperfectly developed. Involucre hemispheric, depressed, or cam-
panulate, its bracts appressed, imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat or convex, naked.
Marginal flowers pistillate, fertile, their corollas 2-s-toothed or lobed, sometimes produced
into short rays. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas 5-toothed. Anthers obtuse and
entire at the base, their tips broad. Style-branches truncate and penicillate at the summit.
Achenes 5-angled or 5-ribbed, truncate or obtuse. Pappus none, or a short crown. [From
tanasie, old French for tansy; Greek, athanasia, immortality.]
About 30 snecies, natives of the northern hemisphere,
in California. Type species: Tanacetum vulgare L.
Glabrous, x>r nearly so ; heads numerous, 3"- 5" broad.
Villous-pubescent ; heads few, 6"-8" broad.
Besides the following, another occurs
1 . T. vulgare.
2. T. huronense.
COMPOSITAE.
i. Tanacetum vulgare L.
Fig. 4569.
VOL. III.
Tansy.
Tanacetum vulgare L. Sp. PI. 844. 1753.
Tanacetum vulgare crispum DC. Prodr. 6: 128.
1837-
Stem stout, usually simple up to the inflo-
rescence, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent,
ii-3 high. Leaves pinnately divided into
linear-oblong, pinnatifid or incised, often crisp-
ed segments, the lobes acute, usually serrate;
lower segments of the leaves often smaller
than the others; basal leaves often i long;
heads commonly numerous, 3" -5" broad,
rather shqrt-peduncled ; involucre depressed-
hemispheric, its bracts oblong-lanceolate, ob-
tuse, or the outer acute, slightly pubescent or
ciliate ; receptacle flat ; flowers yellow ; mar-
ginal corollas with short oblique 3-toothed
limbs ; pappus a short crown.
Along roadsides, mostly escaped from gardens,
Nova Scotia and Ontario to Minnesota, Oregon,
Nevada, North Carolina and Missouri. Natural-
ized or adventive from Europe. Bitter-buttons.
Hindheal. Ginger-plant. July-Sept.
2. Tanacetum huronense Nutt. Lake
Huron Tansy. Fig. 4570.
Tanacetum huronense Nutt. Gen. 2: 141. 1818.
Villous-pubescent throughout, at least when
young, less so when mature, i-2 high. Leaves
2-pinnately divided, the lobes dentate or incised,
acute, the lower segments commonly smaller than
the others ; heads 1-8, 6"-8" broad, on very stout
pubescent peduncles ; involucre depressed-hemi-
spheric ; marginal flowers with 3-5-lobed limbs,
often expanded into short rays; pappus a short
crown.
In moist soil, especially along streams or lakes,
New Brunswick to Hudson Bay, Maine, Lake Su-
perior, Alaska and Oregon. July-Sept.
94. ARTEMISIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI.
845- 1753-
Odorous herbs or shrubs, often canescent or
tomentose, with alternate leaves, and small pendu-
lous or erect, discoid racemose spicate glomerate or paniculate heads of greenish or yellowish
flowers. Involucre ovoid, oblong, or broadly hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in few
series, the outer gradually shorter. Receptacle flat, convex or hemispheric, naked or pubes-
cent, not chaffy. Central flowers perfect, sometimes sterile, with abortive ovaries and undi-
vided style, sometimes perfect and fertile, with truncate style-branches ; marginal flowers
usually pistillate and fertile, their corollas 2-3-toothed, or flowers all perfect and fertile in
some species. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base, often tipped with subulate appendages.
Achenes obovoid or oblong, 2-ribbed or striate, rounded at the summit, usually bearing a
large epigynous disk. Pappus none. [Named for Artemisia, wife of Mausolus.]
About 225 species, natives of the northern hemisphere and southern South America. Besides
the following, some 40 others occur in the western parts of North America. Type species : Arte-
misia vulgaris L.
* Marginal flowers pistillate; central flowers perfect, sterile.
a. Biennial or perennial herbs.
Leaves pinnately dissected into narrowly linear lobes.
Heads very numerous, i" broad ; leaves mostly glabrous. i. A. caudata.
Heads 2" broad, in narrow panicles ; leaves silky-pubescent.
Heads few ; involucre brown, mostly pubescent. 2. A. borealis.
Heads numerous; involucre green, mostly glabrous. 3. A. canadensis.
Leaves linear, the lower sometimes 3-cleft or pinnately divided.
Leaves glabrous. 4. A. dracunculoides.
Leaves finely and densely pubescent. 5. A. glauca.
b. Shrubby, silvery-canescent ; heads small and numerous. 6. A. filifolia.
GENUS 94.
THISTLE FAMILY.
5 2 3
7. A.
8. A.
10. A.
11. A.
** Marginal flowers pistillate; central flowers perfect, fertile.
a. Receptacle villous-pubescent.
Leaf-segments linear-filiform, short ; native.
Leaf-segments oblong, or linear-oblong ; introduced.
b. Receptacle glabrous, or sparingly pubescent.
Leaves dissected, glabrous or pubescent, green, not tomentose.
Heads about 2" broad, numerous in panicled racemes; perennial.
Heads about i" broad, paniculate or spicate; annuals.
Leaves finely 2-3-pinnately divided ; heads paniculate_.
Leaves pinnately divided ; segments pinnatifid ; heads in leafy spikes.
Leaves densely white-cancscent or tomentose, at least beneath.
Leaves pinnatifid or dissected.
Heads 3"-4" broad, racemose-glomerate ; sea-beach plant.
Heads \"-z" broad, spicate-paniculate or racemose.
Leaves deeply pinnatifid, the segments mostly incised.
Leaves finely dissected into short linear lobes.
Leaves pinnately parted into 5-7 narrow entire segments.
Leaves lanceolate or linear, serrate or entire, not pinnatifid.
Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate, glabrous above.
Leaves linear, oblong, lanceolate or obovate, entire or lobed.
Leaves at length glabrous above.
Leaves linear, elongated, all entire.
Leaves various, at least the lower pinnately lobed or toothed.
Involucre densely woolly ; leaf-lobes broad.
Involucre loosely woolly ; leaf-lobes linear.
Leaves shorter, oblong or lanceolate, tomentose both sides.
Leaves cuneate, J^' long, 3-toothed at the apex.
*** Flowers all perfect and fertile; far western species.
Leaves cuneate, 3-toothed or 3-lobed. 22. A.
Leaves linear, entire. 23
frigida.
Absinthium.
9. A.Abrotanum.
annna.
biennis.
12. A. Stellariana.
vulgaris.
Pontica.
kansana.
1 6. A. serrata.
17. A. longi folia.
18. A.
19. A.
20. A.
21. A.
A.
ludoviciana.
mexicana.
gnaphalodes.
Bigelovii.
trident at a.
cana.
i. Artemisia caudata Michx. Tall or Wild
Wormwood. Fig. 4571.
Artemisia caudata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 129. 1803.
Root biennial (sometimes perennial?) ; stems slender,
glabrous, tufted, strict, very leafy, 2-6 high, at length
paniculately branched, the branches glabrous, or rarely
slightly pubescent, nearly erect. Lower and basal leaves
and those of sterile shoots slender-petioled, sometimes
a little pubescent, 3'-6' long, 2-3-pinnately divided into
narrowly linear, acute lobes, about \" wide ; upper leaves
sessile or nearly so, pinnately divided, or the uppermost
entire and short; heads about i" broad, very short-
peduncled, very numerous in a large somewhat leafy
panicle, mostly nodding; bracts of the ovoid-campanu-
late involucre ovate, or the inner elliptic, glabrous; re-
ceptacle hemispheric, naked; central flowers sterile.
In dry sandy soil, abundant on sea-beaches, from Quebec
to Florida, west to Ontario, Indiana, Manitoba, south to
Nebraska and Texas. July-Sept.
2. Artemisia borealis Pall. Northern Worm-
wood. Fig. 4572.
Artemisia borealis Pall. Iter. 129. pi. hh, f. t. 1771.
Artemisia groenlandica Wormsk. Fl. Dan. pi. 1585. 1818.
Perennial, s'-is' high, densely silky-pubescent all
over, resembling small forms of the following spe-
cies. Leaves less divided, the basal and lower ones
petioled, i'-2i' long, the upper sessile, linear and
entire or merely 3-parted ; heads about 2" broad in
a dense terminal rarely branched thyrsus ; involucre
nearly hemispheric, its bracts brown or brownish,
pilose-pubescent or nearly glabrous ; receptacle con-
vex, naked; disk-flowers sterile.
Quebec to Greenland, west through arctic America to
Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also
in northern Asia. Apparently erroneously recorded from
Maine. July-Aug.
5 2 4
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
3. Artemisia canadensis Michx. Canada Worm-
wood. Fig. 4573.
Artemisia canadensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 129. 1803.
Root perennial (or sometimes biennial) ; stem pubes-
cent or glabrous, strict, simple or branched, i-2 high,
the branches appressed and erect. Leaves usually pubes-
cent, but sometimes sparingly so, the basal and lower ones
petioled, 2'-$' long, 2-pinnately divided into linear, acute
lobes which are shorter and broader than those of Arte-
misia caudata; upper leaves sessile, less divided ; heads
short-peduncled, about 2" broad, commonly numerous in
a narrow virgate panicle, mostly spreading or erect, in
small forms the panicle reduced to a nearly or quite sim-
ple terminal raceme; involucre ovoid, its bracts ovate or
oval, green, glabrous or pubescent;. receptacle hemispheric;
central flowers sterile.
In rocky soil, Newfoundland to Hudson Bay, Maine, Ver-
mont, west along the Great Lakes to Minnesota and Manitoba
and to the Canadian Pacific coast. Sea- or wild-wormwood.
July-Aug.
Artemisia Forwoodii S. Wats., a taller plant of the Rocky
Mountain region, with somewhat smaller heads, ranges east-
ward into Nebraska.
4. Artemisia dracunculoides Pursh. Linear-
leaved Wormwood. Fig. 4574-
A. dracunculoides Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 742. 1814.
Perennial, glabrous ; stem somewhat woody, usu-
ally much branched, 2-4 high, the^ branches nearly
erect. Leaves linear, i'-3^' long, i"-2" wide, acute,
entire, or the lower and basal ones sometimes 3-clef t
or even more divided; heads very numerous, i"-ii"
broad, nodding, very short-peduncled, racemose-
paniculate ; involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts
ovate or oblong, green, scarious-margined ; recep-
tacle hemispheric, naked ; central flowers sterile.
Dry plains and prairies, Manitoba to British Colum-
bia, Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, Texas, Chihuahua,
New Mexico and California. July-Nov.
5. Artemisia glauca Pall. Silky Worm-
wood. Fig. 4575.
A. glauca Pall.; Willd. Sp .PI. 3: 1831. 1804.
Artemisia dracunculoides var. incana T. & G. Fl. N.
A. 2 : 416. 1843.
Perennial, similar to the preceding species;
stems strict, leafy, usually simple or little branch-
ed, i-2 high, pubescent, tomentose or canescent,
or glabrous below. Leaves linear, \'-2.\' long,
about i" wide, entire, finely and densely pubes-
cent, obtuse or obtusish, or the lower or some-
times nearly all of them 3-cleft into linear lobes,
i'-ii' long; panicle narrow, branched, its branches
nearly erect; heads drooping, sessile, very numer-
ous, scarcely more than li" long; involucre hemi-
spheric, its bracts scarious-margined. obtuse; re-
ceptacle naked ; central flowers sterile.
Minnesota to North Dakota, Manitoba and Sas-
katchewan. June-Sept.
GENUS 94.
THISTLE FAMILY
6. Artemisia filifolia Torr. Silvery Worm-
wood. Fig. 4576.
Artemisia filifolia Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 211. 1827.
Shrubby, finely silvery-canescent throughout; stem
branched, i-3 high, the rigid branches nearly erect.
Leaves i'-2' long, nearly all 3-parted into filiform
entire segments less than \" wide, or the uppermost
undivided; heads exceedingly numerous, about \"
broad, racemose-paniculate, very short-peduncled,
3-5-flowered ; involucre oblong, its bracts densely
canescent ; receptacle small, naked or slightly fim-
brillate; central 1-3 flowers sterile.
On dry plains, Nebraska to Utah, Wyoming, Nevada,
Texas, Mexico and Arizona. Wormwood-sage. July-
Oct.
7. Artemisia frigida Willd. Pasture Sage-
Brush. Wormwood Sage. Fig. 4577.
Artemisia frigida Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1838. 1804.
Perennial, woody at the base, densely silky-canes-
cent all over; stem branched or simple, 10-20' high.
Leaves i'-i|' long, ternately or 5-nately divided
into numerous short acutish mostly entire lobes
less than \" wide, the lower and basal ones petioled,
and often with a pair of entire or 3-cleft divisions
near the base of the petiole, the upper sessile and
less divided ; heads rather numerous, racemose or
racemose-paniculate, short-peduncled, nodding, about
2" broad ; involucre hemispheric, its bracts oblong,
canescent or tomentose; receptacle villous-pubes-
cent ; central flowers fertile.
On dry plains and in rocky soil, Minnesota to Sas-
katchewan, Yukon, Idaho, Nebraska, Texas and Ari-
zona. Wild sage. July-Oct.
8. Artemisia Absinthium L. Common Worm-
wood. Absinth. Fig. 4578.
Artemisia Absinthium L. Sp. PI. 848. 1753.
Shrubby, finely canescent; stem much branched,
2-4 high. Leaves 2'-$' long, i-3-pinnately divided
into numerous linear to obovate, obtuse lobes, the
lower long-petioled, the upper short-petioled or ses-
sile, the uppermost commonly linear and entire ; heads
numerous, yellow, racemose-paniculate, drooping,
short-peduncled, 2"-2j" broad ; involucre hemispheric,
its outer bracts linear, the inner much broader, scari-
ous-margined ; receptacle pilose-pubescent ; central
flowers fertile, the marginal ones pistillate, fertile or
sterile.
In waste places, Newfoundland and Hudson Bay to
Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, western
Ontario, New York, North Dakota and Montana. Natu-
ralized or adventive from Europe, mostly escaped from
gardens. Old English names, madderwort, mugwort,
mingwort, warmot. Boys'-love. July-Oct.
526
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
9. Artemisia Abrotanum L. Southernwood. Fig. 4579.
Artemisia Abrotanum L. Sp. PI. 845. 1753.
Perennial, somewhat shrubby; stem puberulent or
glabrous, much branched, 2-4 high, the branches
short, erect or ascending. Leaves glabrous or some-
what pubescent, i'-3' long, i-3-pinnately parted into
linear obtuse entire lobes about i" wide, or the upper-
most linear and entire, the lowest petioled ; heads sev-
eral-flowered, yellow, very numerous, nodding, race-
mose-paniculate, 2"-2i" broad ; involucre nearly hemi-
spheric, pubescent, its outer bracts lanceolate, acute,
the inner ones obovate; receptacle glabrous; central
flowers fertile.
In waste places, Massachusetts to western New York,
southern Ontario, and Nebraska. Adventive from con-
tinental Europe. Old English names, lad's-love, boys'-love,
slovenwood, old-man, sweet benjamin.
Artemisia procera Willd., a similar species, but with
glabrous involucre, is recorded as escaped from gardens at
Buffalo, N. Y.
10. Artemisia annua L. Annual Wormwood.
Fig. 4580.
Artemisia annua L. Sp. PI. 847. 1753.
Annual, glabrous throughout, much branched, 2-5
high. Leaves 2 r -6' long, finely 2-3-pinnately dissected
into very narrow short, obtuse lobes, the lower and
basal ones slender-petioled, the upper sessile and less
divided, but none of them entire; heads very nu-
merous, about i" broad, drooping, borne on very
slender peduncles of about their own length or less;
involucre hemispheric, glabrous, its bracts few, ovate
to oblong ; receptacle glabrous ; flowers commonly all
fertile.
In waste places, Ontario to New Hampshire, Virginia,
West Virginia, Tennessee, Kansas and Arkansas, a bad
weed in some places. Adventive or naturalized from
Asia. Summer.
ii. Artemisia biennis Willd. Biennial Worm-
wood. Fig. 4581.
Artemisia biennis Willd. Phytogr. n. 1794.
Annual or biennial, glabrous throughout; stem very
leafy, usually branched, i-4 high, the branches nearly
erect. Leaves i'-3' long, i-2-pinnately divided into
linear or linear-oblong, acutish, serrate or incised
lobes, the lowest petioled, the uppermost less divided
or rarely quite entire; heads about ii" broad, not
drooping, sessile and exceedingly numerous in axillary
glomerules which are crowded, forming a compound
spicate inflorescence, the subtending leaves much ex-
ceeding the clusters ; involucre nearly hemispheric, its
bracts green, scarious-margined ; receptacle naked ;
central flowers fertile.
Native from Tennessee to Nebraska, Manitoba, British
Columbia and California, now widely distributed as a weed
from Manitoba to Nova Scotia, south to Missouri, Ken-
tucky and Delaware. Aug.-Oct.
GENUS 94.
THISTLE FAMILY.
12. Artemisia Stelleriana Bess. Beach
Wormwood. Fig. 4582.
Artemisia Slelleriana Bess. Abrot. 79. pi. 5. 1829.
Perennial, densely white-tomentose ; stem branch-
ed, l-2i high, bushy, the branches ascending.
Leaves obovate to spatulate, i'~4' long, pinnatifid
into oblong, obtuse, entire or few-toothed lobes,
the lower petioled, the upper sessile, all densely
tomentose beneath, but becoming green and gla-
brous above when old ; heads racemose-spicate or
racemose-glomerate, 3"-4" broad, not drooping;
involucre oblong-campanulate, its bracts tomen-
tose, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate ; receptacle
naked ; central flowers fertile.
Sandy sea-beaches, Quebec to New Jersey ; Oneida
Lake, N. Y. Cultivated in gardens along the coast.
Native of northeastern Asia. Occurs also on the
coast of Sweden. Foliage similar to that of the dusty
miller, Cineraria maritima L. July-Aug.
Motherwort.
native of arctic America.
Green ginger. July-Oct.
Artemisia elatior (T. & G.) Rydb., a northwestern
species, with elongated acuminate leaf-lobes, ranges
eastward to Hudson Bay.
13. Artemisia vulgaris L. Common Mug-
wort. Fig. 4583.
Artemisia vulgaris L. Sp. PI. 848. 1753.
Perennial ; stem glabrous or nearly so, much
branched, i-3i high. Leaves i'-4!' long, deeply
pinnatifid, into linear, oblong or somewhat spatu-
late, pinnatifid, toothed or entire lobes, densely
white-tomentose beneath, dark green and glabrous
above, the lower petioled and often with i or 2
pairs of small lateral divisions at or near the
base of the petiole, the upper sessile, the upper-
most sometimes linear and entire; heads numer-
ous, erect, about 2" broad, in panicled, simple or
compound spikes; involucre oblong-campanulate,
its bracts oblong, obtusish, scarious-margined,
tomentose or glabrous; receptacle naked; central
flowers fertile.
In waste places, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Michigan,
New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Georgia. Naturalized
from Europe. Native also of Asia. Reported as
Fellon-herb. Sailor's-tobacco.
Wormwood. Bulwand.
14. Artemisia pontica L.
garian Wormwood.
Roman or Hun-
Fig. 4584.
Artemisia pontica L. Sp. PI. 847. 1753.
Perennial ; stem branched, glabrous or canescent,
i-3 high. Leaves i*'-2i' long, 2-3-pinnately dis-
sected into short narrow lobes less than i" wide,
canescent on both sides, or tomentose beneath, the
lower petioled and the petioles somewhat clasping
or auricled at the base, the upper mostly linear and
entire; heads numerous, i"-2" broad, drooping,
slender-peduncled ; involucre hemispheric, canes-
cent, its bracts oblong or obovate, obtuse, the outer
short, lanceolate; receptacle glabrous; central flow-
ers fertile.
Waste grounds, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsyl-
vania, Ohio and Colorado. Fugitive or adventive from
central Europe. July-Aug.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
15. Artemisia kansana Britton. Kansas Mug-
wort. Fig. 4585.
?A. Carruthii A. Wood, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. 5: 51.
1876.
A. kansana Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3 : 466. 1898.
Densely white-woolly all over; stem erect, much
branched, the branches strict, bearing very numerous
small heads forming a narrow dense panicle. Leaves
numerous, crowded, the lower pinnately divided into
3-7 narrowly linear revolute-margined segments \"
wide or less, greenish above ; upper leaves mostly nar-
rowly linear and entire; heads oblong-oval, sessile, or
very short-peduncled, erect, or somewhat spreading,
li" long ; involucre very woolly, its bracts ovate-lan-
ceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute; receptacle naked.
Plains, Kansas to Colorado and New Mexico,
duced in Missouri. July-Sent.
Intro-
16. Artemisia serrata Nutt. Saw-leaf
Mugwort. Fig. 4586.
Artemisia serra'a Nutt. Gen. 2: 142. 1818.
Perennial ; stem stout, tomentose or be-
coming glabrous, much branched, 5-io high.
Leaves lanceolate, 2'-6' long, 3"-! 2" wide,
densely white-tomentose beneath, dark green
and glabrous above, acuminate at the apex,
narrowed to a sessile base, or the lowest peti-
oled, sharply serrate or incised, or the upper
entire; heads very numerous, greenish, erect,
about ii" broad, sessile or short-peduncled
in panicled spikes or racemes ; involucre ca-
nescent, its bracts oblong, or the outer ones
lanceolate ; receptacle naked ; central flowers
fertile.
Prairies, Illinois to Minnesota and Dakota.
Introduced on the Mohawk. River, near Sche-
nectady, N. Y. Aug.-Oct.
17. Artemisia longifolia Nutt. Long-
leaved Mugwort. Fig. 4587.
Artemisia longifolia Nutt. Gen. 2: 142. 1818.
Perennial; stem densely white-tomentose,
branched, 2-5 high. Leaves linear or linear-
lanceolate, elongated, entire, 2'-s' long, i"-s"
wide, acuminate, tapering to a sessile base, or
the lower petioled, densely white-tomentose
on both sides, or becoming green and glabrate
above; heads numerous, erect, spicate-panicu-
late, about 2" broad ; involucre tomentose, its
bracts narrowly oblong ; receptacle naked ;
central flowers fertile.
In dry rocky soil, western Nebraska to Minne-
sota, Idaho, Oregon and Saskatchewan. Aug.-
Sept.
GENUS 94.
THISTLE FAMILY.
5 2 9
1 8. Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. Dark-
leaved Mugwort. Fig. 4588.
Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. Gen. 2: 143. 1818.
Perennial, 2-4 high; stem woolly, branched
above. Leaves linear to obovate, 3' long or less,
white-woolly beneath, at length dark green and
glabrous, or very nearly so above, the base com-
monly narrowly cuneate, at least the lower ones
pinnately lobed or toothed, their lobes lanceolate,
acuminate; upper leaves often linear and entire;
heads numerous, spicate-paniculate, i"-ii" broad;
involucre oblong, tomentose; receptacle naked;
central flowers fertile.
In dry soil, Missouri to Texas, Wyoming, Colorado
and Arizona. Aug.-Nov.
19. Artemisia mexicana Willd. Mexican Mug-
wort. Fig. 4589.
Artemisia mexicana Willd.; Spreng. Syst. 3: 490. 1826.
Perennial, less densely pubescent than A. ludoviciana,
2-3t- high, often branched ; stem finely pubescent and
ultimately often floccose. Leaves ovate or orbicular in
outline on the lower part of the stem, 2'-$' long,
densely white-tomentulose beneath, green above, the
lobes of the lower and the blades of the upper entire
ones linear to narrowly linear or nearly so ; heads small
and numerous, usually inclined or nodding; involucre
campanulate, loosely woolly, the pubescence sparse.
On prairies, hillsides and Mrrens, Missouri to Texas,
Arkansas and Mexico. Sept.-Oct.
20. Artemisia gnaphalodes Nutt. Prairie
or Western Sage. Cud-weed
Mugwort. Fig. 4590.
Artemisia gnaphalodes Nutt. Gen. 2 : 143. 1818.
Artemisia ludoviciana var. gnaphalodes T. & G. Fl.
N. A. 2: 420. 1843.
Perennial; stem white-tomentose, usually
much branched, i-4 high. Leaves lanceolate
or oblong, i'-3' long, 2"-6" wide, entire, or
the lower somewhat toothed, or rarely few-
lobed, white-tomentose on both sides, acute or
acuminate, sessile or the lower narrowed into
short petioles ; heads numerous, spicate-panicu-
late, about li" broad ; involucre oblong, to-
mentose; receptacle naked; central flowers
fertile.
On prairies, plains, and dry banks, western On-
tario and Illinois to Alberta, Missouri, Texas and
Mexico. Locally established in waste grounds
from New Hampshire to Delaware. Far western
plants formerly referred to this species, which
consists of many races, are, apparently, distinct.
34
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. 111.
21. Artemisia Bigelovii A. Gray. Bigelow's
Sage-Bush. Fig. 4591.
Artemisia Bigelovii A. Gray, Pac. R. R. Rep. 4: no.
1856.
Perennial, shrubby, silvery-canescent throughout,
8'-is' high, much branched, the branches erect. Leaves
narrowly cuneate, or oblong, obtuse, truncate, or
3-5-toothed at the apex, 5"-$" long, about i" wide;
heads very numerous, about i" broad, densely glom-
erate-spicate in a narrow virgate panicle, 2-5-flow-
ered, i or 2 of the marginal ones pistillate, the others
perfect and fertile; involucre short-oblong, canescent
or tomentose, its bracts obtuse; receptacle naked.
Kansas (according to Smyth) ; Colorado to Texas and
Arizona. Aug.-Oct.
22. Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Common
Sage-bush. Sage-brush. Sage-wood.
Mountain Sage. Fig. 4592.
Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
(II) T. 398. 1841.
Shrubby, silvery-canescent ; stem much branch-
ed, I-I2 high. Leaves narrowly cuneate, \'-
li' long, i "-3" wide, sessile, 3-7-toothed at the
truncate apex ; heads very numerous, 5-8-flow-
ered, about li" broad, sessile, or very nearly so,
in large dense panicles; involucre oblong, to-
mentose, its inner bracts oblong, the outer short,
ovate, all obtuse or obtusish ; receptacle naked ;
flowers all perfect and fertile.
On dry plains and in rocky soil, western Ne-
braska to Colorado, Utah and California, north to
Montana and British Columbia. July-Sept.
23. Artemisia cana Pursh. Hoary Sage-
bush. Fig. 4593.
Artemisia cana Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 521. 1814.
Shrubby, densely white-canescent ; stern much
branched, i-2$ high. Leaves linear, linear-
oblong or narrowly lanceolate, sessile, acute
at both ends, i'-2 r long, ii"-3" wide, usually
quite entire, rarely with 2 or 3 acute teeth or
lobes ; heads numerous, about li" broad, glom-
erate or sometimes solitary in the axils of
the leaves, or crowded into a naked thyrsus
at the summit, 5-9-flowered ; involucre ob-
long, canescent, its inner bracts oblong or lan-
ceolate, obtuse, usually with 1-3 shorter outer
ones ; receptacle naked ; flowers all perfect and
fertile.
Plains, Nebraska and Colorado to North Da-
kota, Montana and Saskatchewan. July-Sept.
95. TUSSILAGO [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 865. 1753.
An acaulescent herb, more or less white-tomentose, with slender perennial rootstocks,
broad basal cordate, dentate or lobed, long-petioled leaves, and large solitary, monoecious
GENUS 95.
THISTLE FAMILY.
S3 1
heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers at the summit of a scaly scape, appearing
before the leaves of the season. Involucre campanulate to cylindric, its principal bracts in
a single series, equal, with or without a few shorter outer ones. Receptacle flat, naked.
Ray-flowers in several series, pistillate, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, sterile, the corolla
5-cleft,.the style undivided and obtuse, lobed. Achenes of the ray-flowers linear, 5-io-ribbed.
Pappus copious, of numerous slender roughish
bristles, that of the sterile flowers shorter than *.
that of the fertile. [Latin, tussis, cough, for
which the plant was a reputed remedy.]
A monotypic genus of northern Europe and Asia.
i. Tussilago Farfara L. Coltsfoot.
Coughwort. Fig. 4594.
Tussilago Farfara L. Sp. PI. 865. 1753.
Scape slender, 3'-i8' high, bearing a solitary
large head at the summit. Leaves nearly orbicu-
lar, or broadly ovate-reniform, angulately lobed
and dentate, 3'~7' broad, green and glabrous above,
persistently white-tomentose beneath ; head about
i' broad ; involucre campanulate ; rays bright yel-
low, numerous, linear.
In moist soil, on banks and roadsides, Nova Scotia
and New Brunswick to New Jersey, Pennsylvania
and Minnesota. Naturalized from Europe. Horse-
foot. Horse-hoof. Dove-dock. Sow-foot. Colt-herb.
Hoofs. Cleats. Ass's-foot. Bull's-foot. Foal-foot.
Ginger. Clay-weed. Butter-bur. Dummy-weed. April-
June.
96. PETASITES [Tourn.] Mill. Card. Diet. Abr. Ed. 4. 1754.
Herbs with perennial thick horizontal rootstocks, broad, basal, petioled leaves, and scaly
scapes bearing racemose or corymbose heads of tubular or both tubular and radiate, white
or purplish, often dioecious or subdioecious flowers. Involucre campanulate to cylindric,
its bracts in I series, equal. Receptacle flat, or nearly so, not chaffy. Corolla of pistillate
flowers very slender, 2-5-toothed, truncate or sometimes with a ray, marginal, or composing
most of the head ; perfect but sterile flowers with a tubular 5-cleft corolla, the style undi-
vided. Anthers entire or minutely sagittate at the base. Fertile achenes linear, the pappus
of numerous capillary rough or barbellate bristles. [Greek, a broad-rimmed hat, referring
to the broad leaves of these plants.]
About 20 species, north temperate and subarctic. Type species : Tussilago Petasites L.
Flowers whitish, the pistillate radiate ; natives ; northern.
Leaves orbicular, 7-11 -cleft nearly to the base.
Leaves deltoid-reniform, sinuate-lobed and toothed.
Leaves deltoid-ovate, repand-denticulate.
Flowers all rayless, purple ; introduced.
1. P. palmata.
2. P. trigonophylla.
3. P. sagittata.
4. P. Petasites.
i. Petasites palmata (Ait.) A. Gray. Pal-
mate-leaf Sweet Coltsfoot. Fig. 4595.
Tussilago palmata Ait. Hort. Kew. 2 : 188. pi. z. 1789.
Nardosmia palmata Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 308. 1833.
P, palmata A. Gray, in Brew. & Wats. Bot. Cal. i : 407. 1876.
Scape very scaly, stout, 6'-24' high. Leaves nearly
orbicular in outline, 3'-i2' broad, deeply 7-n-cleft
to much beyond the middle, green and glabrous
above, densely white-tomentose beneath, at least
when young, sometimes becoming glabrate, the lobes
oblong or obovate, acute, often somewhat cuneate,
sharply dentate or incised; heads mostly dioecious,
corymbose or racemose-corymbose, numerous, 4"-6"
broad ; flowers nearly white, fragrant, the marginal
ones of the pistillate heads radiate.
In swamps and along streams, Newfoundland to Mas-
sachusetts, New York, Wisconsin, Minnesota and Alberta.
Far western plants, formerly included in this species,
prove to be distinct. April-June. Butter-bur.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. I [I.
2. Petasites trigonophylla Greene.
Arctic Sweet Coltsfoot. Fig. 4596.
Petasites trigonophylla Greene, Leaflets i : 180.
1906.
Scape very scaly, 3'-io' high. Leaves
deltoid-reniform to ovate-orbicular in out-
line, 2'-6' long, irregularly lobed, green and
glabrous above, persistently white-tomen-
tose beneath, the lobes few-toothed; heads
corymbose, the inflorescence about 4' long ;
involucre campanulate ; flowers nearly
white, the marginal ones of the pistillate
heads radiate.
Wet grounds, Quebec, Minnesota and Sas-
katchewan. June-Aug.
Petasites frigida (L.) Fries, admitted, in
our first edition, as recorded from Lake Win-
nipeg, is a high boreal species, not known to
occur within our area.
3. Petasites sagittata (Pursh) A. Gray.
Arrow-leaf Sweet Coltsfoot. Bitter-
bur. Fig. 4597.
Tussilago sagittata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 332. 1814.
Nardosmia sagittata Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 307. 1833.
Petasites sagittata A. Gray, in Brew. & Wats. Bot.
Cal. i : 407. 1876.
Scape and racemose-corymbose inflorescence
similar to those of the two preceding species.
Leaves deltoid-ovate to reni form-ovate, persist-
ently white-tomentose beneath, glabrous or nearly
so above, 4'-io' long, their margins sinuate-den-
ticulate, neither cleft nor lobed ; involucre cam-
panulate; flowers nearly white, the marginal ones
of the pistillate heads radiate.
In wet grounds, Labrador to Hudson Bay, Manitoba
and Minnesota, west to British Columbia, south in the
Rocky Mountains to Colorado. May-June.
4. Petasites Petasites (L.) Karst.
Butter-bur. Butterfly-dock.
Fig. 4598.
Tussilago Petasites L. Sp. PI. 866. 1753.
Petasites officmalis Moench. Meth. 568. 1794.
Petasites vulgaris Desf. Fl. Atlant. 2: 270. '1798.
P. Petasites Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 1062. 1880-83.
Scape very scaly, 6'-i 5' high. Leaves orbicu-
lar or hastate-reniform, often 12' broad when
mature, rounded or pointed at the apex, repand-
denticulate all around, persistently white-to-
mentose beneath, green and mostly glabrous
above; heads 4"-6" broad, mostly dioecious,
in a dense raceme, the starninate ones smaller
than the pistillate ; flowers pink-purple, fra-
grant, none of them radiate.
In cultivated and waste ground, eastern Penn-
sylvania and Massachusetts. Naturalized from
Europe. Native also of northern Asia. Batter-
or flea-dock. Bog- or poison-rhubarb. Eldin.
Gallon. Umbrella-leaves. Pestilence-wort. Ox-
wort. April.
GENUS 97.
THISTLE FAMILY.
533
97. ARNICA L. Sp. PI. 884. 1753.
Erect, simple or little branched herbs, with opposite leaves, or the upper rarely alternate,
and large, long-peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate, yellow flowers, or rays wanting
in some species. Involucre turbinate or campanulate, its bracts in i or 2 series, narrow,
nearly equal. Receptacle flat, naked, nmbrillate or villous. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile, the
rays spreading, entire, or 2-3-toothed. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, the corolla 5-lobed, the
style with slender branches. Anthers entire or minutely 2-auriculate at the base. Achenes
linear, 5-io-ribbed, more or less pubescent. Pappus a single series of rough or barbellate,
rigid, slender bristles. [Derivation uncertain, perhaps from Ptarmica.]
About 45 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, many others
occur in the western parts of North America. Type species : Arnica montana L.
Basal leaves ovate or oval, sessile; southern. i. A. acaulis.
Basal leaves oblong, lanceolate, or cordate-ovate, petioled.
Basal leaves cordate-ovate. 2. A. cordifolia.
Basal leaves not cordate, tapering to the petiole.
Leaves dentate.
Pappus brownish, plumose.
Pappus white, barbellate.
Leaves entire or nearly so.
3. A. mollis.
4. A. chionopappa.
5. A. alp ina.
i. Arnica acaulis (Walt.) B.S.P.
Leopard's-bane. Fig. 4599.
Doronicum acaule Walt. Fl. Car. 205. 1788.
Arnica Claytoni Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 527. 1814.
Arnica nudicaulis Nutt. Gen. 2: 164. 1818.
Arnica acaulis B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 30. 1888.
Glandular-hirsute; stem i-3 high, bearing
several slender-peduncled heads at the sum-
mit. Basal leaves tufted, ovate or oval, obtuse,
narrowed to a sessile base, denticulate or en-
tire, 2'-s' long, ii'-3' wide; stem leaves 1-3
pairs, and some alternate, very small ones
above; heads i'-ii' broad; bracts of the invo-
lucre linear-lanceolate, acute or acutish ; rays
12-15, commonly 3-toothed at the truncate
apex ; achenes pubescent when young, glabrous
or nearly so when mature.
In low woods, Delaware and southern Pennsyl-
vania to Florida. April-May.
2. Arnica cordifolia Hook. Heart-
leaf Arnica. Fig. 4600.
Arnica cordifolia Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 331.
1833-
Villous or pubescent; stem simple or
sparingly branched, glandular above, i-2
high. Basal and lower leaves ovate to
nearly orbicular, obtuse or acute, deeply
cordate at the base, dentate, i'-3' long,
with slender sometimes margined petioles ;
stem leaves 1-3 pairs, ovate to oblong, ses-
sile or short-petioled, much smaller ; heads
1-8, 2'-3' broad ; bracts of the involucre
acute or acuminate, villous, 6"-io" long ;
rays 12-16, toothed at the apex ; achenes
hirsute-pubescent, or glabrous at the base;
pappus barbellate, white.
Lake Superior to North Dakota, Yukon,
Montana, New Mexico and California. Re-
corded from western Nebraska. May-July.
534
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
3. Arnica mollis Hook. Hairy Arnica.
Fig. 4601.
Arnica mollis Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 331. 1833.
Villous-pubescent ; stem simple, or little
branched, i-2j high, bearing 1-6 heads at
the summit. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceo-
late, dentate or entire, acute or obtuse, 2'-$'
long, 3"-9" wide, the lower and basal ones
narrowed into petioles, the upper sessile, and
usually somewhat connate by a broad or nar-
rowed base, those of the stem 3-5 pairs, usu-
ally with some alternate small ones on the
branches; heads i'-2' broad; bracts of the in-
volucre acute; rays 10-15, 3-toothed; achenes
hirsute-pubescent; pappus yellow-brown, plu-
mose.
Mountains of northern New York, New Hamp-
shire and Maine to New Brunswick, west to Lake
Superior, British Columbia and California, south
in the Rocky Mountains to Utah and Colorado.
Included, in our first edition, in the northwestern
A. Chamissonis Less. June-Aug.
4. Arnica chionopappa Fernald. White-plumed
Arnica. Fig. 4602.
Arnica chionopappa Fernald, Rhodora 7: 148. 1905.
Stem 15' high or less, villous to the base. Leaves thin in
texture, the lower and basal ones ovate to lanceolate, acute,
narrowed at the base, sharply dentate with few teeth, peti-
oled, 2j'-4i' long, the upper few pairs narrowly lanceolate,
entire, sessile; heads solitary or few, about ii' broad; invo-
lucre villous, 4"-s" high, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acumi-
nate ; rays 10-15 ; pappus bright white, barbellate.
On wet cliffs, Quebec and New Brunswick. June-July.
Arnica gaspensis Fernald, from ledges in Gaspe County, Que-
bec, has creamy-white pappus, the involucre and peduncles
glandular-pubescent.
5. Arnica alpina (L.) Olin & Laden.
Mountain Tobacco. Arctic Leopard's-
bane. Arctic Arnica. Fig. 4603.
Arnica montana var. alpina L. Sp. PI. 884. 1753.
Arnica alpina Olin & Laden, Diss. n. 1799.
A. angustifolia Vahl, Fl. Dan. pi. 1524. 1814.
A. plantaginea Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 527. 1814.
A. Sornborgeri Fernald, Rhodora 7 : 147. 1905.
Stem slender, 6'-i5' high, villous or pubes-
cent, and glandular or glabrous below; stem
simple, usually bearing but a single head, but
sometimes with 1-3 additional ones from the
axils of the upper leaves. Leaves lanceolate,
linear-oblong, or the lowest spatulate, thickish,
entire or denticulate, 3-nerved, the basal ones
petioled, those of the stem 1-4 pairs, sessile
or short-petioled, scarcely connate, the upper
pair usually much smaller than the lower ones ;
heads about 2' broad; rays 10715, 3-toothed;
achenes hirsute; pappus brownish.
Labrador to Greenland and the Arctic Sea,
Also in northern Europe. Races differ in pubes-
cence. Rocky Mountain plants formerly referred
to this species appear to be distinct. May-Sept.
GENUS 98.
THISTLE FAMILY.
535
98. HAPLOESTHES A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. (II) 4: 109. 1849.
Perennial caulescent, partly woody and partly fleshy plants, with opposite narrow entire
leaves, the lower connate-sheathing, and corymbose heterogamous radiate heads. Invo-
lucre of few broad many-nerved bracts. Receptacle flat or slightly convex, naked. Ray-
flowers pistillate, fertile, the rays yellow, spreading or recurved. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile.
Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers capitate-truncate.
Achenes narrow, lo-ribbed. Pappus of I series Of slender scabrous bristles. [Greek, simple
garment, the involucre composed of few bracts.]
A monotypic genus of the south-central United States and Mexico.
i. Haploesthes Greggii A. Gray. Gregg's
Haploesthes. Fig. 4604.
Haploesthes Greggii A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. (II)
4: 109. 1849.
Stems usually branched at the base, the branches
i-2 tall, glabrous, striate, corymbose above.
Leaves fleshy, the lower ones connate and sheath-
ing the stem, narrowly linear or linear-filiform,
|'-2' long, entire ; heads short-peduncled, few to-
gether in cymes; involucres ii"-2" high, the bracts
oval to orbicular, rounded at the apex, thin-mar-
gined; rays yellow, i"-2" long; achenes i" long.
In saline and gypsum soil, Kansas and southern
Colorado to Texas and Mexico. April-Sept.
99. ERECHTITES Raf. Fl. Ludov. 65. 1817.
Erect, usually branching herbs, with alternate leaves, and (in our species) rather large
discoid many-flowered heads of whitish flowers, corymbose-paniculate at the ends of the
stem and branches. Involucre cylindric, swollen at the base, its principal bracts in i series,
linear, with or without some much smaller outer ones. Receptacle concave, naked. Marginal
flowers in 2-several series, pistillate, fertile, their corollas filiform, the limb 2-4-toothed.
Central flowers perfect, fertile ; corolla narrowly tubular, the limb 4-S-toothed, the style-
branches elongated, truncate or obtuse at the summit. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base.
Achenes linear-oblong, angled or striate. Pappus of copious capillary soft smooth white
bristles. [Ancient name of some groundsel.!
About 12 species, natives of America and Australasia,
species known to occur in North America.
The following typical one is the only
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
i. Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf.
Fire-weed. Fig. 4605.
Senecio hieracifolius L. Sp. PI. 866. 1753.
E. prealta Raf. Fl. Ludov. 65. 1817.
Erechtites hieracifolia Raf. DC. Prodr. 6 :
294. 1837.
Annual, glabrous, or somewhat hir-
sute; stem striate, succulent, usually
branched, i-8 high. Leaves thin, lan-
ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, dentate and
often deeply incised, 2'-8' long, the
upper sessile or auriculate-clasping,
mostly acuminate, the lower usually nar-
rowed into petioles; heads 6"-io long,
about 3" in diameter, the involucre con-
spicuously swollen at the base before
flowering, its bracts numerous, striate,
green, with narrow scarious margins;
pappus bright white.
In woodlands, thickets and waste places,
very abundant after fires, Newfoundland to
Florida, Ontario, Saskatchewan, Nebraska
and Texas. Also in Mexico, the West In-
dies and South America. Pilewort. July-
Sept.
ioo. MESADENIA Raf. New
Fl. N. A. 4: 78. 1836.
Tall perennial mostly glabrous herbs, with alternate petioled leaves and numerous, rather
small, corymbose, discoid heads of white, yellowish or pinkish flowers, all tubular and perfect.
Sap milky (at least in some species). Involucre cylindric or nearly so, its principal bracts
5, in i series, equal, usually with a few short outer ones. Receptacle flat, not chaffy, with a
fleshy projection in the center. Corollas with somewhat spreading 5-cleft limbs, the lobes
usually with a mid-nerve. Style-branches conic or obtuse at the apex. Achenes oblong,
glabrous. Pappus of copious white scabrous bristles. [Greek, referring to the central pro-
jection of the receptacle.]
About 30 species, natives of North and Central America. Besides the following, 4 others occur
in the southern and southwestern parts of the United States. Type species : Mesadenia atriplici-
folia (L.) Raf.
Leaves thin, reniform or fan-shaped, lobed, or angulate-dentate.
Leaves green both sides, angulate-dentate. i. M. reniformis.
Leaves glaucous beneath, green above, angulate-lobed. 2. M . atriplicifolia.
Leaves thick, green both sides, ovate or oval, entire, or repand. 3. M. tuberosa.
i. Mesadenia reniformis (Muhl.)
Raf. Great Indian Plantain.
Wild Collard. Fig. 4606.
Cacalia reniformis Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3 :
I7S3- 1804.
Mesadenia reniformis Raf. New Fl. 4:79. 1836.
M. rotundifolia Raf. New Fl. 4: 79. 1836.
Glabrous ; stem angled and grooved, 4-
10 high. Leaves thin, green both sides,
coarsely angulate-dentate with mucronate-
pointed teeth, the basal and lower reniform,
long-petioled, sometimes 2 wide, the upper
ovate or fan-shaped, mostly cuneate at the
base, the uppermost small and oblong ; heads
numerous, mostly 5-flowered, about 2"
broad, in large compound corymbs ; invo-
lucre 3"-4" high, its bracts linear-oblong,
obtuse or acutish, scarious-margined, with
or without 1-3 minute outer ones.
In woods, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to
Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Ten-
nessee. July Sept.
GENUS 100.
THISTLE FAMILY.
537
2. Mesadenia atriplicifolia (L.) Raf. Pale Indian Plantain. Fig. 4607.
Cacalia atriplicifolia L. Sp. PI. 835. 1753.
Senecio atriplicifolius Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. I :
332. 1833.
Mesadenia atriplicifolia Raf. New Fl. 4 : 79.
1836.
Stem terete, glabrous and glaucous,
3-6 high. Leaves thin, angulate-lobed,
palmately veined, glaucous beneath, the
lower and basal ones slender-petioled,
sometimes 6' wide, the upper reniform,
fan-shaped, or triangular with a nearly
truncate base, the uppermost commonly
small, lanceolate or oblong and entire ;
heads very numerous, about \\" broad,
in large, loose compound corymbs ; invo-
lucre 3"-4" high, its bracts linear-oblong,
scarious-margined, with or without 1-3
minute outer ones.
In woods, New Jersey to Indiana, Minne-
sota, south to Florida, Tennessee, Missouri
and Kansas. Recorded from Ontario. Called
also wild caraway. July-Sept.
3. Mesadenia tuberosa (Nutt.) Britton.
Tuberous Indian Plantain. Fig. 4608.
Cacalia tuberosa Nutt. Gen. 2: 138. 1818.
Mesadenia plantaginea Raf. New Fl. 4: 79. 1836.
Senecio Nuttallii Sch. Bip. Flora 27: 499. 1845.
M. tuberosa Britton in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3 :
474. 1898.
Glabrous and green throughout; stem angled,
stout, 2-6 high. Leaves thick, strongly 5-9-
nerved, the lower and basal ones oval, ovate,
or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, usually
quite entire, but sometimes repand, long-peti-
oled, narrowed at the base, or rarely subcordate,
4'-8' long, i '-3' wide; upper leaves ovate to
oblong or cuneate-obovate, sessile or short-peti-
oled, much smaller, sometimes toothed toward
the apex ; heads very numerous in a compound
corymb, about 2" broad, mostly 5-flowered ;
involucre 3"-4" high, its bracts linear-oblong,
obtuse or obtusish, scarious-margined.
On wet prairies and in marshes, Ohio and west-
ern Ontario to Minnesota, Kansas, Alabama, Louisi-
ana and Texas. June-Aug.
101. SYNOSMA Raf.; Loud. Card. Mag. 8: 247. 1832.
A perennial leafy herb, glabrous or very nearly so, with triangular or hastate, alternate
leaves, the lower petioled, the upper sessile, and several or numerous, corymbose or corym-
bose-paniculate, discoid heads of white or pinkish flowers. Involucre nearly cylindric, its
principal bracts 12-15, linear, acute, usually with some subulate outer ones. Receptacle flat,
naked. Flowers perfect ; corolla 5-lobed. Style-branches not appendaged. Pappus of very
numerous white soft capillary bristles. [Greek, perhaps signifying a fragrant composite.]
A monotypic genus of eastern North America.
53*
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
i. Synosma suaveolens (L.) Raf. Sweet-scented Indian Plantain. Fig. 4609.
Cacalia suaveolens L. Sp. PI. 835. 1753.
Scnecio suaveolens Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2 : 328. 1821-24.
Synosma suaveolens Raf. ; Loud. Card. Mag. 8 : 247
1832.
Glabrous or very nearly so throughout; stem stri-
ate, 3-5 high, leafy to the inflorescence. Leaves
triangular-lanceolate or hastate, sharply and irregu-
larly serrate, acuminate, 4'-io' long, 2'-6' wide at
the base, the auricles sometimes with i or 2 lobes
on the lower side; petioles margined, or those of
the basal leaves naked and slender ; uppermost leaves
sometimes merely lanceolate and sessile ; heads 2"-3"
broad in a usually large and compound corymb; in-
volucre 4"-6" high, its principal bracts linear, acute;
heads 2O-30-flowered.
In woods, Rhode Island to Pennsylvania, New Jersey,
Illinois, Minnesota, Florida, West Virginia and Ken-
tucky. Called also wild caraway. Aug.-Oct.
102. SENECIO [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 866. 1753.
Annual or perennial herbs (some tropical species shrubby or even arborescent), with
alternate or basal leaves, and solitary corymbose or paniculate many-flowered heads, of both
tubular and radiate, or only tubular flowers, in our species yellow. Involucre cylindric or
campanulate, its principal bracts in I series, distinct, or united at the base, usually with some
shorter outer ones. Receptacle flat or slightly convex, mostly naked, often honeycombed.
Rays, when present, pistillate, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas tubular,
the limb 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base, or rarely slightly sagit-
tate. Style-branches of the disk-flowers usually recurving or spreading. Achenes terete,
or those of the marginal flowers somewhat compressed, 5-io-ribbed, papillose or canescent,
at least after wetting, and then usually emitting a pair of spiral threads. Pappus of numerous
slender or capillary, smooth or rough, mostly white bristles. [Latin, senex, an old man,
referring to the hoary character of some species, or to the white pappus.]
An immense genus of probably at least 1200 species, of very wide geographic distribution. In
addition to the following, many others occur in the southern and western parts of North America.
Our species known as Groundsel, Ragwort, or Squaw-weed. Type species : Senecio vulgaris L.
A. Annual or biennial species, with stems leafy throughout.
Rays none, or very short and inconspicuous ; introduced.
The short outer involucral bracts black-tipped ; rays none. i. S. vulgaris.
The short outer involucral bracts not black-tipped, sometimes none ; rays very short.
Plant sparingly pubescent. 2. S. sylvaticus.
Plant densely viscid-pubescent. 3. 6". viscosus.
Rays large and conspicuous ; native species.
Leaves pinnately divided ; heads 2" -3" high. 4. S. glabellus.
Leaves sinuate-dentate or the lower entire; heads 4" -5" high. 5. S.palustris.
B. Perennial species, mostly with rootstocks.
a. Stems woody at base ; leaves linear, or pinnatifid with linear lobes ; western species.
Leaves linear, entire or serrate, thin. 6. S. spartioides.
Leaves deeply pinnatifid into linear lobes, firm. 7. S\ Riddellii.
b. Stems wholly herbaceous ; leaves various.
* Heads very large; involucre 7"-io" high; boreal species.
Stem stout, leafy above; heads several, ij^'-a' broad. 8. S. Pseudo-Arnica.
Stem slender ; upper leaves few and small ; head mostly solitary, about i' broad. 9. S. frigidus.
** Heads smaller ; involucre 4"-7" high.
t Leafy up to the inflorescence ; stem leaves 2-3-pinnatifid ; introduced species.
10. S. Jacobaea.
ft Leaves mostly borne on the lower part of the stem, the upper ones much smaller ; native species.
t Leaves and stems more or less persistently woolly or tomentose.
Low species, seldom over i high, with small oval-oblong to spatulate basal leaves.
Basal leaves angulate-dentate, oval. n. S. antennariifolius.
Basal leaves entire or sparingly toothed, oblong to spatulate. 12. 5". canus.
GENUS 102.
THISTLE FAMILY.
539
Taller, up to 2]/ 2 high ; basal leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate.
Densely persistently tomentose ; stem-leaves mostly merely dentate. 13. 5". tomentosus.
Loosely tomentose, booming glabrate ; stem leaves mostly pinnatifid. 14. S. plattensis.
it Plants glabrous, or nearly so, at least when mature, the stem sometimes tomentose at the base.
Basal leaves or some of them deeply cordate.
Basal leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. 15. S.Robbituti,
Basal leaves orbicular to ovate. 16. 5". aureus.
None of the leaves cordate.
At least the stem-leaves lobed, laciniate, or pinnatifid ; pubescence, if any, woolly ; basal leaves
dentate or crenate.
Head rayless ; boreal species.
Heads radiate.
Basal leaves obovate to suborbicular.
Basal leaves oblong to spatulate.
Basal leaves oblong to lanceolate, dentate or crenate.
Involucre 4" high ; basal leaves sharply serrate.
Involucre 2j^"-3^" high; basal leaves mostly crenate.
Heads few ; basal leaves mostly short.
Heads very numerous ; basal leaves long.
Basal leaves linear-cuneate, entire, or few-toothed at the apex.
All leaves entire or very nearly so ; pubescence, if any, of crisp hairs.
17. S. discoideus.
1 8. S. obovatus.
19. 5". Crawfordii.
20. 5". pauper culus.
21. S. Smallii.
22. S. densus.
23. S. integerrimus.
i. Senecio vulgaris L. Common Ground-
sel. Fig. 4610.
Senecio vulgaris L. Sp. PI. 867. 1753.
Annual, puberulent or glabrate; stem hollow,
usually much branched, 6'-is' high. Leaves pin-
natifid, 2'-6' long, the lower spatulate in outline,
petioled, obtuse, the upper sessile or clasping at
the base, more deeply lobed or incised, their seg-
ments oblong, dentate; heads several or numer-
ous in the corymbs, nearly 3" broad, 4"-6" hjgh ;
bracts of the involucre linear, with few or sev-
eral subulate black-tipped outer ones ; rays none ;
achenes slightly canescent; pappus white.
In cultivated ground and waste places, Newfound-
land to Hudson Bay, North Carolina, Minnesota,
Michigan, and west to the Pacific Coast. Bermuda.
Naturalized from Europe. Other names are grinsel,
simson, birdseed, chickenweed. April-Oct.
2. Senecio sylvaticus L. Wood Groundsel.
Fig. 4611.
Senecio sylvaticus L. Sp. PI. 868. 1753.
Annual, glabrous or puberulent ; stem usually much branch-
ed, i-2i high, leafy. Leaves pinnatifid, oblong or lanceo-
late in outline, the segments oblong or spatulate, obtuse,
dentate, lobed or entire, or the uppermost leaves linear and
merely dentate ; heads several or numerous in the corymbs,
slender-peduncled, about 2" broad, 3"-4" high ; involucre
usually quite naked and swollen at the base ; rays very short
and recurved ; achenes canescent ; pappus white.
In waste places Newfoundland to Nova Scotia, Quebec and
Maine. Also on the coasts of California and British Columbia.
Naturalized or adventive from Europe. April-Sept.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. ill.
3. Senecio viscosus L. Fetid or Viscous Groundsel.
Fig. 4612.
Senecio viscosus L. Sp. PI. 868. 1753.
Annual, viscid-pubescent, strong-scented; stem usually
much branched, i-2 high. Leaves i-2-pinnatifid, ii'-3'
long, oblong or somewhat spatulate in outline, the segments
oblong or cuneate, dentate or incised; lower leaves peti-
oled ; heads few in the corymbs, 3" -4" broad, mostly slen-
der-peduncled ; involucre nearly cylindric, 4,"-$" high, its
bracts linear, acute, with 1-3 shorter outer ones ; rays com-
monly about 20, very short, recurved and inconspicuous ;
achenes glabrous ; pappus bright white, about one-third
longer than the involucre.
In waste places and on ballast near the coast, Nova Scotia,
New Brunswick and Quebec to North Carolina. July-Sept.
w ~^-
4. Senecio glabellus Poir. Butterweed. Cress-leaved Groundsel. Fig. 4613.
S. lyratus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 120. 1803. Not L. 1753.
S. glabellus Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 7: 102. 1806.
Senecio lobatus Pers. Syn. 2 : 436. 1807.
Annual, glabrous throughout, or slightly woolly
when young, fleshy and tender; stem hollow, sim-
ple or branched, i-3 high. Leaves 2'-io' long,
pinnately divided, the segments orbicular, oblong,
obovate or cuneate, obtuse, sinuate-dentate, entire or
lobed, the terminal segment usually larger than the
others ; lower and basal leaves slender-petioled ;
heads numerous, 7"-io" broad, slender-peduncled
in terminal corymbs ; involucre nearly cylindric, 2i"
high, its bracts linear, acute, usually with no small
outer ones; rays 6-12; achenes minutely hispidu-
lous on some of the angles ; pappus white, somewhat
longer than the involucre.
In swamps, North Carolina to Kentucky, Illinois, Mis-
souri, Arkansas, Florida, New Mexico and Mexico.
April-Sept.
5. Senecio palustris (L.) Hook. Marsh Fleawort. Pale Ragwort. Marsh
Groundsel. Fig. 4614.
Cineraria palustris L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 243. 1763.
Senecio palustris Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 334. 1833.
Annual or biennial, pubescent or glabrate ; stem
stout, simple, hollow, 6'-24' high. Leaves lanceo-
late, oblong or spatulate, entire, dentate, or lacin-
iate, acute or obtuse, 2'-?' long, 3" -15" wide, or
the upper linear-lanceolate and small, those of
the stem sessile and somewhat auriculate-clasping,
the basal petioled ; heads numerous, 6"-i2" broad,
mostly short-peduncled in a large, rather dense,
terminal corymb; involucre cylindric, becoming
campanulate, 3"-4" high, its bracts linear, acute,
more or less pubescent, with no shorter outer
ones; rays 15-20 or more, pale-yellow; achenes
glabrous ; pappus white, elongated, at length twice
the length of the involucre.
In swamps, Iowa and Wisconsin to Manitoba and
arctic America, west to Alaska. Reported from Lab-
rador. Also in Greenland, northern Europe and Asia.
June-Aug.
GENUS 102.
THISTLE FAMILY.
6. Senecio spartioides T. & G. Broom-like
Senecio. Fig. 4615.
Senecio spartioides T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 438. 1843.
Woody at the base, usually branched, sometimes
shrubby, glabrous or nearly, so, leafy, i-6 high.
Leaves sessile, or the lowest petioled, i'-3' long,
linear, entire, or more or less serrate, not lobed;
heads corymbose at the ends of the branches, i'-i'
broad, slender-peduncled ; involucre cylindric or
becoming campanulate, 4"-s" high, its bracts
linear, acute or acuminate, usually with some
subulate exterior ones; rays 8-15; achenes ca-
nescent; pappus bright white.
Plains, in dry soil, Nebraska to Texas, Wyoming
and Arizona. June-Sept. This and the following
species were included in the description of the far
western 5". Douglasii DC. in our first edition.
7. Senecio Riddellii T. & G. Riddell's
Senecio. Fig. 4616.
S. Riddellii T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 444. 1843.
S. Fremontii (T. & G.) Rydb. ; Britton, Manual 1028.
1901. Not JT. Fremontii T. & G.
Woody at the base, usually branched, some-
times shrubby, glabrous or nearly so, leafy, i-6
high. Leaves sessile, or the lowest petioled, thick,
ii'-3i' long, pinnately parted into 3-9 linear or
filiform, entire segments, or the upper entire;
heads corymbose at the ends of the branches,
5"-io" broad, slender-peduncled ; involucre cylin-
dric or becoming campanulate, s"-8" high, its
brdcts linear, acute or acuminate, usually with
some subulate exterior ones ; rays 8-15 ; achenes
canescent ; pappus white.
Plains, in dry soil, Nebraska to Texas and Mexico.
June-Sept.
Sea-beach
8. Senecio Pseudo-Arnica Less.
Senecio. Fig. 4617.
I753- Not S. mari-
1831.
Arnica maritima L. Sp. PI. 884.
timus L.
Senecio Pseudo-Arnica Less. Linnaea 6 : 240.
Perennial, somewhat fleshy; stem stout, mostly
simple, very leafy, 6'-3 high. Leaves oblong-obo-
vate. lanceolate, or the lower spatulate, acute or
obtuse at the apex, 4'-8' long, '-2' wide, densely
tomentose beneath, at least when young, repand-
dentate or denticulate, narrowed to a sessile and
partly clasping base, or the lowest into margined
petioles ; heads solitary, or several (2-7) and co-
rymbose, stout-peduncled, i*'-2' broad, 8"-io"
high ; involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts
lanceolate, acuminate, mostly tomentose, common-
ly with several subulate spreading ones at the base ;
rays 12-25, linear, 3-toothed, conspicuous; disk-
corollas 5-lobed; achenes glabrous; pappus dull.
On sea-beaches and rocks near the sea, Maine, New
Brunswick and the lower St. Lawrence to Labrador
and the Arctic Sea. Also in Alaska. July-Aug.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
9. Senecio frigidus Less. Arctic Senecio.
Fig. 4618.
Senecio frigidus Less. Linnaea 6: 239. 1831.
Perennial, more or less tomentose, or becoming
glabrous when old ; stem slender, 6'-i2' high, bearing
a solitary head (rarely 2 or 3) i'-i' broad. Basal
and lower leaves spatulate or obovate, i'-2' long, peti-
oled, obtuse, repand-dentate or entire; stem leaves
oblong to linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, sessile,
mostly entire, smaller ; involucre broadly campanu-
late, about 7" high, its bracts lanceolate, acute, with
no exterior smaller ones; rays 10-16, 6"-io" long,
3-toothed, linear-oblong, or cuneate at the base ;
achenes glabrous or sparingly pubescent; pappus
white.
Labrador and arctic America to Alaska. Also in north-
eastern Asia. Summer.
10. Senecio Jacobaea L. Tansy Ragwort.
Stagger wort. Fig. 4619.
Senecio Jacobaea L. Sp. PI. 870. 1753.
Perennial by short thick rootstocks, somewhat
woolly, or glabrous ; stems stout, simple, or
branched above, 2-4 high, very leafy. Stem
leaves 2-3-pinnatifid, 2'-8' long, the lower peti-
oled, the upper sessile, the lobes oblong-cuneate,
dentate or incised ; basal leaves lyratti-pinna-
tifid ; heads very numerous, 6"-8" broad, short-
peduncled in large compact corymbs ; involucre
narrowly campanulate, about 2i" high, its bracts
linear-lanceolate, acute, green, or tipped with
black, usually with a few subulate outer ones ;
rays 12-15; achenes of the disk-flowers pubes-
cent, those of the rays glabrous; pappus white.
In waste places, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to
Maine and Ontario, and in ballast about New York
and Philadelphia. Adventive from Europe. Stave-
wort. Cankerweed. Kettle-dock. St. James'-wort.
Felonweed. Fairies'-horse. Ragweed. Saracen's-com-
pass. July-Sept.
ii. Senecio antennariifolius Britton.
paw Ragwort. Fig. 4620.
Cat's-
Senecio antennariifolius Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111.
Fl. 3: 478. 1898.
Perennial, tufted in mostly large clumps; stems
slender, 8'-i8' high, loosely white-woolly. Leaves
nearly all basal, commonly numerous, oval to spatu-
late, angulately few-toothed or entire, mostly obtuse,
narrowed into a petiole as long as the blade or longer,
densely white-tomentose beneath, green and finally
glabrous above, i'-2i' long; stem leaves small, spatu-
late, laciniate, or the upper narrowly linear and en-
tire ; heads several, corymbose, slender-peduncled,
rathed less than i' broad; rays golden-yellow, showy;
involucre 3" high, white-woolly; achenes glandular-
pubescent.
Stony hillsides, mountains of Virginia and West Vir-
ginia. May-June.
GENUS 102. '
THISTLE FAMILY.
12. Senecio canus Hook. Silvery Ground-
sel.. Fig. 4621.
S. canus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 333. pi. 116. 1833.
S. Purshianus Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7:
412. 1841.
Perennial, densely and persistently white-
tomentose to the inflorescence ; stems slender,
usually tufted, 6'-i8' high. Basal and lower
leaves spatulate or oval, entire, or rarely some-
what repand, very obtuse, i'-2 r long, narrowed
into petioles; upper leaves oblong or spatulate,
obtuse or acute, mostly sessile, smaller, entire
or dentate ; heads several or numerous, 8"-io"
broad, usually slender-peduncled; involucre
campanulate, or at first short-cylindric, about
5" high, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, spar-
ingly tomentose, or glabrate, usually with no
exterior smaller ones; rays 8-12; achenes gla-
brous, at least below ; pappus white.
In dry soil, Manitoba to North Dakota, Nebraska,
west to British Columbia and California. Recorded
from Minnesota. May-Aug.
13. Senecio tomentosus Michx. Woolly
Ragweed. Ashwort. Fig. 4622.
6". tomentosus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 119. 1803.
Perennial, more or less densely and persistently
tomentose or woolly-canescent ; stems rather stout,
solitary, or sometimes tufted, i-2% high. Basal
and lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, oblong or rarely
spatulate, long-petioled, erect, very obtuse, 2'-6'
long, i'-2' wide, crenate-dentate, narrowed or
truncate at the base ; stem leaves few and distant,
small, linear-lanceolate or spatulate, crenate or
rarely laciniate; heads several or numerous, co-
rymbose, mostly long-peduncled, 8"-io" broad;
involucre cylindric, or narrowly campanulate, its
bracts linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, at
length glabrate, with or without a few small outer
ones; rays 10-15; achenes hispidulous, at least
on the angles ; pappus white.
In moist soil, southern New Jersey to Florida,
Louisiana, Texas and Arkansas. April- June.
14. Senecio plattensis Nutt. Prairie Rag-
wort. Fig. 4623.
S. plattensis Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 413.
1841.
Perennial, similar to the preceding species, usu-
ally smaller-leaved, lower and less tomentose, or
becoming glabrate in age, seldom over ii high.
Basal leaves oval, ovate or oblong, some or all of
them often more or less pinnatifid, with the termi-
nal segment much larger than the lateral ones,
trenulate or dentate, long-petioled ; stem leaves
mostly smaller than the basal ones, usually pin-
natifid ; heads several or numerous, compactly or
loosely corymbose, conspicuously radiate.
Indiana and Illinois to Ontario, North Dakota, Colo-
rado, Missouri and Texas. April-June.
Senecio pseudotomentpsus Mackenzie & Bush, of
Missouri, differs in having the basal leaves mostly
merely dentate.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
15. Senecio Robbinsii Oakes. Robbins'
Squaw-weed. Fig. 4624.
Senecio Robbinsii Oakes ; Rusby, Bull. Torr. Club 20 :
19- 1893-
Perennial, glabrous or very nearly so through-
out; stems slender, i-2i high. Basal leaves
long-petioled, lanceolate, obtuse or acute at the
apex, cordate, subcordate or truncate at the base,
usually thin, 2' '-4' long, i'-ij' wide, sharply den-
tate ; stem leaves mostly pinnatifid or lobed, at
least below the middle ; heads several or numer-
ous, slender-peduncled in an open corymb, 8"-io"
broad; rays 6-12; achenes glabrous or pubescent;
pappus white.
In swamps and mountain meadows, Nova Scotia to
New Hampshire, Vermont and New York. June-
Sept.
16. Senecio aureus L. Golden Ragwort.
Life-root. Swamp Squaw-weed.
Fig. 4625.
Senecio aureus L. Sp. PI. 870. 1753.
Senecio pauciflorus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 529. 1814.
Senecio gracilis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 529. 1814.
Perennial, glabrous or very nearly so through-
out; stems rather slender, solitary or tufted,
6'-2i high. Basal leaves cordate-ovate or
cordate-orbicular or reniform, crenate-dentate,
very obtuse and rounded, often purplish, i'-6'
long, with long slender petioles; lower stem
leaves lanceolate or oblong, usually laciniate,
pinnatifid or lyrate, the uppermost small, ses-
sile, somewhat auriculate and clasping ; heads
usually several, 8"-io" broad, 4"-5" high, slen-
der-peduncled in an open corymb; rays 8-12,
golden-yellow ; achenes glabrous ; pappus white.
In swamps and wet meadows, Newfoundland to
Florida, Ontario, Michigan, Missouri and Texas.
Grundy-swallow. False-valerian. Root strong-
scented. Races differ in size of plant, size of
leaves and number of heads. May-July.
Senecio pseudaureus Rydb (S. semi-cordatus Mac-
kenzie & Bush), of the Rocky Mountain region, differing
by elliptic or broadly oblong basal leaves, ranges east-
ward into North Dakota and Missouri.
17. Senecio discoideus (Hook) Britton.
Northern Squaw-weed. Fig. 4626.
Senecio aureus var. discoideus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i :
333- 1833-
Senecio discoideus Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl.
3: 479. 1898.
Perennial, glabrous except for small tufts of wool
in the axils of the lower leaves; stem rather stout,
i-2i tall; basal leaves oval to ovate, obtuse, thin,
sharply dentate, abruptly narrowed into petioles
longer than the blade ; stem leaves few, small, more
or less laciniate ; heads few or several, slender-
peduncled, corymbose; principal bracts of the invo-
lucre narrowly linear, 3"-5" long, the short outer
ones few or none; rays none; achenes glabrous.
In moist places, Labrador to Yukon, Quebec, Michi-
gan, Wyoming and British Columbia. June-Aug.
GENUS 1 02.
THISTLE FAMILY.
18. Senecio obovatus Muhl. Round-leaf
Squaw-weed. Fig. 4627.
Senecio obovatus Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1999. 1804.
Senecio Elliottii T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 443. 1843.
S. aureus var. obovatus T. & G. loc. cit. 442. 1843.
S. rotundus (Britton) Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1304. 1903.
Perennial; stems glabrous, or a little woolly at
the base, $'-24' high. Leaves glabrous, rather thick,
the basal ones obovate with a cuneate base, subor-
bicular or broadly spatulate, very obtuse and round-
ed at the apex, i'-3i' long, 2-2' wide, crenate-
dentate, often purplish ; stem leaves commonly few
and sessile, spatulate to oblong, often ^incised or
pinnatifid ; heads several, corymbose, 6"-8" broad,
about 3" high, slender-peduncled ; involucre nearly
cylindric, its principal bracts linear-lanceolate, 2" -3"
long, acute, usually with 1-3 small exterior ones ;
rays 8-12, usually conspicuous, sometimes fewer
and short ; achenes glabrous ; pappus white.
In moist soil on banks and in woods, Maine and Ver-
mont to Florida, Ohio, Michigan, Alabama and Texas.
Races differ in size, leaf-form, number and size or rays.
Apparently erroneously recorded from Nova Scotia and
Ontario. April-June.
19. Senecio Crawfordii Britton. Crawford's
Squaw-weed. Fig. 4628.
Senecio Crawfordii Britton, Torreya i: 21. 1901.
S 1 . Balsamitae var. Crawfordi Greenman, Rhodora 10 : 69.
1908.
Perennial, glabrous, or with sparse woolly pubescence
below ; stem slender, about 16' high. Leaves thick, firm,
the basal ones erect, the larger 8'-io' long, the blades
oval, oblong, or some of them narrowly obovate, mostly
not more than one-half as long as the slender petioles,
sharply and nearly equally serrate from the apex to the
entire cuneate base; stem leaves lanceolate or narrower,
mostly acuminate, incised-serrate, clasping, the upper
sessile, the lower petioled, the uppermost very small;
heads 3-7; peduncles slender, bracted, rarely forked;
involucre 4" high, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, shorter than the white barbellate pappus; rays
4"-S" long ; achenes linear, striate.
Wet meadows, southeastern Pennsylvania. May-June.
20. Senecio pauperculus Michx. Balsam
Groundsel. Fig. 4629.
Senecio pauperculus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. a: 120.
1803.
Senecio Balsamitae Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 1999. 1804.
Senecio aureus var. Balsamitae T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 :
442. 1843.
Perennial, often tufted ; stems slender, ii'-2o'
high, woolly at the base and in the axils of the
lower leaves, or essentially glabrous. Basal leaves
slender-petioled, oblong, rarely slightly spatulate,
very obtuse, narrowed at the base, mostly thick,
crenate, or rarely dentate, often purplish, i'-5'
long, 3"-6" wide, their petioles and sometimes
their lower surfaces persistently tomentose or
woolly, or glabrous throughout ; lower stem leaves
petioled, laciniate or pinnatifid, the upper sessile,
very small ; heads few or several, slender-pedun-
cled, 6"-io" broad; involucre about 3" high; rays
8-12; achenes hispidulous or glabrous; pappus
white.
In dry or rocky soil, Newfoundland to North Caro-
lina, Ontario, British Columbia, Alabama, Tennessee
and Nebraska. May-July.
35
54 6
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
21. Senecio Smallii Britton. Small's Squaw-
weed Fig 4630.
5". aureus var. angustifolitts Britton, Mem. Torr. Club
2: 39. 1890. Not S. angustifolius Willd. 1804.
S 1 . Smallii Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 4: 132. 1893.
Similar to the preceding species but taller, grow-
ing in large clumps; stem ii-2j high, slender,
densely and persistently floccose-woolly at the base
and in the lower axils, or finally glabrate. Basal
leaves elongated-oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse or
acute, long-petioled, crenate-dentate, 3'-6' long,
3"-i2" wide, at first tomentose, at length nearly
glabrous ; stem leaves several, deeply pinnatifid, or
the lower lyrate, the uppermost very small; heads
very numerous, 4"-5" broad, about 2\" high, slen-
der-peduncled, forming large corymbs; rays 8-10;
achenes hispidulous ; pappus white.
In meadows and thickets, southeastern Pennsylva-
nia to Florida and Alabama. May-June.
22. Senecio densus Greene. Western Squaw-
weed. Fig. 4631.
Senecio aureus var. compactus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. I : Part 2,
391. 1884.
Senecio compactus Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 342. 1893.
Not T. Kirk.
Senecio densus Greene, Pittonia 4: 226. 1900.
Perennial; stem usually tufted, low, rather stout,
6'-i2' high, woolly at the base and in the lower axils,
or glabrous. Basal leaves linear-cuneate, entire or
3-toothed at the apex, i'-3' long, 2"-3" wide, thick,
slender-petioled, the petioles commonly woolly-mar-
gined; lower stem leaves often much larger and broader,
usually laciniate or pinnatifid, but sometimes similar to
the basal, the uppermost very small and sessile ; heads
several, 8"-io" broad, short-peduncled in a compact co-
rymb; rays 10-15; achenes hispidulous; pappus white.
On dry plains, Manitoba to Nebraska, Colorado and Texas.
May- June.
23. Senecio integerrimus Nutt. Entire-
leaved Groundsel. Fig. 4632.
Senecio integerrimus Nutt. Gen. 2: 165. 1818.
Perennial, more or less pubescent when young,
glabrous or nearly so when old; stem stout, i-4
high. Leaves entire, or sparingly denticulate,
somewhat fleshy, the lower and basal ones oval
or oblong, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, 3'-8'
long, i'-ii' wide, petioled, the upper linear or
lanceolate, acute, the uppermost very small ; heads
numerous, corymbose, long-peduncled, 6"-io"
broad ; involucre nearly cylindric, 4"-5" high, its
principal bracts linear, acuminate, green, usually
with a few subulate outer ones ; rays 8-12, linear-
oblong; achenes nearly glabrous; pappus white.
Iowa and Minnesota to Manitoba, Saskatchewan
and Wyoming. June-July.
Senecio lugens Richards., of northwestern North
America, admitted in our first edition, is not defi-
nitely known to occur within our area.
GENUS 103.
THISTLE FAMILY.
547
103. ARCTIUM L. Sp. PI. 816. 1753.
Large coarse branching, rough or canescent, mostly biennial herbs, with broad alternate
petioled leaves, and rather large heads of purple or white perfect tubular flowers, racemose,
corymbose or paniculate at the ends of the branches. Involucre subglobose, its bracts rigid,
lanceolate, tipped with spreading or erect hooked bristles, imbricated in many series. Recep-
tacle flat, densely bristly. Corollas tubular with 5-cleft limbs. Filaments glabrous. Anthers
sagittate at the base. Achenes oblong, somewhat compressed and 3-angled, ribbed, truncate.
Pappus of numerous short serrulate scales. [Greek, bear, from the rough involucre.]
About 6 species, natives of Europe and Asia, readily distributed, their burs adhering to animals.
Type species : Arctium Lappa L.
Bracts of the involucre densely cottony ; heads corymbose. i. A. omentosum.
Bracts of the involucre glabrous, or slightly woolly.
Involucre i' broad or more ; inner bracts equalling or exceeding the flowers. 2. A. Lappa.
Involucre 6"-g" broad; inner bracts not exceeding the flowers. 3. A. minus.
i. Arctium tomentosum (Lam.) Schk.
Woolly or Cottony Burdock. Fig. 4633.
Lappa tomentosa Lam. Encycl. i : 377. 1783.
Arctium tomentosum Schk. Bot. Handb. 3: 49. 1803.
Arctium Lappa var. tomentosum A. Gray, Syn. Fl.- I :
Part 2, 397. 1884.
Similar to the following species; heads 8"-io"
broad, corymbose at the ends of the branches, mostly
long-peduncled ; bracts of the involucre densely cot-
tony, the inner ones erect and somewhat shorter
than the flowers.
In waste places, Massachusetts to southern New York.
Adventive from Europe. July-Aug.
2. Arctium Lappa L. Great Bur, Burdock or Clotbur. Fig. 4634.
Arctium Lappa L. Sp. PI. 816. 1753.
Lappa major Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 2: 379. pi. 162. 1802.
Stem much branched, 4-9 high. Leaves thin, broadly
ovate, pale and tomentose-canescent beneath, obtuse,
entire, repand or dentate, niostly cordate, the lower
often 18' long; petioles solid, deeply furrowed; heads
clustered or subcorymbose, sometimes long-peduncled,
l'-ii' broad; bracts of the involucre glabrous or nearly
so, their spines all spreading, the inner ones equalling
or exceeding the flowers; corolla-tube longer than the
limb.
In waste places, New Brunswick and Ontario to southern
New York, and locally in the interior. Not nearly as com-
mon as the next species in the Middle States. Naturalized
from Europe. Other names are cockle-bur, cockle-button,
cuckold-dock, hurr-bur, stick-button, hardock, bardane, beg-
gar's-buttons. July-Oct.
548
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
3. Arctium minus Schk. Common Burdock.
Fig. 4635.
Arctium minus Schk. Bot. Handb. 3: 49. 1803.
Lappa minor DC. Fl. Fran. 4: 77. 1805.
Arctium Lappa var. minus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. i : Part 2
397- 1884.
Smaller than the preceding species, seldom over
5 high. Leaves similar, the lower deeply cordate;
petioles hollow, not deeply furrowed ; heads numer-
ous, racemose on the branches, short-peduncled or
sessile, 6"-o/' broad; bracts of the involucre glabrous
or slightly cottony, the spines .of the outer ones
spreading, those of the inner erect and shorter than
the flowers; corolla-tube about as long as the limb.
In waste places, common nearly throughout our area,
extending west to Colorado. Naturalized from Europe.
Called also cuckoo-button. Leaves rarely laciniate or
pinnatifid. July-Nov.
104. CIRSIUM [Tourn.] Mill. Card. Diet. Abr. Ed. 4. 1754.
Erect, branching or simple, prickly herbs, some species acaulescent, with alternate or
basal, sinuate-dentate, lobed or pinnatifid, usually very spiny leaves, sometimes decurrent, and
large, many-flowered, solitary or clustered, discoid heads of purple, yellow or white, tubular,
perfect and fertile, or rarely dioecious flowers. Involucre ovoid or globose, its bracts prickle-
tipped or unarmed, imbricated in many series. Receptacle flat or convex, bristly. Corolla-
tube slender, the limb deeply 5-cleft. Filaments pilose, or rarely glabrous. Anthers sagit-
tate at the base. Style-branches short or elongated, obtuse. Achenes obovate or oblong,
compressed or obtusely 4-angled, glabrous, smooth or ribbed. Pappus of several series of
slender, plumose bristles, connate at the base. [Greek, referring to the use of the thistle as
a remedy for swollen veins.]
Over 200 species, widely distributed in the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, some
50 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America and many hybrids have been
described. Type species : Carduus heterophyllus L.
t Outer involucral bracts, or all of them, strongly prickly-pointed.
i. Leaves glabrous or hispid above, tomentose beneath.
All the bracts of the involucre tipped with prickles ; naturalized weed. i. C. lanceolatum.
Outer bracts prickle-tipped, the inner merely acuminate ; native species.
Branches leafy up to the heads ; involucral bracts firm or rigid.
Leaves undivided, lobed or dentate, rarely pinnatifid. 2. C. altissimum.
Leaves deeply pinnatifid into lanceolate or linear segments. 3. C. discolor.
Heads naked-peduncled, i' high: involucral bracts thin. 4. C.virginianum.
2. Leaves tomentose on both sides, or becoming glabrous above ; western.
Leaves pinnately parted ; segments linear, entire or lobed. 5. C. Pitcheri.
Leaves pinnatifid into triangular or lanceolate dentate segments.
Outer bracts with spines less than one-half their length.
Leaf-lobes triangular ; flowers pink or purple.
Leaf-lobes linear-lanceolate to oblong.
Flowers yellow or cream-color.
Flowers purple.
Outer bracts with spines of nearly or quite their length.
Leaves entire or undulate ; outer pappus-bristles barbellate.
3. Leaves green both sides, somewhat pubescent beneath.
Leaf-lobes acute ; bracts of the involucre faintly nerved ; roots solid. 1 1. C. odoratum.
Leaf-lobes blunt ; bracts with prominent glutinous midnerve ; root hollow. 12. C. Hillii.
tt Bracts of the involucre not at all prickly-pointed, or scarcely so.
Heads large, few, i'-4' broad ; flowers all perfect and fertile.
Heads involucrate by the upper very spiny leaves ; flowers usually yellow. 13. C. horndulum.
Heads peduncled, naked, or with i or 2 bracts at the base ; flowers purple.
Heads small, numerous, i' or less broad.
Heads partly dioecious ; leaves not decurrent.
Heads not dioecious ; leaf-bases decurrent.
6. C. undulatum.
7. C. plattense.
8. C. Flodmani.
9. C. ochrocentrum.
10. C. nebraskense.
14. C. muticum.
15. C. arvense.
1 6. C.palustre.
GENUS 104.
THISTLE FAMILY.
549
i. Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Hill. Common
Bur or Spear Thistle. Fig. 4636.
Carduus lanceolatus L. Sp. PI. 821. 1753.
Cirsium lanceolatum Hill, Herb. Brit, i : 80. 1769.
Cnicus lanceolatus Willd. Prodr. Fl. Berol. 259. 1787.
Biennial ; stem stout, branched, more or less to-
mentose, 3-5 high, leafy to the heads. Leaves dark
green, lanceolate, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid, 3'-6'
long, or the lowest larger, decurrent on the stem and
branches, the lobes triangular-lanceolate, tipped with
stout prickles, the margins and decurrent bases
bristly, the upper surface strigose-pubescent or his-
pid, the lower brown-tomentose and midnerve pilose,
especially when young ; heads mostly solitary at the
ends of the branches, ii'-2' broad, ii'-2' high; bracts
of the involucre cottony, narrowly lanceolate, acumi-
nate, all tipped with slender, erect or ascending
prickles ; flowers dark purple.
In fields and waste places, Newfoundland to Georgia,
Minnesota, Nebraska, Oregon and California. Natural-
ized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Plume-, bank-
or horse-thistle, bell-, bird-, blue-, button-, boar-, bull- or
roadside-thistle. July-Nov.
2. Cirsium altissimum (L.) Spreng. Tall or Roadside Thistle.
Carduuse altissimus L. Sp. PI. 824.
Fig. 4637.
1753-
Cnicus altissimus Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1671. 1804.
Cirsium altissimum Spreng. Syst. 3: 373. 1826.
Biennial or perennial ; roots often thickened ;
stem pubescent or tomentose, stout, branched, leafy
to the heads, 3-io high. Leaves ovate-oblong or
oblong-lanceolate, sessile or slightly clasping, spar-
ingly pubescent above, densely white-tomentose be-
neath, scarcely or not at all decurrent, acute, spinu-
lose-margined, entire, dentate with bristle-pointed
teeth or lobed, sometimes pinnatifid into oblong or
triangular-lanceolate segments, the lowest some-
times 8' long, narrowed into margined petioles, the
uppermost linear or lanceolate, much smaller ;
heads about 2' broad, ii'-2' high, mostly solitary at
the ends of the branches ; outer bracts of the invo-
lucre ovate or ovate-lanceolate, firm with a dark,
slightly glandular spot or band on the beak, tipped
with short prickles, the inner linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, unarmed; flowers light purple.
In fields and thickets, Massachusetts to Ohio, Min-
nesota, Florida, Nebraska and Texas. Aug.-Sept.
Cirsium iowense Pammel, with slightly larger heads
and longer-tipped inner involucral bracts, appears to
be a northwestern race of this species.
3. Cirsium discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. Field
Thistle. Fig. 4638.
Cnicus discolor Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 1670. 1804.
Carduus discolor Nutt. Gen. 2: 130. 1818.
Cirsium discolor Spreng. Syst. 3: 373. 1826.
Similar to the preceding species, but lower and
more leafy, seldom over 7 high. Leaves deeply pin-
natifid into linear, linear-lanceolate or falcate, prickly
toothed segments, white tomentose beneath, sessile,
the basal ones sometimes 12' long; heads iJ'-2' broad,
about \\' high, usually involucrate by the upper
leaves, mostly solitary at the ends of the branches;
outer bracts of the involucre coriaceous, ovate,
slightly woolly, tipped with slender bristles, which
are longer than those of the preceding species; inner
bracts lanceolate, acuminate, unarmed ; flowers light
purple or pink, rarely white.
In fields and along roadsides, New Brunswick to On-
tario, Georgia, Minnesota, Nebraska and Missouri. July-
Nov.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
4. Cirsium virginianum (L.) Michx. Vir-
ginia Thistle. Fig. 4639.
Carduus virginianus L. Sp. PI. 824. 1753.
Cirsium virginianum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 90. 1803.
Cnicus virginianus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 506. 1814.
Biennial; stem slender, naked or scaly above,
pubescent or somewhat tomentose, simple or
branched, 2-3i high. Leaves oblong, oblong-
lanceolate, or the lowest slightly spatulate, ses-
sile, or somewhat clasping, not decurrent, acute
or acutish, spinulose-margined, entire, lobed or
pinnatifid into triangular-lanceolate lobes, the
lower sometimes 8' long and 2' wide, narrowed
into margined petioles, all pubescent or glabrate
above, and densely white-tomentose beneath ;
heads long-peduncled, i'-ii' broad, about i' high;
outer bracts of the involucre not coriaceous, lan-
ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tipped with weak short
bristles, the inner ones very narrow and merely
acuminate; flowers purple.
In dry woods and thickets, Virginia to Kentucky,
Ohio, Florida and Texas. April-Sept.
5. Cirsium Pitcher! (Torr.) T. & G. Pitcher's Thistle. Fig. 4640
Cnicus Pitcheri Torr.; Eaton, Man. Ed. 5, 180. 1829.
Cirsium Pitcheri T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 456. 1843.
Carduus Pitcheri Porter, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 345. 1894.
Biennial, persistently white-tomentose throughout ;
stem stout, leafy up to the heads, usually branched,
i-2 high. Leaves sessile, partly clasping or slightly
decurrent, pinnately divided into narrowly linear,
entire lobed or pinnatifid, acute sparingly prickly seg-
ments, 2"-3" wide, with revolute margins ; basal
leaves often 12' long; heads solitary or several and
racemose-spicate at the ends of the branches, about
ij' broad; outer bracts of the involucre ovate-lan-
ceolate, sparingly pubescent and tomentose-ciliate,
glutinous on the back, tipped with short spreading
bristles, the inner narrowly lanceolate, acuminate or
sometimes tipped with weak prickles; flowers cream
color.
Shores of Lakes Michigan, Huron and Superior. June-
Aug.
6. Cirsium undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng.
Wavy-leaved Thistle. Fig. 4641.
Carduus undulatus Nutt. Gen. 2: 130. 1818.
Cirsium undulatum Spreng. Syst. 3: 374. 1826.
Cnicus undulatus A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10 : 42. 1874.
Cnicus undulatus var. megacephalus A. Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. 10: 42. 1874.
Carduus undulatus megacephalus Porter, Mem. Torr.
Club 5: 345. 1894.
Biennial, persistently and densely white-tomentose
throughout, or the upper surfaces of the leaves at
length green and glabrous; stem stout, leafy, usually
branched, i-3 high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate in outline, acute, sessile or decurrent, or
the lowest petioled, undulate, lobed or pinnatifid, the
lobes dentate, triangular, often very prickly; basal
leaves often 8' long; heads ii'-3' broad, and nearly
as high, solitary at the ends of the branches ; outer
bracts of the involucre ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
firm, glutinous on the back, tipped with short spread-
ing prickles, the inner ones lanceolate, acuminate ;
flowers purple or pink.
On plains and prairies, Lake Huron to Assiniboia, Alberta, Kansas, New Mexico and Arizona.
June-Sept.
GENUS 104.
THISTLE FAMILY.
55'
7. Cirsium plattense (Rydb.) Britton.
Prairie Thistle. Fig. 4642.
Carduus plattensis Rydberg, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 167.
pi. 2. 1895.
Perennial or biennial, the root thick and deep;
stem stout, simple, or little branched, i*-2j tall,
densely white-felted. Leaves deeply pinnatifid,
white-tomentose beneath, green, loosely tomen-
tose, or glabrate above, the lower $'-?' long, the
lobes lanceolate to oblong, acute, prickly tipped
and margined ; upper leaves smaller and less di-
vided; heads few, about 2' high and broad; outer
bracts of the involucre lanceolate to ovate-lanceo-
late, firm, dark, tipped with a short weak spread-
ing prickle, the inner linear-lanceolate, unarmed,
tipped with a scarious reflexed erose appendage;
corolla yellow, its lobes linear; pappus of outer
flowers merely barbellate.
Sand hills, Nebraska, Colorado and South Dakota.
May-July.
8. Cirsium Flodmani (Rydb.) Britton. Flod-
man's Thistle. Fig. 4643.
Carduus Flodmani Rydb. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Card, i: 451.
1900.
Stem rather slender, ii-3 tall, loosely white-cottony,
usually more or less branched. Leaves deeply pinnatifid
into linear-oblong or lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
toothed or entire segments, floccose and green above,
densely white-cottony beneath, the lower 6' long or less ;
heads i$'-2 r broad ; involucre campanulate, its linear
bracts tipped with yellow prickles; flowers reddish-
purple to rose.
Meadows and river bottoms. Iowa and North Dakota to
Saskatchewan, Nebraska and Colorado. Has been referred
to the western C. canescens. July-Sept.
9. Cirsium ochrocentrum A. Gray.
Yellow-spined Thistle. Fig. 4644.
Cirsium ochrocentrum A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad.
i : 1 10. 1840.
Ciiicus ochroccntrus A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19:
57- '883.
Carduus ochroccntrus Greene, Proc. Phil. Acad.
1892: 336. 1893.
Similar to Cirsium undulatum, but commonly
taller and more leafy, often 6 high, equally
white-tomentose. Leaves oblong-lanceolate in
outline, usually very deeply pinnatifid into tri-
angular-lanceolate, serrate or entire segments,
armed with numerous long yellow prickles ;
lower leaves often 6'-8' long; heads about 2'
broad, \\'-2.' high, solitary at the ends of the
branches ; outer bracts of the involucre lan-
ceolate; tipped with stout yellow prickles of
nearly or quite their own length, the inner nar-
rowly lanceolate, long-acuminate; flowers pur-
ple (rarely white?).
On plains, Nebraska to Texas, Nevada and Ari-
zona. May-Sept.
55 2
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
j
10. Cirsium nebraskense Britton. Nebraska
Thistle. Fig. 4645.
Carduus nebraskensis Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl.
3: 487. 1898.
Stem densely white-woolly, apparently over i high.
Leaves linear-oblong to lanceolate, white-woolly be-
neath, green and sparingly loosely woolly above, ir-
regularly slightly toothed or entire, the upper 3' -6'
long, i'-i' wide, the margins prickly; heads solitary,
or few, short-peduncled, about ii' high; outer bracts
of the involucre lanceolate, prickle-tipped, the inner
narrower with a reflexed acute scarious appendage ;
pappus bristles of inner flowers plumose, of the outer
barbellate.
Western Nebraska and Wyoming. Summer.
ii. Cirsium odoratum (Muhl.) Britton.
Pasture Thistle. Fragrant Thistle.
Fig. 4646.
Cnicus odoratus Muhl. Cat. 70. 1813.
Carduus pumilus Nutt. Gen. 2: 130. 1818.
Cnicus pumilus Torr. Compend. 282. 1826.
Carduus odoratus Porter, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 345-
1894.
Biennial, more or less villous-pubescent ; stem
stout, simple or branched, leafy, i-3 high; roots
thick, branched, solid ; stem leaves green both sides,
sessile and clasping, oblong or oblong-lanceolate in
outline, acute, 3'-?' long, i'-2' wide, pinnatifid into
triangular, acute, dentate, prickly lobes. Basal
leaves petioled ; heads solitary, terminal, 2'-3'
broad, about 2' high, often involucrate by the
upper leaves ; outer bracts lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, with a slight glutinous strip on the
back, glabrous or sparingly tomentose, tipped with
slender prickles, the inner narrow, long-acuminate ;
flowers purple, rarely white, fragrant ; tips of the
pappus bristles usually spatulate.
In fields, Maine to Pennsylvania, Delaware and
West Virginia. July-Sept.
12. Cirsium Hillii
m
2
(Canby) Fernald.
Hill's Thistle. Fig. 4647.
Cnicus Hillii Canby, Card. & For. 4: 101. 1891.
Carduus Hillii Porter, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 344. 1894.
Cirsium Hillii Fernald, Rhodora 10: 95. 1908.
Perennial, low, villous-pubescent or somewhat
woolly; stem leafy, simple or branched, i-2
high; root perpendicular, fusiform, slender and
hollow above, enlarged below, 8'-i2' long; leaves
green both sides, mostly obtuse, lobed or pin-
natifid, the lobes mostly broad and rounded, den-
tate, spinulose or with some rather stout prickles,
the upper oblong, sessile and clasping, the lower
spatulate-oblong, narrowed at the base or the
lowest ones petioled and 6'-8' long; heads 2'-3'
broad, about 2' high ; outer bracts of the invo-
lucre ovate-lanceolate, tipped with short bristles,
conspicuously glutinous on the back, the inner
narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate ; flowers pur-
ple ; pappus bristles slender-pointed or some of
them slightly spatulate.
In fields, western Ontario to Minnesota, south to
Pennsylvania, Illinois and Iowa. June-July.
GENUS 104.
THISTLE FAMILY.
13. Cirsium horridulum Michx. Yellow Thistle.
Fig. 4648.
Carduus spinosissimus Walt. Fl. Car. 194. 1788. Not Cir-
shim spinosissintum (L. ) Scop.
Cirsium horridulum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: go. 1803.
Cnicus horridulus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 507. 1814.
Biennial or perennial, somewhat woolly when young,
but becoming glabrate; stem branched, leafy, 2-5
high. Leaves green both sides, lanceolate or oblong in
outline, sessile and clasping or the basal ones short-
petioled and somewhat spatulate, pinnatifid into trian-
gular or broader, spinulose-margined and prickle-tipped,
entire or dentate lobes ; heads involucrate by the upper
leaves, 2' -4' broad, ij'-ai' high; bracts of the involucre
narrowly lanceolate, roughish and ciliate, long-acumi-
nate, unarmed ; flowers pale yellow, yellowish, or occa-
sionally purple.
In moist or dry sandy soil, Maine to Pennsylvania, Flor-
ida and Texas. Abundant along the edges of salt-meadows
in New York and New Jersey. May-Aug., or earlier in the
South.
14. Cirsium muticum Michx. Swamp
Thistle. Fig. 4649.
Cirsium muticum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 89. 1803.
Carduus muticus Pers. Syn. 2:'386. 1807.
Cnicus muticus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 506. 1814.
Carduus muticus subpinnatifidus Britton, in Britt.
& Brown, 111. Fl. 3 : 489. 1898.
Cnicus muticus alpicola Fernald, Ott. Nat. 1905 :
1 66.
Biennial ; stem woolly or villous when young,
becoming glabrate, slender, striate, leafy, panicu-
lately branched above, 3-8 high. Leaves dense-
ly white-tomentose beneath when young, some-
times becoming glabrous on both sides, deeply
pinnatifid into lanceolate or oblong, entire, lobed
or dentate, spiny segments usually tipped with
slender prickles, or sometimes merely lobed ;
basal leaves petioled, 4'-8' long, those of the
stem sessile and smaller; heads about li' broad
and high, solitary, terminal, naked-peduncled,
or with a few small bract-like leaves near the
base ; outer bracts viscid, appressed, more or
less cottony, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, the in-
ner linear-lanceolate, acute, all unarmed ; flowers purple.
In swamps and moist soil, Newfoundland to Florida, Saskatchewan and Texas. July-Oct.
15. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canada Thistle. Creeping Thistle. Fig. 4650.
Serratula arvensis L. Sp. PI. 820. 1753.
Cirsium arvense Scop. Fl. Cam. Ed. 2, 2: 126. 1772.
Carduus arvensis Robs. Brit. Fl. 163. 1777.
Cnicus arvensis Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. Ed. 2, I : Part. 2,
130. 1804.
Perennial by horizontal rootstocks, forming patches,
nearly glabrous, or the leaves sometimes woolly be-
neath; stems striate, i-3 high, branched above.
Leaves sessile, slightly clasping, but not decurrent,
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid into
very prickly, lobed or dentate segments, or sometimes
nearly or quite entire; basal leaves sometimes peti-
oled, s'-8' long; heads numerous, corymbose, dioe-
cious, i' broad or less, nearly i' high, purple or white,
staminate heads globose, corollas projecting; pistil-
late heads oblong-campanulate, corollas shorter, the
long pappus conspicuous ; outer bracts ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, appressed, tipped with short prickly points,
inner bracts of the pistillate heads linear, elongated.
In fields and waste places, Newfoundland to Virginia,
British Columbia, Nebraska and Utah. In many places
a pernicious weed. Races differ in leaf-form and in
pubescence. Naturalized from Europe. Way- or cursed
thistle. Corn-, hard- or prickly-thistle. June-Sept.
554
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
16. Cirsium palustre (L.) Scop.
Fig. 4651.
Carduus palustris L. Sp. PI. 822. 1753.
Marsh Thistle.
Cirsium palustre Scop. Fl. Cam. Ed. 2, 2: 128. 1772.
Annual or biennial ; stem little branched, 4-5 high,
loosely floccose or glabrate and covered by the decur-
rent prickly margins of the leaves. Leaves pinnatifid,
the lower often 6'-8' long, linear-oblong in outline, the
segments lobed, loosely floccose beneath, spinulose;
heads usually many, rather less than i' broad, densely
clustered, short-peduncled, the involucre ovoid, its bracts
with very short, prickly tips.
Woodlands, East Andover, New Hampshire, recorded as
thoroughly naturalized. Native of Europe and northern
Asia. Summer.
Cirsium canum (L.) Bieb., with larger, long-peduncled
heads, the decurrent leaf-bases merely ciliate, is recorded as
established in Massachusetts. Adventive from Europe.
105. CARDUUS [Vaill.] L. Sp. PI. 820. 1753.
Herbs resembling Cirsium in habit, usually annual or biennial, the leaves decurrent on
the stem and branches as spiny wings, the heads often nodding. Involucre ovoid to globose,
many-flowered, its bracts narrow, in many series. Receptacle copiously bristly, flat or convex.
Corolla-tube slender, the limb deeply 5-cleft. Filaments papillose-pubescent. Anthers sagit-
tate at the base and with slender auricular appendages. Style-branches obtuse. Achenes
mostly obovoid, sometimes angled or ribbed, glabrous. Pappus of many naked or merely
roughened bristles. [Ancient Latin name of these plants.]
About 80 species, natives of the Old World. Type species : Carduus nutans L.
Heads solitary at end of stem or branches, nodding. i. C. nutans.
Heads usually several, crowded at ends of winged branches. 2. C. crispus.
i. Carduus nutans L. Musk Thistle. Plume^ss Thistle. Fig. 4652.
Carduus nutans L. Sp. PI. 821. 1753.
Biennial, branched, sparingly tomcntose, 2-3
high. Leaves lanceolate in outline, deeply pinnatifid,
acuminate, 3'-6' long, the lobes triangular, very
prickly; heads long-peduncled, solitary at the end
of the stem or branches, \\'-2\' broad, nodding, pur-
ple, rarely white, fragrant ; involucre hemispheric, its
bracts in many series, lanceolate, long-acuminate, the
prominent mid-nerve prolonged into a prickle, or the
inner nerveless and awned ; pappus bristles io"-i'
long, white, very minutely barbed.
In waste places, District of Columbia, Pennsylvania
and New Jersey to New Brunswick, and in ballast about
the seaports. Naturalized or adventive from Europe.
Native also of Asia. Bank- or buck-thistle. Queen Ann's-
thistle. July-Oct.
GENUS 105.
THISTLE FAMILY
2. Carduus crispus L. Curled Thistle. Welted
Thistle. Fig. 4653.
Carduus crispus L. Sp. PI. 821. 1753.
Biennial, somewhat tomentose ; stem much branch-
ed, densely prickly, 2-4 high. Leaves lanceolate
in outline, with undulate and ciliate-spiny margins,
all sinuate-pinnatifid into broad, 3-lobed, toothed
segments, the teeth prickle-pointed; heads several,
usually crowded at the ends of the winged branches,
i' broad or less, purple or white, sessile or short-
peduncled, or some of them rarely solitary and
slender-peduncled ; involucre ovoid, its bracts very
numerous, linear, the outer prickle-tipped and rigid,
the inner thinner and merely acuminate.
In fields and waste places, New Brunswick, Quebec,
Nova Scotia and Pennsylvania, and in ballast about the
seaports. Adventive from Europe. Native also of Asia.
July-Sept.
Carduus acanthqides L., which resembles this species,
but has larger hemispheric involucres, their outer bracts
not rigid, has been collected in ballast on waste grounds M\\
about Atlantic seaports, and several other species of ' U/
Carduus have been found in ballast deposits.
106. MARIANA Hill, Veg. Syst. 4: 19. 1762.
[SILYBUM Vaill. ; Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 116. 1763.]
Annual or biennial, simple or branched, nearly glabrous herbs, with large alternate clasp-
ing, sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid, white-blotched leaves, and large discoid heads of purple
tubular flowers, solitary at the end of the stem or branches. Involucre broad, subglobose,
its bracts rigid, imbricated in many series, the lower ones fimbriate-spinulose at the broad
triangular summit, the middle ones similar but armed with huge spreading or recurved spines,
the inner lanceolate, acuminate. Receptacle flat, densely bristly. Corolla-tube slender, the
limb expanded and deeply 5-cleft. Filaments monadelphous below, glabrous. Anthers sag-
ittate at the base. Style nearly entire. Achenes obovate-oblong, compressed, glabrous, sur-
mounted by a papillose ring. Pappus bristles in several series, flattish, barbellate or scabrous.
[St. Mary's thistle.]
A montypic genus of the Mediterranean region.
i. Mariana mariana (L.) Hill. Milk
Thistle. Fig. 4654.
Carduus marianus L. Sp. PI. 823. 1753.
Mariana mariana Hill, Hort. Kew. 61. 1769.
Silybum marianum Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 2 : 378.
1802.
Stem striate, glabrous or slightly woolly, little
branched, 2-4 high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate,
prickly, strongly clasping, the lower often 12'
long and 6' wide, the upper much smaller, scarce-
ly lobed, acute; heads about 2*' broad; spines of
the middle involucral bracts often ij' long; pap-
pus bristles white, barbellate.
Escaped from gardens near Kensington, Ontario
(T. Walker, according to Macoun), in ballast and
waste grounds about the eastern seaports, south to
Alabama, and on the Pacific Coast from British Co-
lumbia to southern California, where it is naturalized.
Virgin Mary's-thistle, lady's-milk, holy thistle. June-
Aug.
107. ONOPORDON [Vaill.] L. Sp. PI. 827. 1753.
Coarse, branching or rarely acaulescent, tomentose herbs, with stout stems winged by
the decurrent bases of the alternate dentate or pinnatifid, prickly leaves, and large discoid
heads of purple violet or white flowers, mostly solitary at the ends of the branches. Invo-
lucre nearly globular, its bracts imbricated in many series, all tipped with long spines in our
species, the inner narrower than the outer. Receptacle flat, fleshy, honeycombed, not bristly.
556
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
Corolla-tube slender, the limb expanded and deeply 5-cleft. Filaments pilose. Anthers sagit-
tate at the base. Achenes obovate or oblong, 4-angled or compressed, smooth or corrugated.
Pappus bristles in several series, filiform, barbellate or plumose, united at the base. [Greek,
Asses' thistle, the ancient name.]
About 12 species, natives of the Old World, the following typical.
i. Onopordon Acanthium L. Cotton
Thistle. Scotch Thistle. Fig. 4655.
Onopordon Acanthium L. Sp. PI. 827. 1753.
Biennial, white-tomentose all over ; stem usually
much branched, leafy, 3-9 high. Leaves oblong,
lobed and dentate, acute, very spiny, the lower
often 12' long; heads ii'-2' broad, about ii' high,
solitary at the ends of the branches; outer bracts
of the involucre ovate or oblong, minutely serru-
late, tipped with long stout spreading spines ;
flowers pale purple ; achenes slightly corrugated ;
pappus bristles brownish, longer than the achene.
In waste places, Nova Scotia and Ontario to New
Jersey, Pennsylvania and Michigan. Naturalized
from Europe. Native also of Asia. Argentine. Asses',
oat or down-thistle. Queen Mary's-, silver- or musk-
thistle. July-Sept.
108. CENTAUREA L. Sp. PI. 909. 1753.
Perennial or annual herbs, with alternate entire dentate incised or pinnatifid leaves, and
large or middle-sized heads, of tubular purple violet white or rarely yellow flowers. Invo-
lucre ovoid or globose, its bracts imbricated in many series, appressed, fimbrillate, or dentate.
Receptacle flat, densely bristly. Marginal flowers usually neutral and larger than the central
ones, which are perfect and fertile, or flowers all perfect and fertile in some species. Corolla-
tube slender, the limb regular or oblique, 5-cleft or S-lobed, the segments sometimes appearing
like rays. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches short, somewhat connate, obtuse.
Achenes oblong or obovoid, compressed or obtusely 4-angled, usually smooth and shining,
obliquely or laterally attached to the receptacle, surmounted by a disk with an elevated mar-
gin. Pappus of several series of bristles or scales, rarely none. [Greek, of the Centaurs,
who were said to use it in healing.]
About 350 species, mostly natives of the Old World. Type species : Centaurea Centaurium L.
Bracts of the involucre lacerate or fimbriate, not spiny.
Heads 2' broad or less ; achenes laterally attached ; introduced species.
Annual ; leaves entire. i- C. Cyanus.
Perennials or biennials, or C. tnaculosa annual.
Bracts of the involucre laciniate or entire. 2. C, Jacea.
Bracts of the involucre, or their tips, pectinate-fringed.
Lower bracts of the involucre pectinate-fringed to below the middle.
Leaves entire or merely dentate. 3- C. nigra.
Leaves pinnatifid. 4- C. Scabiosa.
Lower bracts of the involucre pectinate-fringed only at the tips.
Leaves entire, toothed, or the lower lyrate. 5- C. vochinensis.
All but the upper leaves pinnatifid into linear segments. 6. C. maculosa.
Heads 2'~4' broad ; achenes obliquely attached ; native western species. 7. C. americana.
Bracts of the involucre tipped with stout spines.
Flowers purple ; stem wingless. 8. C. Calcitrapa.
Flowers yellow ; stem winged by the decurrent leaf-bases.
Spines slender, purplish, 5" long or less, branched below. 9- C. melitensis.
Spines stout, yellow, 6"-io" long, with smaller ones at the base. 10. C. solstitialis.
GENUS 108.
THISTLE FAMILY.
557
i. Centaurea Cyanus L. Blue-bottle.
Corn Blue-bottle. Corn-flower.
Fig. 4656.
Centaurea Cyanus L. Sp. PI. 911. 1753.
Annual, woolly, at least when young; stem
leafy, slender, branched, i-2$ high, the branches
ascending. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate,
mucronate, 3'-6' long, the basal and lower ones
mostly remotely dentate, the upper, or sometimes
all of them, entire; heads i'-i*' broad, on long
naked peduncles ; involucre campanulate, its bracts
greenish-yellow, or the inner with darker tips
and margins, appressed, fimbriate with scarious
teeth; flowers blue, purplish, pink or white, the
marginal ones neutral with large radiant corolla-
limbs ; achenes slightly compressed, or 4-angled ;
pappus bristles unequal, nearly as long as the
achene.
In waste places, escaped from gardens, and in bal-
last, Quebec to Ontario, western New York, Nebraska
and Virginia. Witches'-bells or -thimbles, corn-
centaury, corn-bottle or -binks. Brushes. Hurt-sickle.
Blue-bonnets. Blaver. Blue poppy. Bachelor's-but-
tons. Blue caps. Barbeau. French pink. July-Sept.
2. Centaurea Jacea L. Brown or Rayed
Knapweed. Fig. 4657.
Centaurea Jacea L. Sp. PI. 914. 1753.
Perennial, 2 high or less. Leaves entire or
denticulate, rarely lobed; heads i'-ii' broad; in-
volucre globular to ovoid, its bracts closely im-
bricated, brown or with brown backs, the outer
ones pale brown with fimbriate appendages, the
middle ones lacerate, the inner entire or nearly
so, dark brown ; marginal flowers neutral with
enlarged radiant corolla-limbs ; achenes obscurely
4-sided ; pappus none, or a minute crown.
In waste places, northern New York, Vermont and
Massachusetts, and in ballast about eastern seaports.
Also in British Columbia. Fugitive from Europe.
June-Sept.
3. Centaurea nigra L. Black Knapweed.
Horse-knops. Hardheads. Centaury.
Fig. 4658.
Cen aurea nigra L. Sp. PI. 911. 1753.
Perennial, scabrous or pubescent; stem stiff,
branched, i-2 high. Lower and basal leaves
spatulate or oblong, acutish, entire, denticulate,
dentate or lobed, not pinnatifid, 3' -6' long, nar-
rowed into long petioles ; upper leaves oblong or
lanceolate, sessile, or partly clasping, entire or
nearly so; heads rarely i' broad, bracted by the
small, uppermost leaves; involucre globose, its
bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, closely im-
bricated, tipped with brown fimbriate appendages,
or the uppermost merely lacerate ; flowers rose-
purple, all perfect, the marginal ones usually not
at all enlarged, or sometimes radiant; achenes
slightly 4-sided ; pappus none, or a ring of minute
scales.
In waste places and fields, Newfoundland to On-
tario, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Naturalized
from Europe. Among many other English names are
iron-head or -weed, club-weed, matfelon, hurt-sickle,
tassel, horse-knobs ; crop-, knob-, bole- or button-
weed ; loggerheads, lady's-cushion, blue-tops, hard-
weed, bullweed, sweeps, bachelor's-buttons. July-
Sept.
553
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
4. Centaurea Scabiosa L. Scabious Knapweed.
Greater Centaury. Fig. 4659.
C. Scabiosa L. Sp. PI. 913. 1753.
Slightly pubescent or villous, perennial ; stem simple
or branched, about 2 high. Leaves all pinnatifid, the
lower and basal ones petioled, often 6' long, the upper
sessile and much smaller; heads about 2' broad, on
bracted peduncles i'-4' long ; involucre ovoid, its bracts
all pectinate to or below the middle, and blackish-mar-
gined, the outer ovate, the inner oblong; corolla purple,
the outer ones enlarged and neutral; pappus of stiff
bristles, about as long as the achene.
Waste grounds and fields, Quebec and Ontario to Ohio.
Naturalized from Europe. July-Sept.
5. Centaurea vochinensis Bernh. Tyrol Knap-
weed. Fig. 4660.
C. vochinensis Bernh.; Reichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. 15: 15.
Perennial, roughish, branched, 2 high or less. Leaves
firm in texture, the basal and lower ones dentate or
lyrate, 3' -5' long, the upper lanceolate to oblong-lanceo-
late, few-toothed or entire; heads about ii' broad; in-
volucre ovoid-cylindric, about 8" high, its faintly nerved
bracts pectinate at the brownish tip, the lower short,
ovate, the upper elongated ; flowers rose-purple, the
margined ones radiant.
Waste grounds, Ontario to Massachusetts and southern
New York. Naturalized from Europe. Aug.-Oct.
6. Centaurea maculosa Lam. Spotted Knap-
weed. Fig. 4661.
C. maculosa Lam. Encycl. i: 669. 1783.
Annual or biennial, loosely floccose-pubescent or
glabrate, usually much branched, 2-3 high, the stiff
branches ascending. Leaves pinnatifid into linear
segments, or the upper linear and entire, the lower
up to 3' long; heads peduncled, about 10" broad;
involucre ovoid, its ribbed bracts pectinate only at
the black tip, the inner ones longer than the outer
and entire or merely erose; corollas white to purple,
the marginal ones radiant.
Waste grounds, Massachusetts to New Jersey and
Pennsylvania. July- Aug.
GENUS 108.
THISTLE FAMILY.
559
7. Centaurea americana Ntitt. American
Star Thistle. Fig. 4662.
C. americana Nutt. Journ. Phila. Acad. 2: 117. 1821.
Plectocephalus americanus Don, in Sweet, Brit. Fl.
Card. (II) pi. 51- 1831-
Annual, roughish ; stem stout, simple, or little
branched, 2-6 high. Leaves entire or denticu-
late, the lower and basal ones spatulate or oblong,
2'-s' long, narrowed into petioles, the upper ob-
long-lanceolate, sessile, mucronate ; heads solitary
at the much thickened ends of the leafy stem or
branches, very showy, 2 '-4' broad ; involucre
nearly hemispheric, its bracts ovate or lanceolate
with conspicuously pectinate appendages ; flowers
pink or purple, the marginal ones with enlarged
and radiant corolla-limbs ; achenes somewhat
compressed, obliquely attached at the base ; pap-
pus of copious unequal bristles longer than the
achene.
Dry plains, Missouri and Arkansas to Louisiana,
Mexico and Arizona. May-Aug.
8. Centaurea Calcitrapa L. Star Thistle.
Fig. 4663.
Centaurea Calcitrapa L. Sp. PI. 917. 1753.
Annual, pubescent or glabrous, green ; stem
much branched, not winged, i-ii high. Leaves
i-2-pinnatifid into oblong-lanceolate to linear,
serrulate-spinulose, dentate or entire mostly acute
lobes, the upper sessile and slightly clasping, the
lower and basal short-petioled, 4' -7' long, the
uppermost somewhat involucrate at the bases of
the sessile heads which are about i' broad; invo-
lucre ovoid, its outer bracts ovate-oblong, tipped
with stout, spreading, yellowish spines which are
simple, or commonly with 2-6 bristles at the base ;
flowers purple, none of them radiant; achenes
compressed or obscurely 4-sided ; pappus none.
In waste places and ballast, southern New York
and New Jersey to Virginia. Also from British Co-
lumbia to California. Adventive or naturalized
from Europe. Called also caltrops, maize- or mouse-
thorn. Knop-weed. June-Oct.
9. Centaurea melitensis L. Rayless Winged
Centaury. Fig. 4664.
Centaurea melitensis L. Sp. PI. 917. 1753.
Annual, i-4 high, grayish-pubescent, much branched,
the stem and branches narrowly winged by the decur-
rent leaf-bases. Basal leaves lyrate, their lobes obtuse ;
stem leaves few-lobed or entire, the upper ones i' long
or less; heads sessile or nearly so; involucre about
thick, its principal bracts tipped by a slender purplish
divergent spine 5" long or less, which is often branched
below and with smaller spines at its base ; flowers yel-
low, none of them radiant ; pappus scales unequal.
Waste and cultivated grounds, Georgia to Missouri, Ari-
zona, California and Oregon, and in ballast about the
Atlantic seaports. Naturalized or adventive from Europe.
Widely naturalized in South America. April-Sept.
COMPOSITAE.
VOL. III.
10. Centaurea solstitialis L. Barnaby's
Thistle. Fig. 4665.
Centaurea solstitialis L. Sp. PI. 917. 1753.
Annual, cottony-pubescent, branched, i-2 high,
the stem and branches winged by the decurrent leaf-
bases. Basal leaves pinnatifid, often 6' long; stem
leaves lanceolate to linear, mostly entire, the upper
i'-l' long; involucre ovoid-globose, about 4' thick,
its principal bracts tipped by a stout, spreading or
reflexed yellow spine, 6"-io" long, with several
much smaller ones at its base; flowers yellow, none
radiant.
Waste and cultivated grounds, Massachusetts to New
York, Pennsylvania, Ontario and Utah, and in Cali-
fornia. Adventive from Europe. July-Sept.
109. CNICUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 826. 1753.
An annual herb, with alternate pinnatifid or sinuate-dentate leaves, the lobes or teeth
spiny, and large sessile heads of yellow tubular flowers, solitary at the ends of the branches,
subtended by the upper leaves. Bracts of the involucre imbricated in several series, the
outer ovate, the inner lanceolate, tipped by long pinnately branched spines. Receptacle flat,
bristly. Achenes terete, striate, laterally attached, the horny margin lo-toothed at the sum-
mit; pappus of 2 series of awns, the inner fimbriate, the outer longer, naked; anther-append-
ages elongated, united to their tips. [Latin name of Safflower, early applied to thistles.]
A monotypic genus of the Old World.
i. Cnicus benedictus L. Blessed Thistle. Our Lady's Thistle. Fig. 4666.
Cnicus benedictus L. Sp. PI. 826. 1753.
Centaurea benedic a L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1296.
1763-
Hirsute or pubescent, much branched,
seldom over 22 high. Leaves oblong-lan-
ceolate in outline, rather thin, reticulate-
veined, 3'-6' long, the upper clasping, the
basal and lower ones narrowed at the base
and petioled ; heads about 2' broad, sub-
tended by several large lanceolate to ovate-
lanceolate leaves; bristles of the receptacle
soft, long; outer awns of the pappus alter-
nating with the inner.
In waste places, Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick to Maryland, Pennsylvania, Ala-
bama and Michigan, and on the Pacific Coast.
Adventive from southern Europe. Holy- or
bitter thistle. Sweet-sultan. St. Benedict's-
thistle. May-Aug.
Echinops sphaerocephalus L., a tall spinose
plant, with large clusters of i-flowered invo-
lucres, thrfSftjpwers white or bluish, occasionally
escapes fr<5ln cultivation into waste grounds.
It is native of Europe.
SUMMARY.
Families. Genera. Species Figured.
PTERIDOPHYTA 1 1 31 130
SPERMATOPHYTA
Gymnospermae 2 10 28
Angiospermae
Monocotyledones 32 251 1261
Dicotyledones
Choripetalae 103 526 1775
Gamopetalae 46 41 1 1472
TOTAL 194 1229 4666
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES
[Classes, Families and Tribes in SMALL CAPITALS; genera in heavy face; synonyms in italics.
Heavy face figures indicate the volume ; other figures, the page. Varietal synonyms are indented.
Abama i 487
Acetates
Acuan 2 311
Agalinis
(Narthecium)
lanuginosa
3 35
(Desmanthus)
aspera
3 209
americana 487
longifolia
34
illinoensis 332
Besseyana
21 I
Abies 62
viridiflora
34
leptoloba 332
fasciculata
210
balsamea 63
Achillea
3 SU
Adelia 2 728
Gattingeri
213
canadensis 61-2
borealis
5i6
(Forestiera)
heterophylla
209
caroliniana 62
lanulosa
5 X 5
acuminata 728
linifolia
2O9
Fraseri 63
ligustica
5i5
Adenocaulon 3 457
maritima
211
Mariana 6 1
millefolium
5iS
bicolor 457
palustris
208
nigra 61
Ptarmica
SIS
Adiantum i 31
parvifolia
212
Picea 63
santolina
5H
Capillus-Veneris 31
paupercula
2IO
Tsuga 62
Achroanthes
i 5?o
pedatum 31
purpurea
210
Abolboda i 450
(Microstylis)
" aleuticum 31
Skinneriana
212
Abronia 2 33
monophylla
S7i
Adicea I 636
setacea
212
californica 33
unifolia
571
(Pilea)
tenuifolia
211
fragrans 33
Achyranthes
p : ii mil 'a 637
Agassizia
micrantha 33
dichotoma
2 28
Adlumia 2 143
suavis
3 513
Abutilon 2 521
lanuginosa
2 7
cirrhosa 143
Agastache
3 in
Abutilon 521
Acnida
2 5
fungosa 143
(Lophanthus)
avicennae 521
cannabina
2 5,'6
Adnaria 2 695
anethiodora
112
Theophrasti 521
floridana
6
Adonis 2 121
nepetoides
III
Acacia 2 330
rusocarpa
6
annua 121
scrophulariaefoliai la
angustissima 331
tamariscina
6
iiiituinnalis 121
Agave
brachyloba 332
" concatenata
6
Adopogon 3 306
virginica
I 534
filicina 331
" prostrata
6
(Krigia)
AGGREGATAE
3 347
filiculoides 331
" subnuda
6
carolinianum 307
Agoseris
3 323
Acalypha 2 457
tuberculata
6
Dandelion 308
(Troximon)
caroliniana 457
Aconitum
2 96
occidentale 308
cuspidata 3
323-4
gracilens 457
noveboracense
96
virginicum 307
glauca
3 323
ostryaefolia 457
paniculatum
96
Adorium 2 643
parviflora
323
virginica 457
reclinatum
97
divaricatum 643
Agrimonia
2 266
Acamptoclados x 230
uncinatum
97
tenuifolium 644
Brittoniana
268
sessilispicus 231
Acorus
I 445
ADOXACEAE 3 283
Eupatoria
266
ACANTHACEAE 3208,240
Calamus
446
Adoxa 283
" hirsuta
266
Acanthospermum 3459
Acrostichum
Moschatellina 283
" mollis
267
australe 459
alpinum
I 12
Aegilops
gryposepala
266
brasilium 459
areolatum
25
aromatica 1 225
hirsuta
266
xanthoides 459
hyperboreum
12
Aegopodium 2 653-4
microcarpa
267
ACERACEAE 2 494
ilvense
12
Podagraria 654
mollis
267
Acer 2 494
Marantae
I 35
Aeschynomene 2 392
parviflora
267
barbatum 496
platyneuros
27
aspera 392
parviflora
268
dasycarpum 494
polypodioides
36
hispida 393
pumila
267
carolinianum 495
Thelypteris
18
Sesban 376
rostellata
267
Drummondii 496
Actaea
2 89
virginica 393
striata
268
eriocarpum 494
alba
90
AESCULACEAE 2 498
Agropyron
i 283
glabrum 497
argutu
90
Aesculus 49%
biflorum
285
interior 498
eburnea
90
arguta 499
cristatum
283
montanum 497
neglecta
90
austrina 500
caninum
285
Negundo 498
racemosa
91
flava 499
dasys4achyum
284
pennsylvanicum 497
rubra
90
" purpurascens 499
Gmelini
289
platanoides 494
" dissecta
90
glabra 499
novae-angliae
285
Pseudo-Platanus 494
spicata
90
Hippocastanum 498
pseudorepens
283
rubrum 495
Actinella
3 508
hybrida 499
pungens
284
tridens 495
acaulis
509
lutea 499
repens
283
saccharinum 494,496
linearifolia
508
octandra 499
Richardsonii
285
odorata
Sio
Pavia 500
Smithii
284
spicatum 497
Actinomeris
486
Aethulia
spicatum
284
stenocarpum 495
alternifolia
487
uniflora 3 355
subvillosum
284
strictum 497
helianthoides
488
Aethusa 2 645
tenerum
285
tripartitum 497
squarrosa
487
Cynapium 645
tetrastachys
284
Acerates 3 34
see Ridan
3 486
Afzelia 3 205
unilaterale
285
angustifolia 34
Actinospermum
3 502
(Seymeria)
violaceum
285
auriculata 35
(Baldwinid)
macrophylla 205
Agrostemma
2 61
floridana 35
uniflorum
502
Agalinis " 3 208
coronana
70
36
562
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
VOL. III.
Agrostemma
Alchemilla
Alopecurus
Amelanchier
Githago 2 6 1
alpina 2 264
alpinus I 193
canadensis 2 292
AGROSTIDEAE i 108-9
arvensis 264
aristulatus 192
oblongifolia 292
Agrostis i 202
pratensis 264
geniculatus 192
hum His 292
airoides 199
vulgaris 264
Monspeliensis 20 1
intermedia 292
alba 202-3
Aletris i 511
myosuroides 192
laevis 292
" aristata 203
aurca 5 J x
pratensis 191, 3
nantucketensis 292
algid a 193
f arinosa 5 1 1
ALSINACEAE 2 41
oligocarpa 293
altissima 206
Alisma i 93
Alsine 2 41
rotundifolia 293
" laxa 207
arena turn 94
(Stellaria)
sanguinea 293
antecedens 207
brevipes 94
aquatica 42
spicata 292
arachnoides 204
cordifolia 96
borealis 46
stolonifera 292
asp era 196
Geyeri 94
" alpestris 46
.-4wie//MJ
asperifolia 204
parviflorum 94
crassifolia 46
spinulosus 3 379
borealis 205
Plantago 94
fontinalis 46
villosus 374
brevi folia 1 88
Plantago-aquatica 93
glauca 44
Amianthium i 489
canina 205
rostratiim 95
graminea 45
leimanthoides 493
clandestina 195
tenellum 95
Holostea 44
muscaetoxicum 489
coarctata 203
subcordatum 94
humifusa 42
Nuttallii 492
compressa I 200
subulata 104
longifolia 45
Ammannia 2 577
cruciata 225
superbttm 94
longipes 45
auriculata 2 578
cryptandra I 199
ALISMACEAE i 93
" Edwardsii 45
coccinea 578
diffusa 1 86
Alliaria 2 169
media 43
humilis 578-9
data 206
(Sisymbrium in
Michauxii 55
Koehnei 578
Elliottiana 204
part)
pubera 43
latifolia 577
filiformis 185
Alliaria 17
tennesseensis 44
pedicellata 578
geminata 205
Allionia 2 31
tennesseensis 44
ramosior 579
hyemalis 207
(O.ryfoa/'/ttt'O
uliginosa 43
Wrightii 578
" geminata 205
albida 31
Alsine 2 52
AMMIACEAE 2 619
intermedia 206
Bodini 3 1
Althaea 2 513
Ammi
juncea 198
bracteata 2 31
cannabina 514
capillaceum 2 656-7
latifolia 202
Bushii 3 1
officinalis 514
majus 657
longifolia 196
comata 3 2
rosea 514
Ammdenia 2 58
maritima 203
Carletoni 32
ALTINGIACEAE 2 235
(Arenaria in part)
mexicana 185
chersophila 31
Alyssum 2 153
peploides 2 58
novae-angliae 207
glabra 31
alyssoides 154
Ammophila i 212
oreophila 207
hirsuta 32
arcticum 156
arenaria 212
paludosa 205
lanceolata 31
calycinum 154
arundinacea 212
pauciflora 1 86
linearis 31
incanum 153
Ammoselinum 2 652
perennans 206
nyctaginea 32
maritimum 153
(Apium in part)
pseudo-intermedia2o6
oro/a 3 2
montanum 154
Butleri 653
racemosa i 186
pilosa 32
AMARANTHACEAE 2 i
Popei 652
ru&ra 205
violacea 3 1
Amaranthus 2 i
Amorpha 2 365
" americana 205
Allium i 497
albus 3
angustifolia 365
rupestris 204-5
alleghaniense 498
blitoides 3
canescens 366
scabra 207
canadense 499
caudatus i, 2
fruticosa 365
Scribneriana 206
carinatum 499
crispus 5
microphylla 366
serotina 198
cernuum 498
chlorostachys 2
nana 366
Spica-venti 213
Hellcri 500
deflexus 4
Ampelanus 3 36
sobolifera 185
mutabile S
graecizans 3
albidus 36
Schweinitzii 206
Nuttallii 500
hybridus 2
Ampelopsis 2 509-10
sylvatica 1 86
ornithogaloides 501
hypochondriachus 2
arborea 510
tenui flora 186
reticulatum 500
lividus 4
cordata 509
Torreyana 200
sativum 497
Palmeri 2
heterophylla 510
virginica 197
Schoenoprasum 498
paniculatus 2
quinquefolia 5 1 1
vulgaris 203
sibiricum 497
pumilus 5
Veitchii 5 1 1
Ailanthus 2 445
stellatum 498
retroflexus 2 2
Amphiachyris 3 370
glandulosa 446
striatum 501
spinosus 3
dracunculoides 370
Aira i 237
tricoccum 497
tamariscinus 6
Amphicarpa 2 418
aquatica 245
vineale 499
Torreyi 4
monoica 418
atropurpurea 216
Allocarya 3 79
AMARYLLIDACEAE i 531
Pitcheri 418
caespitosa 215
(Eritrichium
Amaryllis
Amphicarpon i 163
caryophyllea 2 1 4
in part) 79
Atamasco I 532
Amphicarpon 164
coerulea 237
lithocarya 79
Amblogyne 2 4
Purshii 164
cristata 245
scopulorum 79
Torreyi 4
Amphilophis i 119
flexuosa 216
Alnus i 612
AMBROSIACEAE 3 338
saccharoides 119
melicoides 262
Alnobetula 612
Ambrosia 3 340
Amsinckia 3 84
nitida 244
Alnus 613
acanthicarpa 342
intermedia 84
obtusata 244
crispa 612
artemisiaefolia 341
lycopsioides 84
pallens 244
glutinosa 613
bidentata 34 *
Amsonia 3 20
praecox 215
incana 613
elatior 341
Amsonia 20
pur pure a 235
japonica 614
integrifolia 34 x
salicifolia 20
spicata 217
maritima 614
maritima 34
Tabernaemontana 20
subspicata 217
Mitchelliana 612
psilostachya 34 2
AMYGDALACEAE 2 322
AlZOACEAE 2 341
mollis 612
tomentosa 3 343
Amygdalus 2 330
AJUGEAE 3 99
noveboracensis 613
trifida 34 r
persica 33
Ajuga ioo
rugosa 613
" integrifolia 341
^wacaw/'j^roj
genevensis 101
serrulata 613
Amelanchier 2.291
triphylla 2 20
reptans 101
viridis 612
alnifoha 293
ANACARDIACEAE 2 480
Albizzia 2 331
vulgaris 613
Bartramiana 293
Anacharis
julibrissin 331
Alopecurus i 191
Botryapium 292
canadensis I 105
Alchemilla 2 263
agrestis 192
canadensis 292
Nuttallii 105
VOL. III.
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
563
Anagallis 2 716
Anemone
Antennaria
Apiastrum
arvensis 716
caroliniana 2 98
neglecta 3 452
see Spermolepis
" coerttlea 716
coronaria 97
simplex 452
a 652
Ananthrix
cylindrica 99
neodioica 451
patens 652
decumbens 3 33
decapetala 98
Parlinii 450
/i^JOJ
Anaphalis 3 453
dichotoma 99
parvifolia 45 1
Apios a 418
margaritacea 453
globosa 98
petaloidea 450
Priceana 418
nubigena 453
Hepatica 101
plantaginifolia 450-1
tuber os a 418
occidentalis 453
hudsoniana 98
propinqua 450
Apium 2 642
Anastrophus i 125
lancifolia 100
rupicola 45 1
Ammi 660
compressus 125
multifida 98
solitaria 450
divaricatum 65 1
furcatus 125
nemorosa 100
Anthemis 3 516
echinatum 652
paspaloides 125
nudicaulis 1 06
arvensis 517
graveolens 660
Anchistea i 24
Nuttalliana 102
aurea 517
leptophyllum 660
virginica 24
parviflora 98
Cotula 516
patens 652
Andrachne a 453
patens 102
maritima 516
Petroselinum 642
phyllanthoides 453
pennsylvanica 99
nobilis 517
Popei 652
Telephioides 453
Pulsatilla 102
repens 469
Aplectrum i 573
Andromeda 2 689
quinquefolia 100
tinctoria 517
hyemale 574
arborea 692
Richardsonii 100
Anthoxanthum i 171
Shortii 574
axillaris 687
riparia 99
giganteum I 113
spicatum 574
baccata 696
. thalictroides 102
odoratum 171
Aplopappus 3 377
calyculata 687
trifolia 100
Puelii 171
armerioides 379
Catesbaei 688
virginiana 99
Anthriscus 2 6^9
c Hiatus 377
coerulea 685
ANEMO.NEAE 2 84
Anthriscus 629
divaricatus 380
ferruginea 691
fioribunda 690
glaucophylla 689
hypnoides 686
ligustrina 691 .
mariana 691
nitida 690
Polifolia 689
racemosa 689
Anemonella a 102
thalictroides 1 02
Anemopsis i 577
Anethum 2 633
Foeniculum 643
graveolens 634
Angelica 2 636
Archangelica 2 646
atropurpurea 637
Cerefolium 629
sylvestris 630
vulgar is 629
Anthyllis 2 359
vulneraria 360
Anticlea i 491
chlorantha 491
elegans 491
Nuttallii 378
rubiginosus 378
spinulosus 379
APOCYNACEAE 3 19
Apocynum 3 21
album 22
androsaemifolium 21
cannabinum 22-3
" glaberrimum 22
recurva 688
spinulosa 688
taxifolia 685
tetragona 686
see Leucothoe
Pieris
Curtisii 635
hirsuta 637
triquinata 637
villosa 637
ANGIOSPERMAE i 68
Anisostichus 3 236
s 1 1 )i riCti 49 1
Antiphylla a 215
oppositifolia 216
Anthirrhinum 3 178
canadense *77
Cymbalaria 175
" pubescens 23
diver gens 2 i
hypericifolium 22
medium 21
Milleri 22
nemorale 22
Andropogon i 115
alopecuroides 113
ambiguits 225-6
argenteus 117
argyraeus 117
avenaceum 120
capreolata 237
Annona
triloba 2 83
ANNONACEAE 2 83
Anogra a 598
(Oenothera in
Elatine 176
Linaria 177
majus 178
minus 176
Orontium 179
repens 178
pubescens 21
sibiricum 22
speciosum 21
urceolifer 22
Apogon
humilis 3 306
Belvisii 117
Cabinisii 117
chrysocomus 118
part)
albicaulis 598
coronopifolia 598
spurium 3 J 75
tenellum 189
Anychia a 29
Aquilegia 2 92
brevistyla 93
canadensis 92
corymbosus 116
dissitiflorus 1 1 6
divaricatus 113
Elliottii 117
furcatus 118
geminatus 118
glaucus 119
Douglasiana 598
latifolia 599
Nuttallii 599
Nuttalliana 599
pallida 599
/4wonymoj
aquatica 3 19
argyrocoma 27
canadensis 3
capillacea 3
dichotoma 29, 30
divaricata 29
polygonoides 29
Anychiastrum a 29
coccinea 92
flavi flora 92
vulgaris 92-3
Arabidopsis a 175
novae-angliae 176
Thaliana 176
Arabis a 178
glomeratus 116
bracteata a 394
montanum 29
alpina 178, 180
halepensis 121
carolinensis 3 89
riparium 29
arsenicola 179
Hallii 118
littoralis 115
cassioides 3 2O 5
graminifolius 3 368
Apalanthe
Schweinitzii 105
brachycarpa 182
bulbosa i 86
wiocroMrwm 1 1 6
odoratissima 3 369
Apargia 3 39
canadensis 182
mississippiensis 117
paniculatus 369
autumnalis 3 1
Collensii 183
nutans 120
petiolata a 73 1
incana 3 ro
con finis 182
paucipilus 119
rotundifolia 347
nudicaulis 310
dentata 180
provincialis 118
Anoplanthus 3 233
hispida 3*
Douglassii 186
saccharoides 119
fasciculatus 234
Apera i 213
Drummondii 182
scoparium 115
uniflorus 233
spica-venti 213
glabra 181
ternarius 117
Antennaria 3 448
Aphanes a 264
hirsuta 181
tetrastachyus 116
alpina 449
arvensis 264
Holboellii a 183
Torreyanus 119
alsinoides 451
australis 264
humifusa 179
vaginatus 116
angustata 449
Aphanostephus 3 401
laevigata 181
virginicus 116
aprica 45 2
arkansanus 401
" laciniata 181
ANDROPOGONEAE i 107-8
arnoglossa 450
skirrobasis 401
" Burkei 1 8 1
Androsace 2 709
campestris 452
Aphora
ludoviciana 1 79
diffusa 709
canadensis 450
humilis a 457
lyrata 179
maxima 709
carpathica 449
mercurialina 456
"occidentalis 179
occidentalis 709
dimorpha 452, 3
Aphyllon 3 233
ovata 181
Androstephium i 501
dioica 3 448, 450
fasciculatum 234
patens 180
coeruleum 501
labradorica 449
" luteum 234
perfoliata 181
violaceum 501
margaritacea 452
ludovicianum 235
petraea 176
Anemone 2 97
microphylla 451
uniflorum 233
retrofracta 183
canadensis 99
monocephala 450
Apiastrum a 652
rhomboidea 186
564
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
VOL. III.
Arabis
Argentina
Artemisia
Asclepias
serotina 2 181
vulgaris 2 258
annua 3 526
lanuginosa 3 35
Thaliana 175
Argyrothamnia
biennis 526
latifolia 27
virginica 1 79
humilis 2 457
Bigelovii 530
Meadii 28
viridis 181
mercurialina 456
borealis 523
nigra 36
ARACEAE i 441
Aria 2 291
cana 53
obtusifolia 27-8
Aralia 2 617-18
Arisaema i 442
canadensis 524
ovalifolia 31
hispida 618
atrorubens 442
capillifolia 356
perennis 31
nudicaulis 618
Dracontium 443
Car ruth ii 528
paupercula 25
" elongata 618
pusillum 442
caudata 3 523
phytolaccoides 29
" prolifera 618
Stewardsonii 443
dracunculoides 524
pulchra 27
racemosa 617
triphyllum 442
" incana 524
pumila 32
spinosa 617
Aristida i 178
elatior 527
purpurascens 26
Arbutus
adscensionis 178
filifolia 525
quadrifolia 29
alpina 694
basiramea 1 79
Forwoodsi 524
rubra 3 26
Uva-Ursi 693
Curtissii 179
frigida 525
speciosa 30
Arceuthobium
desmantha 183
glauca 524
stenophylla 34
minutum i 638
dichotoma 178
gnaphalodes 529
Sullivantii 27
pusillum 638
" Curtissii 1 79
groenlandica 523
syriaca 24, 29-30
Archangelica 2 636
dispersa 180
kansana 528
tuberosa 25
atropurpurea 637
divaricata 183
longifolia 528
variegata 29
Gmelini 646
fasciculata 180
Ludoviciana 529
verticillata 32
perigrina 646
Fendleriana 180
matricarioides 521
viridiflora 34
Archemora 2 637
gracilis 181
mexicana 529
viridis 33
Arctagrostis i 201
" depauperata 181
pontica 3 527
Asclepiodora 3 33
latifolia 201
intermedia 182
procera 526
decumbens 33
Arctium 3 547
lanata 182
serrata 528
viridis 33
Lappa 547
lanosa 182
Stelleriana 527
Ascyrum 2 528
minus 548
longiseta 181
tridentata 530
Crux-Andreae
tomentosum 547
oligantha 181
vulgaris 522, 527
2 528, 535
Arctostaphylos 2 693-4
purpurascens 182
Arum I 442-3
hypericoides 2 528
alpina 694
ramosissima 179
Dracontium I 442
stans 528
Uva-Ursi 2 693
" uniaristdta 1 79
nepenthoides 442
Asimina 2 83
Arctous 2 693
tuberculosa 183
triphyllum 442
triloba 83
alpina 694
Wrightii 180
virginicum 444
Asparagus i 513
Arenaria 2 52
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
Aruncus 2 247
officinalis 514
arctica 54
i 641
(Spiraea in part)
Asperugo 3 84
fct/toro 55
Aristolochia i 645
Aruncus 2 247
procumbens 84
canadensis 60
Clematitis 645
Sylvester 247
Asperula 3 266
caroliniana 55
hastata 645
Arundinaria i 295
arvensis 267
ciliata 53
macrophylla 646
macrosperma 295
galioides 3 267
humifusa 53
Nashii 645
tecta 295
odorata 267
Fendleri 54
rotunda 645
Arundo
Aspidium i 16-22
groenlandica 57
Serpentaria 645
arenaria 212
see Dryopteris
Hookeri 2 53
Sipho 646
brevipilis 212
americanum 22
lateriflora 57
tomentosa 646
cinnoides 211
Asplenium i 25-30
leptoclados 53
Armeria 2 218
festucacea 262
acrostichoides 30
litorea 56
vulgaris 218
Phragmites 232
angustifotium 28
macrophylla 58
Armoracia 2 162
tecta 295
Bradleyi 30
Michauxii 55
Armoracia 163
sceCalamagrostis 207
ebeneum 27
patula 56
rusticana 263
Asarum i 642
ebenoides . 26
peploides 58
Arnica 3 533
acuminatum 642
Filix-foemina 30
pinetorum 53
acaulis 533
arifolium 643, 4
fontanum 29
Pitcheri 56
alpina 534
canadense 642
montanum 29
propinqua 54
angustifolia 534
europaeum 642
parvulum 27
rubra 59, 60
Chamissonis 534
grandiftorum 643
pinnatifidum 27
sajanensis 55
chionopappa 3 534
heterophyllum 644
platyneuron 27
serpylli folia 52
Claytoni 533
macranthum 643
pycnocarpon 28
squarrosa 55
cordifolia 533
Memmingeri 644
resiliens 27
stricta 55
gaspensis 534
reflexum 643
rhizophylla 26
texana 2 56
maritima 541
" ambiguum 643
Ruta-muraria 29
thymifolia 42
mollis 534
Shuttleworthii 643
Sclopendrium 25
verna 54
montana 533
virginicum 644
thelypteroides 30
Arethusa i 562
nudicaulis 533
ASCLEPIADACEAE 3 23
Trichomanes 26-8
bulbosa 562
plantaginea 534
Asclepias 24
viride 28
divaricata 560
Somber 'geri 534
amoena 26
As pr ell a
ophioglossoides 560
Arnoseris 3 308
amplexicaulis 28
Hystrix I 294
spicata 5 71, 4
minima 309
arenaria 30
virginica 168
trianthophora 562
pusilla 309
auriculata 35
Aspns i 214
verticillata 561
Aronia 2 290
Bicknellii 28
caryophyllea 214
seePogonia i 467-8
(Pyrus in part)
brachystephana 31
praecox 215
Argemone 2 138
alnifolia 293
Cornuti 30
Aster 3 406
alba 139
arbutifolia 291
decumbens 25
amellus 406
albi flora 1 39
atropurpurea 291
Douglas ii 30
acuminatus 432
hispida 139
melanocarpa 291
exaltata 28-9
adscendens 421
intermedia 139
nigra 29 i
floridana 35
amethystinus 418
mexicana 138-9
Arrhenatherum i 220
galioides 3 3 2
angustus 434
platyceras 139
avenaceum I 220
incarnata 26
annuus 440
Argentina 2 258
elatius 220
intermedia 28
anomalus 413
Anserina 258
Artemisia 3 522
Jamesii 27
argenteus 423
Babcockiana 258
Abrotanum $26
kansana 3
azureus 4 J 4
littoralis 258 | Absinthium 525
lanceolata 25
bellidiflorus 428
VOL. III.
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
565
Aster
Aster
Astilbe
Atriplex
biflorus 3 425
nemoralis 3 432
decandra v, 215
Nuttallii 2 19
capillaceus 414
" Blakci 432
rivularis 215
patula 18
carmesinus 409
nobilis 413
Astragalus 2 378-90
rosea 18
choralis 414
novae-angliae 417
aboriginorum 2 384
volutans 18
Clayton! 3 410
novi-belgii 421
adsurgens 379
^4<ro/>a
commutatus 427
" atlanticus 421
alpinus 382
physalodes 3 155
concinnus 420
" Brittonii 421
bisulcatus 380
AVEXEAE i 108-9
concolor 423
" elodes 421
Blakei 382
A vena i 218
cordifolius 414
" litoreus 421
caespitosus 386
el at i or 220
" laev igatus 415
Nuttallii Fendleri 423
campestris 390
fatua 218
coridifolius 428
oblongifolius 417
canadensis 379
flavescens 217
corymbosus 3 409
" rigidulus 417
carnosus 377
Hookeri 219
curvescens 411
paludosus 431
carolinianus 2 379
mollis 2 \ 7
depauperatus 43 1
paniculatus 428, 430
caryocarpus 377
palustris 2 1 7
" parviceps 431
parviceps 431
Cooperi 385
Pennsylvania 217
diffusus 426
patens 416
crassicarpus 377
pubescens 219
divaricatus
" gracilis 4 1 6
distortus 382
pratensis americana
409,410,432,433
" phlogifolius 4 1 7
Drummondii 381
219
Drummondii 415
patulus 419
elatiocarpus 383
purpurascens 219
dumosus 428
phlogifolius 417
elegans 384
sativa 218
" coridifolius 428
phyllodes 422
elongatus 385
Smithii 219
" strictior 428
polycephalus 3 427
eucosmos 384
spicata 220
ericaefolius 434
polyphyllus 429
filifolius 386
sterilis 218
ericoides 430
prenanthoides 419
flexuosus 385
striata 216,219
"depauperatus 431
" porrectifolius 419
frigidus amer. 2 385
Torreyi 219
" parviceps 43 1
Priceae 430
gracilis 384
/4.rott0/>M.s
" pilosits 430
Pringlei 430
hyalinus 388
furcatus i 125
" platyphyllus 430
ptarmicoides 432
Hypoglottis 380
Axyris 2 20
" Pr ingle i 430
pusillus 431
Jesupi 382
amarantoides 20
" pusillus 431
puniceus 419
Kentrophyta 387
Azalea 2 677-80
" Randi 429
purpuratus 420
lotiflorus 383
(Rhododendron
" villosus 430
racemosus 427
melanocarpus 383
in part)
exscapus 3 403
Radula 425
mexicanus 377
arborescens 679
exilis 433
" biflorus 423
microlobus 384
calendulacea 678
Faxoni 429
" strictus 425
missouriensis 383
canescens 678
Fendleri 423
ramulosusvar. 427
mollissimus 379
indica 677
flexuosus 433
roscidus 412
multiflorus 386
lapponica 680
foliaceus 422
roseus 417
nebraskensis 383
lutea 678
foliolosus 427
sagittifolius 416
neglectus 385
nudiflora 678
furcatus 410
salicifolius 428
oroboides 384
pilosa 682
glomeratus 410
" subasper 428
Orobrychis 378
procumbens 683
gracilis 425
Saundersii 416
parviflorus 384
viscosa 679
graminifolius 438
saxatilis 429
pectinatus 380
Azolla i 38
grandiflorus 424
schistosus 419
pictus filifolius 386
caroliniana 38
Gravesii 428
Schreberi 411
plattensis 2 377
filiculoides I 38
Herveyi 425
sericeus 423
racemosus 381
hirsuticaulis 426
Shortii 414
Robbinsii 381-2
Baccharis 3 444
hirtellus 415
solidagineus 405
"Jesupi 382
foetid a 447
humilis 3 443
spectabilis 424
sericoleucus 388
glomeruliflora 445
ianthinus 412
stenophyllus 428
Shortianus 383
halimifolia 445
incanopilosus 427
strictus 425
stria tus 379
ivifolia 3 444
infirmis 444
subasper 428
tenellus 386
neglecta 445
junceus 421
subulatus 433
tennesseensis 378
salicina 445
jnnciformis 421
surculosus 424
trichocalyx 377
viscosa 447
kentuckiensis 430
tardiflorus 419
triphyllus 387
Wrightii 446
Kumleini 417
tanacetifolitis 435
Atamosco i 532
Bacopa
laevis 420
tenebrosus 409
Atamasco 532
Monniera 192
" amplifolius 3 420
tenuifolius 433
.<4//iawanta
rotundifolia 192
" potomacensis 420
tenuifolius 428
chinensis 2 636
Bahia
lateriflorus 426
" bellidiflorus 428
/i//ranajto
oppositifolia 3 508
Lindleyanus 415
tortifolius 406
trinervia 3 503
Balduina 3 502
" exiniius 415
Tradescanti 429
Atheropogon i 227
uni flora 502
linariifolius 444
Tradescanti 427
apludoides 227
Baldwinia 502
linifolius 433
turbinellus 426
curtipendulus 228
Ballota 3 122
longifolius 422
umbellatus 443
oligostachyus 227
nigra 123
" villicaulis 3 422
" latifolius 443
Athyrium i 30
BALSAMINACEAE 2 440
longulus 421
" pubens 443
cyclosorum 30
BAMBUSEAE i 108,111
Lo wri eanus 415,419
unalaschensis 418
Filix-foeminea 30
Baptisia a 344
lutescens 432
"major 418
pycnocarpon 28
. alba 346
macrophyllus 411
undulatus 3 416
thelypteroides 30
australis 344
ma jus 3 418
vernus 441
Atragene 2 126
bracteata 345
miser 426
villosus 430
(Clematis in part)
leucantha 346
missouriensis 429
vimineus 4 2 7~9
americana 126
leucophaea 344-5
modestus 418
" foliolosus 427
Atriplex 2 17
mollis 343
multiflorus 418, 427
violaris 412
arenaria 19
tinctoria 345
" commutatus 427
virgatus 420
argentea 18
villosa 345
" exiguus 427
viridis 409
canescens 19
Barbarea 2 176
" stricticaulis 427
IVilsoni 415
expansa 18
Barbarea 177
multiformis 413
ASTEREAE 3 344-5
hastata 18
praecox 177
nebraskensis 418
Astilbe 2 215
hortensis 17
stricta 177
nemoralis 432
bitcrnata 215
littoralis 18
vulgaris 176-7
566
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
VOL. III.
Barbarea
Betonica 3 128
Blephariglottis i 556
Brachychaeta
v. arcuata 2 177
(Stachys in part)
albiflora 556-7
cordata 3 401
verna 177
officinalis 128
blephariglottis 557
sphacelata 401
Barkhausia
BETULACEAE i 605
ciliaris 557
Brachyelytrum i 189
grandiflora 3 323
Betula i 607
cristata 557
aristatum 190
Bartonia 3 16
alba 608, 9
grandiflora 558
"Engelmanni 190
albicaulis 2 566
alleghanensis 610
lacera 558
erectum 190
decapetala 567-8
Alnobetula 612
leucophaea 558
Brachylobus
iodandra 3 17
alnus 613
peramoena 559
hispidus 2 161
lanceolata 3 17
coerulea 608
psycodes 559
Brachyris
nuda 2 567
cordifolia 609
Blephilia 3 134
dracunculoides 3 370
ornata 2 568
fontinalis 610
ciliata i34~5
Brachystemon
paniculata 3 17
glandulifera 611
hirsuta 135
see Koellia 3 141-5
tenella 1 6
glandulosa 611
nepetoides 135
Bradburya 2 417
verna 17
Jackii 609
Bletia
virginiana 417
virginica 16
lenta 609
aphylla I 577
Bradleia 2 374, 418
Bartonia 2 566
lutea i 610
Blitum 2 15
frutescens 374
Bartsia 3 218
Michau.vii 612
Bonus-Henricus 14
Bramia 3 192
acuminata 215
microphylla 610
capitatum 15
indica 192
alpina 219
nana 612
chenopodioides 17
Monniera 192
coccinea 214
Odontites 219
nigra 609
occidentalis 610
glaucum i o
Nuttallianum 17
rotundifolia 192
Brasenia 2 76
viscosa 219
papyracea 609
rubrum 13
peltata 76
Bassia
papyri f era I 609
Bocconia
purpurea 76
hirsuta 2 16
" minor 609
cordata 2 140
Schreberi 76
Z?af!J
pandula 608
Boebera 3 513
BRASSICACEAE 2 146
vermiculata 2 23
populifera 608
chrysanthemoides 513
Brassica 2 192
Batodendron 2 698
pumila 611
papposa 513
aioa I'M
andrachnaeforme 698
arboreum 698
Batrachium 2 115
Sandbergi 611
Bicuculla 2 142
(Dicentra)
Boehmeria i 637
cylindrica 637
ramiflora 637
arvensis 192
campestris 193
(Ranunculus
in part)
canadensis 142
Cucullaria 141
scabra ' 637
Boltonia 3 403
CtTUCd IQ2
japonica 194
circinatum 2 116
eximia 143
asteroides 404
juncea ^93
divaricatum 116
Bidens 3 494-9
decurrens 405
Napus 194
hedcraceum 115, 6
longirostre 116
trichophyllum 116
Batschia
acuta 3 496
aristosa 495-6, 499
Beckii 500
bidentoides 3 496
diffusa 404
glastifolia 403-4
latisquama 404
Bonamia
nigra 193
oleracea 192-4
orientalis 175
perfoliata 175
canescens 3 89
carolinensis 89
bipinnata 498
cernua 495
see Stylisma 341
Boottia 2 262
Rap a 193
Sinapistrum 192
Beckmannia i 228
erucaeformis 228
chrysanthemoides^gs
comosa 496
BORAGINACEAE 3 72
Borago 92
Brauneria 3 475
seeEchinacea 475-6
" uni flora 228
Behen 2 64
connata 495-6
" pinnata 495
officinalis 92
Borrichia 3 477
atrorubens 476
angustifolia 3 476
vulgaris 64
Bclamcanda I 541
coronata 3 498
discoidea 497
frutescens 477
Botrychium i 2-6
pallida 476
paradoxa 476
cliinensis 542
Eatoni 3 495
dissectum 5
purpurea 475
Bellis 3 401
elegans 495
gracile 6
Braya
integrifolia 402
frondosa 497
lanceolatum 6
humilis 2 176
perennis 401-2
" puberula 497
Lunaria 3
Breweria
Bcnthamidia 2 664
gracilis 501
matricariae 5
see Stylisma 3 4 1
Benzoin 2 135
(Lmctera)
involucrata 499
laevis 3 495
matricariae folium 4
matricarioides 5
Brickellia
grandiflora 3 363
aestivale 135
lugens 495
neglectum 4
Briza i 250
Benzoin 2 135
melanocarpa 3 497
obliquum 5
canadensis 263
melissaefolium 136
riparia 496
occidentale 6
Eragrostis 238
BERBERIDACEAE 2 126
trichosperma 498
onondagense 4
media 250
Berberis 2 127
" tenuiloba 498
rutaceum 5
minor 251
Aqui folium 128
tripartita 494
rutae folium 5
Brizopyrum
canadensis 127
vulgata 497
silaifolium 6
see Distichlis i 249
repens 128
Bifora 2 647
simplex 3
BROMELIACEAE i 456
sinensis 127
americana 647
tenebrosum 4
Bromus i 274
vulgaris 127
radians 647
ternatiim vars. 5, 6
arvensis 279
Berchemia 2 501
Bigelovia
virginianum 6
asper 275
scandens 502
Engelmanni 3 377
Bouteloua i 227
breviaristatus 280
volubilis 502
graveolens 376
curtipendula 228
brizaeformis 280
Bergia 2 539
Howardi 376
hirsuta 227
ciliatus 276
capensis 239
nudata 375
oligostachya 227
commutatus 278
texana 539
uniligulata 3 392
racemosa 228
erectus 276
Berlandiera 3 463
BlGNONIACEAE 3 236
Boykinia
giganteus 273
lyrata 464
Bignonia 3 237
aconitifolia 2 223
hordeaceus 278
texana 463
capreolata 237
humilis 579
incanus 276
Berteroa 2 153
Catalpa 238
Brachiaria
inermis 277
(Alyssum in part)
crucigera 237
digitarioides i 137
Kalmii 277
incana 153
radicans 237
obtusa 138
madritensis 275
mutabilis 153
sempervirens 2 730
Brachyactis 3 434
maximus 275
Berula 2 655
tomentosa 3 189
(Aster in part)
mollis 278
angustifolia 655
Bistorta i 671
angusta 434
patulus 279
erecta 655
vivipata 671
ciliata 434
Ported 277
Besseya
Blechnum
frondosa 434
purgans 276
rubra 3 199
virginicum I 24
Brachychaeta 3 400
" latiglumis 276
VOL. III.
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
567
Bromus
COC/MJ
Callitriche
Capnoides
raccmosus I 278
niaiiiillaris 2 570
vernalis 2 478
a. occidentale 2 145
rubens 275
missouriensis 570
Calluna 2 694
campestre 145
Schraderi 280
Opuntia 571
vulgaris 694
crystallinum 2 146
secalinus 274, 278
viviparus 571
Calochortus i 507
curvisiliquum 145
squarrosus 279
Caenotus 3 442
elegans 507
flavulum 144
sterilis 275
CAESALPINIACEAE
Gunnisonii 508
micranthum 144
tectorum 274
2 334-40
Nuttallii 508
montanum 145
unioloides 280
Caesalpinia 338
Calophanes 3 239
sempervirens 144
Broussonelia
F ale aria 338
oblongifolia 240
CAPPARIDACEAE 2 196
papyrifera I 632
Jamesii 338
Calopogon i 562
Capraria
Brunei! a
Cakile 2 195
pulchellum 563
gratioloides 3 196
see Prunella 3 115
americana 196
Caltha 2 85
multifida 191
Brunnichia i 677
edentula 196
flabellifolia 86
CAPRIFOLIACEAE 3 267
cirrhosa 677
Calamagrostis i 207
natans 86
Caprifolium
Bryanthus
arenaria 212
palustris 85
Douglassii 279
taxifolius 1 685
brevipilis 213
radicans 85
gratum 278
Buchloe
breviseta 208
CALYCANTHACEAE 2132
Capriola i 222
dactyloides i 231
" debilis 208
Calycanthus 132
(Cynodon)
Buchnera 3 205
canadensis 209
fertilis 132
Dactylon 222
americana 205
" ac^tminata 209
floridus 132
Capsella
canadensis 97
cinoides 211
glaucus 132
Bursa-pastoris 2 158
Buda 2 59
con finis 210
lacvigatus 132
elliptica 158
borealis 60
gigantea 213
Calycocarpum a 130
Carara 2 166
marina 59
hyperborea 211
Lyoni 130
coronopus 167
minor 59
" americana 21 1
Calymenia
didymus 167
rubra 60
inexpansa 210
pilosa 32
Cardamine 2 183
Buettneria 2 132
lacustris 208
Calypso I 572
arenicola 185
fertilis 132
labradorica 211
borealis 573
bellidifolia 186
florida 132
Langsdorfii 209
bulbosa 573
bulbosa 186
Bulbilis i 231
longifolia 2 1 2
Calystegia
Clematitis 185
(Buchloe)
Macouniana 210
sepium 3 46
diphylla 188
dactyloides 2.31
neglecta 2 1 o
" pubescens 46
Douglasii 186
Bulliarda
" borealis 2 1 o
spithamaea 47
flexuosa 184
aquatica 2 206
nemoralis 209
Camassia I 508
heterophylla 188
Bumelia 2 719
Nuttalliana 211
Fraseri 509
hirsuta 184
lanuginosa 720
perplexa 209
Camelina 2 157
" sylvatica 1 85
lycioides 719
Pickeringii 208
microcarpa 157
laciniata 187
retusa 719
Porteri 208
sativa 157
ludoviciana 179
Bunias
robust a 211
.sylvestris 157
maxima 1 88
Cakile 2 195
stricta 210
Cannnarum z 87
parviflora 185
edentula 196
sylvatica 208
hyemale 88
purpurea 186
Buphthalmum
Calamintha 3 138
Campanula 3 294
pennsylvanica 1 84
frutescens 3 477
Clinopodium 138
americana 297
" Brittoniana 184
helianthoides 467
glabella Nuttallii 139
aparinoides 296
pratensis 183-4
Bupleurum 2 639
officinalis 139
biflora 298
rhomboidea 186
Odontites 639
Nuttallii 139
divaricata 297
rotundifolia 187
rigidum 639
see Clinopodium
flexuosa 297
spathulata 179
rotundifolium 2 634
3 137-9
glomerata 296
uniflora . 189
BuRMANNIACEAE I 546
Calamovilfa i 212
latifolia 3 294
virginica 179, 185
Burmannia i 547
brevipilis 213
linifolia var. 295
seeDentaria 2 187-8
biflora 547
gigantea 213
medium 296
Cardiospermum 2 501
disticha 547
longifolia 212
pa tula 3 295
Halicacabum 501
Bursa 2 157
" magna 212
perfoliata 298
CARDUACEAE 3 347
(Capsella)
Calceolaria 2 564
rapunculoides 295
Carduus 3 554
Bursa-pastoris 158
(.So/ea)
rotundifolia 295
see Cirsium 548-53
pastoris 158
verticillata 564
" Langsdorfiana 295
acanthoides 555
Burshia
Calla i 444
" velutina 295
crispus 555
humilis 2 615
palustris 444
Speculum 297
marianus 554
Butneria 2 132
Callicarpa 3 99
Trachelium 3 295
nutans 553-4
Butomus
americana 99
uliginosa 296
pumilus 552
umbcllatus I 104
purpurea 99
uniflora 294
Carex i 352
BUXACEAE 2 480
Calligonum
CAMPANULACEAE 3 293
abacta 43 i
cancscens 2 19
Cainpsis
abbreviata 415
CABOMBACEAE 2 75
Calliopsis
radicans 3 23
abdita i 394
Cabomba 2 76
cardaminefolia 3 493
Camptosorus i 25
abscondita 400
aquatica 76
Callirhoe 2 516
rhizophyllus 26
acutiformis 420
caroliniana 76
alceoides 516
Campulosus i 224
adusta 386
Cacalia
Bushii 517
(Ctenium)
aenea 387
seeMesadenias 536-7
digitata 2 517
aromaticus 225
aestivaliformis 409
Vernonia 3350-3
involucrata 518
Campylocera
aestivalis 409
arkansana 351
triangulata 517
leptocarpa 298
agglomerata 368
atriplicifolia 537
CALLITRICHACEAE 2 477
CANNABINACEAE 633
aggregata 368
fasciculata 352
Callitriche 2 477
Cannabis i 633
alata i 384
rcniformis 536
Austin* 477
sativa 634
alba setifolia 396
sunveolens 538
autumnalis 478, 579
Cantua
albicans 392
tubcrosa 537
bifida 478
aggregata 3 60
albolutescens 385
CACTACEAE 2 568
deflcxa 477
longiflora 60
" cumulata 385
Cactus 2 570
heterophylla 478
pungens 60
albursina 401
/** 573
palustris 477-8
Capnoides 2 143-6
alopecoidea 368
fragihs 573
terrestre 477
(Corydalis)
alpina 417
humifusus 572
wrna 478
aureum 145
altocaulis 399
568
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
VOL. III.
Carex
Carex
Carex
Carex
ambusta
i 432
Crawei I 383, 404
g. recta i
404
lurida i
436
amphibola
406
Crawfordii 380
" Shrineri
403
" exundans
43 6
amphigena
373
" rigens 380
gravida
367
" flaccida
436
annectens
369
crinita 416,425
Grayi
439
macloviana
383
aperta
421
" minor 425
" hispidula
439
macrochaeta
416
anceps
402
" simulans 425
Greenii
435
macrokolea
419
" patulifolia
402
cristata 381
grisea
406
magellanica
4'7
aquatilis
422
cristatella 381
" angustifolia
406
mainensis
432
arcta
375
crus-corvi 371
" mutica
406
marcida
362
arctata
410
cryptocarpa 424
" rigida
406
maritima
424
" Faxoni
410
curta brunnescens 37 5
gynandra
425
Meadii
398
arida
38i
cuspidata 423
gynocrates
361
mediterranea
366
arenaria
363
Davisii 408
Haleana
403
membranacea
434
argyrantha
387
debilis i 410
Halei 371,
440
membranopacta
434
aristata
428
" prolixa 4 1 o
Halleri
417
mesochorea
366
Asa-Grayi
439
" pubera 410
Harperi
388
Michauxii
430
assiniboinensis
411
" Rudgei 410
Hart ii
435
Michauxiana
43i
atherodes
428
decomposita 371
Hassei
396
microglochin
389
atlantica
378
deflexa 393
Haydeni i
421
miliacea
407
atrata ovata
418
" Deanei 393
Heleonastes
374
miliaris 43 1-2
atratiformis
418
" Farwellii 393
heliophila
39i
" aurea
432
atrofusca
412
" media 393
helvola
373
" major
432
aurea
397
delicatula 377
heterostachya
404
mirabilis
382
" celsa
396
Deweyana 376
hirsuta
414
" perlonga
382
austrina
366
diandra 370
hirta
428
misandra i
4U
australis
366
digitalis 401
hirtifolia 394,
407
monile
433
Backana
388
" copulata 401
Hit^hcockiana
405
" monstrosa
433
Backii
388
disperma 372
Hoppneri
423
Muhlenbergii 365-6
Baileyi
I 436
Douglasii 363
hormathodes
384
" austrinus
366
Barrattii
417
Drummondiana 390
Houghtonii
427
" enervis
365
Bebbii
382
durifolia 388
Howei
377
muricata
365
Bellardi
351
eburnea 396
hyperborea
421
" cephaloidea
367
Bella-villa
440
echinata 365, 378
hystricina
437
muskingumensis
381
Bicknellii
383
Eggertii 440
" Dudley i
437
nardina
360
bicolor
396
elachycarpa 377
impressa
426
nebraskensis
423
Bigelovii
421
Eleocharis 362
incomperta
378
nigro-marginata
393
bipartita
35i
Emmonsii 392
incurva
361
normalis
382
blanda
402
Emoryi 423
interior
377
norvegica
374
Boottiana
395
exilis 376
" capillacea
377
novae-angliae
392
bromoides
376
extensa i 429
intumescens
439
oblita
409
brunnescens
375
Farwellii 393
" Fernaldii
439
Oederi
429
" gracilior
375-
festucacea 383
irrigua
4i7
" pumila
429
bullata
435
filifolia 390
Jamesii
388
Olneyi
435
" Greenei
435
filiformis 427
Jamesii
423
oligocarpa
404
Bushii
414
" lanuginosa 427
Joori
419
oligosperma
436
Buxbaumii
419
" latifolia 427
katahdinensis
405
oronensis
379
caespitosa
422
flacca 415
Knciskerni
410
ovalis
385
camporum.
362
flaccosperma 407
Lachenalii
373
ovata
418
canescens
373-5
flava 429-30
lacustris
425
oxylepis
408
" disjuncta
375
" cyperoides 429
laeviconica
428
pallescens
4i5
" polystachya
375
" graminis 430
lagopina
373
paludosa
420
" subloliacea
375
" rectirostra 430
lagopodioides
380
panicea
397
" vulgaris
375
" viridula 429
lanuginosa I
427
Parryana
418
capillaris
411
flaxilis 411
" kansana
427
pauciflora
389
" elongata
411
flexuosa 410
lasiocarpa
427
paupercula
417
capitata
361
floridana 393
laxiculmis
401
" irrigna i
417
Careyana
400
foenea 387
laxiflora
402
" pollens
417
caroliniana
414
" ferruginea 384
" divaricate
403
pedicellata
39i
caryophyllea
39i
" sabulonum 385
" gracillima
402
" Wheeleri
39i
castanea
411
" spar si flora 386
" latifolia
401
Peckii
392
cephalantha
378
" xerantica 385
" mutica
407
pedunculata
395
cephaloidea
367
folliculata 431
" latifolia
401
pennsylvanica
39i
cephalophora
I 366
fonnosa 408
" leptonervia
402
picta
395
" angustifolia
367
Frankii 438
" patulifolia
402
pinguis
386
" maxima
368
Fraseri 44 1
" styloflexa
403
plantaginea
399
cherokeensis
412
Fraseriana 44 1
" varians
402
platyphylla
400
chordorhiza
362
fulva 429
Leavenworthii
367
podocarpa
416
Collinsii
430
fulvescens 429
Leersii
378
poly gam a
419
colorata
398
furcata 438
lenticularis
422
polystachya 375,
440
communis
391
fuse a 419
lepidocarpa
430
polymorpha
399
" Wheeleri
39i
gigantea I 441
leporina
385
polytrichoides
388
comosa
438
glabra 409
leptalea
388
Porteri
425
compacta
434
glareosa 373, 4
limosa
416
praecox
391
complanata
414
glauca 415
littoralis
417
prairea
370
concinna
395
glaucescens 420
livida
397
prasina
407
concolor
421
glaucodea 406
longirostris
412
pratensis
386
conjuncta
369
Goodenowii 422
louisianica
440
praticola
386
conoidea
405
gracillima 407
lupuliformis
440
projecta
38i
contigua
365
" humilis 407
lupulina
440
pseudo-cyperus
437
Cooleyi
437
grandis 441
" pedunculata
440
" americana
438
costellata
413
granularis I 404
" polystachya
440
pseudo-helvola
374
VOL. III. GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
569
Carex
Carex
Carum
CELASTRACEAE 2 490
ptychocarpa i 400
tenera I
382
olivaeformis i 580
Celastrus 2 492
pubescens 394
" Richii
384
porcina 583
bullatus 493
pulla 43 2
tentaculata
436
sulcata 582
scandens 493
pulicaris 352
" gracilis
436
tomentosa 582
Celeri 2 659-60
Raeana 433
tenuiflora
372
see Hicoria i 580-3
graveolens 660
rariflora i 4 J 6
tennis
410
CARYOPHYLLACEAE 261
Celosia
recta 424
teretiuscula
370
Cassandra 2 686
argentea 2 6
recurva 412
" prairea
370
calyculata 687
paniculata 8
Redowskyana 361
" ramosa
370
Cassia 2 335
Celtis i 628
retrocurva 401
tetanica i
398
Chamaecrista 337
australis 628
retroflexa 364
" Canbyi
398
".robusta 337
canina 629
retrosa 435
" Carteri
398
fasciculata 337
crassifolia 629
Richardson! 396
" Meadii
398
fistula 335
georgiana 630
rhomalea 432
" Woodii
398
marylandica 336
mississippiensis 629
rigida 4 21
texensis
364
Medsgeri 336
occidentalis 629
riparia 425-6
tonsa
394
nictitans 337
pumila 629
rosea 365
Torreyana 408,
415
obtusifolia 335
reticulata 630
" radtata 365
Torreyi
415
occidentalis 336
Smallii 629
roseoides 379
torts.
421
Tora 335
Cenchrus i 166
Rossii 392
tribuloides
380
Cassiope 2 685
carolinianus 167
rostrata 431,434
" Bebbii
382
hypnoides 686
echinatus 166
rotundata 434
'' cristata
tetragona 686
macrocephalus 167
rupestris 39
" moniliformis
381
Castalia 2 79
racemosus 121
sabulosa 385
" reducta
(Nymphaea)
tribuloides 167
salina 4-3
triceps
414
Leibergii 80
Centaurea 3 556
saltuensis 399
" hirsuta
414
odorata 79
americana 559
Sartwellii 363
" Smithii
414
" minor 79
benedicta 560
saxatilis 432
trichocarpa
428
" rosea 79
Calcitrapa 559
" miliaris 432
" aristata
428
pudica 79
Cyanus 557
" rhomalea 432
" imberbis
428
pygmaea 80
Jacea 557
scabrata i 416
" Deweyi
428
tetragona 80
maculata 3 5 58
scabrior 370
" turbinata
428
tuberosa 80
melitensis 559
Schweinitzii 437
trisperma
372
Castanea i 615
nigra 557
scirpoides 377
" Billingsii
372
dentata 615
scabiosa 558
" capillacea 377
Tuckermani
435
pumila 616
solstitialis 560
scirpoidea 377, 390
typhina
439
vesca americana 615
vochinensis 558
scoparia 380
typhinoides
439
vulgaris 615
Centaurium 3 i
" condensa 380
umbellata i
394
Castilleja 3 214
calycosum 3
scorsa . 379
" tonsa
394
acuminata 215
Centaurium 2
setacea 370
" vicina
394
affinis minor 215
exaltatum 3
setifolia 396
utriculata
434
coccinea 214
pulchellum 2
Shortiana 419
ursina
373
fissi folia 214
spicatum 2
Shriveri 403
usiulata
412
indivisa 215
texense 3
sicaeformis 371
Vahlii
417
minor 215
Centaurella
siccata 364
vaginata
399
pallida 3 215
paniculata 1 7
silicea 385
" altocaulis
399
septentrionalis 215
verna 3 17
Smithii 414
varia
392
sessiliflora 216
Centella 2 651
sparganioides 368
" colorata
392
Catabrosa i 245
(Hydrocotyle
sparsiflora 387
Vaseyi
433
aquatica 245
in part)
Sprengelii 412
venusta minor
409
Catalpa 3 238
asiatica 651
squarrosa 438-9
verna
39i
bignonioides 238
repanda 65 i
stellulata 378
verrucosa
419
Catalpa 238
villosa 651
stenolepis 438
vesicaria 432-3
cordifolia 238
Centrosema
stenophylla 362
vestita
426
speciosa 238
virginianum 2 417
sterilis 377
" Kennedyi
426
Cathartolinum 2 436
Centunculus 2 716
sterilis 378
virescens
413
Berlandieri 439
minimus 717
Steudelii 388
" costata
413
catharticum 438
Cephalanthus 3 255
stipata i 371
'' Swanii
413
floridanum 438
occidentalis 255
straminea 382
viridula
429
medium 438
Cerastium 2 47
" brevior 383
vulgaris
422
rigidum 439
alpinum 49
" Crawei 383
" strictiformis
422
striatum 437
aquaticum 42
" invisa 384
vulpina
369
sulcatum 439
arvense 49
" mirabilis 382
vulpinoidea
369
virginianum 437
" oblongifolium 49
" moniliformis 385
Walteriana
426
Caucalis 2 626
" villosum 49
striata 426
Willdenovii
387
Anthriscus 626
brachypodum 48
" brevis 426
xanthocarpa
369
nodosa 626
" compactum 48
striatula 403
" v. annectens
369
Caulinia
cerastioides 50
stricta 420-1
xanthophysa
431
flexilis I go
Fischer ianum 49
" angustata 420
xerantica
386
guadalupensis go
glomeratum 47
" decora 421
xerocarpa
420
Caulophyllum 2 128
longipedunculatum 48
styloflexa 403
Carpinus i
606
thalictroides 128
nutans 48
stylosa 418
Betulus
606
Ceanothus * 504
oblongifolium 49
suberecta 384
caroliniana
606
amencanus 504
semidecandrum 47
subspathacea 423
virginiana
606
ovalis 505
trigynum 50
subulata 430
Carum 2
658
ovatus 505
triviale 48
subulosa 385
Carui
659
" pubescens 505
velutinum 49
Sullivantii 407
Carya I
579
Cebatha 2 131
viscosum 47
supma 389
alba
(Cocculus)
vulgatum 47, 8
Swanii 413
amara
580
Carolina 131
Cerasus 2 322
sychnocephala 379
aquatica
58i
Cedronella
Besseyi 2 327
tenella 372
tnicrocarpa
583
cor data 3 113
Mahaleb 328
57
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
VOL. III.
Cerasus
Chamaesaracha
Chiogenes 2 703
Cicuta
pcnnsylvanica 2 328
sordid a 3
163
hispidula 704
bulbifera
2 6s8
pumila 2 326
Chamaesyce 2
462
japonica 704
maculata
658
Ceratochloa
albicaulis 2
466
serpyllifolia 704
virosa
657
breviaristata I 280
Fendleri
465
Chionanthus 2 728
" maculata
658
CERATOPHYLLACEAE
Geyeri
463
virginica 728
Cimicifuga
2 go
2 75
glyptosperma
466
Chironia
americana
92
Ceratophyllum 75
hum i strata
467
seeSabbatia 3 5-6
cordifolia
9i
demursum 75
lata
465
CHLORIDEAE i 108-9
foetida
90
Cercis 2 334
maculata
467
Chloris i 225
palmata
103
canadensis 335
maritima
462
curtipendula 228
racemosa
9i
Cercocarpus 2 274
petaloidea
464
elegans 225
" dissecta
9i
parviflorus 274
" Nuttallii
464
monostachya 224
Cineraria
Cerefolium 2 629
polygonifolia
463
verticillata 225
maritima
3 527
Cerefolium 629
Preslii
468
Chondrilla .3 314
palustris
540
Ceresia
Rafincsqui
467
juncea 314
Cinna
I 202
fluitans i 126
serpens
464
Chondrophora 3 375
arundinacea
2O2
Cereus
serpyllifolia
465
(Bigelovia in part)
glomerate,
116
caespitosus 2 569
stictospora
466
nauseosa 376
lateralis
116
viridiflorus 569
zygophylloides
464
nudata 375
latifolia
2O2
" tubulosus 569
Cheilanthes i
33
virgata 375
pendula
202
Chaenorrhinum 3 176
alabamensis
34
Chondrosea 2 223
Circaea
2 6lO
minus 176
dealbata
35
Aizoon 223
alpina
2611
Chaerophyllum 2 629
Feei
34
pyramidalis 223
intermedia
611
procumbens 629
gracilis
34
CHORIPETALAE i 577
lutetiana
611
" Shortii 629
lanosa
34
Chrosperma i 489
Cirsium
3 548
reflexum 630
lanuginosa
34
(Amianthittin)
altissimum
549
sativum 629
microptcris
33
muscaetoxicum 489
arvense
553
sylvcstre 630
tomentosa
35
Chrysanthemum 3518
canescens
55i
Teinturieri 630
vestita
34
arcticum 518
canum
554
texanum 630
Cheiranthns
Balsamita 519
discolor
549
Chaetochloa i 164
cheiranthoides 2
172
coronarium 518
Flodmani
55i
(Setaria)
Cheirinia 2
172
grandiflorum 520
iowense
549
glauca 165
aspera
!73
inodorum 520
heterophyllus
548
imberbis 165
cheiranthoides
172
Leucanthemum 518
Hillii
552
italica 166
inconspicua
172
Parthenium 519
horridulum
553
magna 166
repanda
173
segetum 519
lanceolatum
549
occidentalis 165
Chelidonium 2
141
Chrysaspis 2 353
muticum
3 553
versicolor 165
diphyllum
140
Chrysocoma
nebraskense
3 552
verticillata 164
Glaucium
140
gigantea
ochrocentrum
551
viridis 165
majus
141
graminifolia 3 398
odoratum
552
Chaetopappa 3 403
Chelone 3
1 80
nudata 375
Pitcheri
55
asteroides 403
Digitalis
184
Chrysogonum 3 462
palustre
3 554
modcsta 403
glabra
181
pertivianum 466
plattense
55i
Chamaecistus 2 683
hirsuta
182
virginianum 463
undulatum
550
(Loiseleurid) 683
Lyoni
181
" dentatum 463
virginianum
550
procumbens 683
obliqua
181
Chrysopogon 420
Cissus
2 510
serpyllifolia 683
Pentstemon
184
avenaceus 120
Ampelopsis
509
Chamaecrista 2 337
CHENOPODIACEAE
2 8
Chrysopsis 3 372
incisa
510
depressa 337
Chenopodium
2 9
alba 432
stans
510
fasciculata 337
album 10
, 1 1
angustifolia 374
vitaginea
510
nictitans 3^7
altissimum
23
camporum 374
ClSTACEAE
2 539
Chamaecyparis i 65
ambrosioides
14
falcata 373
Cistus
sphaeroidea 65
anthelminticum
14
foliosa 374
canadensis
540
thyoides 65
Bcrlandieri
IO
gossypina 372, 3
Ledon
676
Chamaedaphne 2 686
Bonus-Henricus
14
graminifolia 373
Citrullus
3 291
(Cassandra)
Boscianum
12
hispida 375
Citrullus
291
calyculata 687
Botrys
14
mariana 374
Cladium
i 347
Chamaelirium i 488
capitatum
15
Nuttallii 375
mariscoides
348
carolinianum 489
Freinontii
12
pilosa 375
effusum
348
luteum 489
glaucum
10
pilosa 373
jamaicense
348
obovale 489
humile
13
stenophylla 374
Cladothrix
2 7
Chamaenerion 2 589
hybridum
13
villosa 374
lanuginosa
7
(Epilobiurn in part)
incanum
IO
" hispida 375
Cladrastis
2 343
angustifolium 590
leptophyllum
I I
Chrysosplenium 2 229
fragrans
343
latifolium 590
" subglabrum
I I
alternifolium 230
lutea
343
Chamaepericlymenum
maritimum
24
americanum 230
tinctoria
343
2 664
multifidum
15
iowense 230
Claytonia
2 37
canadense 664
murale
13
oppositifolium 229-30
caroliniana
38
suecicum 665
oblongifolium
I I
Chrysothamnus 3 376
Chamissoi
38
Chamaeraphis
paganum
IO
(Bigelovia in part)
lanceolata
38
glauca I 165
polyspermum
1 1
graveolens 376
perfoliata
39
italica 1 66
Scoparia
16
Howardi 376
virginica
37
verticillata 164
rubrum 9
, 13
nauseosa 3 376
CLEMATIDEAE
2 84
viridis 165
urbicum
12
pumilus 376
Clematis 2
I2I-2
Chamaerhodos 2 263
viride
10
Cicendia
Addisonii
123
altaica 263
Vulvaria
I I
exaltata 3 3
Catesbyana
122
erecta Nuttallii 263
Chimaphila 2
672
ClCHORIACEAE 3 304
crispa
123
Nuttallii 263
corymbosa
6 7 2
Cichorium 305
cylindrica
123
Chamaesaracha 3 163
maculata
6 7 2
Intybus 305
Douglassii
126
conioides 163
umbellata
6 7 2
" divaricatum 305
Fremontii
125
Coronopus 163
Chimonanthus 2
132
Cicuta 2 657
glaucophylla
124
VOL. III.
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
571
Clematis
Cogswellia
Convallaria
Coreopsis
hirsutissima
2 I O2
daucifolia
2 632
Polygonatum
i 521
tnjida 3 500
ligusticifolia
122
foeniculacea
632
racemosa
5i5
see Bidens
missouriensis
122
nudicaulis
631
stellata
5i6
3 494-500
ochroleuca
125
orientalis
631
trifolia
5i6
Coriandrum 2 646-7
ovata
125
villosa
632
CONVOLVULACEAE
3 40
sativum 647
Pitcheri
123
Co ix
Convolvulus
3 45
Corispermum 2 20
Scott ii
126
dactyloides
i in
aquaticus
40, i
hyssopifolium 21
sericea
125
Coloesanthus
3 363
arvensis
47
inicrocarpum 21
Simsii
123
(Brickellia)
campornm
47
nitidum 21
versicolor
124
Cavanillesii
363
carolinus
44
CORNACEAE 2 660
verticillaris
126
grandiflorus
363
fraternifolius
46
Cornelia 2 664
virginiana
122
umbellatus
363
humistratus
4i
canadensis 664
Viorna
122, 4
Collinsia
3 188
incanus
47
florida 664
viornoides
123
bicolor
1 88
interior
46
suecica 665
vitalba
121
parviflora
189
japonicus
46
Cornucopiae
Cleome
2 196
tenella
189
panduratus
43
altissima I 206
dodecandra
199
verna
1 88
Pickeringii
4i
hiemalis 207
gynandra
196
violacea
1 88
purpureus
45
perennans 206
integrifolia
197
Collinsonia
3 153
repens
46
Cornus 2 660
lutea
197
canadensis
153
sepium
45-6
alba 662
pinnata
2 l6q
Collomia
3 63
" americanus
46
alternifolia 663
pungens
197
linearis
64
" fraterniflorus
46
Amomum 66 1
serrulata
197
micrantha
59
" repens
46
asperifolia 662
spinosa
197
see Gilia
59-64
spithamaeus
47
Baileyi 662
Cleomella
2 198
Colpodium
Cony 20
canadensis 664
angustifolia
198
latifolium
I 2OI
asteroides
3 4o6
candidissima 663
mexicana
198
Colutea
bifoliata
406
circinata 66 1
CLETHRACEAE
2 666
arborescens
2 376
linifolia
3 405
Drummondii 662
Clethra
2 667
Comandra
I 639
marylandica 3
447-8
fastigiata 663
acuininata
667
livida
639
Cooperia
I 532
femina 663
alnifolia
66 7
pallida
639
Drummondii
533
florida 664
Clinopodium
3 138
Richardsiana
640
Coprosmanthus
Mas 660
(inc. Calamintha)
umbellata
639-40
herbaceus
I 527
obliqua 66 1
Acinos
3 '39
Comaropsis
tamnifolius
527
paniculata 663
Calamintha
i39
fragarioides
2 269
Coptis
2 88
Purpusi 66 1
glabrum
139
Comarum
2 258
trifolia
88
Priceae 66 1
glabellum
139
palustre
2 S 8
Corallorhiza
i 574
rugosa 66 i
incanum
i39
COMMELINACEAE
I 457
Corallorhiza
574
sericea 66 1
Nepeta
138
Commelina
457
innata
574
stolonifera 662
vulgare
138
agraria
457
Macraei
576
stricta 663
Clintonia
I 5M
caroliniana
457
maculata
575
suecica 665
borealis
SM
communis
457-8
multiflora
575
unalaskensis 664
ciliata
5'5
crispa
458
Neottia
574
Coronilla 2 391
11111 bell at a
S'S
dubia
464
ochroleuca
576
valentina 391
umbellulata
5iS
erecta
459
odonthorhiza
565
varia 392
Clitoria
2 416
hirtella
459
striata
576
Coronopus 2 166
mariana
417
long i folia
459
trifida
574
Coronopus 2 167
Ternatea
416
nudiflora
457
Wisteriana
575
didymus 167
virginiana
417
virginica
458
Corema
2 479
CORRIGIOLACEAE 2 26
Clypeola
Willdenovii
458
Conradii
479
Corydalis 2 143-6
alyssoides
2 151
COMPOSITAE 3347-560
Coreopsis
3 489
canadensis ' 142
maritima
153
Comptonia
i 585
alternifolia
487
glauca 144
Cnicus
3 560
asplenifolia
586
aristata
499
see Capnoides
see Cirsium
3 554
peregrina
586
aristosa
499
2 143-6
benedictus
560
CONIFERAE
i 55
Atkinsoniana
3 493
Corylus i 607
horridulus
S53
Coniosclinum
2 635
aurea
498
americana 607
lanceolatus
549
canadense
636
auriculata
491
avellana 607
pumilus
552
chinense
636
Bidens
495
rostrata 607
Cnidoscolus
2 462
pumilum
636
bidentoides
496
Coryphantha a 570
humosus
462
tataricum
635
cardaminefolia
493
missouriensis 570
stimulosus
462
Conium
2 653
coronata
3 498
similis 571
Cobresia
I 35i
maculatum
653
crassifolia
490
vivipara 571
Cocculus
2 131
Conobea
3 191
delphinifolia
493
Cotinus 2 484
carolinus
131
aquatica
191
discoidea
497
(Rhus in part)
Cochlearia
2 163
multifida
191
grandiflora
491
americanus 485
aquatica
164
Conoclinium
lanceolata 489, 90
cotinoides 485
Armoracia
I6 3
coelestinum
3 362
" angustifolia
490
Cotinus 484
Coronopus
l6 7
Conopholis
3 235
" villosa
490
Cotoneaster 2 321
danica
I6 3
americana
235
involucrata
499
Pyracantha 322
oblongifolia
163
Conostylis
major
3 492
Cracca 2 372
officinalis
163
americana
i 535
" Oemleri
492
( Tephrosid)
Coeloglossum
I 552
Conringia
2 174
palmata
492
hispidula 373
bractcatum
552
orientalis
175
pubescens
490
spicata 373
viride
552
perfoliata
175
rosea
494.
villosa 372
Coelopleurum
2 645
CONVALLARIACEAE I 5 13
senifolia
492
virginiana 372
actaeifolium
646
Convallaria
I 522
stellata
492
" holosericea 372
Gmelini
646
biflora
521
tinctoria
493
Crantzia
Coelorachis
I III
bifolia
516
tripteris
491
lineata 2 648
cylindrica
112
commutata
521
verticillata
492
Crassina 3 466
rugosa
112
majalis
522
trichosperma
498
(Zinnia)
Cogswellia
2 631
tnajuscula
522
" tenuiloba
498
grandiflora 466
572
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
VOL. III.
CRASSULACEAE 2
205
Crataegus
Crataegus
Cucubalus
Crataegus 2 294-321
intricata 2
307,9
spicata 2 292
Behen
2 64
acerifolia 2
319
irrasa
304
stolonifera 312
latifolius
6 4
albicans
318
" divergens
304
Stonei 308
niveus
63
alnorum
T T
Jackii
2 306
straminea 309
stellatus
62
O L L
Jasperensis
298
submollis 319
Cucumis
ainara
39
,, T <
Jesupi
312
suborbiculata 301
perennis
3 291
anomala
3IO
Jonesae
2 300
succulenta 301
CUCURBITACEAE
290
apiifolia
320
Kelloggii
315
Tatnalliana 2 318
Cucurbita
3 291
apposita
309
lanuginosa
316
tenuifolia 315
foetidissima
291
arborescens
307
laurentiana
304
tiliaefolia 319
Lagenaria
291
Arnoldiana
318
leiophylla
3U
tomentosa 302, 319
Pepo
291
ascendens
310
Lettermani
301
" punctata 300
perennis
291
aspera
312
lucida
297
uniflora 320
Cunila
3 MS
asperifolia
303
lucorum
304
Vailiae 303
glabella
139
beata 2
3H
Macauleyae
2 305
villipes 315
Mariana
146
Beckwithae
313
macracantha
301
viridis 307
origanoides
146
bedfordensis
314
macrosperma
311
" nitida 307
pulegioides
136
berberidifolia
297
maineana
3 J 3
Crepidium
Cuphea
Bicknellii
305
Margaretta
300
glaucum 3 326
petiolata
2 582
Biltmoreana
307
Marshallii
320
Crepis 3 325
viscosissima
582
Bissellii
309
medioxima
3 J 4
biennis 327
Cupressus
Blanchardi
304
michiganensis
302
capillaris 327
disticha
I 64
blandita
310
microcarpa
320
glauca 326
imbricaria
64
Boyntoni
39
missouriensis
2 303
intermedia 327
thyoides
65
bracteata
312
modesta
307
nudicaulis 310
CUSCUTACEAE
3 48
Brainerdi
303
mollis
3i9
occidentalis 328
Cuscuta
48
brevispina
321
monogyna
319
perplexans 3 326
arvensis
49
Broivnii
300
neofluvialis
302
polymorpha 327
Cephalanthi
5
Buckleyi
309
nitida
307
pulchra 325
chlorocarpa
49
Calpodendron 2
302
nitidula
301
riparia 3 326
compacta
52
canadensis
318
oblongifolia
316
runcinata 326
Coryli
5
Canbyi
299
occidentalis
301
tectorum 325, 326
cuspidata
Si
campestris
303
opulens
3U
virens 327
decora
50
Chapmani
302
ovata
306
Cristaria
densiflora
48
chrysocarpa
306
Oxyacantha 294, 319
coccinea 2 519
Epilinum
48
coccinea 307,
317
padifolia
2 308
Cristatella 2 198
Epithymum
49
" mollis
319
pallens
309
erosa 198
europaea
48-9
" oligandra
3H
Palmeri
298
Jamesii 198
glomerata
52
coccinioides
317
pausiaca
299
Crocanthemum 2 539
Gronovii
5i
collina
301
parvifolia
320
canadense 540
indecora
SO
coloradensis
301
Peckii
308
carolinianum 539
inflexa
50
compta
3H
pedicellata
317
corymbosum 541
obtusiflora
49
cordata
321
Pennypackeri
299
majus 540
paradoxa
5 2
crudelis
310
peoriensis
299
Crotalaria 2 346
Polygonorum
49
Crus-galli 297,
302
pertomentosa
302
alba 346
pulcherrima
50
cuneiformis
299
Phaenopyrum
321
latifolia 346
rostrata
Si
deltoides 2
313
pisifera
302
ovalis 347
tenuiflora
50
denaria
298
polita
318
Purshii 347
Trifolii
49
Dewingii
301
polybracteata
300
rotundifolia 347
vulgivaga
Si
d Hat at a
317
populifolia 308,315
sagittalis 347
Cuthbertia
i 459
disjuncta
3M
populnea
312
" ovalis 347
graminea
459
disperma
299
porrecta
299
Croton 2 454
rosea
459
dispessa
316
Porteri
315
capitatus 454
Cyclachaena
Doddsii
306
premorsa
307
glandulosus 454
xanthiifolia
3 34t
Douglasii
321
Pringlei
317
Lindheimerianus 455
Cyclanthera
3 292
duracina
313
pruinosa
315
monanthogynus 2 455
dissecta
293
Edsoni 2
311
punctata
300
texensis 455
pedata
3 292
effera
3M
" brevispina
321
Tiglium 2 454
Cycloloma
2 16
Eggertii
317
Pyracantha
2 322
Crotonopsis 2 456
atriplicifolium
16
Egglestoni
303
pyriformis
3l6
linearis 456
platyphyllum
16
elliptica
299
Reverchoni
298
CRUCIFERAE 2 146
Cymbalaria
3 175
Elwangeriana
317
roanensis
310
Crunocallis 2 38
Cymbalaria
175
Engelmannii
297
Robbinsiana
313
Chamissonis 38
Cymbia
3 3o8
exclusa
317
rotundata
306
Crypsis
occidentalis
308
fecunda 2
299
rotundifolia
306
schoenoides i 190
Cymbidium i
574-5
Fertialdi
304
" Bicknellii
3S
squarrosa 23 1
hyetnale
574
fillipes
313
rubrifolia
298
Cryptantha 3 79
odontorhizon
575
flabellata
310
rubrisepala
298
(Krynitzkiainpart)
pulchelhim
563
flava 300,
310
rugosa
313
crassisepala 80
Cymophyllus
I 441
flexispina
310
rustica
2 313
Fendleri 80
Fraseri
441
fluviatilis
310
Saundersiana
301
glomerata 79
Cymopterus
2 644
foetida
309
scabrida
303
Cryptogramma i 32
acaulis
644
fortunata
309
schizophylla
298
acrostichoides 32
glomeratus
644
Gattingeri 2
3M
Schuettii
303
Stelleri 32
montanus
645
gemmosa
302
sequax
3 J 3
Cryptotaenia
Cynanchum
3 36
glandulosa
301
sheridana
306
canadensis 2 630
(Vincetoxicum)
globosa
302
silvicola
313
Ctenium i 224
acutum
3 36
grandis
299
Smithii
320
americanum 225
carolinense
38
Grayana
3"
sordida
301
Cubelium 2 563
hirtuiu
38
Holmesiana 2
315
speciosa
317
(Sole a)
nigrum
36
Holmesii
315
spathulata
320
concolor 564
obliquum
38
VOL. III.
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
573
Cynanchum
Cyperus
Darby a i 641
Dentidia
suberosum 3 37
paniculatus I 299
umbellulata 641
nankinensis 3 154
Vincetoxicum 36
phymatodes 304
Darlingtonia 2 331
Deringa 2 630
CYNAREAE 3 350
pseudovegetus 302
Dasiphora 2 262
(Cryptotaenia)
Cynoctonum 2 730
refractus 307
fruticosa 262
canadensis 630
(Mitreola)
retrofractus 307
riparia 262
Deschampsia i 215
Mitreola 731
rivularis 298
Dasystephana 3 10
atropurpurea 216
petiolatum 731
rotundus 304
(Gentiana in part)
caespitosa 215
sessilifolium 730
sabulosus 300
affinis 3 i i
flexuosa 216
Cynodon
Schweinitzii 301
Andrewsii 12
Descurainia 2 171
Dactylon i 222
spathaceus 340
flavida 12
Hartwegiana 171
Cynoglossum 3 75
speciosus 305
Grayi. 13
incisa 1 7 1
boreale 77
strigosus 306
latifolia n
pinnata 171
glomeratum 81
" capitatus 306
linearis 12
Sophia 170
Morisoni 78
" compositus 306
parvifolia n
Desmanthus 2 331
officinale 75~6
" robitstior 306
Porphyrio 14
brachylobus 332
pilosum 78
Torreyi 308
puberula i i
leptolobus 332
virginianum 76
CYPRIPEDIEAE I 547
rigida 1 1
Desmodiutn
Cynomarathrum a 632
Cypripedium i 548
saponaria 12
see Meibomia
Nuttallii 633
acaule 550
villosa 13
394-402
Cynosciadium 2 646
album 549
Dasystoma 3 205
acuminatum 2 396
pinnatum 646
arietinum 548
(Gerardia in part)
canadense hirsut. 398
Cynosurus i 251
bulbosum 573
aurea 206
" longifolium 399
aegyptius 229
Calceolus 548
calycosa 3 208
ciliare 402
coracanus 228
candidum 549
Drummondii 207
cuspidatum 399
cristatus 251-2
hirsutum 549
flava 206
humifusum 397
indicus 229
parviflorum 550
grandiflora 207
lineatum 396
virgatus 229
passerinum 549
laevigata 207
P^yeM-ri'o
Cynoxylon 2 664
pubescens 550
pectinata 206
see Calamagrostis
floridum 664
reginae 549
pedicularia 206
i 207
Cynthia 3 307
spectabile 549
pubescens 206
Macouniana 210
(Adopogon)
CYRILLACEAE 2 485
quercifolia 208
Dianthera 3 242
Dandelion 308
Cyrilla 485
" integrifolia 207
americana 242-3
falcata 3 37
racemiflora 485
serrata 207
humilis 243
virginica 307
Cyrtorhyncha 2 1 1 1
virginica 208
lanceolata 243
CYPERACEAE i 295
(Ranunculus in part)
Datisca
ovata 243
Cyperus i 297
ranunculina 117
hirta 2 481
Dianthus 2 73
acuminatus 302
Cystopteris I 14
Datura 3 l6 9
Armeria 74
aristatus 300
bulbifera 15
Metel 170
barbatus 75
arundinaceus 340
fragilis 1 5
Stramonium 169
caryophyllus 73
Baldwinii i 310
montana 15
Tatula 169
deltoides 74
Bushii 302
Cytherea i 572
Daucus 2 625
prolifera 74
cayennensis 309
bulbosa 573
Carota 625
Saxifraga 72
calcaratus 302
Cytisus 2 350
divaricatus 651
Diapedium 3 243
compressus 300
rhombifolius 344
pusillus 625
(Dicliptera) 244
cylindricus 308
scoparius 350
Decamerium 2 695
brachiatum 244
dentatus 303
Decodon 2 579
DlAPENSIACEAE 2 705
" ctenostachys 303
Dactylis i 251
(Nesaed)
Diapensia 2 705-6
diandrus 298
glomerata 251
aquaticus 580
barbulata 706
" castaneus 298
maritima 224
verticillatus 580
lapponica 706
" elongatus 298
patens 223
Decumaria z 232
Diaperia
dipsaciformis 307
stricta 224
barbara 233
prolifera 3 446
echinatus 310
see Spartina i 223-4
Delphinium 2 93
Diarina I 247
Engelmanni 306
Dactyloctenium i 229
Ajacis 93-4
Diarrhena
erythrorrhizos 305
aegyptium 229
albescens 95
americana I 247
esculentus 297, 304
aegyptiacum 229
azureum 95
Diccntra
" angustispicatus 304
Dalea 2 366
carolinianum 95
seeBicuculla 2 141-3
ferax 306
alopecuroides 267
Consolida 93
Dichondra 3 339
filicinus 299
enneandra 267
exaltatum 94
carolinensis 40
filiculmis 309
lanata 267
Nelsoni 95
evolvulacea 40
" macilentus 309
lanuginosa 367
Nortonianum 95
repens 39, 40
flarus 309
laxiflora 367
Penardi 95
DlCHONDRACEAE 3 39
flavescens 298
obovatifolia 366
Treleasei 94
Dichromena i 340
flavicomus 300
parvi flora 2 384
tricorne 96
colorata 341
fuscus 303
see Parosela 2 366-8
urceolatum 94
latifolia 341
Gatesii 299
Petalostemon
virescens 95
leucocephala 340
globulosus 310
2 368-71
Dendrium 2 682
Dicksonia I 14
Grayi 309
Dalibarda 2 282
(Leiophyllum)
Dichrophyllum 2 468
Halei 305
fragarioides 269
buxifolium 682
marginatum 469
Hallii i 304
repens 282
Dendropogon i 456
Dicksonia
Haspan 303
violaeoides 282
usneoides 456
pilosiuscula i 14
Houghtoni 301
Danthonia i 220
Dennstaedtia 2 14
punctilobula 14
Hydra 304
Alleni 221
punctilobula 14
Dicliptera 3 244
hystricinus 308
compressa 221
Dentaria 2 187
brachiata 244
inflexus 300
epilis 221
anomala 188
Diclytra
Iria 301
glabra 221
diphylla 188
seeBicuculla 2 141-3
lancastriensis 307
intermedia 222
furcata 187
DlCOTYLEDONES I 577
macilentus 309
sericea 221
heterophylla 188
Didiplis 2 579
Michauxianus 305
spicata 220
incisifolia 188
diandra 579
microdontus 299
Daphne * 574
laciniata 187-8
linearis 579
Nuttallii 299
Gnidium 574
maxima 188
Dielytra
ovularis 308
Mezereum 574
pentaphyllos 187
Cucullaria 2 142
574
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
VOL. III.
Diervilla 3 283
Ditaxis
Dracopis
Echinocactus
Diervilla 283
mercurialina a 456
amplexicaulis 3 473
Simpsoni 2 570
Lonicera 3 283
Dodecatheon a 717
DROSERACEAE 2 202
Echinocereus 2 568
trifida 283
brachycera 7 1 7
Drosera 2 203
caespitosus 569
Dieteria
Hugeri 717
americana 203
viridiflorus 568-9
sessili flora 3 435
Meadia 717
anglica 204
Echinochloa i 133
Digitalis 3 204
" Frenchii 717
brevifolia 204
colona 134
purpurea 204
Doellingeria 3 443
filiformis 204
Crus-galli 133
Digit aria I 121
(Diplopappus)
intermedia 203-4
Walteri 134
filiformis 122
amygdalina 443
linearis 204
Echinocystis 3 292
luimifusa 123
humilis 443
longifolia 203-4
lobata 292
paspaloides 133
infirma 444
rotundifolia 203-4
Echinodorus i 95
sanguinalis 123
ptarmicoides 432
" comosa 203
cordifolius 96
Dioclea
umbellata 443
tenuifolia 204
" lanceolatus 96
multiflora 2 420
pnbens 443
DRUPACEAE 2 320
parvtilus 95
Diodia 3 256
Dolicholus 2 421
Dryas 2 273
radicans 96
teres 256
erectus 422
chamaedrifolia 273
rostratus 96
virginiana 257
latifolius 421
Drummondii 274
tenellus 95
Diodonta
minimus 421
integrifolia 274
Echinopanax 2 619
bidentoides 3 496
simplicifolius 422
octopetala 273
horridum 619
DlOSCOREACEAE I 535
tomentosus 421
tenella 274
Echinops
Dioscorea i 535
Dolichos a 417
Drymocallis 2 262
sphaerocephalus
paniculata 535
Catjang 425
agrimonioides 263
3 56o
sativa 535
Lablab 417
rttbricaulis 263
Echinospermum 3 77
villosa 535
luteolus 424
Dryopteris i 17
deflexum am. 3 79
Diospyros a 720
polystachyus 423
acrostichoides 16
Lappula 77
Lotus 720
regularis 420
aculeata 17
Redowskii 78
virginiana 720
sinensis 425
Boottii 22
see Lappula 77-8
Diotit
Dondia a 23
Braunii 17
Echites
lanata a 20
(Suaeda)
Clintoniana 20
difformis 3 23
Diphylleia a 128
americana 23
cristata 19
Echium 3 93
cymosa 129
calciformis 2 24
dilatata 21
italicum 93
Diplachne i 236
depressa 24
Dryopteris 23
vulgare 94
acuminata 237
linearis 23
Filix-mas 21
Eclipta
fascicularis 236
maritima 24
fragrans 19
alba 468
maritima 237
Donia
Goldiana 20
erect a 468
procumbens 237
ciliata 3 377
hexagonoptera 23
procumbens 468
rigida 23 1
squarrosa 371
intermedia I 21
ELAEAGNACEAE 2 575
Diplogon 3 372
Doronicum
Linneana 23
Elaeagnus 2 575
Diplopappus 3 443
acaule 3 533
Lonchitis 16
angustifolia 575
see Doellingeria 443
ramosum 440
marginalis 20
argentea 576
canescens 437
Doxantha
noveboracensis 18
canadensis 576
cornifolius 444
capreolata 3 337
Phegopteris 23
ELATINACEAE 2 537
hispidus 375
Draba a 148
pittsfordensis 22
Elatine 3 5 38
linariifolius 444
alpina 152
Robertiana 24
americana 538
umbellatus 443
androsacea 149
simulata 19
brachysperma 538
Diplotaxis a 194
arabisans 150
spinulosa 21
Hydropiper 538
muralis 194
" orthocarpa 150
Thelypteris 18
triandra 538
tenuifolia 194
aurea 152
Duchesnea 2 259
Elatinoides 3 175
DIPSACEAE 3 288
brachycarpa 151
(Fragaria in part)
(Linaria in part)
Dipsacus 3 288
caroliniana 149
indica 259
see Kickxia 175
fullonum 289
confusa 150-1
Dulichium i 340
Elatine 176
" sativus 289
corymbosa 149
arundinaceum 340
spitria 175
laciniatus 289
crassifolia 152
spathaceum 340
Eleocharis i 310
sylvestris 289
cuneifolia 149
Dupatya i 455
acicularis 315
Dipteracanthus
fladnizensis 149
(Paepalanthus)
acuminata 318
biflorus 240
hirta 150
flavidula 455
albida 3 1 7
ciliosus var. parvi-
hispidula 149
Dupontia i 261
atropurpurea 312
florus 242
incana 150-1
Cooleyi 262
capitata 313
micranthus 241
megasperma 151
Fisheri 261
compressa 318
Dirca a 574
micrantha 149
Dyschoriste 3 240
diandra 313
occidentalis 574
nemorosa 152
depressa 240
dispar 3 1 3
palustris 575
nivalis 150
oblongifolia 240
Engelmanni 314
Discanthera
pycnosperma 151
Dysodia 3 512
equisetoides 3 1 1
dissecta 3 293
ramosissima 151
chrysanthemoides 513
flaccida 312
Discopleura a 656
stylaris 151
papposa 513
glaucescens 314
capillacea 657
verna 148
intermedia 318
Nuttallii 657
Dracaena
Eatonia
" Habereri 318
Disporum i 517
bore alls i 514
see Sphenopholis
interstineta 311
(Prosartes)
umbellulata ' 515
i 243
macrostachya 314
lanuginosum 517
Dracocephalum 3116
Dudleyi 244
Macounii 318
pullum 517
cordatum 113
glabra 244
melanocarpa 317
trachycarpum 518
denticulatum 117
pennsylvanica 244
microcarpa 316
Distegia
intermedium 117
/>wfcejcenj 244
monticola 314
involucrata 3 282
Moldavica 114-5
robusta 244
mutata 31 1
Distichlis i 249
Nuttallii 117
EBENACEAE 2 720
nitida 3' 8
maritima 249-50
parviflorum 114, 7
Echinacea 3 47 "5
obtusa 313
spicata 250
speciosum 116
angustifolia 476
" jejuna 3 J 3
stricta 250
virginianum 116
pallida 476
ochreata 312
Ditaxis a 456
Dracontium
paradoxa 476
olivacea 312
fasciculata 456
foetidum i 445
purpurea 475
ovata 3 J 3
humilis 457
Dracopis 3 473
Echinocactus 2 569
"Engelmanni 314
VOL. III. GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
575
Eleocharis
Endorima
Eragrostis
Eriocoma
palustris I 314
unifiora 3 502
Purshii i 240
cuspidata i 174
" vi gens 314
Enemion 2 89
refracta 241
Eriogonum i 647
pauciflorus 327
biternatum 89
reptans 243
alatum 648
pygmaea 327
Engelmannia 3 464
secundiflora 242
Alleni 649
quadrangulata 311
pinnatifida 464
sessilispica 231
annuum 651
Robbinsii 311
Enslenia
Weigeltiana 243
brevicaule 651
rostellata 319
albida 3 36
tenuis 239, 42
campanulatum 651
simplex 316
Entrema
trichodes 242
cernuum 652
Smallii 315
arenicola 2 179
Eranthis 2 87-8
corymbosum 651
tenuis 318
Epibaterium 2 131
hyemalis 88
effusum 652
Torrcyana 316
carolinum 131
Erechtites 3 535
flavum 649
tor til is 316
pendulum 131
hieracifolia 536
gnaphaloides 650
tricostata 317
EPIDENDREAE I 548
prealta 536
Gordoni 652
tuberculosa 316
Epifagus 3 236
Erianthus i 113
Jamesii 649
Wolfi 315
Eleogenus
americana 236
Epigaea 2 692
alopecuroides 113
brevibarbis 114
lachnogynum 650
L indheimerianum
ochrcatus 312
repens 692
compactus 1 14
i 651
Elephantella 3 222
groenlandica 222-3
Epilobium 2 590
adenocaulon 593
contortus i 14
divaricatus 113
longi folium 648
micranthum 651
Elephantopus 3 353
alpinum 591
japonicus 113
microthecum 652
carolinianus 354
nudatus 354
scaber 353
" ma jus 594
anagallidifolium 591
angustifolium 589-90
saccharoides 114
ERICACEAE 2 675
Erica 2 694
multiceps 650
parvifiorum 650
pauciflorum 650
tomentosus 354
Eleusine i 228
coloratum 593
densum 592
cinerea 694
Tetralix 694
sericeum 649
texanum 648
aegyptia 229
glandulosum 593
vulgaris 694
tomentosum 648
indica 229
mucronata 230
Ellisia
microcalyx 3 67
Nyctelea 67
Elodea i 104
seePhilotria 104
canadensis 105
latifolia 105
El odes 2 537
campanulata 537
petiolata 537
virginica 537
Elcholtzia 3 154
cristata 154
Patrinii 154
Elymus i 288
arenarius 288, 90
australis 292
arkansanus 294
brachystachys 293
canadensis 293
" glabriflorus 292
" intermedius 292
condensatus 290
hirsutum 590, i
Hornemanni 594
lactiflorum 591
latifolium 590
lineare 592
molle 592
oliganthum 592
palustre 592
" lineare 592
paniculatum 593
spicatum 590
strictum 592
Epipactis i 563
convallarioides 567
decipiens 57
latifolia 563
pubescens 570
repens ophioides 569
tesselata 569
viridi flora 563
Epiphegus 3 236
virginiana 236
EQUISETACEAE i 38
Equisetum i 39
arvense 39
Erigenia 2 653
bulbosa 653
Erigeron 3 435
acris 436,41
" debilis 441
" Droebachianus 441
annuus 44
asper 436
Bellidiastrum 440
bellidifolius 439
caespitosus 437
camphoratum 448
canadensis 44 2
canus 438
carolinianum 400
divaricatus 442
divergens 3 439
Droebachianus 441
flagellaris 3 438
glabellus 436
" mollis 437
hyssopifolius 438
nudicanlis 441
philadelphicus 439
Erioneuron i 234
pilosum 235
Eriophorum i 322
alpinum 323
angustifolium 325
callithrix 324
capitatum 323
Chamissonis 323
" albidum 323
cyperinum 337
gracile 324
hudsonianum 323
opacum 324
paucinervium 325
polystachyon 325
" latifolium 325
russeolum 323
Scheuchzeri 323
tenellum 325
triquetrum 324
vaginatum 322-4
virginicum 326
" album 326
viridicarinatum 325
curvatus 290
diversiglumis 294
elymoides 288
fluviatile 41, 39
hyemale 41
laevigatum 42
pilosum 373
puhchellus 439
pumilus 3 437
Eritrichium
californicum
" subglochidiatum
glabriflorus 292
limosum 41
ramosus 440
3 79
glaucifolius 293
littorale 40
" Beyrichii 440
crassisepalutn 80
glaucus 289
palustre 40
strigosus 440
glomeratum 81
halophilus 291
hirsutiglumis 292
pratense 39
robustum 41
subtrinervis 437
tenuis 3 441
" hit mile 81
fulvocanescens 82
Hystris 294
scirpoideb 42
uniflorus 436
Jamesii 81
jejunus 291
sylvaticum 40
vernus 44 i
Erodium 2 430
Macounii 289
variegatum 42
Eriocarpum 3 378
cicutarium 430
robustus 293
Eragrostis i 238
(Aplopappus in part)
crassifolium 430
sibiricus 289
campestris 241
grindelioides 378
moschatum 430
" americanus 289
capillaris 239
rubiginosum 378
Erophila
Sitanion 288
capitata 243
spinulosum 379
vulgaris 2 148
striatus 293
caroliniana 240
ERIOCAULACEAE i 453
Eruca 2 192
" Ballii 293
curtipedicellata 242
Eriocaulon i 453
Eruca 192
" villosus 293
Eragrostis 240
anceps 455-6
sativa 192
virginicus 291
erythrogona 239
articulatum 454
Ervum 2 412
"jejunus 291
Frankii 239
compressum 454
hirsutum 411
" submuticus 290
hirsuta i 239
decangulare 455
Lens 412
vulpinus 289
hypnoides 243
flavidulum 455
multifiorum 386
Elyna I 351
major 241
gnaphalodes 454
tetraspermum 411
Bellardi 351
minor 240
Parkeri 454
Eryngium 2 621
spicata 351
oxylepis 242
septangulare 454
aquaticum 622
EMPETRACEAE 2 478
pectinacea 241
umbellatum 455
integrifolium 623
Empetrum 2 479
" spectabilis 241
Eriochloa i 124
Leavenworthii 622
Conradii 479
pilosa 240
polystachya 124
maritimum 621
nigrum 479
poaeoides 240
punctata 124
prostratum 623
Endorima 3 .502
" megastachya 241
Eriocoma i 173
virginianum 622
576
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
VOL. III.
Eryngium
Eupatorium
Euthamia
Ficaria 2117
yuccaefolium 2 622
p. falcatum 3 357
leptocephala 3 399
Ficaria 1 1 7
Erysimum 2 173
resinosum 361
minor 500
ranunculoides 117
Alliaria 170
rotundifolium 360
Moseleyi 400
wrtta 117
arkansanum 173
" ovatum 360
Nuttallii 398
Ficus Carica i 632
asperum 173
Rydbergi 356
remota 400
Filago 3 446
Barbarea 177
scandens 363
tenuifolia 400
germanica 446-7
cheiranthoides 172
semiserratum 359
Eutoca 3 69
prolifera 3 446
inconspicuum 172
serotinum 357
Franklinii 69
pygmaea 446
lanceolatum 173
sessilifolium 359
Euxolus 2 4-5
FlLICES I I
officinale 174
" Brittonianum 359
crispus 2 5
Filix i 14
orient ale 175
Torreyanum 358
deflexus 4
bulbifera 15
parviflorum 172
teucriifolium 360
lividus 4
fragilis 15
perfoliatum 175
trifoliatum 357
pumilus 5
montana 15
pinnatum 2 171
urticaefolium 361
.Ei'a.r
Filipendula 2 248
praecox 177
verbeniefolium 360
prolifera 3 446
denudata 249
repandum 173
" Saundersii 360
Evolvulus 3 41
rubra 249
syrticolum 172
EUPHORBIACEAE 2 452
argenteus 42
Ulmaria 249
vlrnum 1 77
Euphorbia 2 463
nummularius 41
Fimbristylis i 319
Erythraea 3 I- 3
see Chamaesyce
pilosus 42
acuminata 320
see Centaurium i
2 462-8
autumnalis 322
calycosa 2
" Dichrophyllum 469
FABACEAE 2 341
Baldwiniana 321
Centaurium 2
" Tithymalopsis 469
FAGACEAE I 614
capillaris 3 1 9
Douglasii 2
" Tithymalus 471
Fagopyrum i 671
castanea 320
exaltata 2
albicaulis 466
esculentum 672
congesta 321
pulchella 2
arenaria 464
Fagopyrum 672
Frankii 322
spicata 2
arundelana 476
tataricum 671-2
geminata 322
ramosissima 2
corollata 469
Fagus i 614
" brachyactis 322
texensis 2
cuphosperma 476
americana 615
interior 320
Erythronium i 505-6
dendroides 471
Castanea dentata 615
laxa 321
albidum 506
dentata 476
ferruginea 615
spadicea 320
americanum 506
Fendleri 465
grandifolia 615
puberula 321
angustatum 506
Geyeri 463
pumila 616
Vahlii 321
bracteatum 506
glyptosperma 464
sylvatica 614
Fissipes i 550
Dens-canis 506
heterophylla 477
Falcata 2 418
acaule 550
mesachoreum 507
hexagona 468
(Amphicarpa)
Flaveria 3 504
propullans 507
hirsuta 2 467
caroliniana 419
angustifolia 504
Eubotrys 2 688
huniistrata 467
comosa 419
campestris 504
racemosa 689
hypericifolia 467-8
Pitched 419
chilensis 504
recurva 688
lata 465
Faf-sia
Floerkea 2 441
Eulalia
maculata 467
horrida 2 619
occidentalis 441
japonica i 113
Eulophus 2 654
marginata 469
marylandica 476
F<?cha 3 287-8
see Valerianella 288
proserpinacoides 441
Foeniculum 2 642
americanus 654
nicaeensis 474
Fagopyrum 287
Foeniculum 643
Euonymus 2 490
ohiotica 475
patellaria 288
vulgare 643
americanus 491
petaloidea 464
umbilicata 288
Forostiera 2 728
atropurpureus 491
polygonifolia 463
Ferw/a
acuminata 728
europaeus 490, 2
F^J/H' 468
canadensis 2 647
Forsteronia
obovatus 491
Rafinesquii 467
foeniculacea 632
difformis 3 23
EUPATORIEAE 3 347
serpens 464
z'illosa 637
Fothergilla 2 234
Eupatorium 3 355
serpyllifolia 465
Festuca i 268
alnifolia 234
ageratoides 361
zygophylloides 464
altaica 273
Carolina 234
album 358
Euphrasia 3 217
brachyphylla 271
Gardeni 234
" subvenosum 358
americana 218
brevifolia 271
Fragaria 2 259
alternifolium 364
arctica 217
capillata 271
americana 261
altissimum 359
canadensis 218
confinis 273
australis 260
aromaticum 362
hirtella 217
decumbens i 233
canadensis 259
boreale 361
I at i folia 217
diandra 247
Grayana 260
Bruneri 356
Oakesii 218
elatior 272
indica 259
cannabinum 355
Odontites 219
fascicularis 236
multicipita 259
capillifolium 356
officinalis 218,217
fluitans 266
terra-novae 260
coelestinum 362
Randii 218
gigantea 273
vesca 260
falcatum 357
" Farlowii 218
Kingii 273
virginiana 260
foeniculaceum 356
Williamsii 218
Myuros 269
" illinoensis 260
foeniculoides 356
Euploca
nutans 272
Frangula
glandulosum 358
convolvulacea 3 75
" palnstris 272
caroliniana 2 503
grandiflorum 363
Eurotia 2 19
occidentalis 270
Franseria 3 34 2
hyssopifolium 358
lanata 20
octoflora 269
acanthicarpa 342
" laciniatum 358
wryfcj'a
ovina 269, 71
discolor 343
incarnatum 362
glomerata 3 410
"brevifolia 271
Hookeriana 342
lecheaefolium 358
Eustoma 3 7
"capillata 271
tomentosa 343
leucolepis 357
silenifolium 7
" duriuscula 271
Frasera 3 H
linearifolium 358
Russellianum 8
pratensis 272
carolinensis 15
maculatum 3 356
Eustylis i 541
rubra 270
Fraxinus 2 724
" amoenum 356
Euthamia 3 398
scabrella 273
americana 725
perfoliatum 361
(Solidago in part)
sciurea 270
biltmoreana 725
" cuneatum 361
camporum 398
Shortii 272
campestris 726
" truncatum 361
caroliniana 400
spicata 272
caroliniana 727
pilosum 360
floribunda 399
tenella 269
Darlingtonii 725
pubescens 360
graminifolia 398
unioloides 280
excelsior 724
purpureum 356-7
gymnospermoides
Watsoni 273
lanceolata 726
" angustifolium 357
3 399
FESTUCEAE i 102-13
Michauxii 726
VOL. III. GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
577
Fraxinus
Galium Gentiana
Geranium
nigra 2 727
kamtschaticum 3 261
clausa 3 12
tenuifolia 3 211
pennsylvanica 726
labradoricum 264
ciinita
9
" aspcrula 212
profunda 726
lanceolatum 260
decora
1 1
" macrophylla 2 1 1
platycarpa 727
latifolium 262
detonsa
9
tuberosa 208
pubescens 726
Littellii 261
Elliottii
ii
"viridis 212
quadrangulata 727
Mollugo 257, 63
flavida
12
see Dasystoma 206-7
sambucifolia 727
palustre 265
Grayi
13
Agalinis 208-14
viridis 726"
parisiense 258
linearis
U
Geum 2 269
Fritillaria i 505
parviflorum 265
" lanceolata
13
agrimonioides 263
alba 508
pilosum 260
" latifolia
13
album 270
atropurpurea 505
" puncticulosum 260
lutea
8
" flavum 270
pyrcnaica 505
septentrionale 261
nesophila
9
canadense 270-1
Froelichia 2 7
spurium 259
ochroleuca
13
carolinianum 270
canipestris 2 7
sylvaticum 263
Porphyrio
14
ciliatum 273
floridana 2 7
tinctorium 263-4
procera
9
flavum 270
gracilis 2 8
" fili folium 263
propinqua
10
macrophyllum 271-2
Fuirena i 337
" labradoricum 264
puberula
1 1
Peckii 272
hispida 338
Torreyi 260
pulchella
3 2
pulchrum 272
simplex 338
tricorne 259
pur pure a
14
radiatum 272
squarrosa 338
trifidum 264
quinquefolia
IO
" Peckii 272
" aristnlata 338
" bifolium 265
" occidentalis
10
rivale 262
" pumila 338
" latifolium 263
quinque flora
10
strictum 271
umbellata 337
" pusillum 264
ramosissima
2
triflorum 273
FUMARIACEAE 2 141
triflorum 262
rigida
I I
urbanum 269, 70
Fumaria 2 146
Vaillantii 259
rubricaulis
13
vernum 271
Cncnllaria 142
verum 258
Saponaria
12
virginianum 270
e.rimia 143
virgatum 260
" linearis
13
Gifola 3 446
fttngosa 143
Wirtgeni 258
scaberrima
II
germanica 447
officinalis 146
Galpinsia 2 606
serrata
9
Gilia 3 59
pa rvi flora 146
(Oenothera in part)
spicata
3 2
acerosa 62
sanpervirens 143-4
Hartwegi 606-7
ventricosa
8
aggregata 60
interior 607
villosa
13
caespitosa 62
Gaertneria 3 342
lavendulaefolia 2 607
Geoprumnon 2
376
congesta 61
(Franseria)
GAMOPETALAE 2 666
crassicarpum
377
. coronopifolia 60
acanthicarpa 342
Gaultheria 2 692
mexicanum
377
iberidifolia 61
discolor 343
procumbens 693
plattense
377
inconspicua 60
Grayi 343
Gaura 2 608
tennesseense
378
laciniata 59
tenuifolia 342
biennis 608-9
GERANIACEAE 2
425
linearis 64
tomentosa 343
coccinea 609
Geranium 2
426
longiflora 60
Gaillardia 3 511
filipes 609
Bicknellii
428
minima 64
acaulis 509
glabra 609
carolinianum
428
pinnatifida 60
aristata 512
linifolia 610
cicutarium
430
pumila 6 1
lanceolata 512
marginata 609
columbinum
427
pungens
lutea 512
Michauxii 609
dissectum
429
" caespitosa 62
pulchella 511,2
parviflora 608
maculatum
427
rigidula acerosa 62
simplex 513
Pitcheri 609
molle
429
rubra 60
suavis 513
sinuata . 609
pratense 2
426
spicata 61
Galactia a 419
villosa 610
pusillum
429
tricolor 61
glabella 420
Gaurella 2 604
pyrenaicium
427
Gillenia
iiiollis 420
canescens 605
Robertianum
426
stipulacea 2 248
pilosa 420
guttulata 605
rotundifolium
428
trifoliata 248
regularis 420
Gaylussacia 2 695
sibiricum
427
Ginkgo
volubilis 420
baccata 696
sylvaticum
426
biloba i 67
Galax 2 706
brachycera 696
Gerardia 3
208
Ginseng
aphylla 707
buxifolia 695
aspera
209
quinquefolium 2 618
Galega
dumosa 696
auriculata 3
213
trifolium 619
see Cracca 2 372-3
" hirtella 696
Besseyana
21 I
Gisopteris
Galeopsis 3 119
frondosa 695
crustata
2O9
palmata i 9
Ladanum 119
resinosa 696
decemloba
212
Glabraria 2 134
Tetrahit 119
ursina 695
densifiora
214
geniculata 135
Galeorchis 1551
Gelsemium 2 729
fasiculata
2IO
tersa 135
spectabilis 551
nitidum 730
flava
2O6
Glandularia
Galinsoga 3 501
sempervirens 730
Gattingeri
213
bipinnatifida 3 97
caracasana 502
Gemmingia i 541
grandiflora
207
carolinensis 97
parviflora 502
(Belamcanda) 541
" integriuscula
2O7
Glaucium 2 141
" hispida 502
(Pardanthus) 541
" serrata
2O7
flavum 141
Galium 3 257
chinensis 542
heierophylla
209
Glaucium 141
anglicum 258
Genista 2 349
intermedia
210
hit cum 141
Aparine 259
tinctoria 350
laevigata
207
Glaux a 715
arkansanum 262
GENTIANACEAE 3 i
linifolia
2O9
maritima 716
asprellum 265
Gentiana 3 8
Holmiana
212
Glecoma 3113
bermudense 266
acuta 3 9
macrophylla 205
, J !
hederacea 114
boreale 261
affinis 1 1
maritime
211
Gleditsia 2 338
circaezans 260-1
alba 12
parvifolia
212
aquatica 339
" glabellum 261
Amarella acuta 3 9
paupercula
210
monosperma 339
" lanceolatum 260
Andrewsii 12
pedicularia 3
2O6
triacanthos 338
" montanum 261
angustifolia 1 4
purpurea 208
, IO
Glyceria I 262
Clayton! 3 264
asclepiadea 10
racemulosa
2IO
seePanicularia 263-6
concinnum 265
calycina 3 5
quercifolia
208
Puccinellia 267
erectum 263
Catesbaei 12
setacea
212
Glycine 2 417
hispidulum 266
Centaur ium i, 2
Skinneriana
212
Apios 418
37
578
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES. VOL. III.
Glycine
Gutierrezia
Halesia
Helianthium
bracteata 2 419
linearis 3 370
tetraptera * 722
parvulum i 95
comosa 419
linearifolia 370
Halimium 2 539
tenellum 95
fmtescens 374
Sarothrae 370
canadense 540
Helianthus 3 477
Galactia 419
Gymnadenia i 552
majus 540
ambiguus 481
monoica 419
conopsea 553
HALORAGIDACEAE 2 612
angustifolius 479
Priceana 418
Gymnadeniopsis i 552
HAMAMELIDACEAE
annuus 477-8
tomentosa 421
clavellata 553
2 234
aridus 478
iimbcilata 424
integra 553
Hamamelis 2 234
atrorubens 479
Glycyrrhiza 2 391
nivea 553
virginiana 235
Dalyi 482
echinata 391
Gymnandra
" Carolina 234
decapetalus 484-5
lepidota 391
Bui Hi 3 198
Hamiltonia i 641
divaricatus 483
Gnaphalium 3 453
rubra 199
oleifera i 64 1
doronicoides 484
alpiniim 449
Gymnocladus 2 339
Haploesthes 3 535
Dowellianus 480
carpathicum 449
canadensis 340
Greggii 535
giganteus 481
decurrens 454
dioicus 340
Harperella 2 659
" crinitus 479
dimorphum 453
Gymnopogon i 225
nodosa 659
subtuberosus 482
germanicum 447
ambiguus 225-6
vivipara 659
grosse-serratus 483
Helleri 454
brevifolius 226
Harrimanella 2 686
hirsutus 3 485
luteo-album 453
racemosus 226
hypnoides 686
" trachyphyllus 485
niargaritaceum 453
GYMNOSPERMAE i 55
Stelleriana 686
Kellermani 3 483
norvcgicum 456
Gymnostichum
Hartmannia 2 602
illinoiensis 480
obtusifolium 454
Hystrix I 294
(Oenothera in part)
laetiflorus 486
palustre 455
Gypsophila 2 71-2
faux-gaura 603
laevigatus 481
plant aginifolium 451
muralis 71
speciosa 603
laevis 495
polycephalum 454
paniculata 72
Hedeoma 3 135
lenticularis 478
purpureum 456
repens 71
ciliata 136
macrophyllus 485
supinum 455
Gyrostachys i 563
Drummondii 136
Maximiliani 482
sylvaticum 456
(Spiranthes) 563
glabra 139
microcephalus 481
uliginosum 455
cernua 565
/ij'r/o 136
mollis 3 484-5
see Antennaria
gracilis 566
hispida 136
Nuttallii 484
3 449-53
linearis 565
longiflora 136
occidentalis 480
Gomphrena
ochroleuca 565
pulegioides 136
orgyalis 479
globosa 2 8
odorata 565
Hedera
parviflorus 481
interrupt a . 7
parviflora 565
quinquefolia 2511
petiolaris 478
Gonolobus 3 36
praecox 566
Hedyosmos
rigidus 480
laevis 36
Romansoffiana 564
origanoides 3 146
Rydbergi 3 482
macrophyllus 37
simplex 566
Hedyotis
scaberrimus 480
subcrosns 37
stricta . 564
see Houstonia
scrophulariaefolius
see Vincetoxicum 37
Gyrotheca i 531
3 251-4
3 484
Gonopyrum
(Lachnanthes)
Hedysarum 2 392
strumosus 485
ainericanum I 677
capitata 531
acuuiinatum 396
" macrophyllus 485
Goodyera i 569
tinctoria 531
alpinum amer. 392
subrhomboideus 480
seePeramium 569-70
Habcnaria i 552
ainericanum 392
subtuberosus 482
Gordonia 2 527
(inc. Orchis in part)
boreale 392
tomentosus 486
Lasianthus 527
o/fca 557
canadense 401
tracheliifolius 485
GRAMINEAE i 107-295
blephariglottis i 557
ciliare 4 02
tuberosus 486
Graphephorum i 262
bracteata 552
coronarium 392
" subcanescens 486
festucaceum 262
Canbyi 557
lineatum 396
Heliopsis 3 466
flexuosum 235-6
ciliaris 557
Mackenzii 392
helianthoides 467
melicoideum 262
clavellata 553
marylandicum 400-2
laevis 467
Gratiola 3 194
cristata 557
nudiflorum 395
scabra 467
acuminata 193
dilatata 554
pedunculatum 364
Heliotropium 3 73
aurea 195
fimbriata 558
rigidum 401
convolvulaceum 75
dubia 196
/Zava 552
virginicum 393
curassavicum 74
Monniera 192
grandiflora 558
volubile 420
europaeum 73
officinalis 194
holopetala 557
see Meibomia
indicum 75
pilosa 196
Hookeriana 556
2 396-402
spathulatum 74
sphaerocarpa 194
hyperborea 554
" Lespedeza 403-8
tenellum 74
virginiana 194
integra 553
Heleastrum
Helleborus 2 87
viscosa 195
lacera 558
paludosum 3 431
hyemalis 88
Grindelia 3 371
leucophaca 558
HELEBOREAE 2 84
niger 87
grandiflora 371
macrophylla 555
HELEMEAE 3 349
orientalis 87
inuloides 371
ni'wea 553
Helenium 3 510
trifolius
lanceolata 371
oblongifolia 556
autumnale 510
viridis 87
nuda 371
obtusata 556
" pubescens 510
Hehnintha
squarrosa 371
orbiculaa 555
montanum 510
echioides 3 311
"nuda 371
peranwena 559
nudiflorum 511
Helonias i 488
GROSSULARIACEAE 2 236
psy codes 559
pubescens 510
asphodeloides 488
Grossularia 2 239
tridentata 553
tenuifolium 511
bullata 488
cynosbati 239
unalaskensis 555
Heleochloa i 190
graminea 490
hirtella 241
virescens 552
(Cr;y/>.n.r)
Helopus i 124
Grossularia 239
viridis 552
alopecuroides 190
Hemerocallis i 496
missouriensis 240
HAEMODORACEAE i 530
schoenoides 190
flava 496
oxyacanthoides 240
Halenia 3 15
Helianthemum 2 539
fulva 496
reclinata 241
Brentoniana 3 15
canadense 540
Hemianthus
rotundifolia 241
deflexa 15
corymbosum 541
micranthemoides
setosa 240
heterantha 15
georgianum 540
3 i97
Guilandina
Halerpestes 2 117
majus 540
Hemicarpa i 339
dioica 2 340
Cymbal aria 117
propinquum 540
aristulata 340
Gutierrezia 3 369
Halesia 2 722
HELIANTHEAE 3 349
Drummondii 339
Euthamiae 370
Carolina 722
Helianthium i 95
Isolepis 339
VOL. III. GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
579
Hemicarpa
Hicoria
Hopea
Hydrocotyle
intermedia i 340
glabra i 583
tiiictoria 2 721
rotundifolia 2 650
micrantha 339
" hirsuta 583
HORDEAE i 1 08, 1 1
umbellata 649
occidentalis 340
"odorata 583
Hordeum i 286
" ambigua 649
subsquarrosa 339
" villosa 584
jubatum 287
verticillata 649
Hendecandra
laciniosa 582
murinum 287
vulgaris . 648
texensis 2 455
microcarpa 583
nodosum 286
Hydrolea
Hepatica 2 101
minima 580
Pammelii 287
affinis 3 71
acuta 101
ovata 581
pratense 286
caroliniana 72
acutiloba 101
pallida 582
pusillum 286
seeNama 3 71-2
Hepatica 101
Pecan 580
vulgare 286
Hydropeltis
triloba 101
sulcata 582
Hosackia 2 359
purpurea 2 76
Heracleum 2 635
villosa 584
americana 359
HYDROPHYLLACEAE
lanatum 635
Hieracium 3 328
bicolor 359
3 65
Spondylium 635
alleghaniense 331
Purshiana 359
Hydrophyllum 3 65
Herpestis 3192
aurantiacum 334
Hottonia 2 709
appendiculatum 66
amplexicaulis 193
barbatum 330
diffusa 709
canadense 66
Monniera 192
canadense 329
inflata 710
macrophyllum 66
nigrescens 193
florentinum 332
Houstonia 3 250
patens 66
obovata 193
floribundum 333
angustifolia 254
virginicum 65
rotundifolia 192
Greenii 332
calycosa 252
Hydrotrida 3 193
Hesperaster
Gronovii 331
ciliolata 253
caroliniana 193
strictus 2 567
longipilum 330
coerulea 251
Hy menath eru m
Hesperis 2 175
marianum 331
lanceolata 3 252
aureum 3 514
pinnatifida 178
molle 329
Linnaei minor 252
Hymenocallis i 533
matronalis 175
murorum 328-9
longifolia 253
littoralis 533
Heteranthera i 463
paniculatum 330
minima 252
occidentalis 533
dubia 464
Pilosella 333
minor 252
Hymenolobus
graminea 464
" peleterianum 333
patens 252
divaricatus 2 158
limosa 464
praealtum 332
purpurea 252-3
Hymenopappus 3 505
peduncularis 464
pratense 333
" calycosa 252
anthemoides 510
reniformis 463
runcinatum 326
" ciliolata 253
carolinensis 505
Heterotheca 3 372
scabriusculum 3 330
"longifolia 253
corymbosus 505
Lamarckii 372
scabrum 331
"pubescens 253
filifolius 3 506
subaxillaris 372
spathulatum 329
" tenuifolia 254
flavescens 506
Heuchera 2 224
umbellatum 330
serpyllifolia 251
scabiosaeus 505
americana 225-6
venosum 332
tenuifolia 254
tenuifolius 506
crinita 226
vulgatum 3 329
Hudsonia 2 541
HYMENOPHYLLACEAE
Curtisii 227
Hierochloe
ericoides' 54 1
i 8
hirsuticaulis 227
see Savastana
tomentosa 542
Hymenoxys 3 509
hispida 227
i 171-3
" intermedia 542
line arifolia 509
lancipetala 226
borealis 172
Humulus i 633
mult i flora 510
longiflora 228
Hll'POCASTANACEAE
Lupulus 633
odorata 5 i o
macrorhiza 226
I 498
japonicus 633
Hyoscyamus 3 168
parviflora 225
Hippophoe
Hutchinsia 2 158
niger 169
puberula 225
ar genie a 2 577
petraea 158
Hyoseris
pubescens 228
Hipposelinum 2 634
procumbens 158
caroliniana 306
Richardsonii 227
Levisticum 635
Hyacinthus
minima 307
roseola 227
Hippuris 2 612
bo try aides I 510
virginica 306
Rugelii 223
maritima 613
racemosus 5 1 1
Hypaelytrum
villosa 226
tetraphylla 613
Hydactica 2 220
argenteum I 339
Hexaphoma
vulgaris 612
foliosa 220
HYPERICACEAE 2 527
petiolaris 2 221
Hoffmanseggia 2 338
petiolaris 221
Hypericum 2 528
Ilexalectris i 576
Falcaria 338
stellaris 221
adpressum 531
aphyllus 577
Jamesii 338
Hydrangea 2 230, i
angulosum 533
spicata 577
strict a 338
arborescens 230
Ascyron 529
squamosus 577
Holcus i 120
" kanawhana 231
aureum 531
Hexastylis i 643
alpinus 173
cinerea 231
Bissellii 532
arifolia 644
halepensis 121
radiata 231
boreale 534
Memmingeri 644
1 anatus 214
vulgaris 231
campanulatum 537
Ruthii 644
laxus 248
HYDRANGEACEAE 2 230
canadense 534-6
Shuttleworthii 643
odoratus 172
Hydrastis 2 84
cistifolium 532
virginica 644
sorghum 120
canadensis 85
corymbosum .533
Hibiscus 2 523
striatus I 163
carolinensis 103
densiflorum 530
incanus 524
Holosteum 2 50
HYDROCHARITACEAE
dolabriforme 532
lasiocarpus 525
umbellatum 50
i 106
Drummondii 536
militaris 525
Homalobus 2 386
Hydrocharis
ellipticum 532
Moscheutos 524
(Astragalus in part)
cordifolia i 107
galioides 531
oculiroseus 524
aboriginum 384
Spongia 107
gentianoides 536
opulifolius 524
caespitosus 386
Hydrocotyle 2 648
graveolens 534
palustris 524
montanus 387
ambigua 649
gymnanthum 535
syriacus 526
multiflorus 386
americana 650
Kalmianum 530
Trionum 523, 5
stipitatus 386
astatic a 651
Lasianthus 527
virginicus 5235
tenellus 386
australis 649
maculatum 533
Hicoria i 579
Homalocenchrus i 168
Canbyi 649
majus 535
alba 582
(Leersia) 168
chinensis 648
mutilum 535
aquatica 581
lenticularis 169
interrupta 649
perforatum 529, 33
borealis 583
oryzoides 169
lineata 648
petiolatum 537
carolinae-septen-
virginicus 168
natans 650
prolificum 530
trionalis 581
Honkenya 2 58
ranunculoides 650
pseudomaculatum 534
cordiformis 580
peploides 58
re panda 651
punctatum 533
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
VOL. III.
Hypericum
Impatiens
Isoetes
Juncoides
pyramidatum 2 529
pallida 2 441
Butleri i 54
parviflorum i 483
Sarothra 536
Imperatoria 2 638
canadensis 53
pilosum 483
sphaerocarpum 532
Ostruthium 638
Dodgei 53
spicatum 484
subpetiolatum 533
Indigofera 2 371
Eatoni 53
Juncus i 465
virgatum 533
leptosepala 372
echinospora 5 1
acuminatus 481-2
" ovalifolium 533
tinctoria 371
" Boottii 5 1
" robustus 482
virginicum 537
Inula 3 457
muricata 5 1
acutus 465
Hypochaeris 3 309
divaricata 380
robust a 51
alpinus 478
glabra 309
ericoides 434
Engelmanni 53
" insignis 478
radicata 309
falcata 373
" fontana 53
aristulatus 473
Hypopitys 2 674
gossypina 373
" gracilis 53
articulatus 477
americana 675
graminifolia 373
valida 53
asper 479
Hypopitys 675
Helenium 457
foveolata 52
balticus 468
lanuginosa 675
mariana 374
" pleurospora 52
biglumis 475
multiflora americana
subaxillaris 372
Gravesii 54
brachycarpus 479
675
villas a 374
Harveyi 5 1
brachycephalus 480
Hypoporum
INULEAE 3 348
heterospora 50
brevicaudatus 481
verticillatum I 351
lodanthus 2 178
hieroglyphica 5 1
bufonius 469
Hypoxis i 534
hesperidoides 1 78
lacustris 50
bulbosus 477
erectum 534
pinnatifidus 178
macraspora 50
caesariensis 479
hirsuta 534
lonactis 3 444
melanopoda 54
campestris 485
Hyssopus 3 140
linariifolius 444
riparia 52
canadensis 480
anisatus 112
lonidium
saccharata 52
" coarctatus 481
nepetoides 1 1 1
linear e 2 564
Tuckermani 51
castaneus 475
officinalis 14
polygalae folium 564
" borealis 5 1
compressus 470
see Agastache 1 1 1-2
lonoxalis 2 431
Isopappus 3 379
conglomerate 467
Hystrix i 294
violacea 431
divaricatus 380
debilis 481
(Asprella)
loxylon i 632
Isopyrum 2 88
dichotomus 472
Hystrix 294
Ipomoea 3 43
biternatum 89
" platyphyllus 470
Carolina 44
thalictroides
diffusissimus 482
Ibidium i 563
coccinea 43
trifolium 88
Dudleyi 470
Beckii 566
commutata 44
Isotria i 560
effusus 467
cernuum 565
hederacea 45
affinis 561
Engelmanni 479
gracile 566
hederaefolia 43
verticillata .561
filiformis 467
incurvum 565
lacunosa 44
Itea 2 233
Gerardi 223, 470
ovale 565
leptophylla 44
virginica 233
Greenei 472
plantagineum 564
Nyctelea 67
ITEACEAE 2 233
gymnocarpus 468
praecox 566
pandurata 43
Iva 3 338
interior 471
strictum 564
pes-tigrinis 43
annua 338, 40
Leersii i 467
vernale 565
purpurea 45
axillaris 339
longistylis 474
Ilex 2 486
Quamoclit 42
ciliata 34
maritimus 469
Aquifolimn 486
trichocarpa 44
frutescens 339
marginatus 473
bronxensis 489
Iresine 2 8
imbricata 339
" biflorus 473
Cassine 487
celesioides
or aria 339
" paucicapitatus 473
coriacea 488
paniculata
xanthiifolia 340
" setosus 474
Dahoon 487
IRIDACEAE i 536
Ixia
megacephalus 480
decidua 488
Irio 2 174
acuta i 541
militaris 477
fastigiata 489
Iris i 536
chinensis 542
monostichus 470
glabra 487
aphylla 539
Ixophorus i 164-5
nemorosus 483
laevigata 489
Carolina 539
seeChaetochloa 1164
nodatus 482
lucida 488
caroliniana 537
nodosus i 478
mollis 488
cristata 54
Jacksonia
" megacephalus 478
montana 488
cuprea 539
trachysperma 2199
oronensis 472
monticola 488
Duerinckii 539
Jasione 3 299
parviflorus 483
myrtifolia 487
foliosa 538
montana 299
pelocarpus 476
opaca 486
fulva 539
Jatropha
" subtilis 476
verticillata 489
georgiana 537
stimulosa 2 462
pilosus 482-3
" padifolia 489
germanica 536-9
Jeffersonia 2 129
polycephalus 479
" tenuifolia 489
gracilis 539
Bartonis 129
repens 474
vomitoria 487
hexagona 537
binata 129
Richardsonianus 478
Hiamna 2 5 22
Hookeri 538
diphylla 129
robustus 482
remota 522
lacustris 54
JUGLANDACEAE I 578
Roemerianus 468
ILICACEAE 486
missouriensis 538
Juglans i 578
scirpoides 480
Ilicioides 2 490
orientalis 540
alba 582
secundus 471
mucronata 490
prismatica 539
cinerea 579
setaceus 473
Illecebrum
Pseudacorus 540
nigra 579
setosus 474
Paronychia 2 26
setosacanadensis 538
regia 578
Smithii 468
Ilysanthes 3 195-6
verna 541
tomentosa 582
spicatus 484
attenuata 196
versicolor 537
seeHicoria i 580-3
stygius 475
dubia 196
virginica 537, 9
JUNCACEAE I 465
" americanus 475
gratioloides 196
Isanthus 3 104
Juncoides i 482
subtilis 476
" curtipedicellata 196
(Trichostema in part)
(Luzula)
tenuis 470-1
riparia 196
brachiatus 104
arcticum 484
Torreyi 478
Impatiens a 440
coeruleus 104
bulbosum 485
trifidus 469
aurea 44 i
Isnardia 2 585
campestre 484-5
triglumis 476
Balsamina 440
(Ludwigia in part)
carolinae 483
validus 479
biflora 440
palustris 585
confusa 484
Vaseyi 471
fulva 440
ISOETACEAE I 50
hyperboreum 484
Juniperus i 65
noli-tangere 440
Isoetes i 50
nemorosum 483
communis 65, 6
Ncrtoni 440
Braunii 51
nivale 484
" alpina 66
VOL. III.
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
5 8i
Juniperus
Koellia
Lacinaria
Laurus
c. depressa i 66
pilosa 3 142
spicata 3 367
aestivalis a 135
horizontalis 67
pycnanthemoides 144
squarrosa 365
Benzoin 135
nana 66
verticillata 143
" intermedia 365
Borbonia 133
prostrata 67
virginiana 142
Lactuca 3 317
carolinensis 134
Sabinaprocumbens67
Koelreuteria 2 501
acuminata 321
geniculata 135
scopulorum 66
paniculata 501
canadensis 320
melissaefolia 136
sibirica 66
Koenigia i 647
" montana 320
Sassafras 134
virginiana 66
islandica 647
campestris 320
Lavauxia 2 603
Jussiaea 2 589
Koniga 2 153
elongata 319-20
(Oenothera in part)
brachycarpa 587
(Alyssum in part)
floridana 321
brachycarpa 604
decurrens 589
maritima 153
hirsuta 319
triloba 603-4
diffusa 589
Korycarpus i 247
integrifolia 320
Watsonii 604
rep ens 589
(Diarrhena)
ludoviciana 319
Leavenworthia 2 189
Justicia
arundinaceus 247
Morssii 320
aurea 189
brachiata 3 244
diandrus 247
pulchella 320
Michauxii 1 89
chinensis 244
Kosteletzkya 2 523
sagittifolia 320
torulosa 189
althaeifolia 523
saligna 318
uniflora 189
Kallstroemia 2 442
virginica 523
sanguinea 319
Lechea a 542
hirsutissima 443
KRAMERIACEAE 2 340
sativa 317
intermedia 544
intermedia 443
Krameria 2 340
Scariola 318
juniperina 545
maxima 443
Ixine 34
Serriola 3 1 8
Leggettii 544
Kalmia 2 683-4
lanceolata 340
spicata 321
major 540, 3
angustifolia 683
secundiflora 340
"integrifolia 321
maritima 543
Carolina 684
Kraunhia 2 373
Steelei 319
" interior 543
glauca 684
(Wisteria) 373
villosa 321
minor 542
hirsuta 685
frutescens 374
virosa 318
moniliformis 544
. latifolia 683-4
macrostachys 374
LAMIACEAE 3 99
novae-caesareae 542
" myrtifolia 684
Krigia 3 306
Lamium 3 121
racemosa 543
polifolia 684
amplexicaulis 307
album 122
stricta 545
Ealmiella 2 685
caroliniana 308
amplexicaule 121
tenuifolia 544
hirsuta 685
Dandelion 308
hispidulum 118
thymifolia 542
Keerlia
occidentals 308
maculatum 122
Torreyi 544
skirrobasis 3 401
oppositifolia 306
purpureum 121
villosa 543
Kentrophyta 2 387
virginica 307
Laportea
Lecticula 3 230
montana 3*87
Krynitzkia 3 79
canadensis I 636
resupinata 230
viridis 387
crassisepala 80
Lappa 3 547
Ledum 2 676
Kickxia 3 175
Fendleri 80
major 547
buxifolium 682
Elatine 176
glomerata 81
minor 548
decumbens 677
spuria 175
Jamesii 81
tomentosa 547
groenlandicum 677
Knautia
sericea 81
Lappago I 121
latifolium 677
arvensis 3 290
Kuhnia 3 364
seeNazia i 121
palustre 677
Kneiffia 2 599
eupatorioides 364
racemosa 121
" decumbens 677
Alleni 2 600
" corymbulosa 364
Lappula 3 77
Leersia i 168-9
fruticosa 602
glutinosa 364
(Echinospermum)
see Homalocenchrus
" pilosella 602
Hitchcockii 364
americana 79
i 168
glauca 599, 602
suaveolens 364
deflexa 79
Legouzia 3 297
linearis 600 i
Kuhnistera 2 368
echinata 77
see Specularia 3 297
linifolia 600
Candida 369
floribunda 78
LEGUMINOSAE 2330,41
longipedicellata 600
compacta 369
Lappula 77
Leiophyllum
Sumstinei 602
foliosa 371
Myosotis 77
buxifolium 2 682
pumila 60 1
oligophylla 369
Redowskii 78
LEITNERIACEAE I 586
riparia 60 1
multiftora 370
texana 78
Leitneria 586
Kobresia i 351
pinnata 368
virginiana 78
floridana 586
(inc. Elyna)
purpurea 370
Lapsana 3 306
LEMNACEAE I 446
Bellardi 351
tenuifolia 370
capillaris 327
Lemna i 447
bipartita ' 351
Kyllinga i 296
communis 306
angolensis 447
caricina 351
cayennensis 309
Larix I 60
cyclostasa 447
elachycarpa 377
maculata 339
americana 60
gibba 448
scirpina 351
ovularis 308
laricina 60
hyalina 448
Kochia 2 16
monocephala 296
Larix 60
minima 447
americana 16
pumila 296
Lathyrus a 412
minor 448
atriplicifolia 16
decaphyllus 414
" cyclostasa 447
Scoparia 16
LABIATAE 3 99
glaucifolius 415
paucicostata 448
Koeleria i 245
Lachnanthes
incanus 415
perpusilla 448
cristata 245
tinctoria I S3 1
latifolius 416
" trinervis 448
gracilis 245
Lachnocaulon i 455
linearis 409
polyrhiza 446
nit id a 245
anceps 456
maritimus 413
trisulca 447
Pennsylvania 244
Michauxii 456
myrtifolius 4*4
valdiviana 447
Koellia 3 141
Lacinaria 3 364
" macranthus 414
Lemotrys
(inc. Pycnanthemum
(Ltafrif)
ochroleucus 415
hyacinthina I 509
and Brachystemum)
acidota 366
ornatus 415
LENTIBULARICEAE 3 225
albescens 143
cylindracea 365
palustris 414
Leant ice
aristata 144
elegans 366
" linearifolius 414
thalictroides 2 128
capitata 141-2
graminifolia 368
polymorphus 414
Leontodon 3 315
clinopodioides 143
Helleri 368
pratensis 415
autumnale 310
flexuosa 142
kansana 368
pusillus 416
carolinianum 324
hyssopifolia 143
pilosa 368
sativus 412
erythrospermum 315
incana 144
punctata 366
tuberosus 416
hostile 310
leptodon 142
pycnostachya 367
venosus 413
hirtum 310
montana 145
scariosa 367
LAURACEAE 2 133
hispidum 310
mutica 145
Smallii 368
Laurus 2 133
latilobum 315
582
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
VOL. Ill
Leontodon
nndicaute 3 310
Taraxacum 315
Leonurus 3119
Cardiaca 119-20
Marrubiastrum 120
sibiricus 120
Lepachys 3 473
columnaris 474
" pulcherrima 474
pinnata 474
Tagetes 475
Lepargyraea 2 576
(Shepherdia)
argentea 576-7
canadensis 576
rotundifolia 576
Lepidanthus
phyllanthoides 2 453
Lepidium 2 164
apetalum 166
campestre 164
densiflorum 166
didymum 167
Draba 165
intermedium 166
latifolium 164
medium 166
neglectum 166
procumbens 158
r am o sis si mum 166
ruderale 165
sativum 166
virginicum 165
Leptamnium 3 236
(Epiphegus)
virginianum 236
Leptandra 3 204
(Veronica in part)
virginica 204
Leptanthus
gramineus I 464
ovalis 464
seeHeteranthera 463
Leptasea 2 216-7
aizoides 216-7
Hirculus 216
tricuspidata 217
Leptilon 3 442
(Erigeron in part)
canadense 442
divaricatum 442
Leptocaulis
divaricatus 2 651
echinatus 652
patens 652
Leptochloa i 229
attenuata 230
filiformis 230
mucronata 230
Leptodactylon 3 62
caespitosum 62
californicum 62
pungens 62
Leptoglottis 2 333
Leptoloma i 124
cognatum 124
Leptopoda
brachypoda 3 511
Leptorchis
seeLiparis i 571-2
Leptoseris
sonchoides 3 314
Lepturus i 282
filiformis 282
paniculatus 226
repens 282
Lespedeza 2 402
acuticarpa 405
angustifolia 407
Bicknellii 407
Brittonii 404
Lespedeza
Lilium i 502
Linum
capitata 2 407
andinum 502
striatum 2 437
" sericea 407
canadense 503
sulcatum 439
frutescens 406
candidum 502
usitatissimum 436
hirta 407
carolinianum 504
virginianum 438
" oblongifolia 407
Catesbaei 503
Liparis i 571
leptostachya 408
Grayi 503
liliifolia 572
longifolia 407
lanceolatum 502
Loeselii 572
Manniana 404
philadelphicum 502
Lipocarpha i 339
neglecta 405
super bum 503,4
maculata 339
Nuttallii 405
tigrinum 504
Lippia 3 97
prairea 404
umbellatuin 502
americana 97
procumbens 403
LlMNANTHACEAE 2 441
cuneifolia 98
repens 403
Limnanthemttm
lanceolata 98
reticulata 406
see Nymphoides
nodiflora 98
sessiliflora 402
3 1 8-9
Liquidambar 2 235
simulata 406
Limnia 2 39
asplenifolia I 586
striata 408
perfoliata 39
peregrina 586
Stuvei 405
sibirica 39
Styraciflua 2 235
" intermedia 406
Limnobium i 107
Liquivitia
velutina 407
Spongia 107
lepidota 2 391
violacea 404
Limnorchis i 554
Liriodendron 2 83
" angustifolia 406
dilatata 554
Tulipifera 83
virginica 406
fragrans 554
Lisianthus
Lesquerella 2 154
graminifolia 554
glaucifolius 3 8
(Vtsicaria in part)
huronensis 554
Russellianus 8
arctica 156
hyperborea 554
List era i 567
" Purshii 156
media 554
aitriculata 568
argentea 155
major 554
austral is 568
globosa 155
Limnocharis
convallarioides 567
gracilis 155
Spongia i 107
cordata 568
Lescurii 154
Limodorum i 562
reniformis 567
ludoviciana 155
(Calopogon)
Smallii 567
ovalifolia 156
praecox 566
Lithospermum 3 87
spathulata 154
tuberosum 562-3
angustifoliuni 89
Leucanthemum
nnifolium 572
arvense 87
arcticum 3 518
Limonium 2 718
canescens 89
I'ulgare 518
(Statice)
carolinianum 89
Leucelene 3 434
carolinianum 718
carolinense 89
(Aster in part)
Limosella 3 197
hirtum 89
ericoides 434
aquatica 198
latifolium
Leucocrinum i 496
austral is 198
liniarifolium 89
montanum 496
calycina 192
lycopsioides 84
Leucophysalis 3 162
tenuifolia 198
officinale 87, 8
grandiflora 163
LINACEAE 2 435
pilosum
Leucopsidium
Linaria 3 176
tenellum 74
arkansanum 3 401
canadensis 177
Torreyi 88
Leucothoe 2 687
Cymbalaria 175
virginianum go
axillaris 687
Elatina 176
Litsea
Catesbaei 688
genistaefolia 177
geniculata 2 135
elongata 689
Linaria 177
Littorella 3 250
racemosa 689
minor 176
lacustris 250
recurva 688
repens 178
. uniflora 250
spinulosa 688
spuria 175
LOASACEAE 2 565
Levisticum 2 647
striata 178
LOBELIACEAE 3 2Q9
Levisticum 635
supina 177
Lobelia 3 299
officinale 635
vulgaris 177
amoena ' 301
Liatris 3 364
Lindera 2 135-6
" glandulifera 3 01
see Lacinaria 3 364
Benzoin 135
Canbyi 304
cylindrica 365
melissaefolia 136
cardinalis 300
graminifolia 368
Lindernia
Dortmanna 299, 300
" dubia 368
attenuata 197
elongata 3 O1
' intermedia 366
Linnaea 3 275
glandulosa 302
odoratissima 369
americana 276
gracilis 304
paniculata 369
borealis 276
inflata 33
pumila 367
Linosyris
Kalmii 303
spicata 367
Hoivardi 3 376
leptostachys 33
" montana 367
Linum 2 435
Nuttallii 34
squarrosa 365
arkansanum 439
paludosa 3
squarrulosa 367
Berlandieri 439
puberula 3 2
LlGULIFLORAE 3 304
Boottii 439
spicata 3 2
Ligusticum 2 647
catharticum 438
" hirtella 302
actaeifolium 646
diffusum 437
" parviflora 302
canadense 647
floridanum 438
syphilitica 30 !
Levisticum 635
grandiflorum 436
" ludoviciana 301
Scoticum 647-8
humile 43^
Lobularia 2 153
Ligustrum 2 729
intercursum 438
Loeflingia 2 60
vulgare 729
Lewisii 436
hispanica 60
Lilaeopsis 2 648
medium 438
texana 60
(Crantzia)
perenne 436
LOGANIACEAE 2 729
lineata 648
rigidum 439
Loiseleuria
LILIACEAE i 495
simplex 439
procumbens 2 683
VOL III.
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
583
Lolium i 281
Lupinus
Lysias
Malus
italicum 282
argenteus 2 348
orbiculata I 555
Malus 2 289-90
multiflorum 282
argophyllus 348
Lysiella i 556
Soulardi 289
perenne 281
decumbens 348
obtusata 556
sylvestris 290
temulentum 282
ornatusglabratus 348
Lysimachia 2 710
MALVACEAE 2 513
Lomatium
perennis 348
ciliata 713
Malva 2 514
orientate 2 631
" occidentalis 348
hybrid a 714
Alcea 516
villosutn 632
plattensis 348
lanceolata 714
caroliniana 523
Lonicera 3 277
pusillus 349
longifolia 714
coccinea 519
altissima 281
Lusula
Nummularia 712
crispa 5 1 5
canadensis 281
see Juncoides i 482-5
producta 711
hederacea 521
Caprifolium 277, 8
Lychnis 2 68
punctata 711
involucrata 518
ciliata 281
affinis 70, 68
quadriflora 714
moschata 515
coerulea 281
alba 68
quadrifolia 711
parviflora 514
Diervilla 283
alpina 62
radicans 713
rotundifolia 515
dioica 279
apetala 70
stricta 712
sylvestris 514
Douglasii 279
chalcedonica 68-9
terrestris 712
triangulata 517
flava 280
coronaria 70
thyrsi flora 715
verticillata 515
glauca 279
dioica 69
vulgaris 7 1 1
Malvastrum a 519
glaucescens 279
diurna 69
see Steironema 7 1 2-4
angustum 519
grata 278
Drummondii 70
LYTHRACEAE 2 577
coccineum 519
hirsuta 278
Flos-cuculi 69
Ly thrum 2 580
Malveopsis
involucrata 282
Githago 61
alatum 581
hispida 519
japonica 280
vespertina 68
Hyssopifolia 580
Mamillaria
inarylandica 2 730
Lycium 3 168
lanceolatum 581
missouriensis 570
Morrowi 3 281
afreum 168
lineare 581
Nut t allii 2 570
oblongifolia 281
Barbarutn 168
Parsonsia 582
similis 571
parviflora 279
halimifolium 168
peliolatuin 582
sulcata 570
sempervirens 280
vulgar 'e 1 68
Salicaria 580-1
vivipara 571
" hirsutula 280
Lycopersicon 3 167
verticillatum 580
see Coryphantha
Sullivantii 279
esculentum 168
virgatum 581
2 570
Symphoricarpos 276
Lycopersicon 168
Vulneraria 581
Manfreda i 533
tatarica 282
LYCOPODIACEAE i 42
virginica 534
villas a 281
Lycopodium i 43
Machaeranthera 3 435
Manisuris I 112
Xylosteum 282
adpressum 45
scssiliflora 435
cylindrica 112
Lophanthus 3 in
alpinum 46
tanacetifolia 435
rugosa i i 2
see Agastache
alopecuroides 45
Macleya
" Chapmani 1 1 2
anisatus 111,2
annotinum 46
cordata 2 140
MARANTACEAE i 546
Lophiocarpus i 96-7
apodum 49
Madura
Mariana 3 555
Lophiola i 534
carolinianum 47
aurantiaca I 632
mariana 555
americana 535
chamaecyparissus' 48
pomifera 632
Mariscus i 347
aurea 535
clavatum 43, 7
Macounastrum i 647
cylindricus 308
Lophotocarpus i 96-7
complanatum 47, 8
islandicum 647
echinatus 310
(Sagittaria in part)
dendroideum 45
Macrocalyx 3 67
flavus 309
calycinus 97
inundatum 44
(Ellisia)
jamaicensis 348
depauperatus 97
" Bigelovii 44
Nyctelea 67
mariscoides 348
maximus 97
lucidulum 44
MAGNOLIACEAE 2 80
Marrubium 3 no
spathulatus 98
obscurum 45
Magnolia 2 81
vulgare 110
spongiosus 97
porophilum 44
acuminata 82
Marshallia 3 502
LORANTHACEAE I 638
pungens 45
auriculata 81
caespitosa 503
Lorinseria i 24
rupestre 49
Fraseri 8 1
grandiflora 503
areolata 25
sabinaefolium 47
glauca 82
latifolia 503
Lotus 2 358
selaginoides 49
macrophylla 81
obovata 503
americanus 359
Selago 43
tripetala 82
Schreberi 502-3
corniculatus 359
sitchense 46
umbrella 82
trinervia 503
sericeus 359
tristachyum 48
virginiana 82
MARSILEACEAE i 36
Loivellia
Lycopsis 3 93
Mahonia 2 127
Marsilea i 36
aurea 3 514
arvensis 93
re pens 128
mucronata 37
Ludwigia 2 586
virginica 87
Maianthemum i 516
natans 38
alata 587
Lycopus 3 146
canadense 517
quadrifolia 37
alternifolia 586-8
americanus 148
Mairania 2 693
vestita 37
" linearifolia c88
asper 148
alpina 694
MARTYNIACEAE 3 239
arcuata 585
communis 147
MALACEAE 2 286
Martynia 3 239
cylindnca 587
europaeus 146-8
Malachodendron
annua 239
decurrens 589
integrifolius 147
ovatum 2 527
louisiana 239
glandulosa 587
lucidus 1 48
Malacothrix 3 314
proboscidea 239
hirtella 588
membranaceus 147
cahfornica 3'4
Maruta
linearis 588
rubellus 147
sonchoides 314
Cotula 3 516
palustris 585
sessilifolius 147
Malapoenna 2 134-5
Matourea
polycarpa 587
sinuattts . 148
geniculata 135
nigrescens 3 193
rudts 586
virginicus 146
Malaxis i 570
Matricaria 3 520
sphaerocarpa 586
Lygodesmia 3 322
monophylla 57 l
asteroides 404
Ludwigiantha 2 585
juncea 322
paludosa 57 l
Chamomilla 521
(Ludwigia in part)
rostrata 3 22
spicata 57
discoidea 521
arcuata 2 585
Lygodium i 9
unifolia 57 1
glastifolia 404
brevipes 586
palmatum 9
Malus 2 288
grandiflora 5 2
Lunaria 2 190
scandens 9
angustifolta 288
inodora 520
annua 190
Lyonia
baccata 289
matricarioides 521
biennis 191
ligtistrina 2 691
coronaria 288
Partheniutn 519
rediviva 190
Lysias i 555
glaucescens 289
suaveolens 521
Lupinus 2 347
bifolia 555
ioensis 289
Matteuccia i> n
albus 347
Hookeriana 556
lancifolia 288
Struthiopteris 1 1
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
VOL. III.
MAYACACEAE i 450
Melanthium
Mercurialis 2 460
Mimosa
Mayaca i 450
latifolium I 494
annua 460
filiculoides a 331
Aubleti 450
" longipedicellatum
perennis 460
illinoensis 332
fluviatilis 450
494
Merimea
Intsia 334
Michauxii 450
muscaetoxicum 489
texana 2 539
microphylla 334
MAYDEAE i 107-8
parviflorum 495
Meriolix 2 607
nilotica 330
Mazus
racemosum 487
(Oenothera in part)
Mimulus 3 189
japonicus I 19 i
virginicum 493
intermedia 608
alatus 190
Mecardonia 3 193
MELASTOMACEAE 2 582
serrulata 608
Geyeri 191
acuminata 193
Melica i 246
Mertensia 3 82
glabratus 191
ovata 193
altissiina 246
lanceolata 83
guttatus 190
Meconopsis
ciliata 246
linearis 83
Jamesii 191
diphylla 2 140
mutica 246
maritima 82
Langsdorffii 190
Medeola i 522
" diffusa 246
paniculata 83
moschatus 191
virginiana 523
" glabra 246
pulmonarioides 82
ringens 189, 90
Medicago 2 350
" parvi flora 247
virginica 83
Miscanthus i 112
arabica 352
nitens 246
Mesadenia 3 536
sinensis 112
dcnticulata 351
parviflora 247
(Cacalia in part)
Mitchella 3 255
falcata 351
Porteri 247
atriplicifolia 537
repens 255
hispida 351
Smithii 219
plantaginia 537
Mitella 2 228
lupulina 351
Melilotus 2 352
reniformis 536
diphylla 228-9
maculata 352
alba 352
rotundifolia 536
intermedia 229
polymorpha 352
altissima 353
tuberosa 537
nuda 229
sativa 350-1
indica 353
Mespilus
oppositifolia 229
virginica 406
officinalis 352-3
Amelanchier 2 297
Mitreola 2 730
Meehania 3 112
vulgaris 3 5 2-3
apii folia 320
petiolata 731
cordata 113
Melissa 3 137
arbutifolia 290-1
Modiola 2 522
Megalodonta 3 499
Acinos 139
calpodendron 302
caroliniana 523
Beckii 500
Clinopodium 138
canadensis 293
multifida 523
intdata 500
Nepeta 138
caroliniana 310
Moehringia 2 57
Megapterium 2 605
officinalis 137
cordata 311
lateriflora 57
(Oenothera in
pulegioides 136
cornifoha ooo
macrophylla 58
part)
see Clinopodium 138
Cotoneaster 321
muscosa 57
Fremontii 606
Melosmon 3 103
cuneiformis 299
Moenchia
missouriense 605
laciniatum 103
elliptica 299
erecta 2 50
Nuttallianum 605
Melothria 3 291
flabellata 310
Mohrodendron 2 722
oklahomense 606
pendula 292
Phaenopyrum 321
carolinum 722
Meibomia 2 394-402
MENISPERMACEAE 2 130
pruinosa 315
Moldavica 3 114
(Desmodium)
Menispennum 2 131
pyracantha 322
Moldavica 115
arenicola 396
canadense 131
rotundifolia 306
parviflora 114
bracteosa 399
carolinum 131
Micrampelis 3 291
Molinia i 237
canadensis 401
Lyoni 130
(Echinocystis)
coerulea 237
canescens 398
Mentha 3 148
lobata 291
Mollugo 2 35
" hirsuta 398
alopecuroides 151
Micranthemum 3 197
verticillata 35
Dillenii 400
aquatica 151
micranthemoides 107
Momordica
floridana 400
arvensis 152
Nuttallii 197
echinata 3 292
glabella 397
borealis 152
orbiculatum 197
Monarda 3 131
grandiflora 396
canadensis 152
Micranthes 2 217
aristata 134
illinoensis 401
" glabrata 152
caroliniana 219
Bradburiana 133
laevigata 399
Cardiaca 152
Geum 220
ciliata 135
longifolia 399
citrata 150
micranthidifolia 219
citriodora 134
marylandica 402
crispa 151
nivalis 218
clinopodia 132
Michauxii 397
gentilis 153
pennsylvanica 219
didyma 131
nudiflora 395
longifolia 150
semipubescens 217
dispersa 134
obtusa 402
Patrinii 154
texana 218
fistulosa 131-2
ochroleuca 397
piperita 149
virginiensis 218
" media 132
paniculata 399
rotundifolia 150
Microsteris 3 59
" rubra 132
" Chapmani 399
sativa 153
gracilis 59
hirsuta 135
" pubens 399
spicata 149
micrantha 59
media 132
pauciflora 396
sylvestris 150
Microstylis i 570
mollis 133
rhombifolia 400
viridis 149
monophylla 571
pectinata 134
rigida 401
Mentzelia 2 566
ophioglossoides 571
punctata 133
rotundifolia 397
albicaulis 566
Mikania 3 362
scabra 133
sessilifolia 398
aspera 566
hastata 363
tenuiaristata 134
stricta 398
aurea 566
scandens 363
Monardella
viridiflora 400
decapetala 568
Milium i 173
montana 3 145
Melampodium 3 458
laevicaulis 568
amphicarpon 164
Moneses 2 671
americanum 459
nuda 567
ciliatum 1 64
grandiflora 671
australe 459
oligosperma 566
compressum 125
uniflora 671
cinereum 459
ornata 568
effusum 173
Monniera 2 192
leucanthum 459
MENYANTHACEAE 3 17
punctatum 124
acuminata 193
Melampyrum 3 224
Menyanthes 3 17
pungens 174
amplexicaulis 193
americanum 224
nymphaeoides
racemosum 175
caroliniana 193
arvense 224
2 76; 3 19
Milla
Monniera 192
latifolium 224
trachysperma 3 19
Millegrana
rotundifolia 192
lineare 224
trifoliata 18
Radiola 2 440
MONOCOTYLEDONES I 68
MELANTHACEAE i 485
Menziesia 2 681-2
coerulea i 501
Monolepis 2 17
Melanthium i 493
ferruginea 682
Milleria
chenopodioides 1 7
canadense 517
glabella 682
angustifolia 3 504
Nuttalliana 17
glaucum 491
globularis 682
MlMOSACEAE 2 330
trifida 17
hybridum 494
pilosa 682
Mimosa
MONOPETALAE 2 666
laetum 489
taxifolia 685
atigustissiina 2 331
MONOTROPACEAE 2 673
VOL. III.
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
585
Monotropa
2 674
Myosotis
Narthecium
Niobe
Hypopitys
675
verna 3 87
pubens
i 487
japonica I 496
lannginosa
675
rirginiana 78
Nasmythia
Norta 2 174
procera
673
virginica 87
articitlata
i 454
altissima 174
uniflora
674
versicolor 86
Nasturtium
2 159
Irio 174
Monotropsis
2 673
Myosurus 2 103
seeRadicula 2
159-62
Notaphoebe
(Schweinitzia)
minimus 103
lacustre
2 164
Borbonia 133
odorata
674
Shortii 103
natans
164
Nothocalais
Montia
2 38
MYRICACEAE I 584
officinale
162
cuspidata 3 324
Chamissonis
38
Myrica i 584
terrestre
161
Nothoholcus i 214
fontana
39
asplenifolia 586
Naumbergia
2 714
lanatus 214
perfoliata
39
carolinensis 585
(Lysimachia in part)
Notholaena i 35
Morongia
2 333
cerifera 585
guttata
715
dealbata 35
(Schrankia)
Gale 584
thyrsiflora
715
nivea 35
angustata
334
Myriophyllum 2 614
Navarretia
3 64
Nothoscordum i 501
microphylla
334
alterniflorum 615
(Gilia in part)
bivalve 501
uncinata
333
aii'.biguiiin 615
involucrata
64
pulchellum 501
MORACEAE
I 630
Farwellii 616
minima
64
striatum 501
Morus
630
heterophyllum 616
Nazia
I 121
Nuphar 2 78
alba
631
humile 615
(Tragus)
seeNymphaea 2 78-9
nigra
631
pectinatum 614
racemosa
121
Nuttallia 2 516
papyrifera
632
pinnatum 616
Neckeria
2 143
digit at a 516
rubra
631
proserpinacoides 616
Ne-eragrostis
involucrata 518
Muhlenbergia
I 184
scabratum 616
hypnoides
I 243
Nuttallia 2 566
ambigua
187
spicatum 614
Weigeltiana
243
decapetala 568
brevifolia
1 88
tenellum 615
Negundo
nuda 567
capillaris
189
verticillatum 614
acer aides
2 498
stricta 567
comata
187
Myriopteris
Negundo
498
NYCTAGINACEAE 2 30
cuspidata
188
gracilis I 34
Neillia
Nyctelea 3 67
diffusa
184
Myrrhis
opulifolia
2 244
Nyctelea 67
erecta
190
Claytoni 2 627
Neluinbiiiin
NYMPHAEACEAE 2 77
foliosa
185
longistylis 628
luleum
2 77
Nymphaea 2 78
glabriflora
189
Mysorrhiza
speciosum
77
ad vena 78
glomerata
1 86
ludoviciana 3 235
NELUMBONACEAE
2 76
fraterna 78
gracillima
188
Nelumbo
2 7 6
Kalmiana 78
mexicana
185
Nabalus 3 334
jamaicensis
77
lutea Kalmiana 78
palustris
185
(Prenanthes in part)
lutea
77
microphylla 78
pungens
189
albus 335
Nelumbo
77
Nelumbo 77
racemosa
1 86
altissimus 335
nucifera
77
odorata 79
Schreberi
184
asper 337
Nemastylis
I 541
" rosea 79
" palustris
185
Boottii 337
acuta
S4i
" minor 79
simplex
187
crepidineus 338
coelestina
54i
rubrodisca 78
sobolifera
185
cylindricus 336
gemniiflora
54i
sagittaefolia 79
sylvatica
1 86
integrifolius 335
Nemopanthus
2 490
tctragona 80
tenuiflora
1 86
nanus 336
canadensis
490
tuber osa 80
umbrosa
186
racemosus 337
fascicularis
490
Nymphoides 3 18
Willdenovii
186
" pinnatifidus 337
mucronata
490
(Limnanthemum)
Mulgediutn
serpentarius 335
Nemophila
3 67
aquaticum 19
acuminatum
3 321
trifoliolatus 334, 6
microcalyx
67
flava 1 8
floridanum
321
virgatus 336
phacelioides
67
lacunosum 18
leucopaeum
321
NAIADACEAE i 80
Neobeckia
2 163
nymphaeoides 19
Munroa
i 231
Naias i 89
aquatica
164
Nyssa 2 665
squarrosa
232
flexilis 90
Neopieris
2 690
aquatica 666
Muscadinia
gracilis 89
mariana
691
biflora 666
rotundifolia
2 509
gracillima 90
nitida
690
multiflora 665
Muscari
I 510
guadalupensis 90
Neottia i
564, 6
sylvatica 665, 6
botryoides
510
indica go
pubescens
570
uniflora 666
racemosum
5 11
major 89
see Ibidium
Muscaria
2 222
marina 89
NEOTTIEAE
I 547
Oakesia 2 479
caespitosa
222
recurvata 89
Nepeta
3 "3
puberula I 519
Musenium
robusta 90
Cataria
113
sessilifolia 5 1 9
see Musineon
2 643
Nama 3 71
Glechoma
114
Oakesiella i 518
Musineon
2 643
(Hydrolea)
hederacea
114
Obolaria 3 15
divaricatum
643
affinis 71
Nephrodium
caroliniana 193
Hookeri
644
ovata 72
acrostichoides
i 16
virginica 16
tenuifolium
644
quadrivalvis 72
lanosum
34
Oceanorus i 492
trachyspermum
643
zeylanica 71
punctilobulum
i4
leimanthoides 493
Myagrum
2 168
Napaea 2 518
Nesaea
Ocimum
argenteum
ISS
dioica 518
verticillata
2 580
frutescens 2 154
paniculatum
159
hermaphrodita 520
Neslia
2 158
Odontites 3 219
perfoliatum
1 68
Narcissus i 532
paniculata
159
(Bartsia in part)
sativum
157
poeticus 532
Nestronia
i 641
Odontites 219
Myosotis
3 85
pseudo-narcissus 532
(Darbya)
Odostemon 2 127
arvensis
86
Nardosmia
umbellula
641
aquifolium 128
collina
86
palmata 3 531 '
Nicandra
3 J55
Oenanthe
Lappula
77
sagittata 532
Nicotiana
3 170
ambigua 2 638
laxa
85
Nardus i 281
axillaris
171
filiformis 638
macrosperma
87
stricta 281
longiflora
171
teretifolia 638
micrantha
86
Narthecium
rustica
170
Oenoplea 2 501
palustris
85
americanum i 487
tabacum
170
Oenothera 2 594
scorpio : des
85-6
glutinosum 486
Niobe
i 496
albicaulis 598-9
suffruticosa
81
ossifragum 487
coerulea
496
argillicola 596
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
VOL. III.
Oenothera
Oonopsis
Ornithogalum
Oxybaphus 2 31
biennis 2 594-5
Engelmanni 3 377
arabicuin I 509
see Allionia 2 3 1
brachycarpa 604
multicaulis 377
bivalve 501
albidus 3 1
caespitosa 603
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE i i
hirsutum 534
angustifolius 3 1
canescens 605
Ophioglossum i i
nutans 510
hirsutus 32
canovirens 596
arenarium 2
umbellatum 509
Oxycoccus 2 704
chrysantha 60 i
Engelmanni 2
OROBANCHACEAE 3 233
erythrocarpus 705
coronopifolia 598
vulgatum 2
Orobanche 234
macrocarpus 705
cruciata 594
Ophiorhiza
americana 235
Oxycoccus 704
Fremontii 606
Mitreola 2 731
fasciculata 2^4
palustris 704
fruticosa 602
Ophrys i 567
ludoviciana 235
Oxydendrum 2 691
" humifusa 600
auriculata 568
major 234
arboreum 692
glauca 602
australis 568
minor 235
Oxygraphis 2 117
grandiflora 595
cernua 565
purpurea 234
Cymbalaria 117
guttulata 605
convallarioides 567
ramosa 234
" alpina 1 1 7
humifusa 597, 600
Corallorhiza 574
uniflora 233
Oxypolis 2 637
laciniata 597
cordata 568
virginiana 236
(Tiedemannia)
Lamarckiana 595
liliifolia 572
Orontium i 445
filiformis 638
I at i folia 599
Loeselii 572
aquaticum 445
longifolius 638
linifolia 600
monophyllos 571
Orophaca 2 387
rigidus 638
linear is 60 1
ovata 567
(Astragalus in part)
Oxyria i 659
lavendulaefolia 607
Smallii 567
argophylla 388
digyna 659
longipedicellata 600
spiralis 563
caespitosa 387
icniformis 659
macrocarpa 605
Oplopanax
sericea 388
Oxytropis 2 388
minima 597
horridum 2 619
Orthocarpus 3 216
arctica 389
missouriensis 605
Opulaster 2 243
luteus 216
" inflata 389
muricata 595
(Physocarpa)
ORYZEAE i 108
Belli 391
Nuttallii 599
(Neillia)
Oryzopsis i 1 74
campestris 390
Oakesiana 596
australis 244
asperifolia i74~5
" coerulea 390
pilosella 602
intermedius 244
canadensis 1 74
inflata 389
pallida 599
opulifolius 244
cuspidata 174
" johanensis 390
pinnatifida 598
Opuntia 2 571
juncea i 74
Lamberti 390
pratensis 60 1
arborescens 573
melanocarpa 175
montana 388
pumila 60 1
camanchica 572
membranacea 174
multiceps 389
rhombipetala 597
fragilis 573
micrantha 175
podocarpa 389
serrulata 608
humifusa 572
pungens 174
sericea 390
scapigera 603
macrorhiza 572
racemosa 175
splendens 390
sinuata 597
mesacantha 572
Osmorrhiza 2 627-8
speciosa 603
missouriensis 573
brevistylis 627
Pachiloma 2 633
strigosa 596
Opuntia 571
Claytoni 627
Pachylophus 603
triloba 604
polyacantha 573
divaricata 628
(Oenothera in part)
" parviflora 604
Rafinesquii 572
longistylis 628
caespitosa 603
see Anogra 598
tortispina 572
obtusa 628
Nuttallii 603
Kneiffia 599
vulgar is 571
see Washingtonia
Pachypodium
Oldenlandia 3 254
ORCHIDACEAE i 547
627-8
integrifolium 2 169
angnstifolia 254
ORCHIDEAE i 547
OSMUNDACEAE I 7
Pachysandra 480
coerulea 25 1
Orchis i 550
Osmunda i 7
procumbens 480
corymbosa 254
blephariglottis 557
cinnamomea 7
Pachystima 2 492
glomerata 254
bracteata 552
Claytoniana 8
Canbyi 492
minima 252
ciliaris 557
interrupta 8
Myrsinites 492
pur pure a 253
clavellata 553
lanceolata 6
Padus 2 328
uniflora 254
cristata 557
Lunaria 3
demissa 329
see Houstonia 250-4
dilatata 554
matricariae 5
melanocarpa 329
OLEACEAE 2 724
fimbriata 5S&-9
regalis 7
nana 329
Oligoneuron
/Lsja 558
Struthiopteris 1 1
virginiana 329
canescens 3 397
/Za^a 552
virginiana 6
Paepalanthus
ONAGRACEAE 2 584
grandiflora 558
Ostrya i 606
flavidulus I 455
Onagra 2 594-6
hyperborea 554
Ostrya 606
Palafoxia
see Oenothera
huronensis 554
virginiana 606
Hookeriana 3 507
biennis 594
Integra 553
virginica 606
Panax 2 618
cruciata 594
lacera 558
Othake 3 507
(Aralia in part)
Oakesiana 596
leucophaea 558
callosum 507
horridum 619
Onoclea i 10
militaris 551
sphacelatum 507
quinquefolium, 618
sensibilis n
m'wo 553
tenuifolium 507
trifolium 619
Struthiopteris 1 1
obtusata 556
Otophylla 3 213
Pancratium
Ononis
orbiculata 555
auriculata 2 1 3
carolinianum i 533
repens 2 353
psycodes 559
densiflora 214
occidentale 533
Onopordon 3 555
rotundifolia 551
OXALIDACEAE 2 430
PANICEAE i 108
Acanthium 556
spectabilis 551
Oxalis 2 430
Panicularia i 262
Onosmodium 3 90
tridental a 553
Acetosella 431
(Glyceria)
carolinianum 91
vircscens 552
Brittoniae 434
acutiflora 266
hispidum 90
Oreocarya 3 80
Bushii 433
americana 265
hispidissimum 91
(Eritrichium and
corniculata 432
angustata 267
tnolle 91
Krinitskia in part)
O'wo^o 435
borealis 266
occidentale 91
fulvocanescens 82 '
/i/i><?$ 433
brachyphylla 266
subsetosum 90
glomerata 81
grandis 435
canadensis 263
sylvestre 91
sericea 81
Priceae 434
distans 268
virginianum 90
suffruticosa 80- 1
r^cwrfo 435
" airoides 268
Onychium
Origanum 3 140
repens 432
elongata 264
densum i 33
flexuosuin 142
rw/o 433
fluitans 266
Oonopsis 3 377
vulgare 140
stricta 432
grandis 265
(Bigelovia in part)
Ornithogalum i 509
violacea 43 1
laxa 263
VOL. III. GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
587
Panicularia
Panicum
Panicum
Paspalum
nervata I 264
hispiiitim i 134
virgatum i 141
dilatatum i 132
obtusa 264
huachucae 153
" breviramosum 141
dissectum 127
pallida 265
" silvicola 153
" cubense 141
distichum 133
septentrionalis 265
i in her be 165
"obtusum 141
Elliot tii 125
Torreyana 264
implicatum 154
viride 165
floridanum 132
Panicum i 134
involutum 143
viscidum 159
" glabratum 132
aciculare 146
Ischaemum 123
Walteri 134, 162
fluitans 1 26
aculeatum 160
italicum 1 66
Werneri 144
laeve 130
Addisonii 156
Joorii 161
Wilcoxianum 159
" pilosum 130
agrostoides 142
languidum 153
Wrightianum 152
laeviglume 131
albemarlense 154
lanuginosum 155
xalapense 146
longipedunculatum
albomarginatum 148
latifolium 162
xanthophysum 158
I 127
amaroides 141
laxiflorum 146
yadkinense 149
membranaceum 127
amarulum 141
leucothrix I 152
PAPAVERACEAE 2 136
Michau.rianum 133
amarum 141
Liebergii 157
Pa paver 2 136
mucronatum 126
" minor 141
Lindheimeri 152
alpinum 138
Muhlenbergii 129
anceps 142
linear e 123
Argemone 138
ovattim i ->2
a/igustifolium 146
linearifolium 144
dubium 137
paniculatum 126
annulum 150
longifolium 143
nudicaule 138
paspaloides 125
Ashei 161
longipedunculatu in
radicaium 138
platycaule 125
atlanticum 153
145
Rhoeas 137
plenipilum 130
auburne 155
lucidum 149
somniferum 136-7
praelongum 130
autumnale 124
macrocarpon 162
PAPILIONACEAE 2 341
prostratum 128
barbipulvinatum 139
malacophyllum 160
Papyrius i 632
psammophilum 128
barbulatum 149-50
mattamuskeetense
papyrifera 632
pubescens 129
Bicknellii 145
151
Pardanthus I 541
pubiflorum 131
boreale 150
meridionale 154
chinensis 542
"glabrum 131
Boscii 162
microcarpon 148
Parietaria i 637
piirpurascens 131
Brittoni 148
microcarpon 150
officinalis 637
remotum glabrum 131
Bushii 147
miliaceum 134, 40
pennsylvanica 638
sanguinale 123
calliphyllum 158
minus 140
PARNASSIACEAE 2 211
setaceum 129
capillare 139
mutabile 161
Parnassia 2 212
stramineum 127
" campestre 139
Nashianum 157
asarifolia 214
supinum 130
" flexile 140
nerf0$Mm 161
caroliniana 212
tristachyon 125
" minor 140
neuranthum 146
grandifolia 212
virgatum 131
" sylvaticum 140
nitidum 150-2
Kotzebuei 213
Walterianum 127
carinatum 137
nudum 124
palustris 212-3
Paspalus
ciliatum 145
obtusum 138
parviflora 213
Boscianus i 131
clandestinum 162
octonodum 151
Paronychia z 26
furcatus 125
Clutei 151
oligosanthes 158
argyrocoma 27
macrospermus 132
coerulescens 149
oricola 154
depressa 28
PASSIFLORACEAE 2 564
cognatum 124
Owenae 155
diffusa 28
Passiflora 565
colonum 134
patulum 157
dichotoma 28
incarnata 565
columbianum 156
pauciflorum 158
Jamesii 27-8
lutea 565
" thinium 156
paucipilum 151
sessiliflora 28
Pastinaca 2 634
Commonsianum 156
pedunculatum 162
Wardi 27
sativa 634
commutatum 161
perlongum I 144
Parosela 2 366-8
Paulownia 3 189
condensum 142
philadelphicum 140
(Dalea)
imperialis 189
consanguineum 146-7
polyanthes 148
aurea 368
tomentosa 189
Crus-galli 133-4
Porteriantim 162
Dalea 367
Pectis 3 514
cryptanthum 160
praecocius 154
enneandra 367
angustifolia 514
Curtisii 137
proliferum 138
Jamesii 368
ciliaris 514
Dactylon i 222
psammophilum 156
lanata 367
Pedicularis 3 219
debile 138
pseudo-pubescens 153
nana 368
auriculata 221
decoloratum 1 62
pubescens 153, 9
obovatifolia 366
canadensis 221
depauperatum 143
pubifolium 162
Parsonsia 2 582
capitata 222
dichotomiflorum 138
Ravenelii 159
(Cuphea)
euphrasioides 220
dichotomum 149
roanokense 149
petiolata 582
flammea 222
" datum 149
rostratum 142
Parthenium 3 464
Furbishiae 222
diffusum 140
sanguinale 123
auriculatum 465
groenlandica 223
digit arioides 137
scabriusculum 160
hispidum 466
lanceolata 221
dissectum 127
scoparioides 153
Hysterophorus 464-5
lapponica 220
diver gens 124
scoparium 159
integrifolium 465
palustris 221
Eatoni 152
sco per him 158,9
repens 466
parviflora 221
elongatum 143
" Liebergi 157
Parthenocissus 2 510-1
pedicellata 220
ensifolium 148
Scribnerianum 158
quinquefolia 511
sylvatica 220
Enslini 144
serotinum 1 22
tricuspidata 511
Wlassoviana 221
filicitlme 154
sphaerocarpon 147
vitacea 5 1 1
Pediocactus 2 569
fili forme 122
spretum 152
Paspalum i 125
Simpsoni 570
fimbriatum . 123
stipitatum 143
angustifolium 130
Pellaea i 33
flexile 140
striatum 163
arundinaceum 132
atropurpurea 33
Gattingeri 139
s trie turn 143
anstrale 130
densa 33
geniculatum 138
strigosum 145
Boscianum 131
glabella 33
gibbum 163
subvillosum 154
Bushii 128
gracilis 32
glabrum 123
tennesseense 155
ciliatifolium 128
Peltandra i 443
glaucum 165
tenue I 148
" brevifolium 127
alba 443
gravius 149
tsugetorum 157
circulate 131
sagittaefolia 444
Helleri 158
verrucosum 138
compressum 125
undulata 444
hemitomon 137
verticillatum 164
dasyphyllum 130
virginica 444
hians 163
villosum 147
debile 130
PENTHORACEAE 2 211
hirtellum 134
villosissimum 153
difforme 132
Penthorum 2211
588
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
VOL. III.
Penthorum
Petalostemum
Pharbitis
Phryma
sedoides 2 211
tenuifolium
2 370
hederacea
3 45
Leptostachya 3 245
Pentstemon 3 182
villosum
371
purpurea
45
Phyla 3 91
acuminatus 186
violaceum
370
Pharnaceum
Phyllanthus 2 453
albidus 184
Petasites
3 53i
maritimum
a 34
carolinensis 453
angustifolius 187
(Nardosmia)
PHASEOLACEAE
2 341
Niruri 453
calycosus 185
frigida
3 532
Phaseolus
2 422
obovatus 453
canescens 183
officinalis
532
angulosus
423
Phyllitis i 25
Cobaea 186
palmata
53'
diversifolius
423
Scolopendrium 25
coeruleus 187
Petasites
532
helvolus
423-4
Phyllodoce 2 685
cristatus 183
sagittata
532
leiospermus
424
coerulea 685
Digitalis 184
trigonophylla
perennis
423
Phymosia 2 521
erianthera 183
vulgaris
532
polystachyus
423
abutiloides 521
glaber 187
Petrorhagia
2 72
umbellatus
424
cuspidata 522
gracilis 185
saxifraga
72
vulgaris
422
remota 522
grandiflorus 186
Petroselinum
2 642
see Strophostyles
Physalis 3 155
Haydeni 187
hortense
642
423-4
aequata 158
hirsutus 182
sativum
642
Phegopteris
Alkekengi 156, 162
laevigatus 183-4
Petroselinum
642
calcarea
I 2 4
angulata ^58
pallidus 183
Petunia
3 J 7i
Dryopteris
23
barbadensis 157
Pentstemon 184
axillaris
171
hexagonoptera
23
" obscura ' 157
pubescens 182
nyctaginiflora
171
Phegopteris
23
comata 161
tubiflorus 185
parviflora
172
polypodioides
23
grandiflora 163
Peplis
violacea
172
Robertiana
34
hederaefolia 161
americana a 538
Peucedanum
Phelipaea
heterophylla 161
diandra 579
daucifolium
2 632
lute a
3 234
ixocarpa 158
Pepo 3 291
graveolens
633
Phellopteris
2 644
Lagascae 157
foetidissima 291
Kingii
633
montanus
645
lanceifolia 158
Peramium i 569
sativum
634
Philadelphus
2 231
lanceolata 160
(Goody era)
verticillatum
657
coronarius
232
" laevigata 159
decipiens 570
Phaca 2
385-6
grandiflorus
232
" hirta 1 60
Menziesii 570
aborigina
384
inodorus
232
lobata 162
ophioides 569
americana
385
Philozera
3 5'0
longifolia 159
pubescens 570
argophylla
388
multiflora
510
macrophysa 159
repens 569
astragalina
382
Philotria
i 104
missouriensis 157
tessellatum 569
baetica
385
angustifolia
105
obscura 157
Perilla 3 153
bisulcata
380
canadensis
105
pendula 158
frutescens 154
Bodini
386
minor
1 06
pennsylvanica 160-2
" nankinensis 1 54
caespitosa
387
Nuttallii
105
philadelphica 1 59
ocimoides 154
elatiocarpa
383
Phippsia
i 193
peruviana 161
" crispa 154
elegans
384
algida
193
pruinosa 157
Perioloca
elongata
385
Phleum
i 190
pubescens 156
graeca 3 39
flexuosus
385
alpinum
191
pumila 1 60
Peritoma
frigida ameri-
pratense
190-1
rotundata 161
serrulata 2 197
cana
385
schoenoides
190
subglabrata 159
Persea 2 133
longifolia
386
Phlomis
3 u8
virginiana 160-1
Borbonia 133
I at i flora
383
fruticosa
118
"intermedia 160
carolinensis 133
neglecta
385
tuberosa
118
viscosa 161-2
" palustris 133
parviflora
384
Phlox
3 53
Physalodes 3 155
gratissima 133
pectinata
380
amoena
55
(Nicandra)
Persea 133
Robbinsii
381
amplifolia
54
peruvianum 155
pubescens 133
sericea
388
argillacea
55
physalodes 155
Persicaria i 665
villosa
379
bifida
56
Physaria 2 156
amphibia 666
Phacelia
3 68
Brittonii
58
brassicoides 156
Careyi 668
bipinnatifida
69
bryoides
58
didymocarpa 156
Hydropiper 670
Covillei
70
Carolina
54
Physocarpus 2 244
hydropiperoides 669
dubia
69
divaricata
56
intermedius 244
lapathifolia 666
fimbriata
71
Douglasii
59
missouriensis 244
longistyla 667
Franklinii
69
" andicola
59
Physostegia 3 116
Muhlenbergii 666
heterophylla
68
" longifolia
59
denticulata 1 1 7
omissa 667
hirsuta
70
glaberrima
53, 5
digitalis 116
opelousana 669
integrifolia
68
Hoodii
58
intermedia 1 1 7
orientalis 670
leucophylla
68
Kelseyi
57
parviflora 117
pennsylvanica 667
parviflora
69
longifolia
59
virginiana 116
Persicaria 668
Purshii
70
maculata
54
PHYTOLACCACEAE 2 25
persicarioides 668
secunda
68
" Candida
54
Phytolacca 2 25
portoricensis 667
Phaethusa
3 487
ovata
54
americana 26
punctata 670
americana
487
paniculata
53
decandra 26
robustior 670
helianthoides
488
pilosa
55
Picea i 60
setacea 669
occidentalis
488
rep tans
56
(Abies in part)
tomentosa 667
virginica
487
Stellaria
57
alba 6 1
Perularia i 551
Phaiosperma
2 633
stolonifera
56
australis 61
flava 552
PHALARIDEAE
i 108
suaveolens
54
brevi 'folia 61
Petalostemum 2 368
Phalaris
i 169
subulata
57
canadensis 61
compactum 369
americana
170
Phoradendron
I 639
mariana 61
candidum 368, 9
arundinacea
169, 70
californicum
639
nigra 61
foliosum 371
" picta
170
flavescens
639
rubens 61
gracile 369
canariensis
170
Phragmites
I 232
rubra 61
macrostachyus 369
caroliniana
170
commit nis
232
Picradenia 3 510
multiflorum 370
erucaeformis
228
Phragmites
232
acaulis 5 09
oligophyllum 369
intermedia
170
PHRYMACEAE
3 244
odorata 510
purpureum 370
or y z aides
168-9
Phryma
244
Picradeniopsis 507
VOL. III.
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
589
Picradeniopsis
Plantago
Poa
Polygala
oppositifolia 3 508
media 3 246
hypnoides I 243
polygama 2 451
Picris 3311
patagonica
interrupta 242
" abortiva 45 1
asplenioides 311
' " aristata 248
Kingii 273
ramosa 447
echioides 311
" gnaphalioides 248
laevigata 260
sanguinea 449, 50
hieracioides 311
Purshii 248
laevis 260
Senega 451
Picrococcus 2 697
pusilla 249
laxa i 254
" latifolia 451
Pieris 2 689
rhodosperma 248
maritima 267
" tenuifolia 45 1
(Andromeda in part)
Rugelii 246
memoralis 256
Torreyi 448
floribunda 690
sparsiflora 247
nervata 264
uniflora 452
formosa 690
spinulosa 248
nitida 245
verticillata 488
mariana 691
uniflora 250
obtusa 269
" ambigua 449
nitida 690
virginica 248
pectinacea 241
viridescens 449
Pilea i 636
PLATANACEAE 2 242
pilosa 240
vulgaris 446
muscosa 636
Platanus 2 242
pratensis 252, 256
POLYGONACEAE I 646
pumila 637
occidentalis 242
" angustifolia 256
Polygonatum i 521
Pilose 11 a 2 175
orientalis 242
pratericola 260
binorum 52$
novae-angliae 176
Platanthera
pseudopratensis i 255
commutatum 521
spathulata 3 332
holopetala I 557
refract a 241
giganteum 521
Pimpinella 2 654
rotundifolia 551
seslerioides 233
Polygonella i 676
integerrima 639
see Habenaria 552-9
serotina 256
americana 677
magna 655
Plectocephalus
sylvestris 257
articulata 676
saxifraga 655
atnericanus 3 559
tenuifolia 260
ericoides 677
PINACEAE i 55
Pleiotaenia 2 633
tenuis 239
parvifolia 676
Pinguicula 3 225
Nuttallii 633
Torreyana 264
Polygonum i 659
acuti folia 225
Pleurogyna 3 14
trichodes 242
acre 670
alpina 226
(Swertia)
triflora 256
amphibium 666
vulgaris 225-6
rotata 14
trivialis 255
ari folium 673
Pinus i 56
Pleurophragma
uniflora 198
articulatum 676
Abies 60
integrifolia 2 169
Wolfii 258
atlanticum 663
alba 6 1
Pleuropogon i 247
Weigeltiana 243
aviculare 659, 61
australis 57
Sabinii 247-8
Podalyria
" angustissimum 662
balsamea 63
Pleuropterus i 675
australis 344
Bellardi 663
Banksiana 58
cordatus 675
bracteata 2 345
buxiforme 662
canadensis 62
Zuccarinii 676
mollis 343
camporum 663
divaricata 58
Pluchea 3 447
Podophyllum 2 129
Careyi 668
echinata 58
bifrons 447
dipliyllum 129
cilinode 674
Fraseri 63
camphorata 448
peltatum 130
" erectum 674
inops 58
foetida 447
PODOSTEMACEAE 2 205
Convolvulus 674
laricina 60
petiolata 448
Podostemum 2 205
cristatum 675
mitis 58
PLUMBAGINACEAE 2717
ceratophyllum 205
cuspidatum 676
nigra 6 1
Pneumaria 3 82
Pogonia i 559
densiflorum 667
palustris 57
(Mertensia in part)
affinis 561
Douglasii 664
pendula 60
maritima 82
divaricata 560
dumetorum 675
Picea 63
Poa x 252
ophioglossoides 560
emersum 666
ponderosa 57
abbreviata 253
pendula 562
erectum 663
pungens 59
airoides 268
trianthophora 562
exsertum I 66 1
resinosa 57
alpina 254
rcrticillata 561
Fagopyrum 672
rigida 59
alsodes 257
Poinsettia 2 476
Fowleri 660
rubra 61
andina 260
dentata 476
glaucum 660
scopulorum 57
angustata 267
cuphosperma 476
Hartwrightii 666
serotina 60
annua 253
pulcherrima 476
Hydropiper 670
Strobus 56
aquatica 262
heterophylla 477
hydropiperoides 669
sylvestris 56, 60
" americana 265
Polanisia 2 199
" Macouni 669
" divaricata 58
arachnifera 259
graveolens 199
incarnatum 666
Taeda 59
arida 260
trachysperma 199
lapathifolium 666
virginiana 58
autumnalis 257
POLEMONIACEAE 3 52
" incanum 666
Piper ia i 554
brachyphylla 258
Polemonium 3 63
" nodosum 666
unalaskensis 555
brevi folia 258
coeruleum 63
leptocarpum 66 1
Piston
Buckleyana 260
dubium 69
littorale 662
maritimum 2 413
caesia 254
Nyctelea 67
longistylutn 667
Planera i 628
" strictior 256
reptans 63
maritimum 660
aquatica 628
capillaris 239
van Bruntiae 63
mite 669
Planodes
capitata 243
Polycodium 2 697
monspeliense 66 1
virginicum 2 179
caroliniana . 240
melanocarpum 607
Muhlenbergii 666
PLANTAGINACEAE 3 245
cenisia 258
stamineum 697
neglectum 662
Plantago 3 245
Chapmaniana 253
POLYGALACEAE 2 446
opelousanum 669
arenaria 249
compressa i 259
Polygala 2 446
orientate 670
aristata 248
confusa 261
acutifolia 447
pennsylvanicum 667
asiatica 245
cristata 253
alba 451
Persicaria 665, 6
borealis 247
crocata 256
ambigua 449
persicarioides 668
cordata 247
debilis 255
brevifolia 448
portoricense 667
decipiens 247
distans 267-8
coryinbosa 447
prolificum 662
elongata 249
elongata 264
cruciata 448
provinciale 662
eriopoda 247
eminens I 259
Curtissii 450
punctatum 670
glabra 247
Eragrostis 240
cymosa 447
" leptostachyum 670
gnaphalioides 248
fasciculata 258
fastigiata 450
" robustius 670
halophila 246
flava 233
incarnata 449
Rayi 660
heterophylla 249
flexuosa 257
lutea 447
ramosissimum I 663
lanceolata 246
glauca 254
mariana 4>;o
" atlanticum 663
major 245
glutnaris 259
Nuttallii 450
" prolificum 662
maritima 247
hirsuta 239
paucifolia 452
sagittatuin 673
590
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
VOL. III.
Polygonum
Populus
Potamogeton
Primula
scandens i 674
occidentalis i 591
trichoides I 81
mistassinica 2 708
setaceum 669
Sargentii 591
Tuckermani 81
veris 708
tataricum 672
tremuloides 590
varians 78
Prinos
tenue 664
Porteranthus 2 248
Vaseyi 83
see Ilex 2 486
tomentosum 667
(Gillenia)
" latifolius 83
Prionopsis 3 377
triangulum 664
stipulatus 248
Zmi 79
(Aplopappus)
virginianutn 665
trifoliatus 248
zosteraefolius 81
ciliata 377
viviparum 671
PORTULACACEAE 2 35
Potentilla 2 249
Prosartes
Zuccarinii 676
Portulaca 2 39
Anserina 258
lanuginosa I 517
Polymnia 3 458
grandiflora 41
argentea 253
trachycarpa 518
canadensis 458
neglecta 40
arguta 263
Proserpinaca 2 613
" radio t a 458
oleracea 39, 40
bipinnatifida 257
intermedia 613
Uvedalia 458
pilosa 40
canadensis 251
palustris 613
Polyotus 3 34
retusa 40
" pumila 251
pectinacea 613
angustifolius 34
triangularis 35
canescens 254
pectinata 613
POLYPODIACEAE i 10
Portuna 2 689
caroliniana 251
Prosopis 2 332
Polypodium i 35
flon'bunda 690
collina 253
glandulosa 333
bulbiferum 14, 5
Potamogeton i 74
effusa 256
juliflora 333
calcareutn 24
alpinus 77
emarginata 255
Prunella 3 115
cristatum 19
americanus 77
frigida 255
(Brnnella)
dilatatum 21
amp'ifolius 76
fruticosa 262
laciniata 115
Dryopteris 23
" ovalifolius 76
inclinata 254
vulgaris 1 1 5
Fili.r-foemina 30
angustifolius 79
Hippiana 256
Prunus 2 322
Fili.v-mas 17, 21
" methyensis 79
hirsuta 253
alleghaniensis 324
fontanum 29
bipleuroides 80
intermedia 254
americana 323
fragile 1 5
Claytonii 77
labradorica 253
angustifolia 324
fragrant 19
compressus 81-3
leucocarpa 252
Avium 327
hexagonopterum 23
confervoides 81
leucophylla 256
Besseyi 327
incanmn 36
crispus 8 1
littoral is 257
cerasifera 325
intermedium 22
dimorphus 86
maculata 254
Cerasus 327
Lonchitis 16
diversifolius 85
millegrana 252
Chicasa 324
marginale 20
epihydrus 77
minima 255
cuneata 326
montanum 15
" vars. 85
monspeliensis 253-4
domestica 2 322, 326
noveboracense i 8
Faxoni 78
multifida 2 256
gracilis 325
obtusum 14
filiformis I 86
wana 255
Gravesii 325
Phegopteris 23
" Macounii 86
nemoralis 250
hortulana 324
polypodioides 36
" occidentalis 86
Nicolletii 252
" Mineri 324
Robertianum 24
flabellatus 87
nivea 255
insititia 326
spinulosum 21
fluitans 77
norvegica 253
Mahaleb 328
vulgare 35, 6
foliosus 82
palustris 258
maritima 325
Polypogon i 201
Friesii 83
paradoxa 252
mollis 323
monspeliensis 201
gemmiparus 85
pectinata 257
nana 329
Polypremum 2 731
gramineus 78
pennsylvanica 257
nigra 323
procumbens 731
heterophyllus 78
" strigosa 257
pennsylvanica 328
Polypteris 3 507
" vars. 78
pentandra 253
pumila 326
callosa 507
Hillii 82
pilosa 254
serotina 329
Hookeriana 507
hybridus 85
procumbens 250
" Smallii 329
Polystichum i 16
illinoensis 79
procumbens 261
sphaerocarpa 325
acrostichoides 16
interior 86
pumila 251
virginiana 329
" Schweinitzii 1 6
interruptus 87
Ranunculus 254
Watsoni 324
Braunii 17
lateralis 84
recta 254
Psedera 2 510
Lonchitis 16
lone kites 77
reptans 250
Pseudacacia
scopulinum 17
" noveboracensis 77
rivalis 252-3
odorata 2 375
Polytaenia 2 632
" connecticutensis 79
Robbinsiana 255
Pseudotaenidia 2 630
Nuttallii 633
lucens 79
rubens 254
montana 631
POMACEAE 2 286
major 83
salisbrugensis 254
Psilocarya i 346
Pan art a
marinus 86
simplex 251
nitens 347
glandulosa 2 338
mysticus 80
strigosa 257
rynchosporoides 347
PONTEDERIACEAE I 462
natans 74, 5
sulphurea 254
scirpoides 346-7
Pontederia 462
niagarensis 82
supina 252
Psilostrophe 3 504
cordata 463
noveboracensis 77
tridentata 262
(Riddellia)
" angustifolia 463
Nuttallii 77
Vahliana 255
gnaphalodes 504
lancifolia 463
Oakesianus 76
Poteridium 2 265
Tagetinae 504
linwsa 464
ob^usifolius 82
annuum 265
villosa 504
Populus i 587
panormitanus 84
Poterium 2 265
Psoralea 2 360
acuminata 589
pauciflorus 82
annuum 265
argophylla 363
alba 587
pectinatus I 87
canadense 265
aurea 368
angulata 590
perfoliatus 80
Sanguisorba 266
bituminosa 360
angustifolia 588
" lanceolatus 80
Prasium
collina 362
balsamifera 588
" Richardsonii 80
purpureum 3117
cryptocarpa 363
candicans 588
pinnatutn 2 616
Prenanthes 3 334
cuspidata 363
carolinensis 590
praelongis I 80
see Nabalus 3 335-8
Dalea 367
coloradensis 589
pulcher 76
juncea 322
digitata 362
deltoides 590
pusillus 84
mainensis 337
esculenta 363
" occidentalis 591
" vars. 83-6
pauci flora 312
floribunda 361
dilatata 590
Robbinsii 87
runcinata 312
hypogaea 364
grandidentata 589
rufescens 77
tenui folia 312
incana 362
heterophylla 589
rutilus 83
PRIMULACEAE 2 707
lanceolata 361
italica 590
spathulaeformis 78
Primula 2 708
linearifolia 362
monilifera 590
Spirillus 86
egaliksensis 709
longifoiia 386
nigra 590
" curvifolius 86
farinosa 708
macrorhiza 363
VOL. III. GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
591
Psoralea
Pyrrhopappus
Quercus
Ranunculus
melilotoides 2 364
carolinianus 3 324
tridentata I 622
obtusiusculus 2 107
micrantha 361
scaposus 325
triloba 619, 17
ovalis 109
obtusiloba 361
Pyrularia i 640
velutina 619
parviflorus 114
Onobrychis 365
oleifera 64 1
virens 625
parvulus 114
pedunculata 364
pubera 641
virginiana 625
pedatifidus 108
stipulata 364
Pyrus 2 287
Queria 2 30
pennsylvanicus 112
tenuiflora 361
arbutifolia 290
canadensis 30
Philonotis 114
Ptelea 2 444
"atropurpurea 291
capillacea 30
Purshii 105
tomentosa 445
americana 287
Quinaria 2 510
pusillus 106
trifoliata 445
angustifolia 288
Quincula 3 162
pygmaeus 108
" mollis 445
baccata 289
(Physalis in part)
recurv-atus 1 1 1
Pteridium i 31
Botryapium 292
lobata 162
repens 112, 3
aquilinum 32
communis 288
reptans 107
pseudocaudatum 32
coronaria 288
Radicula 2 159
rhomboideus 109
caudatum 31
ioensis 289
aquatica 164
Sabini 108
PTERIDOPHYTA i i
Malus 288-90
curvisiliqua 162
sceleratus in
Pteris
melanocarpa 291
hispida 161
septentrionalis 113
alabamensis i 34
nigra 291
Nasturtium-aquat-
sicaeformis 113
aquilina 32
sanguinea 293
icum 162
trichophyllus 1 1 6
atropurpurea 33
see Sorbus 287
obtusa 1 60
Raphanus 2 194
Stelleri 32
Malus 288
palustris 161
Raphanistrum 195
Pterospora 2 673
Pyxidanthera 2 706
sessiliflora 162
sativus I94~5
Andromedea 673
barbulata 706
sinuata 160
Rapistrum
Ptilimnium 2 656
sphaerocarpa 161
rugosum 2 159
(Discopleura)
Quamasia i 508
sylvestris 160
Ratibida 3 473
capillaceum 657
(Scilla)
Radiola
(Lepachys)
missouriense 657
esculenta 509
linoides 2 440
columnaris 474
Nuttallii 657
hyacinthina 509
Raimannia 2 596
pinnata 474
Ptiloria 3 312
Quamoclit 3 42
coronopifolia 598
Tagetes 475
(Stephanomeria)
coccinea 42, 3
humifusa 597
Razoumofskya i 638
pauciflora 312
Quamoclit 42
laciniata 597
(Arceuthobium)
ramosa 312
vulgaris 42
rhombipetala 597
pusilla 638
tenuifolia 312
Quercus i 616
Rajania ovata i 677
Redfieldia i 235
Puccinellia i 267
acuminata 624
RANUNCULACEAE 2 84
flexuosa 236
(Glyceria in part)
alba 622
Ranunculus 2 104
Relbunium
airoides 268
Alexander! 625
abortivus 110
bermudense 3 206
angustata 267
aquatica 621
" encyclus no
Renaelmia
Borreri 268
bicolor 623
" Harvey i 1 09
usneoides i 456
distans 267
borealis 618
" inicranthus no
RESEDACEAE 2 199
fasciculata 268
Brittoni 620
Alleni 109
Reseda 2 200
maritima 267-8
Catesbaei 616
acris 111-2
alba 201
Pueraria
coccinea 619, 18
affinis 1 08
lutea 200
Thunbergiana 2 420
" tinctoria 619
alisinaefolius 107
Luteola 200
Pulmonaria
digit at a 617, 19
allegheniensis no
odorata 200
seeMertensia 3 83
elipsoidalis 618
ambigens 107
RHAMNACEAE 2 501
maritima 82
falcata 619
aquatilis 1 1 6
Rhamnus a 502
Pulsatilla 2 102
" pagodaefolia 620
" caespitosus 116
alnifolia 503
(Anemone in
heterophylla 621
" capillaceus 116
caroliniana 503
part)
ilicifolia I 620
" divaricatus 1 1 6
cathartica 502
hirsutissima 102
imbricaria 622
arvensis 115
Frangula 503
patens 102
laurifolia 621
auricomus 104
lanceolata 503
Pycnanthemum 3 141
Leana 622
bulbosus 112
Rhexia 2 582
see Koellia 141-5
lyrata 623
cardiophyllus 108
aristosa 583
lanceolatum 142
macrocarpa 622-3
circinatus 116
ciliosa 584
linifolium 141
margaretta 622
Clintoni 113
latifolia 583
Monardella 132
marylandica 620-2
Cymbalaria 117
mariana 583
Torreyi 143
Michauxii 624
delphinifolius 105, 17
petiolata 584
Tullia 144
minor 622
" terrestris 105
virginica ooo
Pycraeus
Muhlenbergii 624, 5
erenwgenes 1 1 1
Rhinanthus 3 223
sabulosus I 300
nana 620
fascicularis 114
Crista-galli 223
Pyrethrum
nigra i 621
Ficaria 1 1 7
major 223
Balsamita 3 519
" digit ata 619
filiformis 107
minor 223
inodorumnanum 520
" tridentata 622
Flammula 107
uirginicus 208
PYROLACEAE 2 667
obtusiloba 622
" reptans 107
Rhodiola 2 206
Pyrola 2 668
olivaefonnis 623
" intermedius 107
rosea 206-7
americana 668
pagodaefolia 620
Harveyi 109
RHODODENDREAE 2 676
asarifolia 670
palustris 617-22
hederaceus 116
Rhododendron 2 680
chlorantha 669-70
Phellos 621
hispidus 113
arborescens 679
elliptica 669
platanoides 623
hispidus 1 1 2
calendulaceum 678
grandiflora 668
prinoides 625
hyperboreus 2 105
canadense 680
incarnata 669
" rufescens 625
lacustris 105
canescens 678
macidata 672
Prinus 622-4
lapponicus 106
catawbiense 68 1
minor 670
Robur 616
limosus ' 105
ferrugineum 680
oxypetala 670
rubra I 617
Macounii 112
lapponicum 680
rotundifolia 668
" nana 620
micranthus no
maximum 68 1
" pumila 668
" runcinata 617
missouriensis 105
nudiflorum 678
secunda 671
. Rudkini 620
multifidus 1 05
Rhodora 680
uliginosa 669
Schneckii 618
" repens 105
viscosum 679
"pumila 671
stellata 622
muricatus 115
Rhodora 2 679
umbollata 672
texana 6j8
nivalis 107
canadensis 680
uni flora 671
tinctoria 619
oblongifolius 106
Rhombolytrum i 238
592
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
VOL. III.
Rhombolytrum
Roripa
Rubus
Rynchospora
albescens I 238
americana
2 164
triflorus
2 278
axillaris i
344
Rhus 2 481
Armoracia
163
trivialis
281
" inicrocephala
344
aromatica 482-3
ROSACEAE
2 242
villosus
280
capillacea
343
bipinnata 482
Rosa
2 282
" frondosus
279
" laeviseta
343
canadensis 482
acicularis
283
" humifusus
280
cephalantha
344
copallina 481
blanda
283
" montanus
280
compressa
345
coriaria 481
bracteata
286
Rudbeckia
3 469
corniculata
342
cotinoides 485
canina
284
amplexicaulis
473
cymosa
345
glabra 482
Carolina
285
angustifolia
476
etuberculata
33i
" borealis 482
centifolia
282
aspera
472
filifolia
344
hirta 481
cinnamomea
286
atrorubens
476
fusca
344
microcarpa 484
eglanteria
286
Brittonii
47i
glomerata
344
quercifolia 484
Engelmanni
283
columnaris
474
gracilenta
345
radicans 484
Fendleri
284
fulgida
47i
inexpansa
346
To.ricodendron 484
gallica
286
grandiflora
472
Knieskernii
343
trilobata 483
humilis
285
hirta 469-70
macrostachya
342
typhina 481
lucida
^85
laciniata
473
nitens
347
venenata 483
micrantha
286
" humilis
473
oligantha
342
Vernix 483
nitida
285
maxima
472
pallida
342
Rhynchosia 2 421
parviflora
285
missouriensis
47i
rariflora
344
erecta 422
pratincola
284
monticola
470
scirpoides
347
lati folia 421
rubiginosa
286
pallida
476
Smallii
345
reniformis 422'
Sayi
283
palustris
471
Torreyana
346
simplicifolia 422
setigera
28 3
pinnata
474
tomentosa 421
spinosissima
284
purpurea
475
Sabbatia
3 3
" monophylla 422
virginiana
285
spathulata
47i
angularis
5
" volubilis 421
Woodsii
284
speciosa
472
" angustifolia
5
Rhynchospora
Rotala
2 579
subtomentosa
470
brachiata
5
see Rynchospora
ramosior
579
Sullivantii
472
calycina
5
i 34i
verticillaris
579
Tagetes
475
calycosa
5
Ribes 2 236
Rothia
triloba
470
campanulata
7
americanum 238
carolinensis
3 5S
umbrosa
47i
campestris
6
cereum 238
Rottboellia
I in
Ruellia
3 240
chloroides
7
Cynosbati 239
corrugata
I 12
biflora
240
dodecandra
7
" glabratum 239
cylindrica
112
ciliosa
241
Elliottii
6
floridum 238
filiformis
282
" parviflora
242
gracilis
7
glandulosum 238
rugosa
I 12
" ambigua
242
lanceolata
4
gracile 240
Roubieva
2 IS
oblongifolia
240
paniculata
4,6
Grossularia 24 r
multifida
15
parviflora
242
stellaris
6
hirtellum 241
Rubacer
2 275
pedunculata
242
Sacciolepis i
163
hudsonianum 237
RUBIACEAE
3 250
strepens
241
gibba
163
huronense 241
Rubus
2 275
" cleistantha
241
striata
163
inebrians 238
acaulis
2 7 8
tuberosa
241
Saecharum i
U3
lacustre 236
alleghaniensis
280
Rumex
i 653
japonicum
"3
missouriensis 240
americanus
2 7 8
Acetosa
654
polydactylon
H3
nigrum 237
arcticus
277
Acetosella
653
Sagina
2 51
odoratum 239
argutus
280
altissimus
656
apetala
51
oxyacanthoides 240
Bailcyanus
280
Brittannica
656
decumbens
51
" calcicola 241
canadensis
279
conglomeratus
657
" Smithii
51
" lacustre 236
" roribaccus
28l
crispus
657
fontinalis
46
pennsylvanicum 238
Chamaemorus
2 7 6
digynus
659
Linnaei
51
prostratum 238
columbianus
2 7 6
elongatus
657
nivalis
51
reclinatum 241
cuneifolius
2 7 8
Engelmanni
654
nodosa
52
rotundifolium 241
Dalibarda
282
hastatulus
654
procumbens
51
rubrum 236, 7
Ensleni
28l
Hydrolapathum
saginoides
51
" subglandulosum 237
frondosus
279
" americanum
656
subulata
51
saxosum 24 i
fruticosus
275
maritimus
659
virginica
3 16
setosum 240
hispidus
28l
mexicanus
655
Sagittaria
i 98
triste 237
" suberecta
279
obtusifolius
657,8
ambigua
101
Uva-crispa 24 1
idaeus
277
occidentalis
657
arifolia
99
vulgare 237
laciniatus
280
orbiculatus
656
" stricta
99
Ricinophyllum 2 619
Millspaughii
279
pallidus
655
brevirostra
IOO
Ricinus 2 460
montanus
280
Patientia
653,6
calycina
96-7
communis 461
neglectus
2 277
persicarioides
659
" spongiosa
97
Ridan 3 486
nigricans
279
pulcher
658
cristata
IO2
alternifolia 487
nigrobaccus
280
salicifolius
655
cuneata
99
Riddellia
nutkanus
2 7 6
sanguineus
658
Eatonii
103
Tagetinae 3 504
obovalis
28l
venosus
654
Engelmanniana
99
Ripidium
occidentalis
277
verticillatus
655
falcata
IOI
japonicum I 113
odoratus
2 7 6
Ruppia
I 88
graminea
103
Robertiella 2 425
parviflorus
2 7 6
curvicarpa
88
heterophylla
102
Robertiana 426
parvifolius
2 7 8
lacustris
88
lancifolia
IOI
Robertsonia 2 219
phoenicolasius
277
maritima
88
latifolia
IOO
micranthidifolia 219
procumbens
28l
occidentalis
88
longiloba
IOI
Robinia a 374
Randii
280
RUTACEAE
2 443
longirostra
99
hispida 375
rubrisetus
28l
Ruta
445
lorata
104
pseudacacia 375
saxatilis
graveolens
44S
natans gracillima
104
viscosa 375
" americanus
2 7 8
Rynchospora
I 34i
platyphylla
103
Roripa 2 159
" canadensis
2 7 8
alba
343
pubescens
IOO
seeRadicula 2159-62
setosus
279
" macro
343
pus ill a
104
(Nasturtium)
strigosus
277
aurea
34i
radicans
96
VOL. III.
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
593
Sagittaria
Salix
Santolina
Scandix
rigida
I 102
perrostrata i 599
suaveolens 3 521
Pecten-Veneris 2 627
sagittifolia
99
petiolaris 598, 9
SAPINDACEAE 2 500
procumbens 629
subulata
104
phylicifolia 600
Sapindus 2 500
Schedonnardus i 226
teres
102
prinoides 599
acuminatiis 500
paniculatus 226
variabilis
IOO
purpurea 597
Drummondii 500
texanus 226
" diversifolia
IOO
pyrifolia 596
marginatus 500
ScHEUCHZERIACEAE 191
" gracilis
99
reticulata 602
Saponaria 500
Scheuchzeria i 93
SALICACEAE
I 587
rostrata 599
Saponaria 2 72
palustris 93
Salicornia
2 21
sericea 598
officinalis 73
Schizachyrium i 115
ambigua
22
serissima 594
Vaccaria 73
littorale 115
Bigelovii
22
squamata 600
SAPOTACEAE 2 719
scoparium 1 1 5
europaea
21
stricta 604
Sarcobatus 2 22
SCHIZAEACEAE I 9
" prostrata
21
subsericea 598
vermicularis 23
Schizaea i 9
herbacea
21
syrticola 597
Sarothamnus
dichotoma 9
mucronata
22
tristis I 600
scoparius 2 350
pusilla 9
rubra
21-2
Uva-ursi 60 1
Sarothra 2 536
Schizonotus 2 247
virginica
22
vacciniformis 605
Drummondii 536
sorbifolius 247
Salix
I 591
vestita 603
gentianoides 536
Schoenus
acutidens
596
viminalis 597
SARRACENIACEAE 2 201
albus I 343
adenophylla
597
vitellina 595
Sarracenia 2 201
coloratus 341
alba
591, 5
Waghornei 604
flava 202
corniculatus 342
amygdaloides
593
Wardi 593
heterophylla 202
effusus 348
anglorum
605
Wheeleri 595
purpurea 201-2
Mariscus 347
angustata
596
Salomonia i 521
Sassafras 2 134
mariscoides 348
arctica
604, 5
bi flora 521
officinale 134
rujus 332
argyrocarpa
603
commutata 521
variifolium 1 34
see Rynchospora
atra
605
Salpingia 2 606
Sassafras 134
i 341-6
babylonica
595
Salsola 2 24
Satureia 3 137
Schmaltzia 2 482
balsamifera
596
carolintana 25
hortensis 137
aromatica 482
Barclay!
603
depressa 24
nepeta 138
crenata 482
Bebbiana
599
Kali 25
origanoides 146
trilobata 483
brachycarpa
604
" rosacea 25
Thymusvirg. 142
Schollera I 463
Brownii
605
" tenuifolia 25
virginiana 142
graminea 464
calcicola
602
linearis 23
virginica 142
Schrankia
callicarpaea
604
pestifer 25
SAURURACEAE i 577
aculeata 2 333
Candida
I 598
salsa americana 23
Saururus i 577
angustata 334
chlorolepis
602
Soda 24
cernuus 578
uncinata 333
chlorophylla
600
Tragus 25
Savastana x 171
Schwalbea 3 216
coactilis
598
Salvia 3 128
(Hieroclo'e)
americana 217
cordata
596
asurea grandiflora 1 29
alpina 173
Schweinitzia 2 673
cordifolia
604
lanceolata 130
hirta 171
caroliniana 674
Cutleri
601
lancifolia 130
Nashii 172
odorata 674
desertorum
604
lyrata 129
odorata 172
Scilla
discolor 599, 600
officinalis 128
pauciflora 172
esculenta I 509
eriocephala
599
Pitcheri 129
SAXIFRAGACEAE 2 214
Fraseri 509
exigua
594
pratensis 129
Saxifraga 2 221
Scirpus i 326
falcata
592
reflexa 130
aconitifolia 223
acicutaris 315
Fernaldii
603
Sclarea 131
aizoides 216-7
acuminatus 318
fluviatilis
595
urticifolia 130
Aizoon 22$
americanus 330
" exigua
594
Verbenaca 130
autumnalis 217
" longispicatus 330
fragilis
594
verticillata 130
caespitosa 222
atrocinetus 337
fuscescens
602
SALVINIACEAE I 37
caroliniana 219
a tropu rpureus 3 1 2
glauca
605
Salvinia i 37
cernua 222
atrovirens 335
gracilis
599
natans 38
comosa 220
autumnalis 322
groenlandica
605
Sambucus 3 268
erosa 219
caespitosus 328
glaucophylla
596
canadensis 268
foliolosa 220
californicus 332
herbacea
humilis
60 1
600
nigra laciniata 268
pubens 268
Forbesii 219
Geum 220
campestris 333
Canbyi 33 i
interior
labradorica
595
605
" dissecta 268
granulata 221
Gray ana 219
capillaris 319
capitatus 313
laurentiana
599
racemosa 268
Hirculus 216
castaneus 320
latiuscula
603
Samolus 2 710
leucanthemifolia
Clintoni 328
liniarifolia
595
floribundus 710
220- 1
cylindricus 331
longifolia
595
Valerandi 710
Michauxii 22 1
cyperinus 337
longipes
593
americanus 710
micranthidifolia 219
debilis 329
lucida
I 593
Sanguinaria 2 140
muscoides 222
divaricatus 336
lutea
596
canadensis 140
nivalis 218
equisetoides 311
luteosericea
594
Sanguisorba 2 264
opposihfolia 216
Eriophorum 337
Mackenziana
596
annua 265
pennsylvanica 219
etuberculatus . 331
Macounii
605
canadensis 265
rivularis 222
Fernaldi 334
missouriensis
596
minor 266
stellaris 22 1
flaccidus 3 1 2
myrtillifolia
60 1
officinalis 265
Sullivantii 224
fluviatilis 333
myrtilloides
602
Sanguisorba 266
texana 218
georgianus 335
nigra
592
Sanicula 2 623
tricuspidata 217
Hallii 328
" falcata
592
canadensis 624
virginiensis 218
heterochaetus 332
" Wardi
593
europaea 623
Scabiosa 3 289
hudsonianus 323
obtusata
60 1
gregaria 624
arvensis 290
interior 333
orbicularis
602
marylandica 623
australis 290
intermedius 318
pedicellaris
602
Smallii 624
succisa 290
interstinctus 3 1 1
pelhta
598
trifoliata 624
Scandix 2 626
lacustris 326, 331
pentandra
594
SANTALACEAE i 639
Cerefolium 629
lineatus 337
38
594
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
VOL. III.
Scirpus
Scrophularia
Senecio
Sibbaldiopsis a 261
Longii i 337
nodosa 3 179
Douglassii 3 541
tridentata 262
niarilimus
occidentalis 180
Elliottii 545
Sicyos 3 293
" cylindricus 331
Scutellaria 3 105
Frcmontii 541
angulatus 293
" ftitviatilis 333
ambigua 108
frigidus 542
lobatus 292
" macrostachyus 333
Brittonii 108
glabellus 540
Sida a 519
micranthus 339
Bushii 109
gracilis 544
Abutilon 521
microcarpus I 335
campestris 108
hieracifolitts 536
alnifolia 520
mucronatus 331
canescens 106
integerrimus 546
al ceo ides 516
in ut at us 311
cordifolia 107
Jacobaea 542
Elliottii 520
nanus 3 2 7
Churchilliana 109
lobatiis 540
hederacea 521
nitens 347
Drummondii 108
lugens 546
hermaphrodita 520
novae-angliae 334
galericulata 109
lyratus 540
hispida 519
obtusus . 313
hirsuta 107
Nuttallii 537
Napaea 520
occidentalis 332
hyssopifolia 107
obovatus 545
spinosa 520
Olneyi 33O
incana 106
palustris 540
stellata 522
" contortus 33
integrifolia 107
pauciflorus 544
Sideranthus 3 378
ovatus 313
laevigata 106
pauperculus 545
(Eriocarpum)
pallidus 335
lateriflora 106, 9
plattensis 543
annuus 378
paludosus 333
nervosa no
Pseudo-arnica 541
glaberrimus 379
palustris 310, 314
ovalifolia 107
pseudoaureus 544
grindelioides 378
pauciflorus 327
parvula 108
pseudotomentosus
spinulosus 378, 9
Peckii 336
" mo His 1 08
3 543
Sideritis 3 no
pedicellatus I 337
peregrina 105
Purshianus 543
hirsuta 1 1 1
planifolius 328
pilosa 107
Riddellii 541
romana 1 1 1
polyphyllus 336
resinosa 108
Robbinsii 544
Sideroxylon 2 719
puberulus 321
saxatilis 109
rotundus 545
lanuginosum 720
pungens 330
serrata 106
Smallii 546
Siegesbeckia 3 488
quadrangulatus 311
teucriifolia no
spartioides 541
occidentalis 488
retrofractus 307
versicolor , 107
suaveolens 538
Sieglingia i 232
robustus 333
Wrightii 108
sylvaticus 539
albescens 238
rostellatus 319
Sedum a 207
tomentosus 543
decumbens 233
rubrotinctus 335
acre 208
viscosus 540
elongata 234
rufus 332
Fabaria 207
vulgaris 538-9
pilosa 235
simplex 316
Nevii 210
Serapias i 563
purpurea 235
Smithii 3 2 9
Nuttallianum 208
Helleborine 563
seslerioides 233
spadiceus 320
pulchellum 209
viridi flora 563
stricta 234
stenophyllus 319
purpureum 207
Sericocarpus 3 405
Sieversia a 272
subterminalis 329
reflexum 209
astcroides 406
anemonoides 272
" terrestris 329
Rhodiola 207
bifoliatus 406
ciliata 273
supinus Hallii 329
roseum 207
conysoides 406
Peckii 272
sylvaticus 334
Sieboldi 208
linifolius 405
radiata 272
" digynus 335
sparsiflorum 208
solidagineus 405
Silene 2 62
tenuis 318
stenopetalum 209
tortifolius 406
acaulis 63
Torreyi 330
stoloniferum 210
Serinia 3 306
alba 63
tor til is 316
telephioides 208
(Apogon)
anglica 62, 67
tuberculosus 316
Telephium 207
oppositifolia 306
antirrhina 66
Vahlii 321
ternatum 210
Serpicula I 105
" divaricata 66
validus 331
Torreyi 208
angustifolia 105
Armeria 66
Wo/>St 315
triphyllum 207
occidentalis 105
caroliniana 65
Scleranthus 2 30
SELAGINELLACEAE i 48
verticillata 105
conica 66
annuus 30
Selaginella i 48
Serratula
dichotoma 67
Scleria i 348
apus 49
see Lacinaria 3 365
Drummondi 70
ciliata 350
rupestris 49
Vernonia 350-1
gallica 67
flagellum-nigrorum
selaginoides 49
arvensis 553
inflata 64
348
spinosa 49
Sesban 2 376
latifolia 64
1 ax a 350
Selenia a 189
(Sesbania)
Menziesii 68
oligantha 349
aurea 190
macrocarpa 376
nivea 63
pauciflora 350
Selinum
Sesbania a 376
noctiflora 67
" Elliot tii 350
acaule a 644
Seseli
nocturna 67
reticularis 349
canadense 636
divaricatum 2, 643
nutans 64
" obscura 349
Sempervivum a 210
Sesleria
ovata 63
" pubescens 350
tectorum 211
dactyloides I 231
pennsylvanica 65
setacea 350
Senebiera
Sesuvium 2 34
racemosa 67
Torreyana 350
Coronopus a 167
maritimum 34
regia 65
triglomerata 349
didyma 167
pentandrum 34
rotundifolia 65
" gracilis 349
SENECIONEAE 3 350
Portulacastrum 34
stellata 63
verticillata 351
Senecio 3 538
sessile 34
virginica 64
Sclerolepis 3 355
antennariifolius 542
Setaria i 164
1'iilgaris 64
uniflora 355
atnplicifolius 537
see Chaetochloa 164
Silphium 3 459
rerticillata 355
aureus 544
Setiscapella 3 230
Asteriscus 460-1
Scolochloa i 261
' angustifolius 546
cleistogama 23 1
compositum 462
festucacea 262
' Balsamitae 545
subulata 231
integrifolium 460
Scolopendrium
' compactus 546
Seymeria
laciniatum 461
Scolopendrium I 25
' discoideus 544
macrophylla 3 205
Nuttallianum 464
vulgare 25
' obovatus 545
Shepherdia
perfoliatum 460
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Balsamitae 545
argentea 2 576
reniforme 462
3 172
" Crawfordii 545
canadensis 576
speciosum 460
Scrophularia 3 179
canus 543
Sherardia 3 266
terebmthinaceum 462
leporella 180
Crawfordii 545
arvensis 266
" pinnatifidum 462
marylandica 179
densus 546
Sibbaldia 2 261
trifoliatum 461
neglecta 180
discoideus 544
procumbens 261
Silybum 3 555
VOL. III.
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
595
Silybum
Smilax
Solidago
Solidago
marianum 3 555
ecirrhata i 528
gigantea 3 394
t'. Gillmani 3 388
SlMARUBACEAE 2 445
glauca 528
gracilis 382
" monticola 388
Sinapis 2 191
hastata 529
Harrisii 393
" Randii 388
alba 191
hcrbacea 527
gymnospermoidessgc)
" Redfieldii 388
arvensis 192
hispida 529
hirsuta 384
" Wardii 382
juncea 193
lanceolata 530
hispida 384
Sonchus 3 316
nigra 193
laurifolia 530
Houghtonii 398
acuminatus 321
Sison 2 630
Pseudo-China 529
humilis Gillmani 388
ar\-ensis 316
canadense 630
pulverulenta 527
incana 396
asper 317
Sisymbrium 2 162
quadrangularis 528
juncea 393
floridanus 321
Alliaria 170
rotundifolia 528
" ramosa 393
ludovicianus 3 1 9
altissimum 174
spinulosa 528
" scabrella 393
oleraceus 316-7
amphibium 159
tamnifolia 527
lanceolata 398
pulchellus 320
" palustre 161
tainnoides 529
" minor 400
spicatus 321
canescens 171
Walter! 530
lateriflora 426
Sophia 2 170
dentatum 140
^W^rMlMWJ
latifolia 383
(Sisymbrium in part)
humifusum 179
atropurpureum 2 639
leptocephala 399
brachycarpa 171
Hartwegianum 171
awreww 641
Lindheimerana 385
Hartwegiana 171
humile 176
barbinode 640
linoides 392
incisa 171
incisum 171
cor datum 642
longipetiolata 395
intermedia 171
7rto 1 74
integerrimum 640
macrophylla 3 385
pinnata 171
leiocarpum 174
nudicaule 637
microphylla 391
Sophia 170
murale 194
SOLANACEAE 3 154
minor 400
Sophora 2 342
Nasturtium-
Solanum 3 164
missouriensis 394
a/fca 344
aquaticum 162
carolinense 165
mollis 396
alopecuroides 342
officinale 174
citrullifolium 166
monticola 387
australis 344
pannonicum 174
conioides 163
moritura 394
sericea 342
Sinapistrum 1 74
Coronopus 163-4
Moseleyi 400
tinctoria 345
Sophia 170
Dulcamara 167
Muhlenbergii 393
villosa 345
strictissitnum 174
elaeagnifolium 165
multiradiata 386
Sophronanthe 3 195
sylvestrc 160
heterandrum 166
neglecta 39 2
hispida 195
tenuifolium 194
heterodoxum 166
nemoralis 395
pilosa 196
Thalianum 176
Lycopersicon 1 68
" arenicola 395
Sorbaria
sophia 170
Melongena 167
" incana 396
sorbifolia 2 247
Sisyrinchium i 542
nigrum 164
odora 389
Sorbus 2 287
albidum 543
rostratum 166
" inodora 389
americana 287
anceps 545
sisymbriifolium 167
ohioensis 397
aucuparia 287
angustifolium 543
Torreyi 166
pallida 387
domestica 287
apiculatum 545
triflorum 165
patula 39i
microcarpa 287
arenicola 544
triquetrum 167
petiolaris 382
scopulina 287
atlanticum 545
villosum 165
pilosa 390
sitchensis 287
Bermudiana 542
Sotea 2 563, 4
procera 395
subz-estita 287
campestre 543-4
concolor 564
Pitcheri 394
sambucifolia 287
" kansanum 543
Solidago 3 380
polycephala 399
Sorghastrum i 119
Farwellii 544
alpestris 385
pubens 383
avenaceum 119
flaviflorum 543
altissima 395
puberula 386
Linnaeanum 120
gramineum 545
angustifolia 389
pulcherima 395
nutans 120
graminoides 545
arguta 393
Purshii 388
Sorghum I 120
hastile 543
" scabrella 393
Randii 388
awnoceum 120
intermedium 544
aspera 390
racemosa 388
Halepense 120
montanum 543
a.villaris 382
" Gillmani 388
Linnaeanum 1 20
mucronatum 544
bicolor 383
retrorsa 390
nutans 120
Pringlei 543
" concolor 384
Riddellii 397
SPARGANIACEAE I 69
septentrionale 543
Bigelovii 385
rigida 3 397
Sparganium i 69
strictum 545
Boottii 391
rigidiuscula 387
acaule 72
versicolor 543
caesia 382
rugosa 390
americanum 70
Sitanion i 288
" axillaris 382
rupestris 393
androcladum 70
brevifolium 288
calcicola 385
Sarothrae 370
" fluctuans 73
elymoides 288
canadensis 393
sciaphila 389
angustifolium 73-4
longifolium 288
" glabrata 393
sempervirens 389
chlorocarpum 71
Sitilias 3 324
" procera 395
serolina 394
diversifolium 72
(Pyrrhopappus)
" scabra 395
" gigantea 394
erectum 69, 71
caroliniana 324
chrysolepis 388
Shortii 394
eurycarpum 70
grandiflora 325
cordata 401
sphacelata 401
fluctuans 73
Sium 2 656
corymbosa 397
speciosa 387
hyperboreum 73
angustifolium 655
Curtisii 383
" angtistata 384
lucidum 71
Carsoni 656
" monticola 384
" pallida 387
minimum 74
cicutaefolium 656
Cutleri 385
" rigidiuscula 387
multipedunculatum
erectum 655
decumbens 386
squarrosa 382
72
latifolium 656
Drummondii 396
stricta 386
natans 74
linear e 656
Elliottii 3 392
tenuifolia 400
" angustifolium 73
longifolium 638
elliptica 392
thyrsoidea 385
" submuticum 73
rigidum 637-8
erecta 384
tortifolia 390
simplex 70
SMILACEAE i 526
fistulosa 390
uliginosa 387
"acaule 71
Sinilacina I 515
flexicaulis 383
ulmifolia 391
" androcladum 70
bi folia 517
Gillmani 388
uniligulata 392
" Nuttallii 70
seeVagnera i 515-6
gilvocanescens 393
Vaseyi 393
Sparganophorus 3 355
Smilax i 526
Gattingeri 395
virgata 386
verticillatus 355
aspera 527
Gillmani 388
virgaurea 380
Spartina i 222
Bona-nox 529
glaberima 394
" alpina 385
alterniflora 224
caduca 528
graminifolia 398
" Deanei 388
caespitosa 223
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
VOL. III.
Spartina
Spiraea
Staphylea 2 493
Streptopus
cynosuroides I 223
virginiana 2 246
Bolanderi 493
lanuginosus i 517
glabra 224
see Ulmaria 249
pinnata 493
longipes 520
gracilis 224
Spiranthes I 563
trifolia 493
oreopolus 520
juncea 223
see Ibidium 564
Statice 2 718
roseus 520
Michauxiana 222
Beckii 566
Armeria 718
Strophostyles 2 423
patens 223
cernua 565
caroliniana 718
(Phaseolus in part)
polystachya 223
decipiens 570
Limonniin 718
angulosa 423
Schreberi 222
gracilis 565
Steinchisma i 163
helvola 423
stricta 224
gramineapraecox 566
hians 163
missouriensis 423
" tnaritima 224
lucid a 564
Steironema 2 712
pauciflora 424
Spartiutn
neglecta 565
ciliatum 713
peduncularis 424
scoparium 350
odorata 565
intermedium 713
umbellata 424
Spathyema i 444
ot'a/!J 565
lanceolatum 714
Stmthiopteris
foetida 445
parui flora 565
longifolium 714
germanica i 1 1
Spatularia 2 220
plantaginea 564
quadriflorum 714
Stuartia
petiolaris 221
Roniansoffiana 464
radicans 713
see Stewartia 2 526
Specularia 3 297
simplex 566
tonsa 713
Sturmia i 571
biflora 298
unalaskensis 555
Stellaria 2 41
paludosa 571
leptocarpa 298
vernalis 565
see Alsine 2 4 1
Stylipus 2 271
pcrfoliata 298
Spirodela i 446
biflora 55
verwMj 271
Spergula 2 58
(Lemna in part)
cerastioides 50
Stylisma 3 40
arvensis 59
polyrhiza 446
Friesiana 45
aquatica 41
decumbens 51
Sporobolus i 194
groenlandica 57
humistrata 41
nodosa 52
(inc. FI//O)
Stenacti*
Pickeringii 41
saginoides 5 1
airoides 199
Beyricliii 3 44
Stylophorum 2 140
sativa 59
angustus 197
Stenandrium
diphyllum 140
Spergularia 2 59
argutus 198
tuberosum 3 208
Stylosanthes 2 393
media 59
rubra 60
salina 59
asper 196
asperifolius 200
attenuatus 196
Stenanthium i 490
angustifolium 490
biflora 393
" hispidissima 393
elatior 393
Spermacoce 3 256
brevifolius 1 88
gramineum 49
procumbens 393
diodina 256
canovirens 195
robustum 490
racemosa 365
glabra 256
clandestinus 195
Stenophragma 2 176
riparia 394
tenuior 256
compressus 200
Thaliana 176
STYRACACEAE 2 721
SPERMATOPHYTA i 55
confusus 197
Stenophyllus i 319
Styrax 2 722
Spermolepis 2 651
cryptandrus 199
(Fimbristylis in part)
americana 723
divaricatus 651
cuspidatus 188
capillaris 319
grandifolia 723
echinatus 652
Drummondii 196
Stenosiphon 2 610
officinalis 722
patens 651
ejuncidus 198
linifolium 610
pulverulenta 723
Sphaeralcea 2 521
gracilis 198
virgatus 610
Suaeda 2 23
acerifolia 522
heterolepis 199
Stenotus 3 379
americana 23
cuspidata 522
indicus 197
(Apiopappus in part)
depressa 24
remota 522
junceus 198
acaulis 379
maritima 24
stellata 522
longifolius 196
armerioides 379
Richii 24
Sphaerocarpus 2 158
minor 194
Stephanomeria
Subularia t 159
Sphenopholis i 243
neglectus 195
minor 3 312
aquatica 159
nitida 244
pilosus 196
runcinata 312
Succisa 3 290
obtusata 244
Richardsonis 188
Stgvia
australis 290
pallens 244
serotinus 198
callosa 3 507
Succisa 290
Spietia
simplex 187
sphacelata 507
Sullivantia 2 223
see Oxytropis 388
texanus 200
Stewartia 2 526
Hapemanii 224
Spigelia 2 730
Torreyanus 200
Malachodendron
ohionis 224
Anthelmia 730
uniflorus 198
2 526
Sullivantii 224
marylandica 730
vaginaeflorus 194
pentagyna 527
Svida 2 66 1
Spilanthes 3 469
virginicus 197
virginica 526
see Cor nus 66 1
americana 469
STACK YEAE 3 99
Stillingia 2 461
interior 662
repens 469
Stachys 3 123
salicifolia 461
Priceae 66 1
urens 469
ambigua 124
sylvatica 461
Swertia
Spiraea 2 244
annua 127
Stipa i 176
difformis 3 6
alba 245
arenicola 125
avenacea 177
deflexa 1 5
Aruncus
arvensis 127
barbata 177
rotata 14
" hermaphrodita 215
aspera 126
bicolor 177
SYMPETALAE z 666
betulifolia 247
atlantica 124
canadensis 176
Symphoricarpos 3 276
" corymbosa 246
Betonica 128
capillaris 189
occidentalis 277
callosa 246
cincinnatensis 126
comata 177
orbiculatus 277
chamaedrifolia 246
cordata 127
juncea 176
pauciflorus 276
corymbosa 246
germanica 123, 8
Macounii 176
racemosus 276
japonica 246
glabra 126
membranacea 173
Symphoricarpos 277
latifolia 245
hyssopifolia 124
pennata 176
vulgaris 277
lobata 249
hispida 126
Richardsonii 176
Symphytum 3 92
opulifolia 244
latidens 125
spartea 176-7
asperimum 92
prunifolia 246
Nuttallii 126
virginica 177
officinale 92
rubra 249
palustris 125
viridula 176
tuberosum 92
salicifolia 244, 5
"aspera 126
Stoepelina 3 366
Symplocarpus i 444
" lanceolata 245
"cordata 127
elegans 366
foetidus 445
" latifolia 245
salvioides 127
Stomoisia 3 231
SYMPLOCACEAE 2 721
s or hi folia 247
tenuifolia 126
comata 232
Symplocos 721
tomentosa 245
Stanleya 2 169
juncea 232
martinicensis 721
stipulata 248
pinnata 169
virgatula 232
tinctoria 721
trifoliata 248
pinnatifida 169
Streptopus i 520
Synandra 3 1 1 8
Ulmaria 249
STAPHYLEACEAE 2 493
amplexifolius 520
grandiflora 118
VOL. III.
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
597
Synandra
Tetraneuris
Thuja
Tomentilla
hispidula 3 118
simplex 3 509
occidentalis i 65
reptans 2 250
Syndesmon 2 102
stenophyllus 509
THYMELEACEAE a 574
Torreya
(Anemonelld)
Tetr anther a
Thymophylla 3 513
grandiflora 3 118
thalictroides 102
geniculata 2 135
aurea 514
T outer ea 2 567
Syngonanthus i 455
Teucrium 3 101
setifolia 513
stricta 567
flavidulus 455
bore ale 103
Thymus 3 141
Tovara i 664
Synosma 3 537
botrys 104
Acinos 139
virginiana 665
(Cacalia in part)
canadense 102
Serpyllum 141
Townsendia 3 402
suaveolens 538
fruticans 101
vulgaris 141
exscapa 403
Syntheris 198
laciniatum 103
Tiarella 2 224
grandiflora 402
Bullii 198
littorale 102
biternata 215
intermedia 403
Houghtoniana 198
occidentale 103
cordifolia 224
sericea 402-3
reniformis 198
Scorodonia 103
Tiedemannia
Toxicodendron 2 483
rubra 199
virginicum 1 02
filiformis 2 638
crenatum 482
Syntherisma i 121
Thalesia 2 233
rigida 637
pinnatum 483
(Digitaria;
(Aphyllon)
teretifolia 638
pubescens 484
Panicum, in part)
fasciculata 234
TILIACEAE 2 511
radicans 484
filiforme 122
" lutea 234
Tilia 511
Rydbergii 484
fimbriatum 123
uniflora 233
alba 513
Toxicodendron 484
humifusum 123
Thalia i 546
americana 512
vernix 483
Ischaemum 123
dealbata 546
canadensis 512
vulgare 484
linear is 123
geniculata 546
europaea 511-2
Toxicoscordion i 491
marginatum 123
Thalictrum 2 118
glabra 512
gramineum 492
praecox 121, 3
alpinum 118
heterophylla 512
Nuttallii 492
sanguinale 123
anemonoides 102
leptophylla 512
Toxylon i 631
serotinum 122
campestre 120
Michauxii 513
(Madura}
villosum 122
caulophylloides 119
pubescens 512
pomiferum 632
Syringa 2 724
clavatum 118
Tillaea 2 206
Tracaulon i 672
vulgaris 724
confine 120
aquatica 206
arifolium 673
coriaceum 119
simplex 206
sagittatum 673
Tabernaemontana
Cornuti 121
Tillaeastrum a 206
Trachelospermum 323
Amsonia 3 26
dasycarpum 120
aquaticum 206
(Echistesin part)
Taenidea 2 640
dioicum 120
Vaillantii 206
difforme 23
integerrima 640
"coriaceum 119
Tillandsia
jasminoides 23
Tagetes
foetidum 118
usneoides I 45 6
Trachynotia i 223
papposa 3 513
occidentale 120
Tiniaria i 673
cynosuroides 223
Talinum 2 35
polygamum 121
cilinodis 674
polystachya 223
calycinum 37
purpurascens 120
Convolvulus 674
Tradescantia i 460
parviflorum 36
" ceriferum 119
cristata 675
bracteata 460
rugospermum 36
revolutum 119
dumetorum 675
brevicaulis 460
teretifolium 36
venulosum 120
scandens 674
" villosa 460
Tanacetum 3 521
Thapsia
Tipularia i 573
flexuosa 462
huronense 522
trifoliata 2 639
discolor 573
montana 462
vulgare 521-2
Thaspium a 639
unifolia 573
occidentalis 461
" crispum 522
atropurpureum 639
Tissa 2 59
pilosa 462
Taraxacum 3 315
seeLeontodon 315
Dens-leonis 315
aureum 639
" apertum 641
barbinode 640
(Spergularid)
canadensis 60
reflexa 461
rosea 459
virginiana 460-1
erythrospermum 316
" angustifolium 640
marina 59
Tragia a 458
latilobum 315
pinnatifidum 640
rubra 60
cordata 460
officinale 315
Taraxacum 315
trifoliatum 639
" apterum 642
salina 60
Tithymalopsis 2 469
innocua 45
macrocarpa 460
" alpinum 3 1 5
Walteri 640
arundelana 47
nepetaefolia 459
TAXACEAE i 67
THEACEAE 2 526
corollata 469
ramosa 459
Taxodium i 63
Thelesperma 3 500
Ipecacuanhae 470
stylaris 459
ascendens 64
ambiguum 501
marylandica 470
urens 459
distichum 64
filifolium 500
Tithymalus a 471
urticaefolia 459
imbricarium 64
gracile 501
arkansanus 473
volubilis 458
Taxus i 67
baccata 67
intermedium 501
trifidum 500
commutatus 475
Cyparissias 474
Tragopogon 3 313
Dandelion 308
br evi folia 67
Thelypodium 2 169
Darlingtonii 474
porrifolius 313
canadensis 67
integrifolium 169
Esula 473
pratensis 313
minor 67
. pinnatifidum 178
falcatus 475
virginicum 307-8
Tecoma 3 237
Thermia
Helioscopia 473
Tragus i 121
radicans 237
rhombifolia 2 344
Lathyrus 471
TRAPACEAE 2 6n
stans 237
Thermopsis a 343
lucidus 474
Trapa 6n
Tephrosia
lanceolata 343
missouriensis 472
natans 612
see Cracca 2 372-3
mollis 343
obtusatus 472
Trautvetteria 2 103
Tetragonanthus 3 15
rhombifolia 344
Peplus 475
applanata 103
(Halenia)
Therofon a 223
platyphyllus 472
carolinensis 103
deflexus i 5
(Boykinia)
robustus 475
palmata 103
Tetragonia
aconitifolium 223
Tofieldia i 486
Triadenum a 537
expansa 2 34
napelloides 223
glutinosa 486
longifolium 537
Tetragonotheca 3 468
Thesium
palustris 486
petiolatum 537
helianthpides 468
umbellatum i 640
racemosa 487
virginicum 537
Tetraneuris 3 508
Thlaspi 2 167
Tor dy Hum a 626
Triantha i 486
acaulis 509
arvense 167-8
Anthriscus 626
glutinosa 486
fastigiata 509
bursa-pastoris 158
nodosum 626
racemosa 487
herbacea 509
campestre 164
Torilis a 625
Tribulus a 442
linearifolia 508
perfoliatum 168
Anthriscus 625
terrestris 442
scaposa 509
Thuja i 64
nodosa 625
Trichelostylis I 322
598
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES. VOL. III.
Trichelostylis
Triphora i 561
Unania
Vaccaria
geminata i 322
pendula 562
" alba 3 432
vulgaris z 73
Trichomanes i 8
trianthophora 562
Uncinia i 389
VACCINIACEAE 2 694
Boschianum 8
Tripolium
microglochin 389
Vaccinium 2 698
crispum 8
angnslum 3 434
Unifolium i 516
album 3 281
radicans 8
Tripsacum i 1 1 1
(Maianthemum)
amoenum 2 700
Trichophyllum
cylindricum 112
(Smilacina in part)
angustifolium 701
oppositifolium 3 508
dactyloides in
canadense 517
arbor eum 698
Trichostema 3 104
monostachyum 1 1 1
Uniola i 248
atrococcum 702
brachiatum 104
Tripterella i 547
gracilis 248
brachycerum 696
dichotomum 104-5
coerulea i 547
laxa 248
buxifolium 696
lineare 105
Tripteridium 2 33
latifolia 249
caesariense 701
Tricuspis I 233
micranthum 33
paniculata 248-9
caespitosum 699
elongata 234
Tripterocalyx 2 33
spicata 250
canadense 701
pur pur ea 235
micranthus 33
stricta 250
Constables 700
sesslerioides 233
macranthus 33
Urachne I i 74
corymbosum 700
stricta 234
Trisetum i 216
asperifolia 1 74-5
" atrococcum 702
Tridens i 233
flavescens 217
micrantha 175
disomorphum 702
elongata 234
palustre 217
racemosa 175
Dobbini 701
flava 233
pennsylvanicum 217
Uralepis
dumosum 696
stricta 234
pratense 217
elongata i 234
Elliottii 703
Trientalis a 715
purpurascens 219
pilosa 235
erythrocarpon 702
americana 715
spicatum 217
URTICACEAE i 634
frondosum 695
europaea 715
subspicatum 217
Urtica 634
hirtellum 696
Trifolium 2 353
Triticinn
canadensis 636
hispidulum 704
agrarium 354
see Agropyron
capitata 637
ligustrinum 691
arvense 355
i 283-5
chamaedryoides 636
macrocarpon 705
aureutn 354
Trollius 2 86
cylindrica 637
membranaceum 699
Beckwithii 356
americanus 87
divaricata 636
mucronatum 490
biflorum 393
europaeus 86
dioica 634, 5
myrtilloides 699
carolinianum 358
laxus 87
gracilis 635
Myrtillus 2 698
dubium 354
" albiflorus 87
Lyallii 635
myrsinites 703
erectuin 422
Troximon 3 323
pumila 637
nigrum 702
Aybridum 357
seeAgoseris 3 323
urens 635
nubigenum 700
incarnatum 355
cuspidatum 324
Urticastrum i 636
ovalifolium 700
medium 356
glaucum 323
(Laportea)
Oxy coccus 704
Melilotus 352-3
marginatum 324
divaricatum 636
" intermedium 704
minus 354
parviflorum 323
Utricularia 3 226
pallidum 700
pratense 353, 5
Tsuga i 62
biflora 227
pennsylvanicum 701
procumbens 354
canadensis 62
ceratophylla 230
" angustifolium 701
reflexum 357
caroliniana 62
dandestina 229
" nigrum 702
repens 358
Sieboldi 62
cleislogama 23 1
resinosum 696
simplicifolium 422
Tulipa i 505
cornuta 231, 2
simulatum 700
stoloniferum 357
sylvestris 505
fibrosa 228
stamineum 697
virginicum 356
Tullia 3 M4
fornicata 227
tenellum 703
Triglochin i 91
pycnanthemoides 144
geminiscapa 229
uliginosum 699
elata 92
Tunica 2 73
gibba 227
vacillans 702
maritima 92
Saxifraga 72
Greenei 230
virgatum 703
palustris 91-2
Turritis
inflata 230
Vitis-Idaea 697
striata 92
see Arabis 2 178
" minor 230
" minus 697
triandra 92
stricta 182
intermedia 228
seeGaylussacia 695-6
Trigonella . a 359
americana 359
Tussilago 3 53
juncea 232
longirostris 227
Oxycoccus 704-5
Vagnera i 5*5
Trilisa 3 369
(Li at r is)
odoratissima 369
palmata 531
Petasites 532
macrorhiza 229
macrorhyncha 227
minor 228
(inc. Smilacina
in part)
amplexicaulis 515
paniculata 369
TRILLIACEAE i 522
sagittata 53 2
TYPHACEAE i 68
personata 232
pumila 227
racemosa 515
stellata 5 1 6
Trillium i 523
Typha i 68
purpurea 226
trifolia 516
cernuum 523, 6
angustifolia 69
radiata 229
VALERIANACEAE 3 284
declinatum 525
latifolia 68
resupinata 230
Valeriana 3 284
erectum 525
saceata 226
dioica 285
erythrocarpum 526
Udora
setacea 231
edulis 285
grandiflorum 525
verticillata i 106
simplex 232
Locusta 286
nivale 524
Ulex 2 349
striata 228
" olitoria 286
recurvatum 524
europaeus 349
subulata 23 1
" radiata 287
rhomboideum
ULMACEAE i 625
virgatula 232
officinalis 286
" grandiflorum 52*5
Ulmaria 2 248
vulgaris 227
pauciflora 284
sessile 523
(Spiraea in part)
" americana 229
pyrenaica 284
undulatum 526
palustris 249
Uva-Ursi 2 693
septentrionalis 285
viride 524
rubra 248
Uva-Ursi 693
sylvatica 285
viridescens 524
Ulmaria 249
Uvularia i 518
uliginosa 285
Triodia
Ulmus i 626
amplexifolia 520
Valerianella 3 286
albescens I 238
alata 627
grandiflora 519
chenopodifolia 287
decumbens 233
americana 626
nitida 519
Locusta 286
Triosteum 3 274
campestris 626
perfoliata 518
longiflora . 288
angustifolium 275
fulva 627
puberula 519
olitoria . 286
aurantiacum 275
pubescens 627
sessilifolia 519
radiata 287
perfoliatum 275
racemosa 626
stenocarpa 287
Triplasis i 235
serotina 627
Vaccaria 2 73
Woodsiana 288
americana 235
Thomasi 626
(Saponaria in part)
VALLISNERIACEAE i 104
purpurea 235
UMBELLIFERAE 2 620
Vaccaria 73
Vallisneria i 106
VOL. III.
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
599
Vallisneria
Veronica
Vincetoxicum
Viola
spiralis I 106
serpyllifolia 3 202
Baldwinianum
3 39
s. emarginata
2 553
Vaseya I i 84
Teucrium 201
carolinense
38
" ovata
55 2
comata 187
Tournefortii 203
gonocarpos
37
Selkirkii
5CS
Veratrum i 494
virginica 204
hirsutum
38
septemloba
9&&
548, 54
album 494
Wormskioldii 201
nigrum
36"
septentrionalis
55
angustifolittm 490
Vesicaria 2 155
obliquum
38
sororia
549
luteum 489
ar gen tea 155
Shortii
39
Stoneana
548
parviflorum 495
arctica 156
suberosum
37
striata
2 560
viride 494
didymocarpa 156
VIOLACEAE
2 545
subvestita
56l
Woodii 495
globosa 155
Viola
2 545
tenella
562
Verbascum 3 173
gracilis 155
adunca
56i
tricolor
563
Blattaria 174
Shortii 155
affinis
55i
triloba
548
Lychnitis 174
Vesiculina 3 226
amoena
556
" dilatata
548
phlomoides 174
purpurea 226
arenaria
56i
vagula
551
Thapsus 173
saccata . 226
arvensis
563
vemtstula
55 1
virgatum 174
Viburnum 3 269
at I antic a
554
verticillata
564
VERBENACEAE 3 94
acerifolium 270
blanda
555-6
viarum
SS 2
Verbena 3 94
alnifolium 269
" palustriformis 556
villosa
55
ambrosiae folia 97
americanum 270
" renifolia
555
vittata
5S7
angustifolia 96
cassinoides 272
Brittoniana
553-4
Walteri
562
Aubletia 97
Demetrionis 272
canadensis
560
Viorna
2 122
bipinnatifida 97
ferrugineum 274
Calceolaria
564
Addisonii
123
bracteosa 95, 6
dentatum 271
canina
562
crispa
123
canadensis 96, 7
" pubescens 27 1
" adunca
56i
cylindrica
123
carolinensis 95
Lantana 274
" puberula
56i
flaccida
124
Drummondii 97
lantanoides 269
chinensis
558
Fremontii
125
hastata 95
Lentago 273
concolor
564
glaucophylla
124
nodiflora 98
molle 272
congener
548
ochroleuca
125
officinalis 94, 5
nudum 273
conjugens
552
ovata
125
paniculata 95
" Claytoni 273
conspersa
560
Pitcheri
123
pinnatifida 95
obovatum 274
cucullata
552
Ridgwayi
124
rigens 96
Opulus 27
cuspidata
549
Scottii
126
riparia 95
" eradiatum 270
delphinifolia
554
Sim si i
123
stricta 95, 6
pauciflorum 270
dentata
552
urnigera
122
urticifolia 95
prunifolium 273
domcstica
548
versicolor
124
Verbesina 3 467
" ferrugineum 274
Egglestonei
547
Viorna
124
alba 468
" globosum 273
emarginata
2 553
Virgilia
alternifolia 487
pubescens 271
eriocarpa
559
lutea
2 343
encelioides 489
rufidulum 274
falcata
548
Viscaria
2 62
helianthoides 488
rufototncntosum ' 274
fimbriatula
552
alpina
62
occidentalis 488
scabrellum 271
hastata
558
vulgaris
62
Siegesbeckia 488
semitomentosum 271
hirsuta
558
Viscum
712
'c'irginica 487
Tinus 269
hirsutula
550
flavescens
I 639
VERNONIEAE 3 347
trilobum 270
incognita
556
terrestre
2 712
Vernonia 3 3 50
venosum 272
" Forbesii
556
VlTACEAE
2 55
altissima 352
" Canbyi 272
labradorica
56i
Vitis
2 505
" grandi flora 353
Vicia 2 408
lanceolata
557
aestivalis
506
" marginata 352
americana 49
lancifolia
558
" canescens
507
arkansana 351
angustifolia 4 12
latiuscula
549
" bicolor
507
Baldwinii 353
caroliniana 4 1Q
longipes
56i
" cinerea
507
corymbosa 352
Cracca 49
missouriensis
549
arborea
510
crinita 351
hirsuta 4 11
Muhlenbergii
560
Baileyana
5 08
Drummondii 353
linearis 49
" minor
56i
bicolor
507
fasciculata 352
ludoviciana 410
multicaulis
562
bipinnata
510
glauca 351
micrantha 410
nephrophylla
551
cinerea
507
illinoensis 353
Mitchelli _ 4"
novae-angliae
550
cordifolia
508
interior 353
narbonensis 4 12
Nuttallii
558
" riparia
507
Jamesii 352
oregana 409
obliqua
548
incisa
510
marginata 352
parvi flora 410
odorata
2 558
indivisa
509
maxima 352
sativa 408, 1 1
ovata
552
Labrusca
506
missurica 353
"angustifolia 412
pallens
556
palmata
508
noveboracensis 351
Sepium 412
palmata
547
quinquefolia
511
" latifolia 351
sparsifolia 409
palustris
555
riparia
507
" tomentosa 351
tetrasperma 4 1 1
papilionacea
548
rotundifolia
509
Veronica 3 199
truncata 409
pectinata
553
rubra
508
agrestis 203
villosa 409
pedata
547
rupestris
508
alpina 201
Vigna 2 424
" bicolor
547
vinifera
505
americana 200
Catjang 425
" lineariloba
547
virginiana
508
Anagallis-aquatica
repens 425
pedatifida
554
vulpina
507
200
sinensis 425
pratincola
548
Vitis-Idea
2 697
arvensis 202
Vilfa
primulifolia
557
Vitis-Idea
697
Beccabunga 200
see Sporobolus
pubescens
559
Vleckia
Buxbaumii 203
i 194-200
punctata
561
see Agastache
3III
bysantina 203
Villarsia
Rafinesquii
562
anisata
I 12
Chamaedrys 201
aquatica 3 19
renifolia
555
Volvulus
3 45
hederaefolia 203
lacunosa 18
retusa
55i
spithamaeus
47
humifusa 202
Vinca 3 20
rostrata
562
longifolia 201
major 20
rotundifolia
556-7
Waldsteinia
2 268
officinalis 199, 201
minor 20
rugulosa
559
Doniana
269
peregrina 202
Vincetoxicum 3 37
Rydbergii
559
fragarioides
269
scutellata 200
(Gonolobtts)
sagittata
553
geoides
268
6oo
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
VOL. III.
Waldsteinia
Woodwardia
Xantho.vylum
2 443
Zanthoxylum
2 443
parviflora
2 269
angustifolia
i 25
Xerophyllum
I 487
americanum
444
Washingtonia
2 627
areolata
25
asphodeloides
488
carolinianum
444
(Osmorrhisa)
virginica
24
setifolium
488
Clava-Herculis
444
Claytoni
62 7
Wulfenia
Ximenesia
3 488
Zapania
divaricata
628
Houghtoniana
3 198
encclioides
489
cunei folia
3 98
longistylis
628
r ubra
199
Xolisma
2 691
Zephyranthes
obtusa
628
(Andromeda in
Atamasco
i 532
Weigela
3 283
Xanthium
3 343
part
Zinnia
3 466
Willughbaea
3 362
americanum
346
foliosiflora
691
grandiflora
466
(Mikania)
canadense
346
ligustrina
691
Zizania
I 168
scandens
363
commune
346
Xylosteum
3 282
aquatica
168
Windsoria
echinatum
345
involucratum
282
miliacea
167
stricta
I 234
fruticosum
342
oblongifolium
281
palustris
168
pallida
265
glabratum
346
XYRIDACEAE
i 45
Zizaniopsis
I 167
Wisteria
2 373
glanduliferum
345
Xyris
i 450
miliacea
167
frutescens
374
inflexum
345
arenicola
453
Zizia
2 641
macrostachys
374
Macounii
345
caroliniana
451
aurea
641
speciosa
374
macrocarpum
communis
452
Bebbii
641
see Kraunhia
374
" glabratum
346
Congdoni
452
cordata
642
Withania
maculatum
345
difformis
452
integerrima
640
sordida
3 163
orientale
346
elata
452
pinnatifida
640
Wolffia
I 448
oviforme
345
fimbriata
453
Zornia
2 394
brasiliana
449
pennsylvanicum 346
flexuosa
45i
bracteata
394
columbiana
449
speciosum
344
Jupacai
451
tetraphylla
394
floridana
449
spinosum
344
macrocephala
452
ZOSTERACEAE
I 90
gladiata
449
strumarium
343,6
montana
451
Zostera
9i
papulifera
449
Xanthorrhiza
2 89
pusilla
45i
marina
9i
punctata
449
apiifolia
89
torta
451-2
ZOYSIEAE I
107-8
Wolffiella
I 449
simplicissima
89
Zygadenus
I 490
floridana
449
Xanthoxalis 2
432-5
Yucca
I 512
elegans
491
gladiata
449
Brittoniae
434
aloifolia
512
chloranthus
491
oblonga
449
Bushii
433
arkansana
512
glaberrimus
491
Woodsia
I ii
corniculata
431-2
angustifolia
512
glaucus
491
alpina
12
cymosa
435
baccata
512
gramineus
492
Cathcartiana
13
filipes
433
filamentosa
513
helmanthoides
493
glabella
13
grandis
435
glauca
512
intermedius
491
hyperborea
12
interior
434
Nuttallii
492
ilvensis
12
Priceae
434
ZANICHELLIACEAE
I 74
venenosus
492
obtusa
M
recurva
434
Zanichellia
I 88
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
2 442
oregana
13
rufa
433
intermedia
89
Zygophyllidium
2 468
scopulina
13
stricta
432 palustris
89 hexagonum
468
ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR
PLANT NAMES.
[The heavy face figures i, 2, 3 indicate the volume; those following them, the page,
popular names, not printed in the text, are referred to the proper plant by
the number of the Illustration or Figure (fig.) in the Index.]
A few
Aaron's Beard 3 175
Airif 3 259
Aloe-root 511
Angelica
Aaron's Rod
Aise-weed 2 654
Alpine Bistort 671
High 2 637
2 207; 3 173, 388
Aiten i 66
Alsike 2 356
Sea-coast 646
Abele i 587
Alams 590
Althaea, Shrubby 526
Angelica-tree 2 647
Abel-tree 587
Albany-hemp 636
Alum-bloom 426
Angelico 647
Abronia 2 33
-beech-drops 2 673
Alum-root 226, 426
Angel's-eyes 251
Abscess-root, Am. 3 65
Alder 612-4
Common 226
Angleberries 415
Absinth 3 525
American 613
Alyssum 153
Angle-pod 3 73
Acacia 2 330
Berry 2 504
Hoary 153
Anise, Sweet 2 627
Bastard. False 375
Black
Small 154
Anise-root 628
Illinois 332
i 613 ; 2 489, 504
Sweet 153
Appalachian Tea
Prairie 331
Common i 613
Yellow 154
2 48; 3 372
Rose 375
Dwarf 2 503
AMARANTH FAMILY 2 i
APPLE FAMILY 2 280
Three-thorned 339
European i 613
Amaranth 2
Apple 289
ACANTHUS FAMILY
False 2 489
Coast 5
Buffalo 377
3 239
Green I 612, 3
Crisp-leaved 5
Crab 289
Ache 2 660
Hazel i 613
Dwarf 5
Devil's
Aconite 96-7
Hoary 613
Globe 8
2 94, 130; 3 169
Winter 88
Mountain 612
Green 2 f 1660
Earth 3 486
Aconite Saxifrage 223
Seaside 614
Low 4
Hog 2 1 80
Actinomeris 3 487
Smooth 613
Palmer's 2
Honeysuckle 678
Adam-and-Eve i 574
Speckled 613
Prostrate 3
Indian 130
Adam's-cup 2 201
Spiked 2 667
Purplish 4
Love 3 167
-flannel 3 173, 289
Spotted 235
Red 3
Mad 169
-needle
Striped 489
Spiny 3
May a 13
i 512,3; 2 627
Tag i 6n, 3
Spleen 2
Mock 3 292
-rod 3 173
White 2 489, 667
Thorny 3
Osage i 632
Adder's-fern i 2, 36
Witch 2 233, 691
Torrey's 4
Peru 3 i 6 9
-flower 2 69
Alecoast, Alcost 3 519
AMARYLLIS FAMILY i 53
Prairie 2 363
-meat 44
Alehoof 114
Amber 2 533
Swamp 678
-mouth i 571
Alexanders 2 641
Ambrose 14
Thorn 3 169
-Pogonia 560
Golden 640-1
Ambrosia, Tall 3 34 1
White 2 418
Adder's-spear I a
Heart-leaved 641
Ammania 2 575
Wild Balsam 3 292
Adder's-spit 32
Purple 639
Ampelopsis 509-10
Apple of Peru 3 i55
ADDER'S TONGUE
Alfalfa 351
Amy-root 22, 81
Apple of Sodom 165
FAMILY i i
Alfilaria 430
Anchusa, Amer. f 354
Apple-pie (smell) 2 591
Adder's-tongue
Alfilarilla 430
Andromeda 689
Apple-root 2 469
i 2, 506; 3 332
Alkali-grass I 250
Lyon's 69 1
April-fools 2 102
Engelmann's i 2
Alkanet 3 87
Privet 691
Arbor-vitae I 65
Midland 507
Bastard 87
Anemone, Canada 2 97
Arbutus 2 258
Minnesota 507
Alkekengi 162
Carolina 98
Trailing 2 692
Sand 2
All-bone 2 44
Cut-leaved 98
Archangel 2 637
White 506
Alleghany Fringe 143
False-rue 84, 89
Black 3 123
Yellow 506
Aloe 324
Long-fruited 98
Green 146-8
Adder's-violet 3 57
Alleghany Vine 143
Meadow-rue 102
Red or Sweet 121
Adders-wort 94
Alleluia 35
Mountain 100
White 122
Adonis-flower 2 121
Allgood 14
Northern 98
Arctagrostis I 201
African-rose 137
All-heal 3 125,286
Prairie 102
Arethusa 562
Agave i 534
Alligator-tree 2 235
Richardson's too
Argentina 2 258
Agrimony 2 266-8
-bonnets 79
Round-leaved 99
Argentill 2 264
Britton's 268
-pear 133
-headed 99
Arnica 3 31 5, 533~4
Water 3 495
Allison, Sweet 153
Rue 102
Arnica-bud 3 310
-bark 2 445
White 1 80
Small-flowered 98
Aristida i 179-81
Ague-grass i 511
Allocarya 3 79
Star 2 715
Plains 182
-root 511
Allseed 2 440
Tall 99
Arrow arum i 444
-tree 2 134
Allspice, Carolina 132
Wind-flower 162
Arrow-bean 2 492
-weed 3 10, 361
Wild 135
Wood 100
ARROW-GRASS FAMILY
AILANTHUS FAMILY
Almond, cutting 3 465
Angel-eyes 3 251
i 91
2 445
Earth i 304
Angelica 2 635-7
Arrow-grass i 92
Ailanthus 445-6
Aloe, False 534
Hairy 637
Arrow-head 98-102, 182
60 1
602
ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. VOL. III.
Arrow-leaf 2 98, 100
Aster
Aster
Bachelor's-buttons
ARROW-ROOT FAMILY
Dome-topped 3 411
Stiff 3 444
2 69, in ; 3 305
i 546
Drummond's 415
Swamp, Southern 431
wild 2447; 3 557
Arrow-wood
Early Purple 3 419
Tall White 3 428
-breeches 2 142
2 504, 664; 3 270-2
Eastern Silvery 423
Tansy 435
Backache-brake i 308
Indian 2 441, 664
Fall 415
Thin-leaved Purple
-root 3 167
ARUM FAMILY i 443
Faxon's 429
4i7
Back-wort 92
Arum I 444
Fendler's 423
Tradescant's 429
Bacon-weed 2 10
Floating 445
File-blade 425
Tuber 425
Badger 102
Poison 444
Flat-topped 3 443
Various-leaved 413,6
Baked-apple, -berry,
Water 444
Forking 410
Violet-leaf 3 412
2 276
Arsenic, Wild 2 672
Frost-weed 430
Violet Wood 412
Bahia 3 508
Artichoke, Jerusalem
Golden 373
Viscid 435
Bairnwort 402
3 486
grass leaved 373
Wavy-leaved 416
Bald Cypress i 64
Asarabacca i 642-3
Great Northern 418
Western 421
Baldmoney 3 9
Asarum 642
Hardy 417
White
Bald Rush I 347
Ash 2 725-8
Hairy-stemmed 426
Flat-top 3 443
Balders 3 516
Basket 727
Hervey's 425
Small 427
Balewort 2 131
Biltmore 725
Heath, Rose 434
Tall 428
Ball Mustard 2 159
Bitter 2 491
White 430
Upland 432
Ballogan 3 306
Black 2 498, 726-7
Large-flowered 3 424
-Devil 3 426
Balloon Vine 2 501
Blue 2 726-7
-bracted 422
White Heath 430
Balm, Basil 3 132, 9
Brown 727
-leaved 411
White Prairie 427
Bee, Amer. 131, 7
Cane 2 725
Late Purple 416
White-topped 405-6
Calamint 139
Carolina 727
Leafy-bracted 422
White Wood 3 404
Field 137
Darlington's 725
Lilac-flowered 423
White Wreath 427
Fragrant i 3 i
Flowering 728
Lindley's 415
Whorled 432
Garden 137
Green 2 726
Long-leaved 422
Willow 428
Lemon 137
Hoop i 629 ; 2 727
Lowrie's 415
Wood 409
Low 131
Maple 2 498
Low Rough 425
Common Blue 414
Moldavian 115
Michaux's 726
Low Showy 3 424
Long-leaved 409
Ox, Horse- 153
Mountain 2 287
Many-rayed 413
Violet 412
Red 131
Ox 719
Missouri 429
White 409
Balm-leaf 3 137
Poison 2 483, 728
Mountain 432
Asterworts 3 347
Balm-mint 3 137, 151
Pop, or Poppy 727
Nail-rod 426
Asthma-weed 303
Balm-of-Gilead i 588-9
Prickly 2 444
Nebraska 418
Astilbe 2 215
-Fir i 63
Pumpkin 726
New England 417
Atamasco Lily i 532
Balmony 3 181
Red 726
New York 421
Atriplex 2 17-19
Balsam
Rim i 629
Northeastern 3 419
Aunt Jericho 3 637
i 63; 2 440-1,474
River 2 726
Panicled 428
Autumnal Hawkbit
Canada i 63
Sea 2 444
Prairie 426
3 3io
He 61
Southern Prickly 444
Price's 430
Avens 2 270-2
Mountain 63
Swamp 726
Pringle's 430
Cream-colored 2 270
Old-field 3 454
Wafer 2 445
Purple 419
Drooping 272
She i 63
Water 2 498, 726-7
Early 3 419
Drummond's Mt. 274
Sweet, White, 3 454
White 2 725, 8
Late 416
Early Water 271
Wild 2 440-1
Yellow 2 343, 444
Seaside 424
Entire-leaved 274
Balsam Apple 3 292
Ash-weed 2 654
Thin-leaved 417
Large-leaved 2 271
Balsam Fir, Eraser's
-wort 3 543
Purple-stem 419
Long-plumed 273
i 63
Asp, Mountain i 590
Rand's 429
Mountain 274
Balsam-flowers 2 353
Quaking 590
Rayless 434
Purple 2 272
Balsam- Poplar I 588
White f 1440
Red-stalk 419
Rough 270
-weed 3 454
Asparagus i 514
Rice-button 3 428
Spring 271
Bamboo-Vine i 530
Aspen, American
Rose Heath 434
Water 272
Redberry 530
587,590
Rosemary 426
White 270
Bamboo Brier I 528
Great, White 587
Rough 406, 25
White Mt. 273
Banana, False 2 83
Large-toothed 589
Rush 421
Yellow 2 271
Baneberry 2 90
Asphodel i 486-7
Salt-marsh, Annual
Yellow Mountain 272
Bank-cress 195
Bog 487
433
Awlwort, Water 2 159
Bannal 2 350
False 486-7
Perennial 433
Axeseed 39 2
Banwort 3 402
Lancashire 487
Savory-leaved 444
Axewort 392
Barbeau 557
Scottish i 486
Schreber's 411
Axweed 654
Barbary-fig 2 571
Ass-foot 3 531
Seaside, Purple 3424
Axyris 2 20
BARBERRY FAMILY 2 126
Aster 3 406-35
Serpentine 343*
Aye-green 2211
Barberry 2 127
Amethyst 418
Short's 414
Azalea 2 683
Holly-leaf 2 128
Aromatic 417
Showy, Low 424
Alpine 683
Bardane 3 547
Arrow-leaved 416
Silkseed 3 406
Clammy 679
Bardock 3 547
Bee-weed 415
Silky, Western 423
Flame 678
Bergman's cabbage
Bernhardi's 3 410
Silver-grass 373
Hoary 2 678
2 193
Blue-Devil 415
Silvery, Western
Mountain 678
Barley i 286-7
Blue Wood 3 414
3 423
Pink, Purple, 678
Mouse, Way, Wild
Bog 432
Eastern 423
Smooth 679
287
Broad-leaved 442
Sky-blue 414
Trailing 683
Bartonia 3 l6 , 7
Bushy 428
Slender 425
Tree, White, 679
Bartsia, Alpine 3 219
Calico 426
Slim 433
Yellow 678
Red 219
Clayton's 410
Small-headed 3 431
Azolla i 38
Base Vervain 201
Cornel 3 444
Small White 427
Basil 3 137-42
Creeping 424
Smooth 420
Babies'-breath
cow 2 73
Crimson-disk 409
Narrow-leaved 420
1510; 2 72; 3 263
field, stone 3 137-8
Crooked-stem 419
Southern 420
-feet, -toes, -slip-
wild 3 137-8, 144-6
Dense-flowered 427
Starved 426
pers 2 452
Basil-balm 3 132,9
Dewy-leaf 412
Stately 413
Baccharis 3 445-6
-thyme 3 138-9
VOL. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
603
Basil-weed 3 137
Beard-grass
Belia, High 3 301
Bindweed
Bass, Bast, i 331
Smooth i 184
Belene 3 168
Knot i 674
Bass-wood i 83,511-3
White-flowered 184
Bellbind 46
Low 3 47
white 2 512
Bearded-joint I 150
Bellbine 47
Short-stalked 46
yellow 512
Bear's-bilberry 2 693
BELL FLOWER FAMILY
Small 47
Bastard-Alkanet 3 87
Bear's-foot 2 264
3 293
Trailing 46
-Boneset 3 35, 39
yellow 3 458
Bellflower 3 294-7
Upright 47
-Cress 2 164
-grape 2 693
American Red 3 42
BIRCH FAMILY 1605-13
-Elm I 629
-moss 1513; f 1279
Arctic 295
Birch i 605
-Gentian 3 9
-pawroot I 21
Bedstraw 296
Alpine 612
-Hellebore I 563
-thread i 513
Clustered 296
American I 608
-Hemp 3 119
Beaumont-root 3 204
Creeping 295
Black 609-10
-Horehound 123
Beaver-lily 2 78
Clasping 298
Blue 608
-Jasmine 3 168
-poison 2 658
European 295
Bolean 609
-Pennyroyal 3 105
-root 2 78
Marsh 295-6
Bog 2 503
-Pimpernel 2 717
-tree 82
Nettle-leaved 3 295
Broom 608
-Rocket 2 192
-wood i 629
Panicled 297
Canoe i 609
-Toad-flax i 640
Bedeguar 2 284, 6
Round-leaved 295
Cherry 609-10
Bast-tree 2 512
Bed-flower 3 258
Slender 296
Dwarf i 611-12
Bath-flower I 525
Bed's-foot 3 138-9
Tall 297
Glandular 611
Batter-dock I 75 ; 3 532
Bed-straw 3 258-67
Bellis 3 402
Gray 608, 10
Battlefield-flower 2 563
Arkansas 3 262
Bells 2 92
Low 611
Bay 2 82, 113
Asperula 267
Bell-tree 2 722
Mahogany 609
Dwarf 2 574
Clayton's 264
Bell-ware i 91
Mountain 609
Holly 527
Coast 266
Bellwort I 518-9
Old Field 608
Loblolly 527
Corn 259
Mealy 518
Paper 609
North Carolina 81
Fragrant 262
Belly-ache weed 3 383
Pin or Poverty 608
Red 133
Great Hedge 263
Benjamin, Red 525, 6
Red 609
Rose 2 590, 680
Hairy 260
Sweet 3 526
River 609
Swamp 2 134
Lady's 258
White i 526
Running 2 704
Sweet 82, 133
Our 258
Benjamins I 525-6
Sandberg's 611
Tan 2 527
Marsh 3 263-4
Benjamin bush 2 135
Scrub i 616
White 82, 133
Northern 261
Bennels i 232
Silver 609-10
BAYBERRY FAMILY i 584
Pointed 265
Bennert 2 655 ; 3 402
Spice 609
Bayberry i 585
Purple 262
Bennet Herb 2 270-1
Swamp 610
Tallow 585
Rough 265
Bennet Pimpernel
Sweet 609-10
Baybush 584
Shining 265
2 631
Water 609, 10
Bay Galls 2 133
Small 264
-Weed i 192
Western Red 610
Beach-pea 2 413
Southwestern 260
Bent-grass i 203-7, 213
White 608-9
-plum 326
Sweet-scented 262
Sea i 363
Yellow, Southern 610
Bead-ruby I 5*7
Three-flowered 262
Benzoin-gum 2 135
Bird-brier 2 284
Beak-sedge i 34^-6
Wall 3 258
Berbine 3 95
-bell 3 335
Beaked Rush i 342-7
White 263
Bergamot 3 132-3
-seed I 170; 3245,539
Beam Tree 2 290
Wood 3 263
-herb, or -mint 3 150
-weed I 66 1
Bean, Blackeyed 425
Yellow 258
Prairie 3 134
-vetch 2 409
Buffalo 377
Bee-balm 3 131,7
Purple, Wild, 132
Bird-on-the-wing 2 452
China 2 425
-tree 2 512
Bergia, Texas 2 539
In-the-bush 2 139
Hyacinth 2 417
BEECH FAMILY i 614
Berry-alder 2 504
Bird's-bread 2 208
Indian 3 238
Beech, American 615
-tree 2 241
-eggs 2 64
Magoty-boy 237
Blue i 606
Besom 2 350, 694
-eye 2 51, 121,359,
Sacred 2 77
Dutch 587
Beth-flower, -root, i 525
716; 3 201-3
Smoking 3 238
Red, White 615
Betony 3 128
Red 2 69,426
Water 2 77
Water i 606 ; 2 242
Head 3 221
White 2 43-4
Wild Kidney 4 2 3
Beech-drops 3 236
Paul's 3 148, 201-2
Bird's-foot Trefoil 359
Bean (Wild)
Albany 2 673
Wild 2 273
Bird's-nest
2 418, 23-4
Carolina 674
Wood 3 128, 146, 221
2 625,634,674
Bean-tree 3 238
False 675
Bibernel 2 266
Giant 673
Bean-trefoil 3 J 8
Beech-fern I 23
Biddy's Eyes 2 563
Yellow 2 675
Bean-vine 2 423
-wheat 672
Bigbloom 2 81
Bird's-nest-plant 2 625
-weed I 674 ; 3 226
Beefsteak plant
Bilberry 2 292; 3 273
Bird's-pepper 2 165
-berry 2 488, 705
3 154, 221
Bog 2 699
Bird's-tongue
red 2 572-3, 693-4
Beef-suet tree 2 577
Burren 2 693
i 661 ; 2 716
Bear-bind i 674 ; 3 47
-grass
i 67,512-3; 2 542
-corn i 494
Bee's-nest-plant 625
Bee-plant
Rocky Mt. 2 197
- Dwarf 699
Great 699
Oval-leaved 700
Red 2 697
Birth-root I 525
BIRTHWORT FAMILY
i 641
Birthwort i 645
-tongue i 5 r 4
Beard-grass
i 113-9, 129, 20 i
-tree 5 12
Beet, wild 2 602
Beetlebung 2 665
Tall 2 700
Thin-leaved 699
Bilsted 2 235
Upright 645
Biscuit-leaves 528
Biscuits 2 202
-tongue 3 182-7
Beetle-weed ' 2 707
Bindweed I 674 ; 3 42-6
Bishop-weed 2 654
cobea 3 '86
Beeweed 3 4*4-5
Black i 674
Mock 2 657
Foxglove 184
Beewort I 44*>
Blackbird i 674
Bishop's-cap 2 229
Funnelform 185
Beggars'-lice
Blue 3 l6 7
-elder 654
Gray 183
2401 ; 378,259,497
Bracted 3 46-7
-wig i 80
Hairy 182
-buttons 3 547
Climbing I 674
-wort 3 128
Hayden's 187
-needles 2 627
Corn or Ivy 674
Bistort, Alpine I 671
Large-flowered 186
Beggar-ticks 2 266,
False 3 42
Bite-tongue 670
Large Smooth 187
396; 3 78,496-7
Fringed Black i 674
Bitter-ash 2 491
Long sepaled 185
Swamp 3 496
Great 46
-bloom 3 1 8
Pale-blue 183,7
Beggar-weed i 66 1
Hedge 3 46
-bush i 62
Sharp-leaved 186
Behen 2 64
Hoary 3 47
-clover 3 18
Slender 185
Belia, Low 3 303
Ivy i 674
-buttons 3 522
604
ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. VOL. III.
Bitter-cress 2 184-5
Bladderwort
Bitter-flower, Great
Pin 3 231
2 85
Purple 226
Bitter-grass i 511
Reclined 230
-herb 3 181
Reversed 231
Bitter-nut I 580
Rush 232
Water 581
Swollen 227, 9, 30
Bitter-plant 511
Tiny 3 231
Bitter-root 3 21
Two-flowered 227
Bitter-sweet
Zig-zag 231
3 167 ; 2 672
Blanket-leaf 3 173
Climbing 2 493
-flower 5 1 1
False or Shrubby 493
Blaver 2 137; 3 557
Bitter-trefoil 3 18
Blazing Star
-weed 3341,390,442
i 489,5"; 3365-7
-worm 1 8
Bleaberry 2 699
Black Alder
Bleeding-heart, Wild
i 613; 2489,504
2 143
Black-a-moor i 68
Blackberry 2 278-81
Blephilia 3 135-6
Blind-eyes 2 137
Bailey's 2 280
Blinks 2 39
Bristly 279
Blister-flowers 2 112
Creeping 281
-plant in
Dwarf red 278
-weed 112
High Bush 280
-wort 2 in
Hispid 281
Elite 2 14
Knee-high 278
Sea 234
Leafy-flowered 279
Low 278
Strawberry 2 15
Blood-leaf 2 8
Low Bush 281
-root 2 140
Low Running 281
Millspaugh's 279
Mountain 280
Running Swamp 281
-staunch 3 442
Bloodstrange i 103
BLOODWORT FAMILY
I C 'JO
Sand 278
* JO U
Bloodwort
Tall 280
Blackberry lily I 542
Black-bur 2 271
Black-cap
i 68,484; 2 277
i 658; 2 266 ; 3 2
Mouse 3 333
Striped 33 2
Bloody Warrior 3 214
-noses I 1304
-caps 485
Dogwood 2 504
Black-eyed Susan 525
Black-flower I 493
Black-grass 2 351
Black-head Grass 485
Black-gum 2 665
-haw 2 720; 3 233
-heart i 668
-jacks 3 246
-laurel 2 527
-lime-tree 2 512
Bloomfell 2 359
Blooming Sally 2 590
Bloomy-down 2 75
Blowball 3 315
Blue-ash 2 724
Blue Beech I 606
Blue Bell
i 510; 2 123 ; 3 65
Blue Bells 3 83, 200, 95
of Scotland 3 295
Blue-bonnet 3 557
-linn 82
-bottle i 510; 3 557
-moss i 456
-buttons 290
-nonesuch 2 351
-caps 290, 557
-root 3 204
-cups 3 290
-sampson 475
-curls 3 105, 115
-sanicle 2 623
-eyes 2 137
Black-seed 2 351
-flag i 537-9
-snake-root 2 624
-ginsing 2 128
-snap 2 696
-jessamine 2 123
Black-walnut I 579
-tops 3 557
Blackweed I 71, 341
Blueberry 2 128, 698
Black-wheat 3 223
Black 702
Black-wort 92
Bog 2 699
Bladder-campion 2 64
Canada 701
-ketmia 2 525
Dwarf 701
BLADDERNUT FAMILY
Early 703
2 493
Elliott's black 702
Bladder-nut 493
High-bush 700
Bladder-pod 2 15*1-6
BLADDERWORT FAMILY
Low 700
Low black 702
3 225
Low-bush 701
Bladderwort 3 226-32
Mountain 700
Closed 3 231
New Jersey 2 701
Fairy-wand 232
Pale 700
Fibrous 3 228
Small black 703
Flat-leaved 228
Southern black 703
Greater 229
Sugar 701
Hidden-fruited 229
Swamp 700
Horned 232
Tall 700
Humped 227
Blueberry-root 2 128
Lesser 228
Blue buttons 3 292
Blue Devils 3 94,415
Blue eye 3 201
Blue-eyed-Babies 3 251
-grass I 543-5 ; 3251
-sand i 544
-Mary i 543 ; 3 188
Blue-flag i 537-9
Slender i 541
Blue-hearts 3 205
Blue-joint, see Grass
Blue Mountain Tea 389
Blue-pipe 2 724
-sailors 3 305
Blue-stem, see Grass 94
Blue-tangles 2 695
-thistle 3 94
-weed 94
Bluets 3 251-2
Clustered 254
Bob's-root 2 364
Bog-asphodel i 487
Bog-bean 3 18
Bogberry 704
Bog-bilberry 2 699
-birch 2 503
-hop 2 207 ; 3 18
-leaves 2 207
-myrtle 3 18
-nut 3 i 8
-onion I 7, 442
Bog Rush 348, 467
(Many Junci so
called)
False 344
Water 348
Bog-strawberry 2 258
Bog-violet 3 226
Bogwort 704
Bokhara-clover 2 352
Bolder or Boulder 331
Bole-wort 2 657
-weed 3 557
Bolgan-leaves 3 306
Boltonia 404-5
Bonaparte's Crown
2 474
Boneflower 3 402
Boneset 3 9 2
Bastard 359
Blue 362
Climbing 3 363
Deerwort 361
False 364
Prairie 3 364
Purple 357
Resin 361
Spotted 356
Tall 357
Upland 359
Bonewort 3 402
Bongay 2 498
Bonnets 2 78
Alligator 79
-blue 3 557
Bonny Rabbits 3 178
Boor- or Bore-tree
3 268
Boots 2 85
BORAGE FAMILY 3 72
Borage 3 93
Bottle Brush
I 39, 40 ; 2 294, 612
Bottle-grass 2 355
Bottle-rush 294
Bouncing-bet 2 73
Bountry 3 268
Bowel-hive 2 264
Bowman's-root
2 248, 469 ; 3 204
Bow-wood i 632
Box FAMILY 2 480
Box 3 255
Box, Flowering 2 697
Mountain 693
Wild Running 3 255
Box-berry 2 693 ; 3 255
-elder 2 498
-thorn 3 168
Box-wood 2 292, 664
False 664
Boys' Love 3 525-6
Boys and Girls 2 142
Brake, Bracken i 7, 32-3
Backache 30
Buckhorn 7
Cane- 295
Hog 32
Knotty 21
Braken, Lady 32
Osmond 7
Rock 36
Royal 7
Stone 36
Swamp 7
Sweet 21
Winter 33
Bramble, Mt. 2 276
Arctic 278
Horse 2 284
Strawberry-leaved
278
Brank i 672
Bread-and-butter
i 528; 3 177
Bread-root i 7, 264
Indian 2 363
Missouri 363
Breakstone 2 51
Breast-weed I 578
Breeches-flower 2 142
Breeches, Kitten 142
Little-boy's 142
Brere-rose 2 284
Breweria 3 41
Brick-timber 2 490
Bride's Laces I 170
Brideweed 3 177
Bridewort 2 249
Brier, Bramble 2 284
Bird or Hip 284
Sensitive 2 333
Brier-berry 2 278
Brier Rose 284
Bright-eyes 3 251
Brinton Root 3 204
Broad-leaf 3 245
Brome I 273-80
Briza-like 280
Field 279
Rye 278
Short-awned 280
Soft 278
Wild 280
Brook-bean 3 18
-flower 3 65
-grass i i i 6
Brooklime 2 162; 3200
Brook-mint 3 150
Brook Sunflower 495
Brookweed 2 710
Broom 2 350
Base or Dyer's 350
Clover 345
Green, Scotch, 350
' Indigo 345
Sweet 392
Thorn or Prickly 349
Yellow 345
Broom-brush 2 530
-corn, Wild 232
-cypress 2 16
Broom Crowberry 2 479
Broom-grass 118
VOL. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
605
BROOM-RAPE FAMILY
Bull-brier i 529
Burseed 3 77
Button-Snakeroot
3 233
Bull-dogs 3 178
Bursting-heart 2 491
Small 3 368
Broom-rape 3 233-5
-flower 2 85
Bush-Clover 2 402
Buttons, Beggars ? $4.7
Naked, Pale, 233
-nettle 3 165
Britton's 404
-bfet"^ J SI/
Button-tree 3 255
Broom-sedge I 116,182
-nut i 582
Creeping 403
Button-weed
-weed 3 37
Brotherwort 3 141
-thistle 3 552
Bullock's-eye 2 211
Hairy 407
Intermediate 406
2 521 ; 3 288, 556-7
Button-wood 2 242
Brown Betty 470
Bull's-eye 3 518
Japan 408
-Shrub 3 255
-dragon 442
English 470
Mann's 404
Buzzies 1:48
Brown-eyed Susan
Bull's-foot 3 531
Narrow-leaved 407
%J OT
3 470
Bullpates i 215
Nuttall's 405
Cabbage 2 193
Brownwort 3 115
Bullpoll 215
Prairie 408
Bargeman's 193
Bruise-wort
Bull-rattle 2 64, 8
Round-headed 407
Clubfoot 445
2 73, MI ; 3 402
Bull-segg I 68
Sharp-fruited 405
Meadow 445
Brunella 3 115
Bullweed 3 557
Slender 406
Skunk 445
Brushes 474, 557
Bullwort 2 657
Stuve's 405
Swamp 445
Bubby-bush
Bulrush i 330-7
Trailing 403
Water 2 79
2 132; 3 277
Bog i 331
Wand-like 406
Cabomba 2 76
BUCK-BEAN FAMILY
Leafy 336
Bush-Honeysuckle
CACTUS FAMILY 2 568
3 17-8
Pole or Pool I 331
3 283
Cactus 569-72
Buck-bean 318
Bulwand 3 527
Tartarian 282
Plains 2 569
Buckberry 2 697
Am.-great 331
-pea 2 343
Prickly-pear 571
Seedy 691
Bumblebee-root I 525
Butcher's Prick-tree
Russian 25
Buckbush 3 277
Bumelia 2 719
2 492, 504
Tree 2 573
BUCKEYE FAMILY 2 498
Bunchberry 2 664
Butter-bur 3 531-2
Cadlock 573, 193, 5
Buckeye 498-500
Bunch-evergreen I 45
Butter-and-Eggs 3 177
Calabazilla 3 291
Big, Fetid, 2 499
BUNCH-FLOWER
Butter-cresses 2 111-2
Calais, false 324
Large 499
FAMILY i 485
Buttercup 2 104-17
Calamint 135-45, 152
Little 5o
Bunch-flower I 493-4
see Crowfoot
Field, Lesser 135,41
Ohio 2 499
Black 493
2 109-17
Low, Slender 3 139
Purplish 499
Crisped 494
Allen's 109
Water 152
Red 500
Bunch-grass, see Grass
Arctic 105
Calamint-balm 139, 41
Southern 500
Bunch-Pink 2 75
Bristly 112
Calathian violet 3 12
Sweet, Shrubby, 499
-Plums 2 664
Bulbous 112
Calfkill i 214
Western 499
Bunk 2 653; 3 305
Bundle-rooted 114
Calf-snout 3 178
Buckhorn Brake i 7
Bur 3 547
Creeping 113
Calico bush 2 684
Buck's-beard 3 3 T 3
Buffalo 3 1 66
Early 114
-wood 2 722
Buck's-grass I 47
Button, Clot,
Figwort 117
Calla, Wild 444
Bucks-horn
3 346, 547
Hairy 114
CALTROP FAMILY 2 442
i 47; 2 167; 3247
Canadian 3 76, 346
Harvey's 109
Caltrop, Greater 2 443
BUCK-THORN FAMILY
Cockle 547
Heart-leaved 108
Hirsute 443
2 501
Common 548-9
Hispid 113
Land 442
Buckthorn 2 502-3
Creeping i 47
Lapland 106
Water 2 612
Alder 2 503-4
Ditch, Sea, Sheep,
Macoun's 112
Caltrops 3 559
Alder leaved 2 503
3 346
Marsh 1 1 3
Calypso i 575
Carolina 2 503, 719
Great 3 547
Meadow 2 85, in
Camass, Death 492
Lance-leaved 2 603
Hurr 3 547
Missouri 2 106
Eastern 509
Purging 5 O1
Prickly I 615
Northern 108
Nuttall's 492
Southern 719
Sand I 167
Nuttall's 117
Camel's-foot 550
Woolly 720
Small Sheep 3 77
Pigmy 1 08
Cammock 2533; 3516
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY
Spiny 459
Pursh's 105
Camomile a 121
i 646
Bur-chervil 2 629
Running 2 251
Arctic 3 520
Buckwheat i 672
-clover 2 352
Snow 107
Corn or Field 517
Climbing false 674
-heart 2 352
Spotted-leaf 117
Dog's or Fetid 516
Crested 674
BUR-REED FAMILY i 69
Swamp 113
German 3 521
Hedge 675
Bur-reed I 69
Tall 1 1 1
Garden or Low 517
Rough tartary 672
Branching 70
Tufted 114
Rayless 3 521
Buffalo-berry 2 576-7
Floating 73
Butter Daisy iu-3
Red 2 121
-apple, -bean 2 377
Green-fruited 71
Butter-flowers 2 112
Scentless 3 520
-bur 3 l66
NuttalFs 70
Great 85
Scotch or White 517
-nut i 641
Small 74
Butter-print 2 521
Wild 3 519, 21
-pea 2 377
Simple-stemmed 73
-rose Hi
Yellow or Ox-eye 517
-weed 3 34 1
Stemless 72
Butterfly-dock 3 532
Campion 2 63-4
Bugbane, Amer. 2 92
Bur-weed 3 344-6
-banners 2 142
Bladder 64
False 103
Burdock 3 34 6
-pea 2 417
Meadow 69
Bugle 3 I01
Prairie 3 462, 547-8
-weed 3 25
Moss 63
Bitter 148
Burhead 3 96
Butternut I 579
Red 65
Brown 101
Creeping 96
Butterweed 2 521 ;
Red Alpine 2 62
Erect i oi
Upright 96
3 320, 442, 540
Rose 7i
Bugle-weed 3 146-7
BURMANNIA FAMILY
Butterwort 3 225-6
Snowy 63
Bitter 3 ! 48
i 546
Button-ball 2 242
Starry 63
Sweet 146
Bur-marigold 3 495~7
-bush 3 255
Western White 63
Bugle-wort 3 J 46
Burnet, Am. Gt. 2 265
Button-Snakeroot
White 68
Bugloss 3"
-salad 2 266
2 622; 3 366-8
Camp-root 2 271
Sea 62
Garden 266
Dense 3 367
Canada-balsam i 63
Small 93
Burnet-rose 716
Dotted 366
-pest 3 8
Small Wild 84
Burning-bush 491
Hairy 367
-potato 3 486
Viper's 94
Burnt-weed 2 590
Large 367
-root 3 25
Bugseed 2 21
Burnut, Ground 2 442
Loose-flowered 368
-snake-root i 642
Bugweed 21
Burn-wood Bark 2 485
Mountain 3 365
-tea 2 693
Bullace 2 326
Burren Myrtle 2 694
Prairie 367
Canadian Bur 3 76
Bull-berry 2 576
Burton I 584
Slender 366
Canary Grass I 170
6o6
ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. VOL. III.
Canary Grass
Southern i 170
Wild 170
Canary-vine 2 143
Canby's Mountain
Lover 2 492
Cancer-drops 3 236
-jalap 2 26
-root 3 233-4
-weed 129
-wort 3 175
Candleberry i 585
Candles, Swamp 2 712
Candle-tree 3 238
Candlewick i 68 ; 3 173
Can-dock 2 78
Cane I 295
Giant 295
Maiden 121
Saitch 295
Sedge 446
Switch 295
Cane-brake 295
Can-hoop 2 489
Canker-blooms 2 284
-lettuce 668
-root 2 88, 718; 3 176
-rose 2 284
-weed 3 335, S4 2
-wort 315
Canna-down i 324
Canoe-wood 2 83
Canterbury-bells
3 295-6
Cape Gooseberry 3 161
Dwarf 156
CAPER FAMILY 2 196
Caper, Wild 471
Caper-bush 471
Capers 2 85
Capmint 3 139
Capon's-tail 2 93
-grass 269
Caraway 2 659
Wild 3 537-8
Carberry 2 241
Cardinal-flower 3 300
Blue 301
Careless 2 2
Carizzo 212
Carnation-grass
i 397-415,28
Carpenter's-herb
3 101, 15
-square 3 179
-weed 115
Carpet water 2 230
Carpet-grass I 125
CARPET WEED FAMILY
2 34
Carpet-weed 35
Carrion-flower 527
CARROT FAMILY 2 619
Carrot, Wild 2 625
American 625
Carrot-weed 3 34 1
Carvies 2 659
Case-weed 158
Cashes 2 653
Cassandra, Dwarf 687
Cassena 489
Evergreen 489
Cassia, Dwarf 2 337
Cassiope 2 686
Castor-bean 461
Castor-oil Plant 461
Catalpa 3 238
Hardy 238
Western 238
Catawba 3 238-9
Tree 238
Cat-berry 2 490
Catbrier i 5.28
Chamaesaracha 3 163-4
Chickweed, Ivy 3 203
Catchfly, Corn 2 66
Charlock 2 191-2 ; 3 195
Jagged 50
Dover 2 64
Cheat 2 157
Larger Mouse-ear 48
English 67
see Grass
Low 42
Forked 67
Pine 2 59
Marsh 43
Garden 66
Checkerberry
Meadow 49
Limewort 66
2 693; 3 255
Mouse-ear 2 42-7
Lobel's 2 66
Cheese-rennet 3 258
Small 47
Night-flowering 67
Cheeses, Cheese-flower
Spring 47
Nodding 2 64
2 515
Nodding 48
Nottingham 64
Doll, Dutch, Fairy
Red 2 716
Round-leaved 65
515
Sea 58
Royal 65
Cheese-bowl 2 137
Short-stalked 48
Sleepy 66
Cheese-cake 2 514
Silver 27
Small-flowered 67
Cheese-flower 2 514
Slender-forked 30
Striate 66
Chenile 3 168
Star 2 43
Sweet William 2 66
Cherry, Appalach. 2326
Star-flowered 715
Catch-weed 3 84, 259
Bird 328
Starwort 50
Cat-gut 2 372
Bessey's 2 327
Tennessee 44
Cat-locks 324
Black-merry 327
Water 2 39, 42
Cat-mint, Catnep 3 113
Cabinet 329
Water, Mouse-ear
Cat-o'nine-tails I 68
Choke 329
2 40
Cat-peas 2 409
Western 329
-Wintergreen 2 715
CAT-TAIL FAMILY i 68
Crab 2 327
CHICORY FAMILY 3 304
Cat-tail, -flag I 68-9
Dwarf 326
Chicory 3 305
-tree 2 492
Egriot 327
Chicot 2 340
-whin 2 284
Fire 328
Chigger-weed 3 516
-whistles i 40
Gean 327
Childing Cudweed 447
Cat's-clover 2 350
Ground 3 156-63
Daisy 3 402
-cradles 3 246
Indian 2 292, 503
-Pink 2 74
-ear 3 309, 33 1
Mahaleb 328
-Sweet William 74
-eye 3 201-3, 93
May 291
Children's-bane 658
-faces 2 563
Mazard 327
Chimney-pinks 2 73
-foot 3 114,450-2
Merry 327
-sweeps 3 246, 485
-milk 2 473
Perfumed 328
China-root, Amer. or
-paws 3 452
Pigeon or Pin 328
False i 529
-tail I 39; 2 612
Red 327
China-tree, Wild 2 500
Blue 3 94
Rum 2 329
Chinks 693
Cedar I 65-7
Sand 2 326
Chinquapin I 616
Carolina 66
Sour 327
Chittam-wood 2 485
False White 65
Sweet 327
Chittim-wood 719
Feather-leaf 65
Western Sand 327
Chive garlic I 497
Ground 54 2
Whiskey 329
Chives 497
Post 65
Wild 3 160, 327, 9
Chloris I 225
Indian 607
Rocky Mt. 329
Chocolate, Indian 2 272
Red i 67
Wild Black 2 329
Chocolate "flower 426
Shrubby Red 67
Wild Red 328
-root 2 270, 2
Southern White 65
Winter 2 501 ; 3 162
Choke-berry 2 290-1
Swamp 65
Cherry-pie 2 591
-cherry 329
White 65
Cherry-tomato 3 168
-dog Strangle 3 36
Celandine 2 117,21,41
-wood 270
Red 290
Greater 2 141
Chervil, Bur 2 629
Choke-pear 2 290-1
Brook 440
Garden 2 629
-vetch 3 234
Lesser 2 117
Hemlock 626
Chowley 2 425
Wild 440-1
Needle 627
Chris-root 2 87
Celandine Poppy 2 140
Rough 626
Christmas Evergreen
Celery, Wild
Spreading 629
i 49
I 1 06 ; 2 660
Sweet 627
-flower 2 88
Water i 106 ; 2 i n
Teinturier's 2 630
-rose 2 87
Celery-seed I 658
Wild 630
Christmas-green I 48
Cenizo 2 19
Chess, see Grass
Christopher, Herb
Centaury 251; 3 558-9
Chestnut, Am. I 615
17; 2 90; 3 128
American 3 1-3
Water 2 612
Church-brooms 289
Buckley's 3 3
Chicken-berry
Churnstaff 2 473
Corn 3 5
2 693; 3 255
Cicely, Fool's 645
European 2 557
-fighters 2 547
Rough 626
Ground 2 450
Chicken's-toes 2 21
Sweet 627-8
Tall 3 3
Chickenweed
Cicely-root 627
Texan 3 3
2 43; 3 539
Cinnamon-wood 2 134
Western 3 3
Chickweed 2 41
Cigar-tree 3 2 3&
Winged 559
Allbone 2 44
Indian 238
Cercocarpus 2 274
Alpine 49
Cinquefoil 2 250-7
Cereus 2 569-71
Barren 49
Arctic 255
Chaerophyllum 629
Blinking 39
Branched 256
Chadlock 2 192
Clammy 48
Bushy 252
Chafe-weed
Common 43
Coast 257
447,454,456
Field 49
Common 251
Chaff-seed 3 217
Forked 29, 30
Cut-leaved 256
Chaff-weed 2 717
Germander 3 203
Diffuse 252
Chain-fern i 24
Gravel 2 30
Downy 254
Netted 25
Great 2 43
Five-stamened 253
Chair-maker's rush 330
Indian 2 35
Glandular 253
VOL. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
607
Cinquefoil
Clover, Alsike 2 357
Club-moss, Prickly i 49
Comfrey, Rough 3 92
Hoary 2 253,
Beckwith's 356
Savin-leaved 46
Wild 3 76-7
Nicollet's 252
Bitter 3 5
Shining 44
Compass-plant 461
Northern 254
Bokhara 352
Stiff 46
Saracen's 542
Marsh 258
Brazilian 351
Tree-like 45
Cone-flower 542
Plains 257
Broad-leaved 355
Upright 43
Brilliant 471
Prairie 257
Buffalo 357
Club-rush i 327-34
Britton's 3 471
Purple 258
Bur 2 352
Chairmaker's 330
Bush's 476
Robbins' 255
Burgundy 2 351
Dwarf 327
Clasping-leaved 473
Rough 253
Bush 403-8
Hedge-hog 308
Gray-headed 474
Rough-fruited 254
California 2 352
Red 332
Great 472
Shrubby 262
Carnation 2 355
River 333
Green-headed 473
Silvery 253
Cabul 352
Sea 333
Large-flowered 472
Snowy 255
Calf 355
Wood i 334
Long-headed 474
Tall 263
Carolina 358
Club-weed 3 557
Orange 471
Three-toothed 262
Cat's 359
duckies 2 92
Prairie 3 474
Wood 250
Chilian 351
Clump-head grass 337
Purple 475-6
Woolly 256
Cow 356
Clump-foot I 445
Short-rayed 475
Cissus 2 510
Crimson 2 355
Cluster-berries 679
Showy 472
Citronella 3 153
Dutch 358
Coakum 2 26
Sweet 470
Civet i 498
Dusty 407
Cocash 3 419
Tall 473
Clabber-spoon 2 417
French 355
-weed 3 544
Thin-leaved 470
Clammy Honeysuckle
Giant 356
Cock's-head
Woodland 471
2 679
Hare's-foot 355
2 380;' 3 425
Congo-root 2 364
Clammy-weed 2 199
Hart's 353
Cockle 2 6 1, 73
CONIFERS i 55-67
Clamoun 684
Heart 352
Cockle-bur
Conobea 3 191
Clapwort 3 235
Honeysuckle 355, 8
2 266; 3 346, 547
Conquer-John I 521
Clary, Wild Clary
Hop 2 351-4
Sea 3 346
Conquerors 2 498
3 130-1
Horned 351
Cockle-button 3 547
Consound 3 67, 92
Vervain 130
Honey 352
Cocks 246
Consumption-weed
Claver-grass 3 259
Italian 355
Cockscomb, Red 2 2
2 668
Claver 2 359
Japan 408
Yellow 2 23
Continental-tea 2 676
Claytonia 2 37
King's 353
Cocksfoot I 251 ; 2 93
-weed 3 177
Clayweed 3 531
Lady's 2 431
Cock-sorrel I 654
Convulsion-weed or
Cleareye 3 131
Least Hop 2 354
Cockspur, see Thorn
-root 2 674
Clearweed I 637
Low Hop _ 354
2 297
Coolweed i 637
Cleats 3 531
Mammoth " 356
Coco-grass 304
Coolwort 2 224
Cleavers 3 259
Marsh 3 18
Cod-head 3 181
Cooper i 553
Dyer's 264
Meadow 355
Codlings and cream
Copal-balsam 2 235
Yellow 258
Old-field 355
2 591
Copalm 235
see Bedstraw 3 259
Pea-vine 356
Coe-grass 469
Copper-leaf 2 668
Cleever-wort 3 259
Pin 2 430
Coffee, Magdad 2 336
Coral-and-Pearl 2 90
Clematis 2 122-6
Plaster 353
Negro 336
Coral-berry 3 277
Addison Brown's 123
Prostrate Mt. 356
Wild 3 275
Coral Evergreen i 47
Curl-flowered 2 123
Prairie 2 368-71
Coffee-bean, Am. 2 340
Coral-root i 574-7
Dwarf 2 125
Purple 355
Coffee-nut 2 340
Crested 577
Fremont's 2 125
Pussy 355
-plant 2 585
Small, Late, 575
Marsh 123
Rabbit-foot 355
-senna 2 336
Wister's 575
Mountain 126
Red 355
-tree, Kentucky 2 340
Cord-grass I 223-4
Scott's 126
Running Buffalo 357
-weed 3 305, 335~ 6
Fresh-water 223
Silky 125
Sleeping 2 431
Cohosh 89-90
Coreopsis, Golden 3493
Sim's 123
Smaller Hop 2 354
Black 90-1
Coriander 2 264, 647
Whorl-leaved 126
Snail 35i
Blue 90, 128
Cork-elm I 626
Cleome 2 197
Spotted 352
Red 90
Corkscrew-plant i 566
Prickly 2 197
Stone 355
White 90
CORK-WOOD FAMILY
Cleomella 2 198
Swedish 357
Cojote, Chili 3 291
i 586
Cliff-brake I 32-3
Sweet, White 2 352
Coleseed 2 193
Cork-wood 586
Climath 2 484
Yellow 353
Colewort, Hare's 3 317
Corn, Haver i 218
Climbing Bittersweet
Tree 352
Colic-root i 5", 35,
Saracen's 672
2 493
White 358
642; 3 365-7
Squirrel, Turkey
Climbing False Buck-
Wild 408
-weed 2 142-4, 264
2 142
wheat i 674
Winter 3 255
-wort 2 264; 3217
Wild i 5M
CLIMBING FERN
Yellow 2 354
Collard i 445 ; 3 S3 6
Corn-campion 2 61
FAMILY i 9
Zig-zag 35 6
Collinsia 3 J 88
-bind i 674; 3 47
Climbing-Fern 9
Clover-broom 345
Collinson's Flower 153
-binks 3 577
-fumitory 2 143
Clown's All-heal 3 125
Collomia 3 63-4
-blue-bottle 577
-hempweed 3 3^3
-heal 125
Colt-herb 53 1
-bottle 577
-sailor 175
-woundwort 3 125
Coltsfoot
-centaury 577
Cling-rascal 259
CLUB-MOSS FAMILY
2 85,707; 3 531-2
-cockle 2 6 1
Clintonia I 514-5
i 47-8
False i 642
-flag i 540
Clock 3 246
Club-moss I 43-7
Heart i 642
-flower 3 577
Cloistered Heart 3 12
Alaskan 46
Sweet 3 531-2
-grass i 162
Clot-bur 3 344-5, 547
Alpine 46
Colt's-tail 442
-gromwell 3 87
Spiny 344
Box 44
Columbine 2 92-3
-heath I 672
Clothier's Brush 3 289
Carolina 47
Feathered 2 120
-kale 3 J 92
Clotweed 344
Cedar-like 47
Columbo, Amer. 3 15
-lily 3 47
Cloud-berry 2 276, 80
Chapman's 45
Coma 2 719
-Mayweed 520
Clove-strip 2 589
Dwarf i 49
Comandra I 640
-poppy 2 i37
Clover 2 351-8
Fox-tail 45
Comb (Dak.) 476
-pink 610
see Bush-clover
Interrupted 46
Comb-flower 478
-root 14
2 402-8
Lloyd's or Rock 44
Comfrey 3 92
-rose 6 i
Alsatian 357
Marsh 44
Middle 101
-salad 3 286-8
6o8
ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. VOL. III.
Corn-spurry 2 59
Cowthwort 3 1 20
Alpine 2 186
Crowfoot
Saracen's i 672
Crab Apple 2 288-9
American 177
Mountain 2 107, 10
Cornel 2 661-5
American 289
Bank 177
Musk 3 283
Alternate-leaved 663
Fragrant 289
Bastard 2 164,8
Prairie 2 109
Bailey's 662
Iowa 289
Belle-Isle 177
Rock 110
Blueberry 66 1
Siberian 289
Bermuda 177
Rough i i i
Dwarf 664
Southern 289
Bitter 184-5
Rough-fruited 108
Lapland 665
Sweet-scented 289
Brown 2 162
Seaside 117
Low 2 664
Western 289
Bulbous 2 1 86
Small-flowered 114
Northern Dwarf 665
Wild 289
Cow 164
Smooth no
Panicled 663
Crab Tree 2 288
Dock (succory) 3306
Spiny-fruited 115
Price's 661
Wild 288
Early Winter 2177
Water 2 105, 1 16
Red-osier 2 661-2
Crab-grass I 66 i
Field 164
Wood 3 283
Rough-leaved 662
Little i 122 ; f 280
Garden 166
see Buttercup 104-17
Round-leaved 66 1
Sprouting 138
Golden 166
Crowfoot-grass 123
Silky 2 66 1
see Grass
Hoary 165
Crownbeard 3 487-8
Stiff 663
Crab-stock 290
Lamb's 2 184
Golden 489
Waxberry 2 662
Cracker-berry 2 664
Land 177, 184
Small Yellow 488
White 663-4
Crackers 696
Mouse-ear 2 176
Sunflower 488
Cornelian Tree 2 664
Grain 2 117
Penny 168
Virginia 487
Cornstalk-weed i 79
Crake-berry 2 479
Purple 2 185
White 487
Coronilla 2 392
-needles 627
River 164
Crown-of-the-field 261
Copper-leaf 2 668
Cramberry 2 704
Rock 2 179-83
Crow-needles 627
Corpse-plant 2 624
Crambling rocket 2 200
Rocket 177
Crow's-nest 2 625
Corydalis 2 144-6
Cramp-bark 3 40, 220
Round-fruited 161
Crow-pea 412, 79
Golden 2 145
Cranberry, European
Sessile-flowered 162
-poison i 489
Pale 2 144
2 704
Spring 2 1 86
Crowtoes 2 187, 359
Plains 2 145
High-Bush 3 270
Swine's 2 167
Crow-victuals 3 114
Yellow 144
Hog 2 479, 693
Thale 176
Crystal-wort 2 101
Cost 3 5i9
Marsh 704-5
Tower 181
Cuckle-bur 3 346
Costmary 519
Mountain 2 693, 7
Town 2 1 66
Cuckles 497
Cottagers 204
Rock 697
Wall 176
Cuckolds 496-8
Cotton, Wild 3 22, 30
Small 704
Wart 2 167
-dock 547
Cotton-grass I 322-26
Upland, Wild 697
Water 161, 185-7,192
Cuckoo-buds 2 112
Hare's-tail I 324
Cranberry-tree
Winter 177
-button 3 548
Cotton-gum 2 666
2 243 ; 3 270
Yellow 160-1, 177
-flower
-rose 3 447
Crane-willow 3 255
(see Watercress)
2 68, 69, 184, 431
-rush, -grass I 322-6
Crane's-berry 2 704
2 160-3
-gilliflower 69
-seed tree 3 445
Crane's-bill 2 427-9
Crested dwarf Iris
-grass i 485
-tree i 59Q
Bicknell's 428
i 540
-spit 2 184
-weed 2 453, 521
Carolina 428
Crinkle-root 2 188
Cuckoos 2 69
Cottonwood
Culver-foot 429
Cristatella, James' 198
Cuckoo's-meat 2 431
i 588-91 ; 2 512
Cut-leaved 429
Crocus (N. O 2 692
Cucuma, Ohio 85
Big i 590
Dove's-foot 429
Prairie, Wild 2 102
Cucumber, Bur 3 293
Black 588-9
Long-stalked 427
Croneberry 704
Creeping 292
Narrow-leaved 588
Pigeon-foot 429
Crop-weed 3 557
Star 293
River 589
Round-leaved 428
Cross, Herb-of-the 3 95
Wild 2 100; 3 292-3
Swamp ?89
Siberian 2 427
Cross-of-Jerusalem
Cucumber-root, Indian
Western 591
Small-flowered 429
2 69
i 523
Willow 588
Spotted 426
Cross, Knight's 69
-tree 2 81
Yellow i 590
Starlights 429
Maltese 69
Cudweed 3 447,453
Couch-grass 203, 283
Wild 426
Crosstoes 2 359
Childing 447
Black 192
Crap i 672
Cross-vine 3 237
Dwarf 3 455
False 283
Crape-myrtle 2 580
Crossweed 2 194
Low 455
Cough-root i 526
Crashes 2 162
Crosswort 2711; 3 361
Marsh 455
Coughweed 3 53 1
Craw-berry 704
Croton 2 454-5
Mountain 452, 5
Coughwort S3 1
Crawley-root 575
Lindheimer's 2 455
Norwegian 3 456
Cowbane 2 638
Crazy-Bet 2 85
Crouper-bush 3 255
Prairie 3 529
Spotted 658
Crazy-weed 2 379
CROWBERRY FAMILY
Purplish 456
Cow-basil 2 73
Colorado 2 390
2 478
Western Marsh 455
Cowbell 2 64
Stemless 39
Crowberry 479,693,704
Winged 454
Cowberry
Woolly 379
Black 479
Wood 456
2 258,697; 3 255
Cree-turnip 2 363
Brown 479
Culver-foot 2 429
Cow-cress 2 164
Creek-grass I 77
Plymouth 479
-wort 2 93
-grass i 661 ; 2 355-6
Creek-stuff 223
Crow-corn I 511
Culver's Physic 3 204
-herb a 73
Low 224
Crowd-weed 2 192
-root 204
-itch 3 2 37
Upland 223
Crow-flower 2 69, 192
Cup, Ragged 460
-lily 2 85
Creek-thatch i 223
CROWFOOT FAMILY 2 84
Cuphea, Clammy 2 582
-parsnip 2 635
Creeper 2 511 ; 3 46
Crowfoot I 45, 48, 85,
Cupid's-delight 2 563
-plant 68 1
Japanese 54
99, 104-17, 187;
Cupid's-flower 3 4 2
-quake I 256 ; 2 59
Creeping-bur I 47
2 426
Cup-plant 3 4 6 o
-rattle 2 68
-Charlie 2208; 3 114
Biting 1 1 1
Cupseed 2 130
-tongue i 5 : 4
-hemlock I 67
Bristly 112
Curdwort 3 208
-wheat 3 224
-Jack 2 208
Celery-leaved 2 1 1 1
Cure-all 2 262
Cowslip
-Jennie I 47-8;
Corn 1 1 5
Curlew-berry 479
i 517; 2 51, 114, 440
2 209; 3 292
Cursed 1 1 1
Curlock 2 192, 195
American 2 85, 717
-Juniper i 67
Ditch in
Curly-grass i 9
Spring 2 85
-Mitchella 3 '255
Dwarf 106
Curly Heads 2 125
Virginia 3 83
Creeping Snowberry
Hooked in
Currant 2 237-8
Cow's-lungwort 3 173
2 704
Ivy-leaved 116
American Red 2 237
-tail 442
Cress, see Peppergrass
Kidney-leaved 110
Black 237
-wort 221
2 165
Marsh in
Buffalo 239
VOL. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
609
Currant, Clove 2 239 Daisy 3 437, 518
Devil's-darning-needle
Dock, Swamp i 655
Fetid 238
Arctic 3 518
122, 627
Tall 656
Flowering 239
Big, or Bull 518
-fig 2 139
Tubercled 655
Garden Red 237
Blue 3 305, 416-7
-flax 3 177
Veined 654
Golden 2 239
Blue Spring 3 439
-fingers I 590; 2 359
Velvet 3 173
Indian 3 277
Brown 470
-flower 2 69 ; 3 177
Water i 445, 656
Missouri 2 239
Bull's-eye 518
-grandmother 3 354
Western 657
Northern Black 236
Butter 2 1 1 1-3 ; 3 518
-grass i 133; 3 3i4
White 655
Red 2 237
Childing 402
-grip 2 35
Willow-leaved 655
Skunk 238
Dog 516, 8, 20
-gut 3 51
Winged 654
White-flowered 238
European 402
-head-in-a-bush
Yellow 657; f 1608
Wild Black 238
Field 3 518
2 525
Dock-cress, Succory
Currant-leaf 229
Garden, March 402
-hair 2 122
3 36
Currant-tree 292
Great- white 518
-hop-vine I 528
Dockmakie 270
Currantworts 236
Horse 3 518
-iron-weed 3 320
DODDER FAMILY 3 48
Cushion Pink 2 63
Irish . 315
-milk 2 473-5
Dodder 3 48-52
Ladies' 718
Michaelmas 3 430
-paint-brush
American 52
CUSTARD-APPLE
(and Asters gener-
3 329, 334
Beaked 3 51
FAMILY 2 83
ally)
-pitchforks 497
Button-bush 50
Custard-apple 283
Midsummer 3 518
-plague 2 625
Clover 49
Cut-heal 3 286
Moon, or Maudlin 518
-rattle-box 2 64
Compact 52
Cut-paper i 632
Nigger 470
-root 3 235
Cuspidate 5 1
Cutting Almond 3 465
Ox-eye, Poor-land
-shoestrings 2 372
Field 49
Cyclanthera 293
470, 518
-tether i 674
Flax 48
Cycloloma 2 16
Pig-sty 5 1 6
-tongue 2 571-2
Glomerate 52
Cyperus I 297-310
Purple 3 416
-trumpet 3 169
Gronovius' 51
Awned 300
Red 3 336
-walking-stick 2 446
Hazel 50
Baldwin's 310
Western 402
-weed 3 320
Lesser 49
Bristly 308
White 3 518
Dewberry
Love-vine 49, 5 1
Brown 303
Yellow 470
2 278-81, 700
Lucerne 49
Bush's 302
Daffodil, Daffy i 531
Dew-cup 2 264
Pretty 3 50
Cayenne 309
Ox-eye 518
Dewdrop 282
Smart-weed 49
Coarse 306
Daffy-down-dilly I 525
Dew-plant 2 203-4
Thyme 49
Coast 299
Dakota Potato 2 418
De Witt's Snakeroot
DOGBANE FAMILY 3 19
Elegant 300
Dalibarda 2 282
3 336
Dogbane
Englemann's 306
Damask Violet 175
Dewtry 3 169
Bitter 3 21
Flat 300
Dame's-gilliflower 175
DIAPENSIA FAMILY
Clasping-leaved 3 22
Globose 308
-rocket, -violet 175
2 705
Intermediate 3 21
Gray's 309
Dandelion 3 315, 24
Dicksonia, Hairy 14
St. Johns 3 22
Hale's 305
Blue 3 305
Dill 2 634,43
Spreading 3 21
Hall's 304
Dog 3 310
Dill weed 3 516
Velvet 3 23
Houghton's 301
Dwarf 3 307, 8
Dindle 3 316
Dogberry
Lancaster 307
Low 298
Marsh 302
False 3 307, 323-5
Fall or Dog 310
Dish-mustard 2 168
Disporum i 517-8
JDitaxis 2 456-7
i 544; 2 239,87,90
-blow 3 518
-bramble 2 289
Michaux's 305
Nuttall's 299
Panicled 299
Pine-barren 308
High 329
Red-seeded 33^
Danes' Blood 296
Dangleberry 2 695-7
Ditch-bur 3 345
-fern I 7
-grass i 88
Dittany, Amer. 3 146
-tree a 291, 662
Dog-bur 3 53-4, 76
-daisy 3 516
-dandelion 3 310
Red-rooted 305
Daphne 2 574
Mountain 146
Dog-fennel
Reflexed 37
Darkey-head 3 470
Dock i 655-9
3 56, 430, 513, 6
Rough 307
Darnel, see Grass
Batter i 658 ; 3 532
False 5 J 3
Round-root 304
Darby a I 641
Bitter i 658
Dog-finkle 3 516
Schweinitz's 301
Date Plum 2 720
Bloody 658
-grass i 283, 382
Sheathed 33
Day-berry 2 241
Blunt-leaved 658
-laurel 2 688
Shining 298
Short-pointed 302
Day-flower I 457-9
-lily I 496
Broad-leaved i 658
Butter i 658
-lily 2 78
-mint 3 138
Slender 309
Straw-colored 306
Dead-Men's Bones 177
Dead-nettle
Butterfly 3 532
Can 2 78
-nettle 3 H9
-plum i 5i5
Toothed 303
Yellow i 298, 301
3 119, 122, 125
Hemp 3 119
Clustered I 657
Cuckold 3 547
-poison 2 645
-rose 284
Cynthia 3 307
Henbit 121
Curled I 657
-thorn 2 284
Cypress i 60, 4 ; 2 474
Death Camass I 492
Dove 3 53i
-toes 3 45 !
Bald i 64
Belvedere 2 16
Black, Red, Swamp,
Pond, Virginia or
Tl ri , t f\ A
Deerberry
2 693,7; 3 255
Seedy 2 702
Deer-food 2 76
Elf 3 457
Fiddle i 658
Flea 3 532
Garden-patience
Doggers 17
Dog's-dinner 2 542
-finger 3 204
-mouth 3 178
White i 4
-grass 2 583
i 656
-parsley 2 630
Broom 2 16
-hair 328
Golden i 659
-rib 3 246
Heath 46
Deer-laurel 3 68 1
Great Water 656
-tansy 2 258
Juniper 60
Standing 3 60
Summer 2 16
Cypress-moss I 46
Cypress-vine 3 4 2
Cypress-grass I 298
CYRILLA FAMILY 2 485
-vine 276
-wood I 607
Deer's-tongue
i 506; 3 369
Deil's-spoons I 75, 94
Devils, Blue 3 94
Devil's-apple
Kettle 3 542
Mullen 173
Narrow i 657
Pale i 655-6
Passion 656
Patience I 656
Peach-leaved 656
-tongue 75-6, 369
Dogs and Cats 2 355
Dog's-tooth Violet i 506
Yellow 506
White 506
Dog-weed 3 513
DOGWOOD FAMILY 2 660
Daddy-nut 2 512
2 130; 3 169
Prairie 3 462, 5
Dogwood 2 328, 503,
Dagger-flower 3 435
-bit i 489 ; 3 367
Red-veined i 657
661-3; 3 167
Daggers I 540
-bite I 494; 3 367
Sharp 654
(see Cornel 2 661-5)
Daisies (Ohio) and
-claws 2 115
Smaller Green i 657
Alder-leaved 66 1
any Aster
-club 2 619
Sour 653-7, 9
American 664
39
6io
ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. VOL. III.
Dogwood, Black 2 504
Dutchman's-rush
Elm, Racemed i 626
Everlasting 2 207, 18
Blue 663
i 41
Rock 626-7
Alpine 3 449
European 2 492
Dutch-morgan 3 518
Slippery I 627
Carpathian 449
False 2 497
Dye-leaves 2 487,721
Sweet 627
Clammy 454
Florida 664
Dyer's-broom 2 375
Swamp 626
Heller's 454
Flowering 2 292, 664
-cleavers 3 263-4
Water I 626-8
Early 451
Green Osier 663
-Green-weed 2 350
White 626
Large-flowered 453
Poison 2 483
-mignonette 200
Winged 627
Life 453, 4
Pond 3 265
-rocket 200
Witch 627
Fragrant, Sweet,
Purple 2 663
-weed 2 350 ;
Elsholtzia 3 154
454
Red Osier 2 661-2
3 200, 391, 5
Emetic-weed 3 303
Low 453
Striped 497
-whin 2 350
Enchanter's-Night-
Mountain 452
Swamp 2445,83,661
Dye-weed 350
shade 2 611
Mouse-ear 451
White 2 663 ; 3 270
Dyschoriste 3 240
Enchanter's-plant 3 95
Pearly 45 1, 3
White-fruited 2 663
Dysentery-root, -weed
English Bull's-eye
Plantain-leaf 3 451
Dollar-leaf 2 397, 668
3 78
3 4~o
Spring 451
Doob 222
English Mercury 2 14
Everlasting-grass i 124
Door-grass, -weed i 66 1
Ear- jewel 2 44
Enslen's Vine 3 36
-pea 2 413,4
Double-claw 3 239
Earning-grass 3 226
Equisetum i 42
Sea-side 2 413
-leaf i 568
Earth-almond 304
Smooth, Sedge-like
Eve's Darning-needle
-tooth 3 495
-apple 3 486
42
i 513
Dove-dock 3 531
-club 235
Variegated 42
Eve's-thread i 496
Dove's-foot 2 429
-gall i 494 ; 3 2
Erigeron 3 435
Evolvulus 3 217-8
Down-hill-of-Life 712
-smoke 2 146
Arctic 436
Ewe-gowan 3 402
Down-Ling I 325
Easter-bell 2 44
Hoary 438
Eye-balm, or -root 2 85
Down-weed 3 447
-flower 1 02
Hyssop-leaved 438
Eyebright
Draba, see Whitlow-
-lily i 532
Low 437
2674; 3251,716
grass 2 159-61
Eatonia 243-4
Rough 436
Spotted 2 467
Dragon
EBONY FAMILY 2 720
Three-nerved 437
Eyeseed 3 130
Brown . i 442
Eclipta 3 468
Tufted 439
Eyewort 3 218
Female or Water
Eel-grass i 91, 106
White-top 440
285, 444
Green 2 116
Eriogonum i 647-52
Fabes or Fapes 2 241
Dragon-head 3 115-6
-pondweed i 81
Allen's 649
Fair-Maid of France
Dragon-root 443
Egg-plant 2 276
Annual 651
3 5i5
Dragon's blood 2 426
Eggs-and-Bacon 177
Branched 650
Fairy Bells 3 204
-claw i 575
Eglantine 2 286
Crisp-leaved 651
-cap 204
-mouth i 562; 3 178
Egriot 327
Effuse 652
-cheeses 2 515
-tongue 2 672
Elder 2 268-70
Few-flowered 650
-circles I 66
Drake i 218
American 268
James' 649
-creepers 2 143
Drawke 282
Bishop's 2 654
Long-leaved 648
-cup 229
Drew 9 1
Box 498
Long-rooted 650
-fingers, -glove 3 204
Drooping Avens 2 262
Common 268
Narrow-leaved 651
-grass i 250
Starwort 489
Dog 2 654
Nodding 652
-smoke 2 674
Drop-flower 3 334
Dwarf 2 618,54
Slender 652
-thimbles, weed 3 204
-seed 1 184-9, 177-200
Horse 3 457
Winged 648
Fairies' Horse 542
Dropsy-plant 3 137
Marsh 270, 339-40
Yellow 649
Faitour's-grass 2 473
Dropwort, Water 2 638
Mountain 268
Ernfern i 32
Fall Dandelion 3310
Western 248
Poison 2 483
Eryngo 2 622-3
-flower 427
Drumhead 448
Prickly 2 617
Water 622
-meadow-rue 2 121
Drunk 282
Red 2 270
Virginia 622
False-alder 2 489
Drunkards 2 85, 693
Red-berried 268
Erysimum 2 172
-aloe i 534
Dryas 273
Rose 270
Eubotrys, Mountain 688
-banana 2 83
Duck-acorn 77
Sweet 268
Eulophus 2 654
-Beech-drops 2 675
Duckretten I 494
Water 270
Eurotia, American 2 20
-bindweed 3 43
Ducks i 549-50
Wild 2 618
Eustoma 3 7-8
-bittersweet 2 493
-foot 2 264
Elder-berry 268
Evans'-root 2 272
-boneset 3 364
-meat 448
-blow 268
Evening Lychnis 2 68
-box, boxwood 664
DUCKWEED FAMILY
Eldin 3 532
EVENING-PRIMROSE
-buckwheat i 674-5
i 446
Elecampane 457
FAMILY 2 584
-bugbane 2 103
Duckweed I 446-9
Election-posies 3 214
Evening-Primrose
-Calais 3 324
Gibbous 448
Elephant's-foot 3 354
594-9
-Choke-dog 36
Greater 446
-trunk 239
Common 2 595
-Colt's-foot i 642
Ivy-leaved 447
Eleven-o'clock-Lady
Cut-leaved 598
-Couch-grass 283
Least 447
i 506
Dwarf or Golden-
-Dandelion 3 324-5
Lesser 448
Elf dock 3 457
flowered 2 601
-Dog-fennel 3 5 r 3
Minute 448
Elfwort 3 457
Gray-leaved 2 599
-Dragon-head 3 116
Pointed 449
Elk-bark 281
Narrow-leaved 596
-elm i 629
Star 447
-nut i 641
Northern 595
-flax 2 164, 157; 3515
Valdivia 447
Elk-tree 2 692
Nuttall's 599
-foxglove 3 206-8
Dummy-weed 3 S3 1
-wood 2 82
Oakes' 2 596
-garlic, yellow i 501
Dupontia i 261
Eller i 613
Prairie 598
-Goat's-beard 2 215
Dusele 3 164
ELM FAMILY i 625
Rhombic 597
-Golden-rod 3 4O 1
Dusty-clover 2 407
Elm i 626-8
Seaside 597
-grape 2 510
-husband 2 407
American 626
Small-flowered 594
-gromwell 3 90-1
Dusty Miller 3 527
Bastard 629
White Shrubby 599
-heather 2 542
Dutch-beech I 587
Cliff 626
White-stemmed 599
-hellebore I 495
Cheeses 2 514
Cork 626-7
Evening Trumpet-
False Indigo 2 344
Flax 2 157
Corky White 626
Flower 2 730
Blue 344
Pink 2 200
False 629
Everfern f 83
Dwarf 2 366
Dutchman's-breeches
Hickory 626
Evergreen 2 207
Fragrant 2 366
2 142
Indian 627
Christmas I 49
White 346
-pipe i 646 ; 2 674
Moose or Red i 627
Trailing i 44
Yellowish 2 345
VOL. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
False Johnswort 2 536
Fern, Brittle I 15
Fern, Polypody, Gol-
Fern, Winter Brake i 33
-lettuce 3 321
Buckhorn (Brake) 71
den, Common I 36
Wood 19, 36
-lily-of-the-valley
Bulblet 15
Male 36
Evergreen I 20
1 5 1 7
Chain (Netted) i 25
Pale Mountain 23
Goldie's 20
-loosestrife 2 585, 7
Virginia 24
Hoary, Scaly,
Woodsia i 12-14
-lupine 2 344
Christmas 16
Tree, 36
Alpine 12
-mahogany 2 133
-shield 1 6
Tender Three-
Blunt-lobed 14
False-mallow 2 519-20
Cinnamon I 7
branched 23
Northern 12
-mallows 521
Clayton's 8
Prickly-toothed 21
Oblong i 12
FALSE MERMAID
Cliff-brake 32-3
Broad 21
Oregon 13
FAMILY 2 441
Clayton's 33
Quill 18
Rays 12
False-mermaid 441
Oregon 33
Rattlesnake I 6
Rocky Mt. 13
-Mitrewort 224
Climbing I 9
Regal 7
Rusty 12
-mustard 199
Clinton's 20
Resurrection 36
Smooth 13
-nettle i 637
Common Wood 22
Rock f 72
Fern-bush i 586
-Oat 217
Crested 19
Rockbrake i 32-3, 36
Fern-gale 584-6
-Pennyroyal 3 104
Creeping I 9
American 32
Fescue 261, 269-73
-Pimpernel 196-7
Curly-grass 9
Rough Alpine i 16
Festoon-pine 48-9
-Rue-anemone 2 89
Cystopteris 15
Royal i 7
Fetid-shrub
-Sanicle 229
Dicksonia, Hairy 14
Royal-Osmond 7
2 83, 269-73
-Sarsaparilla 618
Dickson's 14
Rue 29
Fetter-bush 2 690
Solomon's-seal i 516
Ditch 7
Sea-weed 25
Fetticus 3 286
-sunflower 3467,510
Dugger-grass 31
Sensitive i 1 1
Fever-bush 2 135, 489
-Sweet-flag i 540
Eagle 32
Serpent's tongue 2
-cup 2 232
-sycamore 2 242
Ernfern 32
Shield (or Wood)
Feverfew 2 266; 3 519
Unicorn-plant i 489
Everfern f 83
i 18-22
American 3 465
-valerian 3 544
Female i 30
American 22
Common 519
-Varnish-tree 2 446
Fiddle-heads 7
Boott's 22
Fever-plant 2 585
-wheat i 283
Filmy
Broad Prickley-
Fever-root 3 275
-wintergreen 2 668
Fine-haired 14
toothed i 21
-twig 2 493
Fame-flower 2 36
Flower-cup 12
Narrow Prickley-
-weed 3 206 ; 95-6
Fancy 563
Flowering- I 8
toothed i 21
-wort 3 275
Farewell Summer
Clayton's
Crested 19
Fiddle-grass 2 591
3 426,430
Interrupted
Dodge's 19
Field-balm i 139
Farkleberry 2 698
Goldie's i 20
Eaton's 17
-pine 2 541
Fat Hen 2 10, 14-18
Golden Polypody 36
Fragrant 19
-sorrel i 653
Fayberry 2 241
Golden Locks 36
Marginal 20
Fig, Indian 2 571
Feaberry 241
Grape i 3-6
Male i 21
Fighting-cocks 548
Featherfew 3 519
see Fern
Massachusetts f 39
FIGWORT FAMILY 3 172
Feather-fleece
Hair f 72
Marsh 18
Figwort, Hare 180
Mountain I 490
Hare's-foot i 8
Prickly 21
Maryland 179
Featherfoil.Am. 2 710
Hartford 9
Prickly-toothed 21
Western 3 180
Feather-Geranium 2 14
Hart's Tongue 25
Spinulose 21
Filago 3 446
-Bunch-grass i 176
Hay-scented 14
Spreading 21
Filerie 2 430
-grass 177, 214, 220
Hog-brake 32
Shield-roots 21
Filbert I 607
-leaf (Cedar) 65
Holly 1 6
Shrubby 586
FILMY FERN FAMILY
-weed 3 454
Braun's 17
Snake 7, 2 5
i 8
Felon-grass 2 638
Indian's Dream 33
Snake's-tongue 2
Finger-berry a 280
-herb 3 333, 527
King's 7
Spleenwort I 26-30
-grass i 123
-weed 542
Knotty-brake 21
Bradley's 30
Finkel 2 643 ; 3 516
-wort 2 638; 3 137
Lady i 3
Common Wall 28
Fiorin i 203
Felwort 3 9, 14
Lady Bracken 32
Dwarf i 28-9
Fir i 5,63
Feltwort 3 173
Lady's-hair 31
Ebony I 27
Amer. Silver 63
Fenberry 2 704
Lip, Alabama 34
Green 28
Balm-of-Gilead 63
Fennel 643
Clothed 34
Little Ebony 27
Balsam 63
Dog 3 35-6,
Hairy 34
Maiden-hair i 28
-moss i 43
430, 513-16
Webby 35
Mountain 29
Fir-pine or -tree 63
Hog's 2 638; 3 516
Woolly 35
Narrow-leaved 28
Fir-rope 2 675
Water 477
Lock-hair 31
Pinnatifid 27
Fire-balls 2 69
FERN FAMILIES i 1-34
Maidenhair i 31
Rock (Smooth) 29
-grass 2 264
Fern
Black, "True," 31
Scott's 26
-leaves 3 246
Adder's i 2, 36
English 28
Silvery 30
-Pink 2 64
-spear 2
Golden 36
Small 27
-top 2 590
-spit 32
White 29
Swamp 28
-weed 2 590; 3 169,
-tongue i 2
Maidenhair Spleen-
Wall Rue 29
246, 319, 442, 536
Alpine, Rough 16
wort i 28
Stone, Stone-rue 29
Fish-mouth 3 181
Backache, -brake 30
Male i 36
Stonebrake 36
-poison 2 500
Basket 21
Male Shield 21
Sun 23
-wood 49 1
Bear's-pawroot 21
Marsh 18
Swamp i 8
Fit-root plant a 674
Beech I 23
Meadow 584-6
Sweet i 36, 586
Five-finger 2 251-8
Broad 23
Moon i 3
Sweet-brake 21
Dwarf 2 251
Common 23
Moonwort i 5, 6
Tentwort 29
Marsh 258
Hexagon 23
Hemlock-leaved 6
Tree 7
Mountain 262
Long 23
Moss i 36
Venus'-hair I 31
Five-Sisters 7 11
Bladder, Brittle i 15
Mountain 15
Walking 26
Flag i 446, 537-40
Bottle i 15
New York 18
Walking-leaf 26
Corn 540
Boulder- 14
Oak i 23
Wall i 28
Blue I 537-9
Brake, Bracken
Scented 24
Wall Rue i 29
False Sweet 54
i 32-3
Osmond-the-Water-
Water 7
Myrtle . 446
Lady 32
man f 15
Water-wort 28
Narrow 539
Sweet, Knotty 21
Ostrich i ii
Wilson's 15
Red-brown I 539
Bristle i 8
Polypody I 36
Windsor 9
Slender Blue 541
6l2
ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. VOL. III.
Flag, Sweet i 446
Fool's Parsley 2 645
Gale, Sweet, or
Geranium
Sword, Yellow 540
Forefather's-cup, or
Scotch i 584
Meadow 2 427
Water 537
-pitcher 2 202
Galingale, or Galangal
Mint 3 579
Yellow Water 540
Forget-me-not
I 298
Mountain 426
Flag-lily 537
3 85-7, 201
Edible 304
Turnpike 2 14
Flagons 540
Smaller 25
Lank 306
Wood 2 429
Flagroot 446
White 3 80-2
Galinsoga 3 501-2
Gerardia 3 208-14
Poison I 539
Wild 2 51
Gallberry 2 487
Auricled 213
Flamy 2 563
Fothergilla 2 234
Gall-of-the-Earth
Bessey's 211
Flannel, Adam's 3 173
FOUR -O'CLOCK FAMILY
3 10, 335
Bushy 206
-leaf 173
2 30
Gallon 3 532
Cut-leaved 214
Flat-top 3 354
Four-o'clock 595
Gall- weed 3 10
Fascicled 210
FLAX FAMILY 2 435
Four-toes 451, 595
-wort 3 177
Flax-leaved 209
Flax 2 437-40
Fox-berry 2 693 ; 3 285
Gama i in
Gattinger's 213
Berlandier's 439
-feet i 43
Garb-willow i 595
Large Purple 210
Cathartic 438
-geranium 2 426
Garden-gate 2 563
Prairie 209
Cultivated 435
Foxglove
-plague 2 654
Rough Purple 209
Devil's 3 177
2 202 ; 3 204, 237
Gardener's-eye 2 71
Salt-marsh 211
Dwarf, Fairy 2 438
False 3 206-8
-delight 71
Sea-side 21:
Dutch 157
Lousewort 221-9
Garget 2 26
Skinner's 213
False 2 157-64
Mullen 3 205
Garlic i 499
Slender 211
Florida Yellow 2 438
Purple 204
Chive 497
Small-flowered 210
Grooved Yellow 439
Yellow 206
Crow, Field 499
Ten-lobed 212
Large-flowered 439
Fox-grape 2 506-8
False 501
Thread-leaved 212
Lewis' Wild 437
-plum 2 693
Hedge 2 170
Germander, Amer. 3 102
Mountain 438,451
-tail i 47
Keeled 499
Cut-leaved 103-4
Prairie 436
see Grass
Meadow i 499
Hairy 103
Purging 2 438
French-grass 2 365
Rush 498
Wood 103
Ridged Yellow 437
-Pinks 2 66; 3 557
Wild i 499
Germander Chickweed
Slender 437
Dwarf 2 66
Yellow-false 501
3 203
Spurge 2 574
Fringe
Garlic-mustard 2 170
Ghost-flower 2 674
Stiff Yellow 2 438
Alleghany 2 143
-wort 170
Giant Hyssop 3 111-12
Wild 3 177; 2 436-7
American 728
Garnet-berry 2 237
Gibbals 247
Yellow 2 438-9
Mountain 2 143
Gaskins 2 241, 327
Gifola 3 446-7
Flax-tail I 68, 170
White 728
Gatten 2 492 ; 3 270
Gilia 3 59-62
-weed 3 1 77
Wood 2 142
Gatteridge 2 492
Low 6 1
Fleabane
Fringe-Cup 239
Gaura 2 60810
Scarlet 60
Bitter, or Blue 3 44 1
Fringe-tree 2 728
Gay-feather 3 367-8
White 60
Canada 44 2
American 728
Gay-wings 2 452
Small 60
Daisy 437. 439, 44
Fringed-Gentian 3 9
Gean 327
Spicate 61
Western 3 440
Fringed-Orchis i 558-9
Gem-fruit 2 224
Tufted 62
Dwarf 442
Greenish 558
Genson 3 275
Gill, Gill-ale 3 114
Early 44 1
Pink 559
GENTIAN FAMILY 3 i
Gill-go-by-the-Ground
Foetid 447
Ragged 550, 558
Gentian 3 8-14
3 "4
Marsh 447~ 8
Fritillaria i 55
Barrel 3 I2
Gill-over-the-Ground
Philadelphia 439
Frog-fruit 3 98
Bastard 3 9
3 "4
Running 438
-grass i 469 ; 2 21
Blind 12
Gilliflower
Small 416
-leaf 2 76
Blue 3 12, 104
Cuckoo 2 69
Spreading 439
-plant 2 207
Bottle 3 12
Dame's 2 196
Three-nerved 437
-wort 2 112
Closed 12
Marsh 2 69
Fleaweed, Horse 2 345
FROG'S-BIT FAMILY
Downy 3 II
Mock 72
Fleawort 3 258
i 1 06
Elliott's ii
Night-scented 2 175
Marsh 540
Frog's-bit i 107
Five-flowered 3 10
Queen's, Rogue's 175
Fleur-de-lis I 536, 539
Flixweed 2 194
-bladder, mouth 2207
TJVncfr Vilify 2 T fl
Four-parted 3 10
Fringed 3 9
Sea 718
Winter 2 175
Floating Heart 3 18-9
Floramor 2 2
17 1 USU UlllC * EW
Frost-flowers (any
Horse 3 275
Marsh 3 12, 13
Gilliflower-grass 415,39
Gill-run-over 3 114
Flora's Paint Brush
Aster)
Narrow-leaved 3 13
Gilt-cups 2 112
3 334
-weed
Northern 3 9
Ginger I 642-3
Florida Moss i 45 6
2 540-1 ; 3 430
Oblong-leaved 1 1
2 208-9; 3 S3 1
Flower-de-luce 536
any Aster
One-flowered 14
Green 3 5 2 7
Flower-gentle 2 2
Frostwort 2 540
Red-stemmed 3 13
Indian i 642
Flower-of-an-Hour
Frost, It-brings-the-,
Rough 3 I2
Southern Wild i 644
a 525
(Indian name of
Small 3 H
Wild i 225, 642, 646
-of-Gold (any
the Aster)
Smaller Fringed 2 9
Ginger-berry
Solidago) 3 380-98
Fuller's-herb 2 73
Snake 3 335
i 642 ; 2 693
Flowering-rush 45 l
-teasel 3 289
Soapwort 3 12
Ginger-plant 3 522
Fluellin 3 7S~ 6 . 2O1
Fumitory, Bulbous 283
Spurred 15
-root 3 53i
Female 175
Climbing 2 143
Stiff 10
GINSENG FAMILY 2 616
Sharp-pointed 175
Hedge 146
Straw-colored 13
Ginseng 618
Flux-root 25
Furze 2 349
Striped 3 J 3
Blue 2 128
-weed 2 170; 3 104
Fustic-tree 2 343
Swollen 3 8
Dwarf 618
Fly-honeysuckle
Fuzzy-guzzy 3 454
White 3 275
Horse 2 275
3 281-3
Yellow 15
Gipsy-flower 3 7 6
Garden 282
Gadrise 3 270
Yellowish 3 12
-herb 148
Fly-poison i 489
Gaertneria 3 343
Gentleman's Cane i 670
-rose 290
-trap 2 202 ; 3 21
Gagroot 303
GERANIUM FAMILY
-weed 20 1
Foal-foot 3 531
Gaillardia 511-13
2 425
-wort 3 J 47
Foam-flower 2 224
Gaiter-tree
Geranium 2 426-9
Gipsy-Combs 3 .289
Fog-fruit 3 98
2 492 ; 3 270, 662
See Crane's-bill
Girasole 486
Folk's-glove 204
Galax, Galaxy 2 709
Feather 2 14
Glasswort 2 21-2
Fool-hay 139, 207
Gale, Fern 584-6
Fox, Wild 2 426
Jointed 21
VOL. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
613
Glasswort
Golden Rod
Gools 2 85
Grape, Catawba 2 506
Prickly 2 25
Dwarf 3 395
Good Friday Grass 485
Chicken 508
Glen-pepper 2 164
Early 393
GOOSEBERRY FAMILY
Concord 506
-weed 164
Elliott's 392
2 236
Downy 507
Glidewort 3 119
Elm-leaved 391
Gooseberry 697-8
False 511
Globe-flower
European (Rand's)
Bristly 2 240
Fox 2 506, 508-9
2 87 ; 3 255
388
Cape 3 157, 161
Frost 507-8
Spreading 2 87
False 401
Eastern Wild 2 241
Isabella 2 506
Swamp 87
Few-rayed 3 392
Garden 241
Missouri 508
Globe-mallow 522
Field 395
Hawthorn 240
Mountain 508
Maple-leaved 522
Flat-top 398
Illinois 240
Muscadine 509
Sharp-fruited 2 522
Fragrant 3 398
Low wild 241
Oregon 2 128
Gloden 3 478
Gattinger's 395
Missouri 2 240
Plum 506
Glory-less 283
Gilman's 388
Northern 240
Possum 508
Goafs-beard 2 247
Gray 395
Prickly Wild 2 239
Rocky Mountain
Dwarf 3 308
Ground 396
Slender 240
2 128
False 2 215
Hairy 3 384
Smooth 240-1
Riverside 507
Virginia 3 307
Hard-leaved 397
Swamp 2 236
Salt 2 25
Yellow, Purple 313
High 395
Wild 239
Sand 508
Goat-foot 2 654
Houghton's 3 398
Gooseberry-pie 2 591
Scuppernong 509
Goat's-rue 372-3
Large-leaved 385
GOOSEBERRY FAMILY
Sea 2 25
God's-eye 3 201
Late 3 394
2 8
English 21
Goggles 2 85,241
Lindheimer's 385
Goosefoot 2 95
Small 2 506
Gold 3 478
Minaret 386
Bosc's 12
Southern Fox 509
Gold-and-silver-plant
Missouri 3 384
City 12
Sugar 508
2 191
Mountain 384
Cut-leaved 15
Summer 506
Gold-balls 2 113
Noble 387
Feather Geranium 14
Sweet-scented 507
Gold-chain 2 208
Northern, Ohio
Fremont's 12
Winter 2 507-8
Gold-cups 112
286, 397
Good King Henry 14
Grape-fern, Little I 3
-flower 373
Pale 383
Jerusalem Oak 14
Cut-leaved 5
-knops i i 1-113
Pine Barren 390
Many-seeded 1 1
Eaton's 4
-thread 2 88
Plume 393
Maple-leaved 13
Hitchcock's 3
-weed 2 115
Pyramid 390, 392-4
Mealy 2 10
Lance-leaved 6
Gold-of-pleasure 2 157
Ragged 3 382
Mercury 14
Leathery 6
Golden Alexanders
Rand's 388
Narrow-leaved 1 1
Rattlesnake 6
2 639-41
Rayless 375~ 6
Nettle-leaved 13
Ternate 5
Golden Aster 3 373~5
Fetid 376
Mexican Tea 15
Virginia 6
Cottony 373
Riddell's 397
Oak-leaved 10
Wood's 4
Grass-leaved 373
River-bank 388
Perennial 14
Grape-flower 510-1
Hairy 374
Rock 393
Red 13
-hyacinth I 510-11
Hispid 375
Rough-leaved 391
Sea 23
-root 2 128
Maryland 374
Salt-marsh 389
Stinking 2 10
Grapewort 2 90
Nuttall's 375
Sea-side 389
Turnpike Geranium
GRASS FAMILY
Sickle-leaved 373
Shadowy 389
2 14
i 107-295
Stiff-leaved 374
Sharp-toothed 393
Upright 1 2
Grass [of the Andes]
Golden-bush 37 6
Showy 3 387
White 2 10
220
-club 445
Short's 394
Goose-grass I 229, 66 1 ;
Ague 5 i l
-coreopsis 3 493
Slender 3 384
2 258; 3 259,428
Alkali 250
-corydalis 2 145
-fragrant 4
Great 3 84
Aristida I 179-80
-cup H7
-showy 387
Lesser 259
Arrow i 92, 182
-currant 2 239
Small-headed 399
Goose-tansy 2 258
Bahama 222
-flower 3 518, 539
Spreading 391
-tongue 3 137, 5*5
Barley i 286-7
Ground 3 373
Stiff 397
Gopher-wood 2 343
Little 286-7
-glow 3 473
Stout Ragged 382
-berry 696
Squirrel-tail 287
-guineas 2 117
Swamp 3 387, 392
Gordoldo 3 5 J 5
Wall 287
-Jerusalem 3 47 O-I
Sweet 389
Gorse 2 349
Barnacle 91
-knops 2 112
Tall 3 395
Gosling 102
Barn I 133
-meadow-parsnip 640
Tall Hairy 390
Gosling-grass 3 259
Barnyard 133
-motherwort 3 456
True 389
-weed 259
Beach 212, 249
-moss 2 208
Twisted-leaf 3 39
Gosmore 309
Bear 1 167,512; 2542
-oak 3 208
Velvety 396
Go-to-bed-at-noon 313
Beard i 113-9, 79, 201
-osier i 584
Viscid 399
GOURD FAMILY 3 290
Annual i 201
Goldenpert 3 1 95
Wand-like 386
Gourd, Missouri 291
Broad-leaved
Golden Ragwort 544
Western Rough 396
Gout-weed, -wort 2 654
i 226
Golden Rod 3 380-398
Bushy 399
Gowan, Ewe 3 4 2
Broom us
Alpine 385
White 383
Horse 521
Bushy i i 6
Anise-scented 389
Willow-leaf 386
Ling 328
Forked 1 1 8
Beach 389
Woodland 382
May 42
Indian 116
Blue-stemmed 3 382
Wreath 382
Meadow 2 85
-joint i 15
Mountain 389
Wrinkle-leaved 390
Milk or Witch 3 315
Naked 126
Bog 387
Yellow-top 380-393
Open or Water 2 85
Purple 1 80
Broad-leaved 383
Zig-zag 383
Yellow
Sea-coast 115
Boott's 39i
Golden-saxifrage 2 230
2 in-35 3 3i5
Short-leaved 226
Bushy 398-400
-seal i 5i5 ; 2 85
Grama, see Grass
Silvery 117
Canada 393
-star, Maryland 3 374
GRAPE FAMILY 2 505
Torrey's 119
Cutler's 385
-trefoil 2 101
Grape
Triple-awned 180
Curtis' 383
-willow-herb 711
Arroyo 2 507
Woolly 113
Cut-leaved 393
Good-bye-summer (pur-
Ashy 507
Beckman's 228
Double 395
ple asters, N. C.)
Bear's 693
Bengal f 394
Downy 3 386
Good King Henry 2 14
Blue 507
Bennet-weed i 192
Downy Ragged 382
Good Morning Spring
Bull 507
Bent i 203, 213
Drummond's 396
a 37
Bullace 509
Black 141
614
ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. VOL. III.
Grass.Bent.Browni 205
Grass, Broom-corn,
Grass
Grass, Fowl i 264
Creeping 203
Wild i 232
Crowfoot i 123, 22)
Fowl-meadow
Dense-flow'd i 203
Buck 43
Cuckoo 485
i 207, 256, 264
Dog 205
Buffalo I 227, 231
Cuba 121
Fox 223
Elliott's 204
Bull 223,278
Curly I 9
Fox-tail i 164-5
Marsh 203
Bull-poll 215
Cut, Rice 169
Alpine 193
Narrow 290
Bullpates 215
Cypress 298
Branching 225
New England 207
Bunch i 15, 174,
Dare 281
Bristly 164
Purple 213
177, 199,290
Darnel i 281
Brown 164
Red 205
Buffalo 373
Bearded, Poison,
Floating 192
Reed 209,211-12
Early 244
282
Giant 166
Rhode Island 206
Feather 176
Red 281
Green 165
Rock 204
Greater i 373
Dart 214
Marsh 192
Rough-leaved 204
Bur 167
Deer 2 583
Meadow 193
Sea i 363
Small 167
Deer-tongue 162
Perennial 165
Sea-shore 212
Burdock 121
Dennet I 293
Slender 192
Silky 213
Button 220
Devil's 3 133, 3M
Short-awned 192
Spider 204
Burden's 203
Dew I 203, 251
Water i 192
Tall 206
Calf-kill 214
Burden's, Monkey's
Yellow 165
Twin 205
Canary 170
or Summer i 203
French 2 365
Upland 206
Reed 170
Ditch i 88
Frisky Meadow 1272
Way 287
Southern 170
Dithering 250
Frog 2 21, 469
White 203
Wild 170
Dodder i 250
Furze Top I 205
Wind 213
Candy 24 i
Dog 283, 382
Gallow i 634
Bermuda 222
Cane i 222
Dog-bent 205
Gama i 1 1 1
Big Blue-stem 118
Maiden 121, 137
Dog-wheat 285
Gilliflower 397,415
Bird 255,661
Switch 295
Dog's-tail i 229-252
Good Friday 484
-seed J7
Cane-brake 295
Crested 252
Goose i 229, 267, 428,
Bitter 5"
Capon's-tail 269
Dog's-tooth 222, 285
661 ; 2 258 ; 3 84,
Black 2 351 ;
Carnation
Doob 222
259
I 275,470
i 397,415,428, 560
Door 661
Grama i 227
-bent 14 i
Carpet i 125
Dover I 272
Black 227
-couch i 192
Catch-fly 169
Dragge, Drawke 282
Blue 227
Black-head 4 8 5
Catstail 190-1
Drake i 218
Common 227
Black-oat I 177
Alpine 191
Drop-seed
Side Oats 228
-quitch 203
Meadow 191
184-9, 197-200
Tall 228
Black-seed 197
Rush 190
Drunk 282
Grape-vine 138
Blow-out
Causeway 253
Duck 256
Great Goose 3 84
177^ 236, 242
Cheat i 276, 282
Dudder 3 1
Green i 256
Blubber i 278
Pine 2 59
Earning 3 226
Hair i 214-6
Blue i 397, 543
Chess i 275, 283
Eaton's 244
Crested 245
Colorado 283
Compact 275
Eel i 91
Early 215
English 259, 81
Field i 279
Green 2 116
Long-awned i 189
Kentucky 256
Kalm's 277
Egyptian I 229
Mountain 216
Oregon 260
Soft 278
-millet 121
Rough 207
Texas 259
Southern 280
English Blue i 259
Silvery 214
Blue-eyed
Swamp 276
Ever i 281
Tufted 215
i 251,543-5
Wild 277
Evergreen 220, 272
Water i 245
Blue-joint
Wood 276
Everlasting I 124
Wavy 2 1 6
i 1 15, 118, 209, 283
Claver 3 259
Fairy 250
Wood 216
Big us
Clump-head i 337
Faitour's 2 573
Hair-Dropseed 199
Northern 209
Cock 278
False i 169
Hard 251,282
Blue-stem 115,209
Cocksfoot 251
False Buffalo 232
Hassock i 214
T} i ft T I 8
Cockspur I 133
False Oat 217
Haver 275, 278
XJlg L lt-1
Bushy 1 1 6, 120
Coe 469
Coco 34
False Red-top I 256
Feather i 177,214,
-corn 218
Heather I 233
Little 115
Corn 162, 213
230, 286
Hedgehog 167
Bonnet 203
Cord- i 223-4
Macoun's I 176
Marsh 430
Bottle 2 165, 355
Fresh-water 223
Richardson's 176
Hendon Bent 252
Bottle-brush 294
Slender ' 224
Feather-bunch 176
Herd's 191, 203
Bottle-rush 294
Cotton- i 322-6
Sedge 119
Hever 218, 220
Bowel-hive 2 264
Hare's-tail i 324
Felon 2 638
Hirse i 140
Bride's-laces I 169
Couch 203, 283
Fescue i 269-73
Holy 172
Bristle, Green 165
Black 192
Great 273
Alpina 173
Glaucous 165
False i 283
Fiddle 2 590
Arctic 172
Rough 164
Cow i 661 ; 2 355-6
Hard i 271
Hooded 278
Brome i 274-280
Cow-quake I 256
Prickle i 262
Hungarian 166
Awnless 280
Crab i 123
Tall or Meadow
Hunger 192
Briza-like I 280
2 21, 229, 661
272
Indian i 120,237
Corn 279
Diffuse i 124
Fine John i 205
Indian-Beard 116
Downy 274
Flat 125
Fine-top i 203
Indian-Doob 222
Field 279
Fringed, Large 123
Finger i 122-3
Indian Rice I 168
Fringed 276
Little 122
Hairy 123
-millet 174-5
Hairy 275-6
Small 123
Late-flowering 122
Iron i 3Qi
Hungarian 277
Sprouting 138
Slender 122
Ivray 282
Rescue 280
Texas 226
Smooth 123
Jockey . 250
Smooth-rye 218
Creek i 281
Finger-comb 229
Johnson i 121,280
Short-awned 280
Creek-stuff 223-4
Fiorin 203
Joint 133
Upright 276
-thatch 223
Fire 2 264
Bearded 150
Wild 280
Crested-hair 245
Flote I 192; 2265-6
Pitted 112
Brook 116
Crop 229
Fly-away i 207
Wrinkled 112
Broom 115, 118
Croup 266
Fool-hay 207
June 220, 256
VOL. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
6l 5
Grass, June
Grass.Needle i 177,180
Grass, Reed
Grass, Soft i 214
Prairie I 245
Needle and Thread
Indian I 202
Meadow, Woolly
Kentucky-blue 256
177
Mat i 281
i 214
Knob 3 153, 245
Neale 282
Salt 223
Soldier's Feather 191
Knot i 133
Nimble Will i 184
Southern 170
Sour, see Sour
2 30, 83, 660
Nonesuch, White 281
Sweet, Wood 202
i 653-4
-root i 185
Nut i 304
Reed-bent 212
Southern Reed 170
Koeler's 3 245
Oat, see Oat-grass
Reed-canary 170
Sow 2 167
Lace i 239
i 120,218-22
-meadow 265
Snake 2 44 ; 3 85
Lady 170
Black 177
Rescue 280
Sparrow I 514
Ladies'-hair 250
Downy 217
Rib 3 246
Spart 224
-laces 170
False 217
Ribbon i 170
Spear 253-61
Lavender 237
Marsh 217
Rice 174-5
Alpine 254
Leghorn Straw 252
Golden I 217
Rice-cut 1 69
Arctic 258
Lemon 225
Poor 218
Ripple 3 246
Buckley's 260
Leptochloa 230
Purple 2 1 9
Rot i 214; 3 226
Bunch 260
Lob or Lop 278
Tall 217
Rush i 1 88, 194-9
Flexuous 257
London Lace 170
Wild 120, 176, 249
Rush-cat's-tail I 190
Large-flowered 259
Louisiana 125
Yellow 217
Russia 266
Meadow i 264
Love I 239-43
Oats 218
Rye 281
Mountain 254
Clustered 242
Sea-side 249
Awned I 282
Prairie 260
Frank's 239
Old White-top 214
Giant 290
Sea 267
Hair-like 242
Old Witch 139
Italian 282
Short-leaved 258
Hairy creeping 243
Onion i 220
Perennial 281
Smooth i 260
Low 240
Orange 2 536
Western 290
Southern 240
Meadow 241
Orchard i 251
Wild 288-94
Sylvan 257
Purple 241
Painted 170
Ryle, Sturdy I 282
Tufted 261
Pursh's I 240
Panic, see Panic
St. Mary's 120
Weak 255
Short-stalked 242
i 137-63
Salem 214
Wolf's 257
Small tufted 240
Pearl 220, 250
Salt 199,223,230
Spike i 248-9
Smooth creeping
Penny 3 223
Clustered 236
Marsh 250
243
Pepper I 543
Fine-top I 199
Spiked 92
Stout i 239
Phippsia 193
Rush 223
Spires 170,212,232
Strong-scented 241
Pigeon
Salt-marsh 223
Spring 171
Tiny 239
i 121, 165 ; 3 95
Salt-meadow 223-4
Spurt 333
Lyme 290
Pin 2 430
Sand i 235, 250, 676
Squirrel-tail 287
Maiden-cane 121
Pink i 241, 391, 415
Big i 212
Squitch 259, 283
-hair 250
Pitchfork i 129
Sand-bur 167
St. Mary's 121
Manna 263-6
Plume I 87, 113-4
-dropseed 199
Stagger I 532
Poland 266
Japanese i 114
Sand-reed 212
Star i 251,463-4,
Manna-croup 266
Pond i 283
Sand-spur 167
5",534; 3 267
Maram 212
Pony 210
Satin 184-6
Star-eyed I 543
Marl 2 355-6
Poor oat 218
Saw i 348
Steep 3 226
Marram-Sea 290
Porcupine 177
Scorpion 3 85-6
Stroil i 283
Marsh 223-4
Poverty i 178,318
Scratch i 673
Sturdy 283
Smooth Salt,
2 355, 470, 479,
Scutch 222
Swamp 197
Tall i 223-4
541-2
Cane 295
Sweet 91, 197,
Marsh-hedgehog 430
Long-awned I 183
Scurvy 2 177; 3 373
266, 268, 446
Mat 281
Southern 194
Sea. i 88;
Sweet-vernal 171
-reed 281
Prairie i 195-6,
2 21, 691, 718
Swine's I 661
-weed 212
199, 231, 240
English 2 21
Switch i 141
May 253
-Chloris i 225
-Marram i 290
Sword 170
Meadow
-June i 245
-meadow 267
Syrian 121
253,255-7,264
-Rush 188
Sea-oats 249
Tare 282
-fescue i 272
Prickle 121
-reed, -sand 212
Tassel I 88
-spear 264
Prim 171
Terrell 291
Melic 237, 246-7
Merlin's 50
Purple
i 209; 2 352, 358
-spur 207
Sedge- I 119, 446
Texas Blue 259
Thatch 141
Mesquite I 227-8
Bristly 227
Quake, Quaking
I 2501, 289
Seneca *7 2
Serpent 671
Thin i 206
Tall 206
Early 231
Tall i 263
Sesame 1 1 1
Three-awned I 178
Hairy 227
Quick Quack 283
Shakers 25
Three-toothed 234
Honey a 333
Quickens 283
Shave 41
Three-fork 223
Prairie 333
Quitch 283
Shear 283
Tickle 139
Side-oats 228
Black 203
Sheep's-fescue I 271
Timothy 191
Velvet 214
Rancheria I 290
Shelly i 283
California 170
Vine 138
Randall 272
Shining 2 120
Mountain 191
Milk 3 286
Range I 138
Shore 3 250
Rush-like 190
Millet, see Millet 286
Rat-tail 191
Shore-husk I 190
White 214
Molinia i 237
Rattlesnake 263
Side-oats 228
Wild 1 86
Purple 237
Ray, Red i 115, 281
Sickle i 425,673
Tine 2 409
Money 3 223
Redfield's 236
Silk I 177,207
Toad i 469
Monkey's i 203
Red-stem 115
3 373
Tongue 2 43, 165-6
Moor
Red-top 203
Silky I 174
Toothache I 225
2 203, 233, 237, 487
Bunch i 260
Silver 3 373
Triple-awned 179-83
Mountain Rice 174-5
False 256, 260
Simpson's 137
Forked 1 79
Mouse i 214
Northern 204
Six-weeks 253
Long-awned 181
Mouse-tail i 192, 269
Tall 233
Slender I 230
Sea-beach 183
Munro's 232
Wild 141
Slough 282, 283
Slender 181
Myrtle 446
Reed I 170, 208-13
Small Cane 295
Western 183
Nard 281
Common, Bog 232
' Smut 197
Woolly 182
Natural i 255 ; 2 351
Dutch, Pole 232
Snake 2 44 ; 3 85
Tumble-weed I 139
6i6
ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. VOL. III.
Grass, Turin f 686
Grass-of-Parnassus
Groundsel
Haw, Downy 2 319
Turkey 3 259
2 2124
Common 3 539
Parsley 320
Turkey-foot 118
Grass-pink i 563 ; 2 74
Cress-leaved 540
Pear 302
Turtle i 91
Grass-poly 2 580
Entire-leaved 3 546
Poplar-leaved 308
Tussocks 203
-weed i 91
Fetid 540
Possum 2488 ; 3273
Twin 206
-wrack 9 1
Marsh 540
Red 2 297, 302, 7,
Twin-spike 224
Gravel-plant 2 692
Silvery 543
17, 21
Twitch 283
Gravel-root 3 357
Viscous 540
Scarlet 317
Black 271
-weed 283
Wood 539
Shawnee 3 273
Butter 220
Graveyard-weed 2 474
Groundsel-bush 3 445
Small-fruited 2 320
Onion 220
Gray-beard tree 728
-tree 445
Summer 310
Water 203
-feather 3 367
Grouseberry 2 693
Tree 2 307, 19
Two-penny 2 712
Graymile 3 88
Grundy-Swallow 3 544
Yellow 310
Umbrella i 337-8
Greasewood 2 23
Guelder-rose, Wild 270
Hawkberry 2 327
Union 248
Greek Valerian 3 63
Maple-leaved 270
Hawkbit 3310, 328, 332
Vanilla i 172
American 63
Gum, Black 2 665-6
Hawk's-beard 3 325-8
Nodding 172
Creeping 63
Cotton 2 666
Gray 328
Velvet 214
Green-berry 2 693
Red 235
Hawkweed
-mesquite 214
Green-brier I 528
Sour 2 665-6
3311, 328-32
Vernal-grass
Fiddle-shaped 529
Spruce-tree I 61
Canada 329
Long-awned 171
Green-dragon 443
Star-leaved 2 235
Early 332
Sweet 171
-ginger 3 527
Sweet 235
Field 333
Vine-mesquite 138
-osier 2 663
Tupelo 666
Golden Mouse-ear
Wag- wanton 250
-sauce i 654
Water 2 666
334
Wart 2 473
-sorrel 654
White 2 235
Green's 332
Water i 245; 2 162
-weed, or -wood 2 350
Gum-Elastic 720
Gronovius' 331
Large i 132
Grig 694
Gum-plant 3 67, 92, 371
Hairy 331
Water Oats 168
Grim-the-Collier 3 334
Gum-tree 2 665
Long-bearded 330
Twitch 203
Grinsel 539
Spruce i 6 i
Maryland 332
Way 66 1
Grip, Grip-grass i 259
Yellow 2 665
Mouse-ear 333
Way-bent 287
Cromwell, Amer. 3 88
Gun-bright I 41
Narrow-leaved 330
Well 2 162
Corn 87
Gutierrezia 3. 370
Orange 334
Wheat i 284-5
False 90-1
Gutter-tree 2 662
Panicled 330
Bearded 285
Woolly 88
Gutweed 3 316
Rough 331
Coast i 284
Ground-berry 2 693
Gymnopogon i 225-6
Tawny 334
Dog 285
-burnut 442
Gypsophyll 2 71-2
Vein-leaf 332
False 283
-cedar i 48; 2 542
Wall 329
Western 284
-centaury 2 450
Hackberry i 629-30
Hawthorn 2297,317-9
Whip 349
Ground-Cherry 3 156
Hackmatack i 60, 66
English 319
White i 1 68
Barbadoes 157
Hacmack 60
Haw-tree 319
Whites 214
Clammy 161
Hagweed 2 350
Ha> -fever weed 3 341
White Top 203,214
Cut-leaved 158
Hail-, Hair-, weed 3 49
Hayhofe 3 114
White-rush 223
Hillside 161
Hair-fern f 62
Haymaids 114
Whitlow 2 147-52
Lance-leaved 158
Hair Grass
Hay-plant 267
Whorl, Water i 245
Large-bladder 159
i 189, 207, 214-6
Hazel, Black I 607
Wickens 283
Large White 163
Hairhoof, Sweet 3 267
Snapping 2 235
Widgeon i 91
Long-leaved 159
Hairhound 123
Witch 235
Wild-canary i 170
Low i 60
Hairif 259
Hazel-nut i 607
-ginger 225
Low Hairy 156
Hammer-sedge i 428
Beaked 607
-Oat i 1 20, 218-22
Mexican 158
Hammerwort i 638
He-huckleberry 2 485
-Rye 288-94
Missouri 158
Handsome Harry 2 583
Headache 2 137-8
-Timothy 186
Peruvian 161
Harbinger of Spring 653
-plant 2 1 02
Willow i 666
Prairie 160
Hardhack i 607 ; 2 262
Head-flower 3 255
Wind 213
Purple-flowered 162
Purple 2 245
-Betony 221
Windlestraw 213-8
Round-leaved 161
Spice 2 245
Headsman 3 246
Windmill 225
Smooth . 159
Hardheads 3 557
Heal-all i 514, 555
Winter 409
Stellate 3 J 62
Hardock 547
3 U5,i79
Wire i 115, 122,
Tall Hairy 157
Hardweed 557
High 2 221
138, 184, 198,
Virginia 160
Harebell 3 295
Heal-bite 2 154
222, 226, 229,
White-flowered 163
Arctic 294
-dog 154
259, 470, 661,
Ground-Fir I in
Hare's-beard 3 173
Healing-blade
f 262
-hele 3 201
-ear 2 175,639
2 211, 245
Wire-bent I 280-1
-hemlock i 67
Hare's-foot Fern i 8
-herb 3 92, 246
Witch 139,280
-holly 2 67
Hare's-tail 324
Heart-clover 2 352
Barbed 139
-ivy 3 114
Hartford-fern i 9
-leaf I 643-4; 2 35^
Gattinger's 139
-laurel 2 692
Hart's-eye 2 634
Heart-of-the-earth
Old 139
-lemon 2 130
Hartshorn-bush i 7
3 "5
Spreading 138
-lily i 526
-plant 2 102
Heart-pea 2 501
Wood, Wiry 140
-moss i 306
Hart's-thorn 2 502
-seed 5 01
Wobsqua I 141
Ground-nut 2 542
-tongue i 25
-trefoil 2 352
Wood 120, 185
Dwarf 618
Harvest-bells 3 12
Hearts 2 431
Meadow- 256
Ground-pea 2 418
-lice 3 496
Heartsease
Purple 262
Ground-pine I 45, 47-8
-lily 3 46
i 666,8; 2 563
Wool 337
2 536, 586; 3 102
Hathorne 2 319
Heart's-pansy 2 563
Wrack i 81, 91
Festoon 47
Haver-corn i 218
Heartweed i 668
Yard i 229
Ground-plum 2 377
Haw (see Thorn)
Heartwort 2 353
Yellow 487
-raspberry 2 85
2 297-321
HEATH FAMILY 675
Yellow-eyed 45 1-3
Ground-squirrel-pea
Barberry-leaved
Heath 2 479, 542 ; 3 295
Yellow-top 210
2 129
2 297
American 541
Yorkshire-fog 214
Ground-vine 3 276.
Biltmore 307
Blackberried 2 479
Grass-flower 1543:237
Groundsel 439~46
Black- 2720:3273-4
Corn i 672
Grass-of-the- Andes 220
Balsam 545
Dotted 2 300
Cross-leaved 2 694
VOL. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
6l 7
Heath, Mountain 2 685
Henbane, Black 3 169
Hippo, Indian 2 248
Honeysuckle
Scotch 694
Yellow 162
Hippophae 2 576
Perfoliate 3 278
Heath-bells 3 295
Henbit 2 121-3
Hirse i 140
Purple 2 678
Heathberry 2 479
Small 203
Hive-vine
Scarlet Trumpet
Heath-cypress i 46
Henbit Dead-nettle
2 392, 397; 3 255
3 280
-grass 233
i 121-3
Hoarhound, Black 123
Small Yellow 3 279
Heather 2 694
Hen-plant 3 245-6
Base 126
Smooth 2 679
Beach, False 542
Hens 2 560
Bastard 123
Sullivant's 3 279
Monox 479
Hep- or Hip-tree 2 284
Common no
Swamp 2 678-9
Heavenward Tree 446
Herb-bane 3 235
Fetid 123
Tartarian Bush 3 282
Hedge-bells 3 47
-barbara 2 177
Marsh 148
Trumpet 3 280
-burs, Wild 3 259
-bennet 2 270-1
Water 147-8
White 2 679
-Dead-nettle 121
-Christopher i 7 ;
White no
Wild 2 609-10, 678
-garlic 2 170
2 90, 249 ; 3 128
Wild 360-2
Yellow 2 679
Hedgehog Cereus
-gerard 2 654
Hoarwort 3 447
3 279, 280
568, 629
-grace 3 95, J 92
Hobble-bush 269
Honeysuckle Apple
-thistle S7<>
-holy 3 95
Hoffmanseggia 2 338
2 678
Hedge-hyssop 3 192-6
-impious 3 447
Hog-apple i 130
-clover 3 565, 568
Hedge-lily 3 4^
-ivy 2 167
-bean 3 169
Honey-sweet 249
Hedge-maids 114
-John 533
-bed i 48
Hoodwort 106,531
Hedge-mustard 2 174
-margaret 3 402, 5 1 8
-bite 3 3H
Hoofs 3 245
Fine-leaved 17
-mercury 2 460
-cranberry 2 479
Hook-heal 3 115
Hedge-nettle 3 124-7
Herb-of-the-Cross 3 95
Hog Peanut 2 419
-weed 115
-parsley 2 526
Herb-robert 2 426
-physic 3 30
Hoop-ash i 629 ; 2 727
Hedge-peak 284
-sherard 3 266
Hog's-bean 3 169
Hoopkoop-plant 2 408
Hedge-plant i 632
-sophia 2 170
-fennel 2 638; 3 516
Hoopwood 2 489
-strawberry 2 260
-twopence 2 212
-potatoe i 492
Hop or Hops i 633
-taper 3 173
-trinity 2 101, 563
Hogweed
Bog 2 18
-thorn 2 3i9
-wicopy 101 ; 2 590
2 626; 3 341, 356
Japanese i 633
-weed 2 174
-william 2 657
Hogwort 2 454
Wild 2 122; 3 128
Hedysarum 2 392
Hercules' Club
Hollard i 613
Hop-clover 2 354
Heliotrope 3 73~5
2 444,617
Hollow-root 3 283
-hornbeam i 606
Bindweed 75
Heron's-bill 2 430
HOLLY FAMILY 2 486
Hop-tree 2 445
Garden, Hardy 2 86
Heuchera 2 225-8
Holly, American 486
-trefoil 2 354
Indian 75
Hexastylis i 643-4
Dahoon 2 487
-vine, Devil's I 528
Seaside 74
Hickory i 580-4
Deciduous 488
Hornbeam, Am.
Slender 74
Big Shag-bark i 582
Emetic 487
i 606, 665
Summer 2 86
Bitter 580
Ground 2 672
Swamp 2 665
Wild 74
Bitter-nut I 580
Large-leaved 2 488
Horn-bine 665-6
Hellebore I 489 ; 2 87
Bitter Pig-nut 580
Meadow 488
-pirie, -pipe, 665
American White
Black 582
Mountain 488
Horned Clover 351
i 494
Brown, or Broom 583
Swamp 2 488
Horned Rush I 342
Bastard 563
Bullnut 582
White 486
Horn-weed 2 75
Big 494
Fragrant i 582
Wild 2 490
HORNWORT FAMILY
.False i 494-5
Hardbark 582
Holly-bay 2 527
2 75
Green 2 87
King-nut I 582
Hollyhock 5 J 4
Hornwort 75
Swamp I 494
Mocker-nut 582
Sea 524
Horse-balm 3 153
Winter 2 88
Northern 583
Holy-hay 2 351
Horse-blobs 2 85
Wood's False i 495
Pale 582
-herb 3 95
-bramble 2 284
Helleborine i 5 6 3
Pecan I 580
-rose, Marsh 2 689
Horse-brier I 528
Hellroot 3 235
Pig 580
Homewort 2 211
-cane 3 34 i
Hellweed 2 115
Pig-nut i 583
Honesty 2 191
Horse-chestnut 2 498
Helmet-flower 3 105
Red 582, 583
Honewort 2 630
American 498
-pod 2 129
Redheart 581
Honey 339, 352
Horse-elder 3 457
Hemlock 62
Scurfy 584
Honey-balls 3 255
-foot 3 53i
Bulb-bearing 2 658
Shag-bark I 581
Honey-blobs 2 241
Horse-fleaweed 2 345
Carolina 62
Southern 581
Honey-bloom 3 21
Horsefly-weed 2 345
Creeping 67
Shell-bark i 581
-locust 2 339
Horse-gentian 3 275
Ground 67
Big 582
-lotus 352
-ginseng 275
Lesser, or Small 645
Thick, or Western
-mesquite 2 333
-gold 2 III-I2,
Poison 2 653
i 582
-plant 3 J 37
103, 105
Southern i 62
Small-fruited i 583
-shucks 2 339
Horse-go wan 3 521
Spotted 2 658
Soft-shell 580
-talks 2 358
Horse-heal 457
Water 658
Swamp 580-1
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY
-hoof 531
Hemlock-Chervil 2 626
Sweet 581
3 267
-knobs, -knop 557
Hemlock-spruce 62
Upland 581
Honeysuckle 2 92, 359
Horse-laurel 2 68 1
HEMP FAMILY i 633
Water i 581
3 278-83
-lily 2 78
Hemp i 634 525,6
White 581-3
Bush 3 282-3
Horse-mint 3 131-3,
Albany 636
White-heart i 582
Chinese 280
136, 150
American 2 521
Hickory Poplar a 83
Cinnamon 2 679
European 15
Bastard 3 119
Hieble 2 618
Clammy 2 679
Ohio 135
Indian 2 521
High-belia 3 3i
Coral 3 280
Stone 146
Nettle 3 119
High or Hig Taper
Crimson 279
Sweet 146
Water 2 5, 6
3 173
Douglas' 3 279
Water 151
Wild 3 119, 341
High- water shrub 3 339
Early 2 678
Horse-nettle 3 l6 5
Hemp Dead-nettle 119
Hillberry 2 693
Fly 3 281-2
Horse-pipes I 39~4
Hemp-nettle, Red 119
HilTs-of-snow 2 31
Glaucous 3 279
-radish 2 163
Common 119
Hillwort 3 141
Ground 2 359
-savin i 66
Hempweed, Climbing
Hindheal 2 14; 3 522
Hairy 3 278
Horse-sorrel i 653
3 363
Hip-brier, -rose 2284-6
Italian 270
Horse-sugar 2 721
Hen-and-chickens
-tree 2 284-5
Japanese 280
HORSE-TAIL FAMILY 138
2211; 3 402
Hippo, Wild 2 469
Garden Fly 282
Horse-tail i 39-41
6i8
ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. VOL. III.
I 39
39
40
39
4i
I 40
40
39
Horse-tail
Cornfield
Field
Marsh
Meadow
Rough
Shore
Swamp
Thicket
Water
Wood 40
Horse-thyme i 138
Horse-weed 3 153, 34*
Low, Purple 3 442
Hosh-kawn I 512
Hound-bene
Hound's-berry no
Hound's-tongue
3 76, 369
House-leek 2 208-9, 211
Houstonia 3 251-4
Hove 3 "4
HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY
2 694
Huckleberry 2 695-7
Black 2 696
Blue 702
Box 696
Bush 696
Dwarf 696
He 2 485
High-bush 696
Southern Black 700
Squaw 697
Strawberry 701
Tree 2 698
Huckleberry Lily i 502
Hudsonia 2 541
Hunger-flower 150
Hunger-weed 2 115
Hungry-vine i 528
Huntsman's Cup 2 202
Hurr-bur 3 547
Hurt-sickle 557
Huskrpot IS 11
Hutchinsia 2 158
Hutton-weed 3 289
Hyacinth i 510-1
-bean 2 417
Grape I 510-1
Starch- 51 1
Wild i 509; 2 142
HYDRANGEA FAMILY
2 230
Hydrangea 2 230
Ashy 231
Snowy 231
Wild 231
Hyeble 2 618
Hymenocallis i 533
Hymenopappus 3505-6
Hyssop 3 14, '92
Anise 3 112
Garden 140
Giant 3 m-2
Hedge 192-6
Prairie 3 '4 2
Water 193
Wild 3 95
Hyssop Hedge-nettle
3 123
Loosestrife 2 580
Iceland-moss 2 210
-poppy 2 138
Ice-leaf 3 173
-plant, Amer. 2 674
Illinois-nut I 580
Impudent-lawyer 3 177
Indian-apple 2 130
-arrow 491
-arrow-wood 664
Indian-balm i 525
-bark 2 82
-bean 3 238
-beard-grass i 116
-black-drink 2 489
-boys and girls 2 142
-bread-root 363-4
-cedar i 607
-cherry 2 292, 503
-chickweed 2 35
-chief 2 717
-chocolate 2 292
-cucumber-root i 523
-cup 2 201 ; 3 460
-currant 277
-doob i 222
-dye 2 85
-elm i 627
-fig 2 571
-fog 2 209
-ginger i 642
-grass i i 20
-gravel-root 3 357
Indian-hemp 2 521 ; 3 3
Black 3 22
White 3 26
Indian-Hippo 2 248
-ice-root 2 85
-lettuce 668
-mallow 2 520
-millet i 174
-moccasin i 550
-mozamize 2 287
-paint 2 15 ; 3 88
Red 2 140
Yellow 85
Indian-physic 2 181,248
-pine 2 159
-pink 2 452, 640;
3 42,214-5
INDIAN-PIPE FAMILY
2 673
Indian-pipe 674
-pitcher 2 201
-plantain 3 536-8
-poke I 494-5
-posy 3 453, 4, 82
-potato 2 418
-puccoon 3 89
-red-root I 53 i
-root 2 617
-sage 3 3 61
-shamrock i 525
-shoe i 55
-soap-plant 2 500
-strawberry 2 15
-thistle 3 289
-tobacco 3 170,451
-turmeric 2 85
Indian-turnip I 442
Brown's 443
Three-leaved 442
Indian-wickup 2 590
Indians, Red 3 214
Indian's Dream i 33
Indian's Plume 3 131
Indigo, Wild 2 344-6
False, Bastard, 2 365
Blue False 344
Dwarf False 366
Fragrant False 2 366
Prairie 2 346
White False 2 345
Indigo-broom 2 345
-plant 372
-weed 2 345
Infant's-breath 263
Inkberry 2 26, 487
Shining 2 488
Ink-root 2 718
Innocence 3 188,251
Insane-root ' 169
lodanthus 2 178
Ipecac, Am. 2248,470
False 248
Milk 469
Spurge, White 2 470
Wild 2 27 ; 3 21
Wood 3 275
Iresine 2 8
IRIS FAMILY i 536
Iris i 540-1
Crested 540
Dwarf 540-1
Spring 541
Irish-daisy 3 315
-mahogany i 613
Iron-head 3 557
-weed 95,35i-3,4 8 7
Devil's 3 220, 557
Iron-wood
I 606 ; 2 485
Southern 2 435, 719
Ironwort 3 119, iio-i
Isabella- wood 2 133
Isopappus 3 380
Itch-weed I 494
Itea 2 233
Ivory Plum 2 693, 704
Ivray i 282
Ivy, American 2 511
Big-leaved 684
Climbing 2 484
Coliseum 3 175
Five-fingered 2511
Five-leaf 511
Ground 3 IJ 4
Kenilworth 175
Poison 2 484
Three-leaved 484
Spoonwood 2 683
Ivy-berry 693
-bush 2 684
-chickweed 3 203
-flower 2 1 01
-weed 3 175
Jack-by-the-hedge2 170
Jack-in-the-pulpiti 442
-in-the-bush 2 170
-in-trousers 2 92
Pecks 442
Jack-straws 3 246
Jackson-vine 3 168
Jacob's-ladder i 527 ;
2 493J 3 63, 177
American i 527
Jacob's-staff 3 173
-sword 540
Jalap, Cancer 2 26
Wild 3 43
Jamestown-weed 3 J 69
lily 169
Japanese-creeper 2 511
Jasmine, Am. 3 43, 168
Bastard 3 168
Carolina 2 730
Red 3 42
Jaundice-berry or -tree
2 127
Javril, Sweet 628
Jenny 2 712
Jenny Wren 2 426
Jersey Tea 2 504
Jerusalem-oak 2 14
-artichoke 3 486
-sage i i 8
-star 313
Jessamine 3 168
Bastard 168
Blue 2 123
Red 3 42
Water 194
Yellow 730
Jesuit's-bark 3 339
-Water-nut 2 612
JEWEL-WEED FAMILY
2 440
Jewel-weed 2 440-1
Speckled
Jewels, Speckled
Jew's-harp-plant
Jew's Ear
Jimson-weed
Joan Silver-pin
Job's-tears
Wild
Joe Pye Weed
Spotted
Johnny-jump
Johnny-jumper
Johnny-jump-up
2 547,63
-smokers 273
Johnswort i 533
False 2 536
Joint-grass i 133
-vetch 2 393
-weed 1676-7; 2612
Joint ed-charlock 2 195
Joseph's-flower 3 313
Jove's-flower 2 73
440
440
1 526
3 168
3 169
2 137
1 515
3 90
3 357
356
2 717
2 563
-fruit
Joy, American
Joy-leaf
Juba's-bush
Judas-tree, Am.
Red
June-berry
-flower
-plum
Jungle-rice
Juniper
Creeping
Low, Red
Juniper-bush
-tree
Juno's-tears
Jupiter's-beard
Jupiter's-staff
Justice-weed
Jute, American
2 136, 720
2 511
3 335
8
334-5
235
291-2
560
292
134
5-6
67
66
66
629
3 95
2 211
3 173
3 357-8
2 521
61,
Kale, Corn or Field 192
Kalmia 2 684
Kedlock 2 191-2
Kelp 2 28
Kelpwort 2 25
Kemps, Kempseed
3 246
Sea 247
Kentucky Mahogany
2 41
-moss 2 41
Kerlock 2 191-2
Ketmia, Bladder 2 525
Kettle-dock 3 542
Kicking-colt 2 440
-horse 44
Kidney-bean, Wild
2 428
Kidney-bean Tree 374
Kidney-root 3 357
-wort 2 221
Kill-cow 318
-kid 2 683
-wart 2 141
-wood 581
King-cups 2 85, 112
-devil 3 332
-nut i 581-2
-of-the-meadow 3357
King's-clover 2 352-3
-crown 353
-cure 672
-cure-all 2 595
VOL. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
619
King's-fern i 7
Lady's-purse 2 158
Lemon-balm 3 137
Lily, Jamestown 3 169
Kinnikinnic 2 661,93
-shoes a 93
-lily i 496
Lamb i 486
Kino-root, Am. 2 426
-shoes-and-stockings
-lobelia 3 137
Lemon 496
Kiss-me 2 563
2 359
-monarda 3 134
Little Water 76
Kiss-me-Dick 2 474
-thimble 3 295
-walnut i 579
Liver i 537
Kisses 2 563
-thumb I 668
Lentil a 412
Mariposa 508
Knap 2 355
Lake-iris 540
Water i 448
May i 522
-bottle 2 64
Lakeweed 670
Leopard-flower i 542
Meadow 503
Knapweed 3 557-9
Lamb-kill a 680, 683
Leopard's-bane 3 533-4
Nodding 503-4
Knawel 2 30
-lily i 486
Leptochloa I 229
Northern 514
Knight-cross 2 69
-mint 3 149
Lesquerella 2 154
Philadelphia 502
Knit-back 3 92
-sucklings 2 358
Lettuce 3 318-20
Plantain 496
Knob-, or -knot-grass
Lambs 2 498
Arrow-leaved 3 320
Pond 2 78-80
i 153; 3 J 53
Lamb's-cress 184
Blue 320-1
Prairie I 533 ; 2 568
Bird's i 66 1
-foot 3 245
Canker 2 668
Red i 502
Coast 660, 663
-lettuce 3 246, 286-7
False 3 320-1
Rock a 92, 102
German 2 30
-quarters
Florida 3 321
Sand i 496
Japanese i 676
i 525 ; a 10, 18
Hare's 317
Southern Red i 503
Knob-root 3 153
-succory 3 308
Hairy Wood 319
Snake 537
Knotweed 1153.663-5
-tails I 47
Indian 2 668
Spider 461
Biting 670
-tongue
Lamb's 3 237-8
Spring 506
Bushy 663
i 506; 3 152, 246
Liverwort 2 668
Swamp 532, 78
Shore 662
Land-cress 2 177, 184
Prickly 3 318
Straw 519
Spotted 668
Langdebeef 3 311
Red Wood 319
Tiger I 502, 4
Virginia 665
Lap-love 47
Spanish 2 39
Dwarf 542
Knout-berry 2 276
Larch, American i 60
Steele's Wild 319
Wild 502, 4
Kochia 2 16
Black or Red 60
Tall 3 320
Toad 2 79
Koeleria 245
Larea-bell 3 478
Tall Blue 321
Trinity I 525
Konigia, Seaside 2 153
Larkspur a 94-6
Tall White 335
Trout 506
Korycarpus i 247
Azure or Blue 95
Western 319
Turk's-cap
Kosteletzkya 2 523
Nelson's 95
White 3 3i8, 35-7
i 504; 2 77
KRAMERIA FAMILY 340
Prairie 95
Wild 2 668
-head I 504
Krameria 34
Rocket a 94
Willow 3 318
Water i 444 ; 3 19
Kraut-weed 2 192, 195
Trelease's 94
Wood 3 319
Western Red i 502
Kudzu-vine 4 2
LAUREL FAMILY 2 133
Leucocrinum i 496
White 525
Kyllinga. I 296
Laurel 2 680-1
Leucothoe 2 687-9
White Water a 79
American 684
Lever-wood i 607
Wild Orange 502
Labrador 2 617
Bay 82
Liberty-tea 2 711
Wild Yellow i 503
Labrador Tea 677
Bee 681
Licorice, Amer.
Wood i 502-3,
Lace-button 3 44
Big, Big-leaf 68 1
2 39L4I9
522 ; 2 670
-flower 2 625
Black 2 527
Wild 2 618
Yellow i 506
Lad's Love 3 526
Deer 68 1
Torrey's 3 260, i
Day i 496
Ladies'-eardrop 2 440
Dog 688
Licorice-root a 391
Pond 2 78
-cushion 3 557. 7*8
Dwarf 2 683
Life-everlasting 3 453
Lily-bind 3 46
-mantle 2 264
Florida 721
Fragrant or Sweet
LlLY-OF-THE-V ALLEY
-pocket 2 440
Great 2 68 i
454
FAMILY i 513
Ladies'-slipper i 548-
Ground 2 692
Life-lasting 1 4406
Lily-of-the-valley
50 ; 2 440, 452
Hairy 685
Life-of-man 2 207, 287,
517-22
Downy i 55
Horse a 681
617; 3 283,454
False i 517
Pink or Purple 550
Lady 2 574
Life-root 3 544
Wild 5I4-I7.599
Ram's-head 548
Mountain 681,684
Lilac 2 724
Lime Tree 2 83, 512
Stemless 55
Pale 684
Summer 2 175
Black 414,512
Yellow 550
Sheep 683
Lilaeopsis 2 648
Limewort-catchfly 2 66
Lady's-smock 2 184
Small 684
LILY FAMILY I 495
Limonillo 3 5 IQ
-sorrel 3 432-3
Spurge 574
Lily i 502
Lin 2 512
-tobacco 433
Swamp 82, 527, 684
Asa-Gray's i 503
Linaria 3 177
Ladies' Tresses i 564-6
White 82
Atamasco 532
Lind, White 512
Drooping 565
Wood 2 684
Beaver 2 78
LINDEN FAMILY 2511
Lady
Laurel Magnolia 2 82
Blackberry i 542
Linden, American 512
Eleven-o'clock a 574
Lavender 2 718
Butterfly I 508
Ling 2 674
Laurel i 5 06
Lavender-thrift 718
Canada i 503
Wire 479
Ten-o'clock 56
Lawyers a 284
Carolina 504
Ling-berry 697
Lady-by-the-gate 2 72
Sea, Seaside 7 J 8
Clinton's 514
-gowans 3 333
Lady-fern i 3
Lead-plant 2 366
Conval 522
Linn 2 82-3
-finger, -glove 3 204
Leaf-cup 3 45 8
Corn 3 47
Black, Yellow, a 82
-laurel 2 574
Leather-bush 2 575
Cow 2 78, 85
Southern 2 512
-thimbles 3 204-95
-flower (see Cle-
Day i 496
White 512
T _,ady-never-fade 3 453
matis) a 123-6
Dog, Horse 2 78
Linseed a 436
-belt a 249
-leaf 2 687
Dwarf Tiger I 542
Lint 437
Lady's-clover 431
Leather-wood 575
Easter, Fairy, 532
Fairy a 438
-comb 627
Southern 485
Field 503
Lady's 44
-cushion
Leavenworthia 189
Flag, Liver, 537
Lint-bells a 436
2 719; 3 557
Leaver-wood 575
Flame 5 02
Lin-tree 512
-finger 2 359-60,415
Ledum-oil a 676
Frog 2 78
Lion's-ear 3 120
-delight a 563
Leechwort 3 246
Glade 5 2
-foot a 64; 3 335-6
-hair i 250
Leek, Wild I 497
Great Yellow 2 77
-mouth 3 198, 204
-laces 170
Sour 653
Ground i 526
-hearts 116-17,335-6
-lint 2 44
Three-seeded 497
Gunebo 2 568
-snap 3 178
-mantle a 264
Leeks 2 207
Harvest 3 46
-tail 49,315
-milk 3 555
Leitneria . i 586
Hedge 46
Lip-fern I 34
-needlework 2 626
Lemon, Wild 2 130
House 2 78
Lipocarpha 339
-nightcap 3 46
Ground 130
Huckleberry I 503
Liquidamber 3 235
620
ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. VOL. III.
Liquorice 2 391
See Licorice 419
Little-good 2 473
Little-boy's Breeches
2 141
Little-pollom 452
-washerwoman 3 251
Littlewale
Live-forever 2 207-8
Wild 208
Live-long 2 207
Liver-berry I 520
-leaf 2 101
-lily I 537
-moss 2 101
Liverwort, Noble 2 101
Heart 101
Three-leaf 101
LIZARD'S-TAIL FAMILY
1 577
Lizard's-tail 578
LOASA FAMILY 2 565
LOBELIA FAMILY 3 299
Lobelia 3 299-304
Bladder-pod 303
Brook 303
Canby's 304
Downy 302
Glandular 302
Great 3i
Kalm's 303
Long-leaved 301
Nuttall's 304
Pale-spiked 302
Red, Southern 300, i
Spiked 303
Swamp, Water, 300
Loco-vetch, Colorado
2 390
Loco-weed 2 347
Palibine's 3Qi
Stemless 39
Woolly 379
Locust, Black 2339,375
Bristly, or Moss 2 375
Clammy 375
Green 375
Honey 339, 375
Pea-flower 375
Post, or White 375
Red-flowering 375
River 2 365
Rose-flowering 375
Swamp 2 339
Sweet, Water, 339
Thorn 339
White 375
Yellow 2 343, 375
Locust-tree 375
Loeflingia, Texan 2 60
LOGANIA FAMILY 729
Loggerheads 3 557
London Lace i 170
-pride 2 73- 5
-tuft 75
Long-beard i 456
-moss 4"?6
Long-purples 2 586
Longshucks I 59
LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY
2 577
"Loosestrife 580-5
Bastard 585
Bulb-bearing 2 712
Creeping 712
False 2 583, 587
Fringed 2 713
Golden 711
Hyssop 580
Lance-leaved 714
Linear-leaved 714
Purple 581
Loosestrife
Southern 2 713
Spiked 581
Spotted 711
Swamp -580
Trailing 713
Tufted 714
Whorled 2711
Yellow 711
Wing-angled 581
Lophiola i 435
Lophotocarpus i 97-8
LOPSEED FAMILY 3 244
Lopseed 3 244
Lord-and-ladies fii4
Lotus, American 2 77
Honey 2 352
Indian 77
Lotus-tree 2 720
Lousewort 3 220-2
Marsh, Swamp 221
Louseberry 2 492
3 206, 221-5
Lovage, Scotch 2 635
Love-apple 3 168
-grass i 239
-entangled 2 208
-in-a-chain 209
-in-winter 672
-in-idleness 563
Loveman 3 259
Love-me 85
Lover's Pride i 668
Love roses 3 270
Love-vine 2 122 ; 3 52
Love's test 3 45 1
Low-belia 3 33
Lucerne 2 351
Ludwigia 586^-9
Ludwigiantha 585-6
Lungwort 3 82-3
Bullocks 173
Cow's 3 173
French, Golden, 329
Sea 82
Smooth 82
Tree 83
Lupine 2 348-9
False 2 344
Low 349
Peren/iial 2 348
Silvery 348
Wild 348
Lustwprt 2 203
Lychnis, Arctic 2 70
Evening 2 68
Nodding 70
Scarlet 69
Lygodesmia 3 322
Lyre-tree 2 83
Macounastrum i 647
Mad-apple 3 169
MADDER FAMILY 3 250
Madder 263
Blue Field 266
Wild 3 263
Mad-dog Weed
i 94 ; 3 i 06
Madderwort 3 250, 525
Madnep 2 634
Madweed 3 l 6
Mad Woman's Milk
2 473
Madwort 2 153, 157
German 3 84
MAGNOLIA FAMILY 2 80
Magnolia, Fraser's 81
Ear-leaved 81
Great-leaved 81
Large, Long-leaved
81
Magnolia, Laurel 2 82
Mountain 82
Small, Swamp, 82
Magotty Boy Bean 2 337
Mahaleb 328
Mahogany, Irish i 613
False 2 133
Kentucky 340
Mountain I 609
Mahonia, Trailing 2 128
Maidenhair
I 28, 29, 31, 36
Black or True i 31
-berry 2 704
-cane i 121, 127
-tears 2 64
Maid's-hair 3 258
Maize 3 516
Thorn ? 554
Malice 2 515
MALLOW FAMILY 2 513
Mallow
Blue 2 515
Bristly-fruited 523
Common 5i4~5
Country 5M-5
Curled 515
Dwarf 5 1 5
European 515
False 519-20
Glade 518
Globe 521-2
High 5H
Indian 2 520-1
Low 515
Marsh 514
Musk 515
Poppy 5 l6 ~7
Prairie 519
Rose 524-5
Running 515
Swamp 524
Venice 525
Vervain 515
Virginia 520
Water 524
Whorled 515
Mallows, Blue 2515
False 520
Indian 520
Maltese Cross 2 69
Mandrake, Wild
2 130, 6 1 1
Manna-grass i 263-6
Manna, Poland 266
Man-of-the-earth 3 43
Man-root 3 43~4
Man's Motherwort
2 461
MAPLE FAMILY 2 494
Maple 494
Ash-leaved 498
Bark 497
Bird's-eye 496
Black 496
Black Sugar 496
Carolina 495
Creek 494
Curled 496
Cut-leaved 498
Drummond's 496
Dwarf 497
Goose-foot 497
Hard 495~6
Low 497
Moose 497
Mountain 497
Narrowfruit 495
Northern 494
Norway 2 494-8
Red i 639 ; 2 495
Red-river 2 498
Maple, River 2 494
Rock 496
Rocky-Mountain 497
Scarlet 495
Shoe-peg 495
Shrubby 497
Silver 494
Silver-leaf 494
Soft 2 494, 5, 7
Striped 497
Sugar 496-8
Swamp 494, 5, 7
Sweet 496
Sycamore 494
Water 495~7
White 494-5
Marble-flower 2 137
March 2 660
Mardling 448
Mare's Tail 141;
2612-3; 3430,442
Margaret, Herb 3 402
Marguerite 402
Marigold 3 519
Bur 495, 7
Fetid 3 5i3
Marsh 2 85-6
Rayless 3 497
Water 500
Wild 521
Mariposa Lily i 508
Marjorum, Pot 3 140
Wild 140
Markery 2 14
Markry 484
Mark-weed 484
Marl-gress 256
Marram I 212
-sea-grass 290
Marrube 3 no-i
Marsh-beetle i 68
-berry 2 704
-clover 3 18
-elder 3 339-40
-fleawort 540
-five-finger 2 258
-fleabane 3 447-8
Fetid 447
Spicy 448
-gentian 3 12-3
-gilliflower 2 69
-grass i 223
-hoarhound 3 148
-holy-rose 2 689
-lousewort 3 221
-mallow 2 514
-marigold 2 85-6
-milkwort 448
-parsley 660
-pennywort 649
-pestle 1 68
-pink 3 6-7
-root 2 718
-rosemary 2689,718
-samphire 21
-tea 677
-trefoil 3 18
-turnip i 442
-valerian 3 285
-weed i 40
Marshallia 3 502-3
Marshlocks, Purple
2 258
Marshwort 74
MARSILEA FAMILY i 36
Marsilea 37
Martinoe 3 239
Marvel no
Masterwort
2 635-8, 654-7
Imperial 638
Matfelon 3 557
VOL. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
621
Mather 3 516
Matrimony-plant or
-vine 2 191
Matse 3 168, 516
Matweed, Sea i 212
Maul 2 514
Maw-seed 137
May 2 319
May-apple 2 130
-blob 85
-blossoms i 522
-bush 2 319
-cherry 218,91
Mayflower 2 37, 98,
100-2, 84, 218, 678,
692
May-gowan 3 402
May-grass i 253
May-lily 522
-pear 2 292
-pops 565
-rose 3 270
-star 2 715
-wings 452
MAYACA FAMILY i 450
Mayaca 45
Mayweed 3 S 1 ^
Corn 520
Mazard 2 327
Mead-sweet 249
MEADOW-BEAUTY
FAMILY 2 581
Meadow-beauty 583-4
Meadow-bouts 2 85
-buttercups 85
-cabbage i 445
-cup 2 202
-fern or -bur
i 584, 586
-gowan 2 85
Meadow-grass i 253-7
Annual 253
Arctic 267
Common 256
Dwarf 253
Flat-stemmed 259
Fowl 255-6, 264
Frisky i 272
Grove 257
Prairie 255
Reed 265
Round-stalked 255
Rough-stalked 255
Sea 267-8
Short-stalked 239
Slender, or Spread-
ing 268
Torrey's 268
Water 265
Wavy 254
Wood 256
Meadow-nuts 2 258
Meadow-parsnip 2 639
Early, Golden, 641
Meadow-pink
1 558; 2 74
-queen 2 249
Meadow-rue 118-21
Arctic, Dwarf 118
Cohosh 119
Early 121
Fall 121
Mountain 118
Slender 118
Tall or Purplish 120
Veiny 120
Waxy 119
Wind-flower 2 102
Meadow-scabish 3 419
Meadow-sweet
2 245,248-9
American 245
Meadow-sweet
Birch-leaved 2 246
Meadow-wort 2 249
Meakin 2 614
Meal-berry 2 693
-plum 693
Mealy Starwort i 511
Mealy Tree 3 271
Mecha Meek 3 43
Mechoacanna 3 43
Medaddy-bush 3 281
Medic 2 351-2
Black or Hop 351
Purple 351
Toothed 2 351
Spotted 352
Medlar 2 292
Meehania 3 113
Meeting-houses 2 92
Melampodium 3 458-9
Melanthium i 493
Melilot, White,
Yellow 2 353
Melilot-trefoil 2 351
Melmot-berries i 66
Mentzelia 2 566-8
Menziesia 2 682
Mercury, Black 484
English 2 14
Herb 460
Scotch 3 204
Three-seeded 2 457
Mercury-weed 458
Mermaid-weed 2 613
Merry, Black Merry
327
Mesquite, Prairie
(see Grass) 2 333
Mexican-poppy 2 138
-rose 2 41
-tea 14
Mexico-seed 2 461
MEZEREUM FAMILY
2 574
Mezereon 574
American 2 575
Micranthemum 3 197
Midsummer-men 2 207
MIGNONETTE FAMILY
2 199
Mignonette 2 200-1
Mile 2 660
Milfoil 3 5i5
Hooded 3 226
Water 2 116,615-16 ;
3 228
Milk-gowan 3 315
-grass 286
-ipecac 2 469
-maid 184
-pea 420
-purslane 467-9
Milk-vetch 2 377-87
Alpine 382
Arctic 385
Ascending 379
Bent 382
. Blake's 382
Canadian 379
Carolina 379
Cooper's 385
Drummond's 381
Flexile 385
Hoary 388
Indian 384
Long-leaved 386
Loose-flowered 386
Low 383
Missouri 383
Narrow-leaved 380
Platte 2 377
Pretty 384
Milk-vetch
Prickly 2 387
Purple 380
Racemose 381
Robbins' 381
Sessile-flowered 387
Short's 383
Silvery 388
Slender 384
Tennessee 378
Tufted 386
Two-grooved 380
MILKWEED FAMILY
3 23-35
Milkweed 2 467, 469 ;
325-9,317,321,335
Auricled 3 35
Bedstraw 32
Blunt-leaved 28
Broad-leaved 27
Common 30
Creeping 3 25
Decumbent 3 33
Dwarf 31
Few-flowered 3 2 5
Florida 35
Four-leaved 29
Green 34
Hairy 27
Intermediate 28
Low 32
Marsh 357
Mead's 3 28
Narrow-leaved 34
Oblong-leaved 33
Oval-leaved 3 1
Poke 29
Purple 26
Red 26
Running 3 38
Sand 30
Short-crowned 31
Showy 30
Sullivant's 27
Swamp 26
Tall 29
Thin-leaved 31
Trumpet 319
Wandering 3 21
White 29
Whorled 32
Woolly 35
Yellow 3 2 5
MILKWORT FAMILY
2 446
Milkwort, Bitter 3 451
Cross-leaved 2 448
Curtiss' 45
Dwarf 452
Field 2 449
Fringed 452
Loose-spiked 449
Low Pine-barren 447
Marsh 448
Maryland 45
Nuttall's 450
Orange 447
Pink 2 449,451
Purple 2 449
Racemed 45 l
Sea 716
Short-leaved 448
Tall Pine-barren 447
White 2 451
Whorled 448
Yellow 447
Milky Tassel 3 3J7
Millet i 121
Broom-corn I 140
Brown 140
Cat-tail 1 66
Dotted i 124
Millet, Egyptian i 121
Evergreen 121 ; f 276
German, Golden 166
Hungarian 166
Indian 174-5
Italian 166
Seaside 133
Tall 173
White 2 352
Wild 165, 174
Yellow 2 353
Mill-mountain 2 438
MIMOSA FAMILY 2 330
Mimosa 332
Mingwort 3 525
Minnie Bush 2 682
MINT FAMILY 3 99
Mint
American Wild 3 152
Apple 150
Balm 3 135, 151
Bergamot 3 150
Brandy 149
Brook 150
Brown 149
Cat 113
Common 149
Corn 152
Creeping Whorled
3 152
Crisped-leaved 151
Cross 151
Curled 151
Dog 138
Downy Whorled 152
European 150
Field 152
Fish 150-1
Garden 149
Horse 3 131, 134-5,
146, ISO
European 150
Ohio 135
Lamb 3 149
Mackerel 149
Marsh Whorled 152
Mountain
3 131, 138, 142-5
Our Lady's 3 149
Patagonia 150
Pepper 3 149
Round-leaved 15
Small-leaved 152
Spear 3 149, 152
Squaw 3 136
Stone 146
Water 150-1
Whorled 153
Wild 3 ISO
Woolly 151
Missionary-weed 3 334
Mire-blobs 2 85
Mist 72
Mist-flower 3 362
MISTLETOE FAMILY
i 638-9
Mistletoe i 638-9, 711
Missey-moosey 2 287
Mitchella 3 255
Mitrewort 2 229, 731
False 2 224
Moccasin Flower i 550
Yellow 550
Mock-apple 3 292
-Bishop's-weed 2 657
-gilliflower 2 73
Mock-orange 2 231-2;
3 292,719, 723
Mocker-nut i 582
Modesty 2 525, 639
Moehringia 2 57-8
Mohawk-weed I 518
622
ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. VOL. III.
Moldavian Bald 3 115
Mole-plant, -tree 2 471
Molinia i 237
Monarda, Brad.
3 131, 133-4
Money-grass 3 223
-plant 2 191
Moneywort 2 712
Prairie 714
Monkey-flower 3 190-1
Monkey-nut Tree 2 512
Monkey's Face 2 56
Monk's-head 3 315
Monkshood 2 96-7, 142
Trailing 97
Monk's Rhubarb I 656
Monniera 3 192-3
Monolepis 2 17
Mouth-flower 3 17
Moon-fern i 3
Moon-flower 3 18, 518
Moon-fruit Pine I 44
Moon-penny 3 518
MOONSEED FAMILY
2 130
Moonseed 2 131
Red-berry 2 131
Moonshine 3400,453-4
Moonwort I 3
Cut-leaved 5
Hemlock-leaved 6
Underwood's 4
Moor 2 694
Moor-berry 704
-grass i 487 ; 2 203
Moorwort 2 689
Moose-bush, -berry
3 269
Moose-Elm i 627
-misse 2 287
-wood 497, 575
Morass-weed 2 75
Morel 3 164
Petty 2 617; 3 164
Morgan 3 516
Dutch 518
Morgeline 3 203
Mormon-weed 2 521
MORNING-GLORY
FAMILY 3 40
Morning-glory 3 44-5
Bush 44
Dwarf 47
Ivy-leaved 3 45
Pink 3 44
Red 43
White 44
White Star 44
Morocco, Red 2 121
Mortification- root
a 5M
MOSCHATEL FAMILY
3 283
Moschatel 3 283
Moss, Black i 456
Club i 43-7
Cypress I 46
Dwarf Club 49
Fir i 43
Floating 38
Florida I 456
Flowering
2 209, 706; 3 57
Golden 2 208
Ground i 306
Hanging 456
Iceland 210
Irish 2 474
Kentucky 2 41
Long i 456
Mountain i 49 ; 2 209
Pixie 706
Prickly Club I 49
Moss, Rock 2 209
Mugwort
Nature's-mistake 2 664
Rose 2 41,519
Cudweed 3 529
Navarretia 3 64
Running, Snake i 49
Dark-leaved 529
Navelwort 2 614, 649
Spanish 456
Kansas 528
Navew, Wild 2 193
Stag Horn i 49
Long-leaved 528
Necklace-poplar i 590
Tree i 43 ; 2 474
Mexican 529
Necklace-weed 2 90
Wall 2 208
Prairie 529
Neckweed
Moss-berry 2 704
Saw-leaf 528
1 634 ; 3 202
-bush 686
Western 529
Needle-chervil 2 627
-campion 2 63
Muhlenbergia I 184
-and-thread I 513
-crop I 324, 326
MULBERRY FAMILY 630
Neale 282
-locust 2 375
Mulberry 1631; 2276
Negro-vine 3 38
-milion (melon) 704
Bermuda 3 99
Nelumbo, Amer 2 77
-phlox 3 58
French 99
Nemastylis I 541
-pink 3 58, 63
Otaheite i 632
Nemophila 3 67
-plant 2 686
Paper 632
Nep 3 113
-rose 2 519
Mullen 3 173-4
Nerve-root i 549-50
Mossy Stonecrop 2 208
Moth 3 174
Water 3 26, 38
Mother-of-thousands
Sage-leaf 3 118
Neslia 2 159
3 175
Mullen-pink 2 61, 71
Nest-root 2 674
-of-thyme 3 139, 141
Musk 2 515
Nestronia i 641
-of-wheat 3 203
Wild 2 430
NETTLE FAMILY i 634
Mother's-heart 2 158
Musk-crowfoot 3 283
Nettle i 635-7
Motherwort
-flower 191
Bee 3 1 19, 122
3 120,357, 527
-plant 2 515; 3 191
Blind 119-22
Golden 3 456
-root 3 283
Bull 165
Hoarhound 120
Muskrat-weed 2 121
Burning i 635
Man's 2 461
Musquash-root 2 658
Canada 636
Siberian 3 120
-poison 2 658
Day 3 121-2
Mountain Ash 2 287
-weed 2 121
Dead, Dog, Dumb
Elder-leaved 287
Musineon 2 643-4
119-22
Mountain Avens, see
MUSTARD FAMILY 2 146
Deaf 121
Avens
Mustard 2 174
Dwarf i 635
-bramble 2 276
Ball 2 159
False 637
-fringe i43
Black 2 193, 195
Flowering 3 119
-joy 3 H
California 2 174
French 121
-laurel 2 68 1, 684
Corn 192
Great i 635
-lover 492
Dish 168
Hemp 3 119
-mahogany i 609
False 199
Horse 165
-moss 208
Garlic 169
Sand 2 462
Mountain-mint 3 131
Hedge 169, 170, 174
Slender i 635
Awned 144
Indian 2 193
Small 635
Basil 143
Mithridate 164
Spurge 2 462
Hairy 142
Orange 173
Stinging
Hoary 144
Poor Man's 170
i 635; 3 92, 119
Hyssop 143
Tansy 171
Stingless i 367
Narrow-leaved 142
Tower 181
Tall Wild i 635
Short-toothed 145
Treacle 172, 175
Texas 3 166
Southern 144
White 191
Weak i 636
Thin-leaved 145
Wild 192, 195
Wood 636
Torrey's 143
Wormseed 172
Nettle-potato 2 461
Virginia 142
Myagrum 2 157, 1 68
Nettle-tree i 629
White-leaved i45
My Lady's Belt 2 249
Networt 57
Mountain-rice I I74~5
Myriad-leaf 2 614
New Jersey Tea 2 504
-nut 3 80
Myrtle 3 20
Nickar-tree 34
-snow 2 469
Bog i 584; 3 18
Nigger-head
-sweet 54
Burren 2 693
i 528; 3 470
-tea z 693
Burton i 584
Nigger-weed 357
Mouse-ear 2 48,101;
Candleberry 585
Nightshade 3 164-7
3 85, 128,455
Crape 2 580
American 2 26
Spring 2 47
Dutch, Moor i 584
Beaked 3 l66
Virginia 3 78
Running 3 20
Bindweed 2 611
Water 42
Sand 2 682
Bitter 3 167
-chickweed 47-8
Sweet i 446
Black 164
Mouse-ears 2 101
Wax 585
Climbing 3 167
Mouse-ear Cress 2 176
Myrtle-flag 44 6
Cut-leaved 3 165
Mouse-milk 473
-grass, -sedge, 446
Deadly 164
Mouse-tail
Mysterious Plant 2 574
Enchanter's 2 611
i 192, 269 ; 2 103
Fetid 3 l68
Little 2 103
Naias i 89-90
Garden 164
Mouse-thorn 3 559
Nail-rod 426
Melon-leaved 166
Mouth-root 2 88
Nailwort 2 28, 148, 158
Prickly 166
Moxie-berry 704
Naked-weed 3 3M
Silver-leaved 165
Muckweed
Nama 3 71-2
Three-leaved I 5 2 3
Curly I 8 1 ; 2 10
Nanny-berry 3 273
Torrey's 3 166
Mud-flower 3 197
-bush 273
Viscid 167
-plantain i 463-4
-plum 273
Woody 167
-purslane 2 538
Nap-at-noon
Nimble Kate 293
-weed, or -wort 3 198
i 509; 3 3i3
Nimbie-weed 2 100
Mugget, Mugwet, 267
Nape 2 193
Ninebark 2 244
Mugwort 3 525-9
Napoleons 2 355
Ninety-knot I 66 1
Common 527
Natural-grass 2 351
Nipple-wort 3 306
VOL. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
623
Nipplewort
Dwarf 3 309
Noble-pine 2 672
Nit-weed 2 536
Noah's Ark i 550
Nondo 2 647
None-so-pretty
2 66, 563 ; 3 453
Nonesuch 2 69, 351
Black 2 351
White i 281
Noon-flower 3 313
Noontide 313
Nosebleed
i 525; 3214, SiS
Notholaena i 35
Nuns 3 251
Nurse-garden 290
Nut-grass i 304, 306
Nut-rush i 349-51
Nuttallia 2 567
Nuttall's-weed 3 493
Nyctelea 3 67
Nymph, Water 2 79
Oak
Barren
Bartram
Basket
Bear
Bitter
-bush
i 617-25
620
621
624
620
620
620
Black i 617, 618, 619
Dwarf 620
Black-jack 620, 621
-scrub 620
Blue 623
Box-white 622
Brash i 622
Bur 623
Champion 617
Chestnut I 624-5
Dwarf 625
Rock 624
Swamp 624
White 624
Yellow 624
Chinkapin 624-5
Cow 624
Duck 62 1
Dyer's 619
Eliott's 620
Golden 3 208
Gray's i 618
Hill's 618
Holly 2 486, 620
Iron I 620, 622
Jack 620, 622
Jerusalem I 14
Laurel 621,622
Lea 622
Live 625
Mossy-cup 623
Mountain . 624
Over-cup 623
Peach 621
Pin 617,624
Poison 2 484
Possum i 621
Post i 622
Punk 621
Quercitron 619
Red i 617, 619
Rock 624
Rock Chestnut 624
Rough, Rough White
622
Running White 625
Sand Jack 621
Scarlet 619
Schneck's 618
Scrub 620, 623-4
Scrub-chestnut 625
Oak, Shingle I 622
Shrub 624
Spanish 617,619
Spanish-water 619
Spotted 619, 621
Stave 622
Swamp 617,621,623
-chestnut 625
-Spanish 617
-white 623
-post 623
Sweet 585
Tan-bark 624
Turkey 619, 622
Water 621
Water White 623
White i 622
Mossy-cup 623
Willow 621
Yellow 618,624
-chestnut 624
Yellow-bark 619
Oak-fern I 23
Oat i 120,217-19,
518-19
False 217
Haver, or Poor
218, 220
Hooker's 219
Pearl 220
Purple 219
Sea, or Seaside 249
Smith's 219
Wild 218
Oat-grass I 177,218
Black 177
Common 220
Downy 217
Evergreen 220
False, or Golden
217, 220
Tall i 217, 570, 641
Tennessee 220
Wild 120, 220-2
Oats, Wild i 2ii, 218
Obedient-plant 3 116
Oceanorus I 493
Ocyimnn 3 144
Ohio Cucuma 2 85
Oil-nut I 579
Oil-plant 2 461
-seed, Siberian 157
Olcott-root i 658
Old Goose 550
Old Maid's-bonnets
2 348
-pink 66, 73
-root 6 i 7
Oldenlandia 3 254
Old Field-sweet 3 426
Old Ladies' Clothes-
pins 3 497
Old Man 3 526
Old Man's-bear 2 728
-flannel 3 173
-night-caps 426
-pepper 3 515
-root 2 617
-Virginia 3 426
Oleander, Wild 2 580
OLEASTER FAMILY
2 575
Oleaster-tree 2 576-7
Wild 576-7
OLIVE FAMILY z 724
Olive, Spurge 574
Olive-tree 576
Bell, or Wild 722
One-berry i 629 ;
a 693; 3 255
One-blade i 517
One-leaf 517
Onion, Wild i 498-500
Onion
Orchis, Yellow i 552
Alleghany I 498
Oregon-grape 2 128
Bog 442
-tobacco 3 285
Nodding 498
Oreocarya 3 81-2
Prairie 498
Organs, Organy
Shore 498
3 1 10, 140
Ooler I 613
ORPINE FAMILY 2 205
Oonopsis 3 377
Orpine, American
Open Gowan 2 85
207-8
Opium, Wild 3 320
Garden 207
Opossum-tree 2 235
Orthocarpus, Yellow
Opuntia 573
3 216
Orache 2 18
Oryzopsis I 174
Orange, Spring 723
Osage 632
Mock 719
Osage-orange 632
Wild 2 444, 617
-apple 632
-blossom I 525
Osier 595-7
Orange-flower Tree
White 2 689
2 232
Ostrich-fern i 1 1
Orange-grass 536
Oswego Tea 3 131
-mustard 173
Othake 507
Orange-root 2 85
Our Lady's-mint 149
Climbing 493
-bedstraw 254
ORCHID FAMILY i 547
-thistle 560
Orchis 55i-9
Owler I 613
Bog i 554, 556
Owl's Crown 3447,456
Bracted Green 552
Oxadoddy 204
Crane-fly 575
Oxalis 2 430-2
Crested Yellow 557
Ox-balm 3 153
Dwarf 556
Ox-eye 3510,518,467
Feather-leaved 557
Great-white 3 518
Fen 572
Sea 477
Flaming 559
Ox-eye Daisy 3470,518
Fringeless Purple
Oxford-weed 175
559
Ox-tongue, Bristly
Gay 551
3 3ii
Great Purple 559
Ox-wort 3 532
Greenish 55 2
Oxypolis 2 638
Green Wood 552
Oxytrope 2 389
-fringed I 558
Arctic 389
-Green Rein 552
Showy 390
Hooker's 556
Silvery 390
Heal-all 555
Tufted 389
Leafy Green 554
Yellow 390
Long-bracted 552
Oyster-plant 382,313
Meadow Pink 550
-root 315
Northern Bog 556
-green 554
Paddock-pipes
-small 556
i 40, 41 ; 2612
-white 554
Padelion
One-leaved 556
2 264 ; 3214
Pink Fringed 559
Paint-brush 2 530
Prairie White-
Paint-root I 531
fringed 558
Preacher-in-the-
Painted Cup 3 214-16
Pale 215
Pulpit i 55i
Palma Christi 2 461
Purple 551
Palmillo 512
Purple-fringed 558
Palsy-wort 2 85
Early 558
Panicum, Panic-grass
Smaller 559
i 138
Ragged 550, 558
American 156
-fringed 558
Ashe's 161
Rein 553
Barbed 150
Green 552
Beaked 142
Round-leaved 555
Bicknell's MS
Small 551
Bitter 141
Showy 551
Blunt 138
Small Pale Green 552
Bog 142
-two-leaved 556
Bosc's i 162
Southern White 552
Broad-leaved 164
Yellow i 552-3
Bush's 147
Spring 551
Clute's IS 1
Tall White Bog 554
Commons 156
Tattered-fringe 558
Dense 142
Three-toothed 553
Dwarf 1*4
Tubercled 552
Early-branching 154
Two-leaved
Eaton's 152
Large 555
Eight-jointed 151
Small 556
Few-flowered 158
White-fringed 557
Flat-stemmed 142
Western-greenish
Forked 149
558
Gaping 163
Yellow-fringed 557
Gibbons 163
624
ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. VOL. III.
Panicum
Grisebach's I 146
Hairy 153
Hemlock 157
Kunth's 147
Lax-flowered 146
Lieberg's 157
Lindheimer's 152
Long-leaved 143
Long-stalked 144
Loose 133
Low, Stiff 156
Low, White-haired
144
Matting 154
Narrow ooo
Narrow-leaved 146
Nash's 157
Northern 150
Owen's 155
Porter's ooo
Purple 151
Ravenel's 159
Red-top 142
Ringed 150
Rough-hairy 145
Roughish 152
Round-fruited I 147
Scribner's 158
Slender 158
-stemmed 154
Small-fruited 148
Small-leaved 148
Soft-leaved 160
Spotted-sheath 149
Spreading 138
Starved 143
Stiff-hairy 153
Tall-flat 143
-fringed 161
-rough i 60
-swamp 1 60
Tennessee 155
Variable 161
Velvety I 159
Warty 138
Werner's 144
White-edged 148
White-haired 153
Wilcox's 159
Wiry 140
Wood 140
Woolly 155
Pansy 2 547, 562-3
Pawpaw, North Am.
2 83
Paper-mulberry i 639
Papoose-root 2 128
Paradise-plant 574
Paraguay (false) 3 272
Parilla, Yellow 2 131
Parosela 2 367-8
Golden 368
Low 368
Pink 367
Slender 367
Woolly 367
Parsley 2 632-3
Beaked 629, 630
Carrot-leaved 632
Common 641
Dog 630, 633, 645
False, Fools 2 645
Garden 641
Hairy 632
Hemlock 636
Horse 634
Marsh 2 660
Poison 653
Sand 652
Sea 648
Spotted 653
White-flowered 631
Parsley, Wild 2 641
Parsley-breakstone
2 264
-piert 30, 264
-vlix 264
Parsnip 2 625, 634
Wild 2 634,658
Cow 635
Meadow 641
Water 655-6
Wild 2 634, 658
Parthenium
Auricled 3 465
Creeping 446
Hairy 466
Partridge-berry 2 693,
704; 3 255
Mountain 698
Partridge-pea 2 337
-vine 3 255
Paspalum I 126-133
Bosc's 131
Bush's 128
Ciliate-leaved 128
Field 130
Florida 132
Joint-grass 133
LeConte's 132
Long-stalked 127
Many-haired 130
Muhlenberg's 129
Prostrate 128
Pubescent 129
Round-flowered i 131
Slender 129
Smooth-scaled 131
Straw-colored 127
Tall 132
Walter's 127
Water 126
Yellow-haired 130
Pasque-flower 2 102
PASSION FLOWER
FAMILY 2 564
Passion Flower 565
Passions i 656
Passion-vine 2 565
Patience, Garden i 656
Paulownia 3 189
Paul's Betony
3 201-2, 204, 148
Pauson 2 140
PEA FAMILY 2 341
Pea, Beach 413
Bird-egg 386
Buffalo 377, 409
Bush 343-4
Butterfly 417
Canada 409
Cat 409
Cow 425
Craw, or Mouse 415
Crow 412,479
Everlasting
2 413-14, 416
Ground-squirrel 129
Heart 501
Hoary 372
Meadow 415
Milk 420
Myrtle-leaved
Marsh 414
Partridge 2 337
Potatoes 418
Rabbit 372
Sea-side, Sea 413
-everlasting 413
Scurfy 360-1
Sensitive 337
Squirrel, Ground
129, 418
Trailing 2 418
Turkey 142, 372
Pea, Veiny a 413
Wild 347,414
Wild, Sweet 372
Yellow 344
Pea-nut 394
Hog, or Wild 419
Pitcher's 419
Pea-tree 2 376
Pea-vine 419
PEACH FAMILY 322
Peach 2 330
Peachwort i 668
Pear 2 287, 292
Choke 288
Juice 292
May 292
Prickly 571-2
Swamp Sugar 292
Wild 292
-indian 292
Pearl-grass I 250
Pearls of Spain 5 1 1
Pearl-plant 3 87-8
Pearlwort 2 512
Knotted 52
Pearly Everlasting
3 45i
Peatweed 2 580
Pebble-vetch 2 411
Pecan I 580
Bitter 581
Pectis 3 514
Pedicularis 3 220-3
Peg-wood 2 492
Pellas 515
Pelican-flower I 645
Pellitory
i 638; 35i5-5i9
Bastard, Wild or
European 3 515, 51 9
Pellitory of Spain 2 638
Pencil-flower 393~4
Pencil-tree 3 445
-wood i 66
Penny-cress 2 168
Penny-flower 191
-hedge 170
Penny-John 533
Penny-grass 3 223
Penny Mountain 141
Pennyroyal
3 136, 152, 142
American 136
Bastard 104, 108
Drummond's 136
False 104
Mock, Rough 136
Wild 152
Penny-post 2 650
Pennywort 3 15, 175
Marsh 648-50
Pepper, Poor Man's
2 208
Birds 165
Glen 164
Old-man's 3 5*5
Water i 669
Wild 2 504,526, 574
Pepper and Salt 2 653
Pepper-bush 667
Sweet 667
Water 69 1
Pepper-crop 2 208
Pepper-grass I 545 ;
2 164, 1 66
English 2 164
Garden 166
Golden 166
Narrow-leaved 165
Roadside 165
Town 166
Wild 165-6
Pepperidge 2 665
Pepper-bush 2 127
Peppermint 3 149
Pepper-plant
i 670: 2 158
Pepper-root 2 187-8
-turnip i 442
-vine 2 510
-wood 444
Pepperwort I 37
European i 37
Hairy 37
(see Peppergrass)
2 164
Perilla 3 154
Periwinkle 20
Small 20
Persian-berry 2 504
Persicaria, persicary
i 666
Biting 670
Bristly 669
Carey's 668
Common 668
Dense-flowered 667
Dock-leaved 666
Lady's Thumb 668
Long-styled 667
Opelousas 669
Pale i 666
Pennsylvania 667
Slender Pink f 1632
Southwestern 668
Swamp 666
Water 666
Persimmon 2 720
Pestilence-wort 3 532
Peters-Staff 173
Petty Morel 2 617
Petunia 3 171
Peucedanum 2 632
Pewterwort I 41
Phacelia 3 68
Coville's 70
Crenate-leaved 68
Franklin's 69
Fringed 71
Hairy 70
Loose-flowered 69
Mountain 71
Pursh's 70
Silky 68
Small-flowered 69
Pheasant's-eye 2 121
Phippsia i 193
Phleum, Mountain 191
PHLOX FAMILY 3 52
Phlox 3 53
Britton's 58
Chickweed 57
Cleft 56
Crawling 56
Downy 55
Douglas' 59
Garden 53
Hairy 3 55
Hood's 58
Kelsey's 57
Large-leaved 54
Moss 58
Mountain 54
Prairie 54
Smooth 55
Wild Blue 56
Wood's 2 73
Yellow 2 173
Phthisic-weed 2 585
Phyllanthus 2 453
Physalis 3 156
Physic, see Indian
Picac 2 469
Pickaway-anise 2 445
Pick-cheese 2 514
VOL. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
625
PICKEREL WEED
Pine, Ground I 47, 48 ;
Pink, Corn 2 61
Plantain
FAMILY i 462
2 536 ; 3 102
Cushion 63
Dooryard 3 245
Pickerel Weed
Hard i 57, 59
Deptford 74
English 246
i 463 ; 2 1 16
Hart 57
Drummond's 2 70
Greater 245
Pickpocket 2 158
Hickory 59
Dutch 2 200
Heart-leaved 247
Pick-purse 2 59, 158
Hudson Bay 58
Election 3 678
Hoary 246
Pick-tree 2 617
Indian 59
Fire 2 64
Indian 3 536-8
Pickle-plant 2 21
Jack 58
French
Large-bracted 248
Picradenia 3 508-10
Jersey, Labrador,
266,75; 3559
Lance-leaved 246
Picris 3 3ii
i 58
Grass 2 74, 563
Long 246
Picry 2 484
Loblolly 59
Ground 2 73 ; 3 57
Many-seeded 249
Pie-marker 2 521
Long-leaved 57
Hedge 2 73 ;
Mud i 463
Pie-print 2 521
-pitch, -yellow 57
3 42,214
Narrow 246
Pigeon-berry 2 26,
Long-straw 57, 59
Indian 2 64, 69, 452,
Net-leaf 570
278, 292, 618,
Long-shucks 59
73o; 3 42
Pale 3 246
663; 3 255
Moon-fruit I 44
Maiden 2 74
Petty 439
-foot 2 429
Nigger 58
Marsh 3 6-7
Poor Robin's
-grass 3 95, l6 5
Noble 2 672
Meadow i 558;
3 332,439
-root 2 38
Northern i 56
2 69, 74, 679
Pursh's 248
-tree 2 617
Northern Scrub i 58
Menzies' 2 68
Rattlesnake i 569-70
Pigmy-weed 2 206
Norway 57
Mice 2 65
Ripple 3 246
Pig-nut I 583
Black 58
Moss 63; 3 57
Robert's 3 439
Bitter 580
Old-field 59
Mountain
Robin's 439
Little, Small 583
Pitch 57, 58-9
2 692; 3 57
Rose 439
Woolly 584
Southern 57
Mullein 2 61, 71
Round-leaf 245
Pig-potato 2 638
Western 57
Old Maid's 2 61, 73
Rugel's 3 246
-root I 543
Pond 60
Proliferous 74
Sand 249
Pigsty-daisy 3 516
Prairie 57
River 2 678
Saline 247
Pig-tail 3 259
Prickly 59
Rock 2 37
Sea, or Seaside 247
Pigweed
Prince's 2 672
Rose 3 5
Slender 249
2 2, 10, 13, 40, 590
Red i 57
Saxifrage 3 72
Snake 3 246, 322, 332
Rough 2 2
River 58
Sea 2 64 ; 36
Spotted i 570
Slender 2
Rock 57,58
Sheriff 3 518
Sweet-scented 3 475
Winged 2 16
Rosemary 59
Swamp i 488, 563 ;
Water i 98 ; 3 247
Pilewort 2 112, 117 ;
3 !79, 536
Running I 47
Sap 59, 675
2 678
Wax 2 41
Wayside 245
\Vhite i 560 *
Pilot-weed 3 461
Scotch 60
Wild i 562;
3 248, 45 i
Pimentary 137
Pimpernel, Bennet
2 631, 655
Sweet oo
Scrub 58
Shore 58
2 65,74; 3 ?*
Winter 2 692
Pink-bloom 3 5
White Dwarf 3 248
Plantain Shore-weed
3*> c n
Bastard 2 717
Blue 3 i 06
False 2 717 ; 3 196-7
Mountain 2 631
Red, or Scarlet 2 716
Short-leaved 58-9
Shortschat i 58
Short Shucks i 58
Slash 58, 59
Soft i 56
-grass i 241, 415, 391
-needles 2 430, 625
Pink-purse 59
Pink-root 2 730
-siris 2 331
250
Pleurisy-root 5
Pleurogyne 3 14
Pleuropogon i 247
Ploughman's-wort
3 A A 8
Sea 58
Virginia 631
Southern I 57
-hard or -heart 57
Pinks, Old Maid's 66
Wax 41
44
PLUM FAMILY 2 325-6
Water 2 710; 3 200
-mountain 59
Pinkster-flower 678
Plum 322
Yellow 2 640
Pimpernelle 2 266
Pin-ball 3 255
Pin-clover 2 430
-grass 430
Pincushion 3 290,451
-flower 290
-shrub 2 492
-pitch 57
-yellow 57
Spiral 45
Spruce
56, 62, 58, 61-2
Swamp 59
Table-Mountain 59
Texas Yellow 57
Torch 59
Pink-weed I 66 1, 668
Pinweed 2 430, 542-5
Pipe-plant 674
Pipe-privets 724
Piperidge-bush 2 127
Spotted 672
Piperia i 555
Pipe-stem 2 690
Pipe-tree 724
Beach 2 325
Bullace 2 326
Bunch 664
Canada 2 323
Chickasaw 2 324
Date 720
Dog i 5i5
Earth 2 376
Garden 326
-tree 2 270
Turpentine 57
Pipe-vine I 646, 724
Wild a 324
PINE FAMILY i 55
Pine i 56-63
Virginia I 59 ; f 139
Western-pitch 57
Woolly i 646
PIPEWORT FAMILY 453
Goose 2 323
Grave's Beach 2 325
Banks' or Black 58
Black-norway 59
Weymouth 56
White 56
Pipewort 454~6
Hairy 456
Ground 377
Hog 2 323-4
Bastard 59
Yellow i 57, 59
Yellow 455
Horse 2 323
Blister 63
Bull i 57,58
Yellow-norway 59
Yellow-pitch 57
Pipsissewa 2 672
Spotted 672
Ivory 2 693
Larger Ground 377
Canadian i 57
Yew 6 1
Piskies, Pixie 2 44, 706
Low 325
Candlewood 59
PINE-APPLE FAMILY
Pismire f 456o
Native 2 323
Carolina 58
456
Pissabed 2 112
Porter's 2 324
Cat 6 1
Pine-broom i 57
Pistachis 235
Red 2 323
Cedar 58
Pine-barren Beauty
PITCHER-PLANT
Sand 2 325
Cornstalk 59
2 706
FAMILY 2 207
Seeded 720
Deal 56
Pine-cheat 2 59
Pitcher-plant 2 207
Thorn 297,302,317
Fat 57
Pine-drops 2 673
Pitchforks 3 495~7
Wild 2 323-4
Festoon 47-8
-sap 2 674
PLANE-TREE FAMILY
Wild Goose 324
Field 2 541
Pine-tulip 672
2 242
Wild Red 323
Fir i 63
-weed 2 536
Plane-tree 242
Wild Yellow 323
Florida 57
PINK FAMILY 2 61
Planer-tree i 628
Winter 720
Foxtail 59
Pink, Bearded i 563
PLANTAIN FAMILY
Plum-bog 2 278
Frankincense 59
Boston 2 73
3 245
-granite 323
Gambier Parry's 57
Bunch 74
Plantain 3 245-9
Plum-grape 2 506
Georgia I 57
Carolina 730
Buck, Buckhorn 246
PLUMBAGO FAM. 2 718
-pitch, -yellow 57
Childing 2 74
Common 3 245
Plume-grass i 113
Gray i 58
Chimney 2 73
Dwarf 248
Pocan-bush 2 26
40
626
ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. VOL. III.
Pogonia i 560-1
Pondweed
Portulaca 2 39-41
Priest's Crown 315
Adder's-mouth 560
Small i 84
Showy 41
Prim 2 729
Nodding 562
Spatulate-leaved 78
Possum-haw
PRIMROSE FAMILY 707
Whorled 561
Spiral 86
2 488; 3 273
Primrose 2 286, 708
Poison-ash 2 483
Spotted 76
Possum-wood 720
Bird's-eye 2 708
-arum i 444
Tassel 88
POTATO FAMILY 3 154
Dwarf Canadian 708
-berry 2 90; 3 167
Thread-like 85
Potato, Canada 486
Fremont's 2 606
-dogwood 2 483
Various-leaved 78
Cree 2 363
Greenland 709
-elder 483
Vasey's 83
Dakota 2 418
Hartweg's 607
-flag I 537
White-stemmed 80
Hog's i 492
Lavendar-leaved 607
-flagroot 537, 539
Ziz's 79
Indian 2 418; 3 482
Mealy 708
-flower 3 167
Pond Spice 2 137
Nettle 2 461
Missouri 605
-hemlock 2 653
Pool-blossom 3 18
Pig 4i8
Mistassini 2 708
-ivy 483
Pool-root, -wort 3 362
Prairie 2 363
Oblong-leaved 607
-oak 483-4
Poor Annie i 494
Prickly 3 166
Oklahoma 606
-parsley 2 653
Poor-land Weed 3 256
Wild 2 37
Scapose 602
-rhubarb 3 470
Jan's Leaf 2211
Wild Sweet 3 43
Short-podded 604
-snakeweed 2 653
Poor Man's-mustard
Potato-pea 2 418
Showy 603
-sumac 2 483
2 170
-vine, Wild 3 43
Spotted 2 605
-tobacco 3 169
-pepper 2 164, 208
Potereum 2 265
Three-lobed 604
-tree, or -wood 2 483
-rhubarb 2 120
Plains 265
Tooth-leaved 608
-vine 2 483
-soap 2 245
Pot-herb, White 3 286
Tree 595
Poke-root i 494
-weather-glass 2 716
Poukenel 627
Primrose-willow 2 589
POKE-WEED FAMILY
Poor-Robin
Poverty 2 51
Primwort 729
2 25
2 69; 3 259
Poverty-grass 541
Prince's-feather 2 2
Poke, Pokeweed 26
Poor Robin's-plantain
Poverty-weed 2 59 ;
Prince's-pine 2 672
Indian i 494-5
3 ^SS, 388
3 451,453,454,518
Print 729
Polar-plant 3 461
Pop-dock, or -glove 204
-plant 542
Prinopsis 3 377
Pole-cat Weed 445
Pop-weed 3 204, 220
Powder-horn 2 48
Privet 2 691, 729
Pole, or Pool-rush 331
Poplar i 587-591
Prairie-apple 363
Procession-flower
Folk-weed 445
American 590
-acacia 331
2 449
Pollom, Red 2 693
Aspen 587
-anemone 102
Pry f 1033
Polly Mountain 3 139
Balsam i 588
-bergamot 3 134
Psoralea 2 360
Polypody I 35
Berrybearing 590
-burdock 3 462
Digitate 362
See Fern
Black i 590
Prairie-clover
Few-flowered 361
Polypremum 2 731
-Italian 590
2369-371
Lance-leaved 361
Polypteris 3 507
Blue 2 83
Hairy 37 1
Large-bracted 363
Polytaenia 2 633
Cat-foot 590
Purple, or Violet 370
Large-stipuled 364
Pomegranate 323
Carolina 588, 590
Silky 370
Many-flowered 361
Pomme Blanche 2 363
Downy i 589
-dock 462
Narrow-leaved 362
Pond-bush 2 135
Hickory 2 83
Prairie-dog Weed
Nebraska 362
-dogwood 3 255
Lombardy I 590
3 5i3, 195-6
Sainfoin 365
-grass i 87
Necklace 590
Prairie-grass
Silver-leaf 363
-spice 2 135
Old English 590
i 195-6, 199, 231
Small-flowered 360
Pond-lily 2 78-80
Ontario 588
-fire 3 214
Ptiloria 3 312
Arrow-leaved 79
River 590
-grub 2 445
Puccoon, Gmelin's 3 89
Red-disked 78
Rough-bark 588
-hyssop 3 142
Hairy, Hoary 3 89
White 79-80
Silver-leaf
-indigo 2 346
Indian 89
Sweet-scented 79
i 587; 2 512
-lily i 5335 2 568
Red 2 140
Yellow 78
Swamp 589
-mesquite 2 333
White 140
PONDWEED FAMILY i 74
Trembling I 590
-mimosa 2 332
Yellow 84; 3 89
Pondweed I 75-87
Tulip 2 83
-money-wort 714
Puccoon-root 2 140
Alga-like 81
Water 590
-pine 3 367
Puck's-foot 2 130
Blunt-leaved 82
White i 587, 589,
-potato 2 363
Puff-ball 501 ; 3 315
Choke 105
590; 2 83
-rocket 2 172-3
Puke-weed 3 308
Clasping-leaved 80
Willow 590
-rose 283
Pulsatilla Amer. 2 102
Common Floating 75
Yellow 2 83
-sage 3 2
Pumpkin, Wild 3 291
Curled-leaved 81
POPPY FAMILY 2 136
-senna 336
Purging-root 2 469
Curly 8 1
Poppy 2 64, 136-9
-smoke 2 102, 273
Purple-grass, or Wort
Eel-grass i 81
Arctic 138
-tea 2 455
2 358
Faxon's 78
Blue 3 557
-turnip 363
-rocket 2 590
Fennel-leaved 87
Celandine 140
-weed 262
Purplewort 2 258
Filiform 86
Corn, Field, Red, 137
-zinnia 3 466
PURSLANE FAMILY 2 35
Fries' 83
Frothy 2 64
Preacher-in-the-pulpit
Purslane, Pussley 4
Grass-wrack 81
Garden, Opium, 137
i 442 ; f 1 1 1 1
Black 467
Hill's i 82
Iceland 138
Pretty Nancy 2 66
French 4 l
Horned 89
Leafy-white 139
Pricket 208
Garden 4 1
Illinois 79
Long-fruited 138
Prickly-ash 444,617
Hairy 40
Inland 86
Mexican 139
Yellow 444
Marsh 2 585
Interrupted 87
Pale 138
Prickly-back 3 289
Milk 467
Large-leaved 76
Plume 14
Prickly-bur I 615
Mud 537
Leafy 82
Prickly 139
Prickly-thistle 3 553
Notched 40
Long-leaved 77
Rough-fruited 138
-elder 2 617
Sea 34
Mystic Pond 80
Sea 141
Prickly-pear 2 571-2
Spotted 467
Northern 77
Smooth-fruited 137
-poppy 138
Water 579
Nuttall's 77
Spattling 64
Prick Madam 2 208-9
Western 2 40
Oakes' 76
Thorn 139
-timber 2 492
White 469
Opposite-leaved i 84
White Prickly 2 139
Prick-tree, Butcher's
Pursley, Milk 469
Rafinesque's 85
Yellow 140
2 492
Black-spotted 467
Robbins' 87
Yellow Horned 141
Prickwood 492
Purvain 3 95
Shining 79
Poppy-mallow 2418-19
Pride-of-Ohio 2 717
Pussies, Pussy cats
Slender 83
Pops 3 204
Pride-weed 3 442
2 355
VOL. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
627
Pussy-toes 3 451
Putty-root I 574
Pyracanth 2 322
Pyramid-flower, or
-plant 3 15
Pyxie 2 706
Quafodil I 493
Quaker-bonnets
2 348; 3 251
-ladies 3 251
Quaker-lady
2 245; 3 251
Quarter-vine 3 237
Queen Anne's-lace
2 625
Queen-of-the-meadow
245; 3 357
Queen-of-the-prairie
2 249
Queen-weed 634
Queen's-delight 2 461
-gillyflower 175
Queen's-root 2 461
Quercitron I 619
Quick I 283 ; 2 319
Quick-beam 2 287
Quick-in-the-hand
2 441
Quickset 2 319
Quicksilver-weed 2 120
Quick-thorn 319
Quill-fern i 18
QUILLWORT FAMILY
Quillwort
Black-based
Braun's
Butler's
Dodge's
Eaton's
Engelmann's
Grave's
Lake
Pitted
Sugary
Tuckerman's
Warty
Quince-star
Quinine, Wild
Quinine-flower
Quinine Tree
Quinsy-berry
Quitch
Quitch-grass
Quital
Quiver-leaf
Quobsque-weed
46-8
54
5 1
54
53
53
53
54
5
52
52
5 1
5 1
2 321
3 465
3 6
2 445
237-8
3 204
i 283
3 204
i 590
I 400
Rabbit-berry 2 577
-brush 3 37, 376
-flower 177,204
-meat 121
-pea 2 372
-root 618
-tobacco 3 454
Rabbit's-mouth 178
Raccoon-berry 2 130
Radical-weed 3 165
Radish, Wild 2 195
Garden 195
Horse 163
Ragged-cup 3 460
-Jack 2 69
-Robin 69
-sailor I 670
RAGWEED FAMILY 3 338
Ragweed 3 341-2
Woolly 543
Ragwort 540
Cat's-paw 542
Golden 544
Ragwort, Prairie 3 543
Tansy 542
Rainbow-weed 2 581
Raisin, Wild 3 273
Raisin-tree 2 237
Rampion, Large 2 595
Ramps i 497
Ram's-claws 2 113
-head i 548
-tongue 3 246
Rancheria-grass i 290
Rancid 3 177
Ranstead 17?
Rantipole 2 .625
Rape 2 193-5
Summer 2 193
Rapper-dandies 2 693
Raspberry 2 276-7
Arctic, Cuthbert 277
Black, Black-cap 277
Canadian 276
Carolina 277
Flowering 276
Purple 276
Gladstone 276
Gregg 277
Ground 2 85
Hansell 277
Hilborn 277
Mountain 276
Purple, Wild 277
Rose-flowering 276
Running 278
Virginia 276
White-flowering 276
Wild Red 277
Ratsbane i 570; 2 672
Rat-stripper 2 492
Rat-tail 3 246
Rattan-vine 2 502
Rattle 3 320-3
Bull 2 64, 68
Cow 68
Penny, Yellow 3 223
Red 223
Rattle-bags 2 64 ; 3 223
Rattle-box
2 347 ; 3 223, 588
-bush 2 344-5
-nut 2 77, 91
-root 91
Rattler-tree I 587
Rattle-snake-bite 2 221
-fern i 6
Rattle-snake-herb 2 90
-flag 2 622
-leaf i 570
-master i 534;
2 622 ; 3 406, 367,
365
-plantain i 569-70
-creeping-root 569
-root i 526;
2 9i,45i I 3 335-8
-weed I 57;
2 451, 622
Rattle-top 2 91
Heart -leaved 91
Mountain 2 92
Rattle-weed 2 91
Canadian 379
Red-bay 2 133
-berry 2 618, 622
-benjamin I 525
-Betty 3 300
Red-berry, Swamp
2 704
-Bird s-eye 2 69, 426
-bud 2 335
-brush 661-2
-camomile 121
-cedar i 66-7
Red-cedar
Rocky Mt. i 66
Shrubby 67
-gum 2 235
-Indian-paint 140
-Indians 3 214
-ink-plant 2 26
Red-knees i 670
-morocco 2 121
-pollom 693
-puccoon 66 i
-rattle 3 221
-robin 2 69, 426
-rod 69, 270
-root i 531.634;
2 2, 140, 270, 718
Carolina i 531
Indian 531
Red-rot 2 203
-Sally 258
Red-shanks i 654 ;
2 420, 666, 668, 670
Red-top i 203
see Grass
Red-weed I 653, 668 ;
2 26, 137
-willow 2 661
Redberry 2 90, 618
-bamboo i 530
-snakeroot 2 90
Redfieldia I 235
Reed 295
see Grass
Reed-bent I 212
Reed-grass I 207-11
Bog 210
Common 232
Giant 213
Indian 232
Labrador 211
Lake 208
Langsdorf's i 209
Long-leaved 212
Macoun's, Narrow
2IO
Northern, Nuttall's
21 1
Pickering's 208
Porter's 2 208
Salt 223
Sea i 213
Short-haired 213
Southern 179
Wood, or Sweet
202, 209
Reed-Mace, Great i 68
Lesser 69
Resurrection-plant i 49
Rheumatism-root 1535 ;
2 129, 612 ; 3 22
-weed 3 21
-wood 21
Rhineberry 2 502
Rhododendron 68 1
Rhubarb
Bog, or Poison 3 532
Monk's 656
Poor Man's 2 120
Rhodora 680
Rhynchosia 2 421-2
Rib-grass, -wort
3 246-8
Rice, Indian i 168
Canada 168
False, White, 168
Jungle i 134
Water, Wild 168
Rice's-cousin I 169
Rice-cut-grass 169
Rich-leaf 3 153
Rich-weed I 637 5291;
3 I53,34i,36i
Rignum 3 133
Rim-ash i 629
Ripple-grass 3 246
River-bush 255
RIVER-WEED FAMILY
2 205
River-weed 205
Road-weed ooo
Roanoke-bell 3 83
Robert's-plantain 439
Robin, Robins 2 69
Robin-run-away
282; 3 114
Robin's-plantain
3 332,439
Rock-bells 2 92
Rock-berry 693
-brake I 32, 36
Rock-cress 2 176
Arctic 179
Low, Northern 179
Lyre-leaved 179
Virginia 179
Rock-lily 2 92
-plant 208
ROCK-ROSE FAMILY
a 539
Rock-rose 540
Rock-weed
2 426; 3 267
Rocket
Bastard 2 192'
Crambling 200
Dame's 175
Dyer's 200
False 178
Garden 192
Italian 200
Prairie 172-3
Small-flowered 172
Purple 2 178, 590
Sand 194
Sea, American 196
Scrambling 174
Sweet 175
Wall 194
Winter, or Wound
177
Yellow
2 200, 177, 711
Rocket-cress 2 179, 183
Rocky Mountain-
grape 2 128
Rogation-flower 449
Rogue's-gilliflower 175
Roman-plant 2 14
-willow 724
-wormwood
2 144; 3 34i
Romeria 2 20
Roosters 547
Rooster-heads 2 717
Rope-bark 575
Rope-wind 3 45
Rosa-solis
i 487 ; 2 203
ROSE FAMILY 2 242
Rose 283
African i37
Arkansas 284
Bramble 284
Brere, Brier 284
Burnet 716
Canker 13 7, 284
Christmas
Cinnamon 286
Climbing 283
Common
-wild 285
Corn a 61, 137
Cotton 3 447
628
ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. VOL. III.
Rose, Dog 2 284
Dwarf-wild 285
Early-wild 283
Egyptian, Gipsy 290
Evergreen 286
Hip 284-6
Kitchen 286
Low 285
Mallow 2 524
Maple-leaf, Guelder
3 270
Marsh-holy 2 689
Meadow 283
Mexican 2 41
Michigan 283
Noble 3 76
Northeastern 2 283
Pale 283
Pasture 2 85
Prairie, Prickly 283
Rock 2 530, 539-40
Rosin 533
Scotch 284
Sensitive 2 333
Shining 285
Smooth 283
Snowdon 207
Sun 539-4
Swamp, Sweetbrier
285
Wild 283-5
Wind 138
Woods' 284
Rose-acacia 2 375
Rose-bay 590,681
Ground 589
Lapland 680
Mountain 681
Wild, or Dwarf 681
Rose-blush 283
Rose-campion 2 70
Rose-mallow 524-5
Rosemary
Marsh 2 689, 718
Maryland 3 426
White 430
Wild 2 689
Rose-moss 41
Rose-noble 3 75
Rose-of-Plymouth 6
Rose-of-Sharon 536
Rose-petty 3 439
Rose-pink 3 5
-pogonia i 560
Rose-willow 2 66 1
Rosewort, Roseroot 207
Rosin-plant
3 462 ; 2 207
-rose 2 533
-tree, White i 57
-weed 3 460-1, 374
-wood 375
Rosita 3 80
Rosy-bush 2 245
Rotala 579
Rot-grass 1214:3226
Roubieva 2 15
Rough-root 3 367
-weed 125
Round-dock 2 514
Round-heart 639
-root 304
-rush i 467
-wood, -tree 2 287
Roving-sailor 3 175
Rowan-berry 2 287
Rowan-tree 2 287
American 287
Dog 3 270
Royal-bracken i 7
ROYAL-FERN FAMILY
Royal-fern i 7
Rush, Slender i 470
Royal Osmond 7
Small-headed 480
Rue Anemone 2 102
Spart 477
False 2 89
Spike 311-19
Meadow 118-20
Staff 467
RUE FAMILY 2 443
Stout 482
Rue 2 445
Sweet 446
Ruellia 3 241-2
Thread 467
Long-tubed 241
Three-flowered 476
Short-tubed 241
Three-square 330
Runch 2 192
Toad 469
Running-pine i 47
Torrey's 478
-moss I 47
Tule 331
Ruppia i 88
Twig i 348
RUSH FAMILY i 465
Two-flowered 475
Rush 467-485
Vasey's 471
Aglet-head 314
Water 467
Awl-leaved 473
Water-bog 348
-petaled 474
Weak 481
Bald i 347
White 223
Baltic 468
Wood i 483-5
Bass 331
YaiKi 470
Bayonet 477
Yellow-flowering 451
Beaked I 342-7
(see Bulrush) 330-7
Black 331
(see Clubrush)
Black-grass 470
327-34
Bog i 348, 467
Rush-garlic 497
Bolder, Boulder 331
-nut 304
Bottle 294
Russia-grass 266
Brown-fruited 476
Russian thistle 2 25
Bulbous 477
Rutland Beauty 3 46
Bulrush i 326-327
Rye, Wild,
Canada 480
i 281, 288-94
Candle 467
Rye-grass, see Grass
Chair-maker's 330
Chestnut 475
Sabbatia 3 3-7
Club 327-9
Branching 2-4
Clustered Alpine 475
Coast 5
Common 467
Elliott's 6
Cotton 323-6
Lance-leaved 4
Cotton-grass 323-6
Narrow-leaved 5
Creeping 474, 476
Prairie 6
Diffuse 482
Square-stemmed 5
Dudley's 470
Sabino-tree i 64
Dutch 41
SACRED-BEAN FAMILY
False Bog i 344
2 76
Forked 472
Sacred-bean 2 76
Glomerate 462
Saddle-tree 2 83
Grass-leaved 473
-leaf 83
Large 473
Safflower 3 560
Greene's 472
Sage
Hare's-tail 324
Indian 3 361
Hard 467
Jerusalem 118
Highland 469
Lance-leaved 130
Horned I 342
Lyre-leaved 129
Inland 471
Meadow 129
Jointed 477
Mountain 3 530
Knotted 478
Nettle-leaved 130
Knotty-leaved 481
Pitcher's 129
Long-styled 474
Tall 129
Maine 472
Western 3 529
Many-headed 479
White 2 20
Mat 331
Wild 3 129, 130, 525
Moor 475
Wood 3 101
Narrow-panicled 481
Wormwood 3 525
New Jersey 479
Sage-brush 2 19;
Nut 349-51
3 525-30
Pennsylvania 468
Pasture 3 5 25
Pin 467
Sage-bush 530
Pith 467
Sage-of-Bethlehem 149
Pole, or Pool 331
Sage-leaf 3 118
Richardson's I 478
Sage-willow
Roemer's 468
i 598; 2 581
Round 467
-wood 3 53O
Scirpus-like 480
Sagittaria i 101-4
Scouring 41
Sailor, Climbing 3 175
Sea 469
Sailor's-knot 2 426
Sea-club 335
-tobacco 3 527
Secund 471
Sainfoin z 351, 401
Sedge 446
St. Andrew's Cross 528
Sharp-fruited 481
St. Anthony's Turnip
Short-fruited 479
2 112
St. Bennett's herb 2 653
St. George's herb 3 286
St. James'-weed 158
-wort 3 542
ST. JOHN'S WORT
FAMILY 2 527
St. John'swort 2 530
Bedstraw 531
Bushy 530
Canadian 536
Clasping-leaved 535
Common 533
Copper-colored 533
Corymbed 533
Creeping 531
Dense-flowered 530
Drummond's 536
Dwarf 535
Elliptic-leaved 532
False 536
Giant, Great 2 529
Kalm's 530
Large-spotted 534
Larger Canadian 535
Larger Marsh 537
Marsh 537
Mountain 534
Northern 534
Pale 532
Round-podded 532
Shrubby 2 530
Slender 535
Spotted 533-4
Small-flowered 535
Straggling 532
Virgate 533
St. Joseph's Wand
3 1 86
St. Peter's Wort 2 528
Salad Tree 335
Salfern Stone-seed 387
Sally-bloom 2 590
Sally, Creeping 712
Wandering 712
Salmon-berry 2 276
Saloop 2 134
Salsify, Meadow 3313
Salt-grass I 250
Rush 223
Salt-grape 2 25
Salt-meadow Grass
i 223
Salt-of-Lemons 2 431
Salt-rheum weed 3 181
Saltweed I 469 ; 2 18
Saltwort 221,25
Black 2 716
SALVINIA FAMILY i 37
Salvinia 38
Samphire, Marsh 221
Jamaica 477
Sampson's Snake-root
2364; 3 12, 13
Sanctuary 3 2
Sand-bur i 167;
3 166, 342
-cherry 2 291
-grass i 212;
2 80, 250, 676
Sand-myrtle 2 682
-nettle 2 462
-parsley 2 652
-reed I 212
-spine 2 461
-spur 167
-spurry 2 59, 60
Northern 60
Salt-marsh 59
-star [sedge! 363
-vine 3 36
SANDALWOOD FAMILY
i 639
VOL. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
629
Sandweed 2 59
Saxifrage ' Sea-grass
Sedge, Crawe's I 304
Sandwort 2 52-60
Michaux's 2 221
English a 21
Crawford's 380
Arctic 54
Mountain . 216
-hay i 91
Creek 224
Beach 56
Nodding 222
-hollyhock 2 524
Creeping i 362
Bed 59-60
Pennsylvania 219
-kemps 247
Crested 381
Blunt-leaved 2 57
Purple 216
-lavender 2 718
Curved 361
Fendler's 54
Sengreen 217
-lovage 648
Cuspidate 424
Fringed 53
Spring 218
-lungwort 3 82
Cyperus-like 437
Hooker's 53
Starry 221
-Mat-weed i 212
Cypress-swamp 419
Large-leaved 58
Swamp 219
-milkwort 2 716
Dark Green 409
Mountain 57
Texan 218
-Ox-eye 3 477
Brown 412
Pine-barren 55
Three-toothed 217
-parsley 2 648
Davis' 408
Pitcher's 56
Tufted 222
-pea 4U
Deep-green 394
Purple 60
Yellow Marsh 216
-pimpernel 58
Dense Long-beak 379
Rock 55
Yellow Mountain 217
-pink 2 64, 718 ; 36
Dewey's 376
Sea-beach 58
Scabby-head 2 626
-purslane 2 34, 58
Douglas' 363
. Seaside 59
Scabious 3 290
-reed I 212
Drooping 407
Showy 57
Sweet 439-4
-rocket 2 196
Drooping Wood 410
Siberian 55
Scabish 2 595, 602 ;
-Sand-grass i 212
Dry-spiked 364
Slender 53
3 4i9
-Sand-reed I 212
Eastern 378
Texan 56
Scabwort 3 457
-sedge 446
Emmons' 392
Thyme-leaved 52
Scaldweed 3 5 1
-thrift 2 25, 718
False Summer 409
Vernal 54
Scammony, Wild 3 43
-trifoly 2 716
False Uncinia 389
Sang 2 618
German 3 46
-wrack 191
Falkland Island 383
Sanghara-nut 2 612
Scarb-tree 2 290
Sealwort i 521
Farwell's 393
Sangree-root, or
Scarlet-berry 3 167
Seaver-wood 2 575
Fernald's Hay 387
Sangrel I 645
-lightning 2 69
SEDGE FAMILY i 295
Fescue 383
Sanguinary 3 515
-lychnis 69
Sedge i 352-441
Few-flowered 389
Sanicle 2 624
Schedonnardus i 226
Alpine 4 1 7
Few-fruited 304
American 2 226
Scheuchzeria 93
Loose-flowered 416
Few-seeded 436
Black 623
Schizaea 9
Arctic Hare's-foot
Fibrous-rooted I 391
False 2 229
Schizonotus 2 247
373
Field 45
Great 2 264
Sclerolepis 3 355
Assiniboia 411
Fox 369
Indian, White, 3 361
Scolochloa i 262
Aroostook 377
Fox-tail 368
Yorkshire 3 226
Scoke 2 26
Awl-fruited 37 l
Fragile 434
Santa Maria 3 465
Scorpion-grass 3 85-7
Awned 428
Frank's 438
SAPODILLA FAMILY
Early 87
Back's 388
Fraser's 441
2 719
Field 86
Bailey's 436
Fringed 425
Saracen's corn, or
Marsh, Mouse-ear, 85
Barratt's 4*7
Glaucescent 406
wheat i 672
Spring 3 86-7
Beak I 34i-6
Glomerate 368
-compass 3 542
Yellow and Blue 86
Beaked 434
Golden-fruited I 397
Sarah i 526
Scotch-cap 2 277
Bear 373
Goodenough's 422
Sardian Nut 615
Scotch-mercury 3 204
Bebb's 382
Graceful 407
Sarsaparilla i 528-30 ;
Scouring Rush i 41-2
Bent 403
Grass-like 397
2 506-7
Scrambling Rocket
Bicknell's 383
Gray 406
Big i 646
2 174
Bigelow's 421
Gray's 439
Bristly I 529,618
Scratch-grass
Black 418
Greater Prickly 365
False 618
i 675; 3 259
Black-edged 393
Green 429
Rough 2 618
-weed 3 259
Bladder 439
Greenish-white 385
Texas, or Yellow 1 3 1
Screw-auger i 565
Blunt Broom 380
Hairy-fruited 428
Virginia 2 618
Screw-stem 3 l &
Bog 417
Hairy 428
Sassafras, Swamp 2 82
Scrofula-plant
Boott's 395
Hair-like 411
Sassafras-tree 134
2 54o; 3 179
Bristle-leaved 396
Hammer 428
Satin 2 191
-root i 58
Bristle-stalked 388
Handsome 48
Satin-flower 243,190-1
* -weed 570
Bristly 438
Hare's-foot 385
-grass i 184-6
Scrub-oak, see Oak
Bristly-spiked 370
Hart Wright's 426
Satin-pod a 190
-bush 3 43
Broad-leaved 4
Hasse's 396
-walnut 2 235
Scurfy-pea 2 360, 361
Broad-winged 384
Hay 387
Sauce-alone 2 170
Scurvish 2 595
Brome-like . 376
Hayden's 421
Savin i 66
Scurvy-senvie 2 193
Broom 115, 182
Heath- 4*5
Horse 66
Scurvy-grass
Brown 4 J 9
Heavy 367
Red 66
2 163, 177; 3373
Browned 386
Hidden-fruited 424
Savory, Summer 3 13?
Danish 2 163
Brownish 375
Hillside 364
Saw-grass i 348
-weed 163
Bur-reed 368
Hirsute 414
Saw-wort 3 367
Sea-ash 2 444
Bush's 4M
Hitchcock's 405
SAXIFRAGE FAMILY
-beach i 141
Button 435
Hoary 375
2 214
Southern 141
Capitate 361
Hop 44
Saxifrage 2216-23,230
Smaller 141
Carey's 4
Hop-like 44<>
Aconite 223
-bent 363
Carnation-grass
Hoppner's 4 2 3
Alpine-brook 222
Sea-blite 2 23
397,415,428
Houghton's 427
Bulbous 222
Annual 24
Carolina 4 J 4
Howe's 377
Burnet 655
Low 24
Cat-tail 439
Hudson Bay 374
Clustered Alpine 218
Western 24
Cherokee 412
Inflated 433
Drooping 222
Sea-bugloss 3 82
Chestnut 4"
Inland 377
Early 218
-burdock 345~6
Clustered
Involute-leaved 362
Foliose 220
Sea-chickweed 2 58
i 362,373-5
James' 388
Golden 230
-gilliflower 718
Field 362
Lake-bank 4 2 5
Gray's 219
-goosefoot 2 23
Coast 376
Large 44 l
Iowa 230
Sea-grape 2 25
Collins' 430
Large-panicled 371
Kidney-leaved 220
English 2 21
Common 422
Larger Straw 382
Lettuce 219
Sea-grass I 88, 91 ;
Great 425
Leavenworth's 367
Livelong 223
2 21, 718
Lesser 420
Lenticular 422
63 o
ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. VOL. III.
Sedge
Sedge, Slender i 427
Senna, Low 2 335
Lesser Common i 420
Slender-stalked 410
Prairie 337
Lesser Panicled 370
Slender Wood 401
Sickle 235
Lesser Prickly 365
Sniddle (Sedge) 420
Wild, Medsger's 336
Little Prickly 378
Soft Fox 369
Sensitive-brier 333-4
Livid 397
Soft-leaved 372
-fern i 1 1
Long 431
Southern 366
-Joint-vetch 2 393
Long-beaked 4 1 2
Glaucous 420
-Pea 337
Long-bracted 429
Sparse-flowered 372
-plant 2 333-4.
Long-stalked 395
Spreading 401
337, 393
Loose-flowered 402
Squarrose 438
Bastard 2 393
Loose-flowered-
Star, or Stare 422
-rose 333
alpine 416
Shriver's 403
Senvie 2 191-2
Low Northern 395
Stellate 365
Serpent-grass i 671
Louisiana 440
Straw 382
Serinia 3 306
Magellan 417
Striate 403
Serpentary I 645
Maine 432
Summer 409
Serpent's-tongue i 2
Marsh 420
Swamp 420
Service-berry 2 292-3
Marsh Straw i 384
Swan's 413
Service-tree 2 287, 292
Meadow 386, 404
Sweet 446 ; f 1119
American 287
Mead's 397
Tawny 429
Sesame-grass i 1 1 1
Moosehead Lake 432
Texas 364
Sesban 2 376
Midland 366
Thicket 400
Setwell 3 286
Mt. Katahdin 405
Thin-fruited 407
Seven-barks 2 231
Mud 416
Thin-leaved i 367
-sisters 2 473-5
Muhlenberg's 365
Thread-leaved 390
Shad-bush 2 292
Muskingum 381
Three-fruited 372
-flower 2 148, 692
Myrtle 446
Torsets, or Turrets
Shag-bark i 581-2
Nard i 360
422
Big 582
Narrow-leaved 406
Torrey's 415
Little 583
Nebraska 423
Tuckerman's 435
Southern 581
Necklace 381,433
Tufted 422
Shakers 250
New England 392
Tussock 420
Shame-face 2 426
Nodding 425
Twisted 421
-vine 2 333
Northeastern 431
Two-edged 402
Shamrock i 525 ;
Northern 393
Umbel-like 394
2 351,358,431
Bog 361
Variable 399
True (?) 2 354
Northern Clustered
Variegated 418
Water 3 18
373, 375
Velvet 426
Shave-grass Weed i 41
Northern Meadow
Vernal 391
Shave-weed 4 1
386
Walter's 426
Shavings 728
Norway 374
Water 422
Shawnee-wood 3 238
Orono 379
Weak Arctic 389
-haw 3 273
Oval-headed 366
Weak Clustered 374
Sheath-flower 3 303
Pale 415
Stellate 379
Sheep-berry 3 273
Parry's 418
White-bear 401
-bine 3 47
Pennsylvania 391
White-edged 410
-bur 345
Pink-leaf 397
White-scaled 386
Sheep-bur, Small 3 77
Plantain-leaved 399
-tinged 392
Sheep-foot 2 359
Pointed Broom 380
Whitish 375
Sheep-laurel 683
Porcupine 437
Willdenow's I 387
-lice 3 76
Prairie 37
Winter-grass
Cheep-noses 2 260
Prairie Straw 384
(Sedge) 409
Sheep-poison 2 683
Prickly I 365
Woodland 402
Sheep-root, -rot 3 226
Greater 365
Wood's 398
Sheep-sorrel i 653 ;
Prickly-bog 378
Woolly 427
2 683-4
Pubescent 394
Yellow 430
Poison 2 432
Purplish-tinged 398
Small 430
Sheep's-bib 3 299
Rae's 433
Yellow-fruited 369
Sheep's-gowan 2 358
Raven's-foot 37 r
Yellowish 431
Sheepweed 2 73, 521 ;
Reflexed 364
Sedge-cane, -rush 446
3 226
Retrorse 435
See-bright 3 131
Shell-bark i 581-2
Ribbed 4^3
Seed-box 2 588
Big, Thick 582
Richardson's 396
SELAGINELLA FAMILY
Western 582
Rock 390
i 48
Shell-flower 3 181
Rough 416
Selaginella
Shepherd's Clock 2 716
Round-fruited 434
Creeping, Low I 49
-club 3 173
Russet 432
Rock 49
-delight 2 716
Sallow 436
Selenia 2 190
-needle 2 627
Salt-marsh 423
Self-heal 3 115
-purse, -bag, -pouch
Sand 363
Seneca Snakeroot 2 451
158
Sartwell's 363
Senecio, Arctic 3 542
-staff 3 289
Schweinitz's 437
Broom-like 541
-Weather-glass 2 716
Scirpus-like 390
Riddell's 541
Sherard, Herb 3 266
Sea i 363
Sea-beach 541
Sheriff-pink 518
Seabeach 385
Senega-root 2 451
Shield-fern i 18-22
Seaside 424
Sengreen 2 211
-root 21
Sharp-scaled 408
-saxifrage 2 216
Shining-grass 2 120,440
Sheathed 399
Senhalanac 2 482
Shin-leaf 2 669-71
Short -leaved 413
SENNA FAMILY 2 334
Shin-wood I 67
Short's 419
Senna, American 336
Shittim-wood 2722,720
Silvery 375
Coffee 336
Shoe-make 2 482
Shoes-and-Stockings,
Lady's 2 359
Shoe-strings 2 366
Devil's 2 372
Shoo Fly 2 345
Shooting Star 2 717
Shore-grass, -weed
3 250
Short-husk, Bearded
i 189
Short-shucks I 58
Shotbush 2 618
Shovel-weed 158
Shrub Yellow-root 89
Shrubby Althaea 2 526
-fern 586
-trefoil 2 445
Shunis 2 648
Sibbaldia 2 261
Siberian Oilseed 2 157
Sickle-grass i 425, 673
Sickle-pod 2 182
Sickle-senna 335
-weed I 670
-wort 3 i o i, 115
Sida 2 520-1
Side-saddle Flower 202
Sieglingia I 234-8
Silk, Virginia 3 30
Silk-grass i 177, 513 ;
3 373
Silk-plant 246
-tree 2 331
Silk-weed 3 30
Rose, or Swamp 3 26
-seed 3 406
Silky-grass I 174
Silphium 3 462
Silver-beard 117
Silver-bell tree 2 722
Silver-berry 576
-button 453
-chain 2 375
-chickweed 27
-feather 2 258
-fir, American i 63
^ -grass 3 373
Silverhead 2 27
Silver-leaf 2 81, 577,
245,440; 3 453
Silver-pin, Joan 2 136
Silver-rod 2 245,
440-1 ; 3 383
-weed 2 121,440-1;
3 383
Simon's-weed 3 179
Simpler's-joy 95
Simpson's-grass I 137
Simson, Simpson 539
Single-delight 2 671
Sinkfield 251
Siris, pink 331
Sisymbrium, Tall 2 175
Sitfast 113
Skedge, Skedgwith 291
Skedlock 195
Skegs
Water, Yellow i 540
Skeleton-weed 3 314
Skevish 439
Skewer-wood 2 49.1
Skiver-wood 492
Skrew-stem 3 16
Skull-cap 105
Blue 105
Britton's 108
Bush's 109
Downy 3 106
European 109
Hairy, Heart-leaved
107
Hyssop 107
VOL. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
631
Skull-cap
Snake-root
Sorrel, Green, or
Speedwell
Large-flowered 3 107
White 3 361-2;
Meadow i 654
Water 3 200
Larger i 07
I 642
Horse 653, 656
Wormskold's 201
Little 1 08
White-berry 2 90
Ladies' 2 432
Speerhawk 3 328
Mad-dog 1 06
Wild 3 114
Meadow i 654
Sperage 514
Marsh 109
Snake-head 181
Mountain 653, 659
Spermolepis 2 651-2
Resinous 108
Snake-grass 85
Red 653
Spice
Rock 109
Snake's-tongue I 2
Sheep i 653 ; 2 431-2
Pond 2 135
Showy 106
Snake-weed I 644, 670 ;
Toad's 653 ; 2 432
Spice-berry 693
Side-flowering 106
2 658
Wood 653-4; 2 431
-bush
Small 1 08
Black i 644
Sorrell-tree 2 691
2 132, 135-6, 617
Veined 110
Poison 2 653
Sour-, or Sow-berry 704
-hardback 2 245
Skunk-bush 2 483
Saugrel i 645
Sour-bush 3 99
-wood 2 135
-cabbage
Snapberry 3 277
Sour-dock 1653-4,659
Spider-flower 2 197
i 445 ; 2 202
Snap-dragon 2 93, 440 ;
-grass 653-4
-lily 461
Skunk-currant 238
3 176-9
Sour-grass, Lady 2 432
SriDERwoRT FAMILY
-weed 445, 455
Corn 3 179
Sour-gum 2 665-6
i 457
Sleek-leaf 2 682
Snap-Jack 2 44
-leek i 653
Spiderwort 459-62
Sleeping-beauty 4.31
Snappers 2 44, 64
-trefoil.-trifoly 2431
Spignet 2 617
Sleepy Dick I 509
Snap-weed 135,440-1
-wood 691
Spike-grass
Stink-weed
Snap-wood 135
Southernwood 3 526
i 92, 236, 248-9
2 5 8 ; 3 3
Sneezeweed 3 510-11
Sow-bane 2 13
Spikenard 1515; 2617
Slippers 2 441
Sneezewort 515
-berry 704
American 2617
Slipper-root i 550
-tansy, -yarrow 5 1 5
-foot 3 531
False i 515
-weed 2 440
Sniddle 420
-grass 2 167
Ploughman's
Slippery-elm i 627
Snow-ball, Little
Sow-thistle 3 316-17
3 83,445
Sloe 3 273
3 270, 255
-tit 2 260, 280
Small 2 618
Alleghany 324
Wild 2 504
Spangles 504
Wild i 515
Slovenwood 3 526
Snowberry 3 276
Spanish-bayonet I 512
Spikenard-tree 2 617
Slunkweed 357
Creeping 2 704
-dagger 512
Spike-rush i 311-19
Smallage 2 660
Snow-blossom 2 728
Spanish-lettuce 2 39
Aglet-headed 314
Small-pox plant 202
-drift i 280
Spanish needles 3 498
Angled 3 11
Smartweed I 670
Snowdon-rose 2 207
Sparkleberry 2 698
Beaked 319
Dotted, or Water 670
Snow-drift 153
Sparrow-grass I 514
Black-fruited 3'7
Smelling-stick 2 134
Snowdrop 722
-tongue I 66 1
Blunt 3 J 3
Smick-smock 184
Yellow i 506
Spart 477
Bright Green 312
Smiddy-leaves 14
Snowdrop-berry 3 276
Spatter-dock 2 78
Capitate 3U
SMILAX FAMILY i 526
Snowdrop Tree 2 722
Spattling-poppy 2 64
Creeping 314
Smilax 5-27-8
Snowdrops 2 100
Spear-grass
Engelmann's 314
Smoke-tree, Wild 2 485
Snowflake 2 75
i 253, 261, 267
Flat-stemmed 318
Smoking-bean 3 238
Snowflower tree 728
Alpine 254
Knotted 311
Snaffles 221
Snow-on-the-mountain
Arctic 258
Large-tubercled 316
Snag-tree 2 665
2 469
Buckley's 260
Least 3i5
Snake-berry 2 90 ;
Snowy-campion 63
Bunch i 260
Matted I 318
3 i67,25S
-Hydrangea 2 231
Chapman's 253
Needle 3*5
-bite i 526; 2 140
Soap, Poor-man's- 245
Flexuous 257
Ovoid 3U
-flower 2 44, 68 ;
Indian 500
Glaucous 254
Pale 312,314
3 94, 122
SOAPBERRY FAMILY
Large-flowered 259
Purple 312
-gentian 3 335
2 500
Low 253
Robbins' 3"
-grass 2 44; 3 85
Soap-berry 500
Meadow 267-8
Slender 318
-head 3 lSl
-plant, Indian 500
Mountain 254
Small's 3*5
-leaf I 506
-root 2 73
Northern 256
Three-ribbed 317
-lily 537
Soap-weed i 512
Prairie 260
Torrey's 3^
-milk 2 469
Soapwort 3 12; 2 73
Sea f 267
Twisted 316
-moss i 47
-gentian 2 73
Short-leaved 258
White 3*7
Snake-mouth I 560
Soapwort, White 69
Smooth 260
Wolf's 3i5
Whorled 561
Soldier-buttons 85
Southern 240
Spilanthes 3 4 6 9
Snake-pipes I 39, 40
Soldiers 2 69, 284,
Sylvan 257
Spinach, French 2 13
Snake-root I 506 ;
581; 3 78
Tufted 261
Strawberry 2 15
2 90, 623-4 ; 3 544
Soldier's-cap 2 142
Weak 255
Wild 2 10, 14
Black i 645 ;
-plume I 559
Wolf's 258
Spindle-tree 2 491-2
2 91, 623, 684
-woundwort 3 515
Spearmint 3 149, 153
Spingel 2 643
Button 2 622, 366-8
Solentine 2 440
Spearwort 2 106-7
Spink 2 74, 184
Canada i 642
Solomon's-seal
Speckled-jewels 2 440
Spiny-bur 459
Clustered 2 624
I SIS" 1 ?, 52!, 556
Speedwell
Spiraea 2 246-9
Coltsfoot i 642
Dwarf i 521
Alpine 3 201
Spiral-pine i 45
Corn 622
False 516
Buxbaum's- 203
Spires i 170,212,232
De Witt's- 3 336
Great, or Giant 521
Byzantine 203
Spirit-weed i S3 1
Evergreen 452
Hairy 521
Common 201
Spleen-amaranth 2 22
Heart i 642
Small, or Zigzag 515
Corn 202
Spleenwort I 26
Heart-leaved 2 91
Smooth 521
Field 203
See Fern
Large-fruited 624
Star-flowered 516
Garden 203
Spleenwort-bush i 586
Poison 2 653
Three-leaved 516
Germander 3 201
Spool-wood 609, 684
Redberry 90
Two-leaved 517
Ivy-leaved 203
Spoonflower, Arrow-
Sampson 3 12, 13
Soopoo-lalia 2 576
Marsh 200
leaved 444
Samson's- 2 364
Sophora, Silky 342
Procumbent 203
Spoonhunt 2 684
Seneca 451
Sorrel i 653-4
Purslane 202
Spoonhutch 2 68 i
Short-styled 624
Cock, English 654
Skull-cap 200
Spoonwort 163
Southern i 642
Cow 653
Tall 3 204
Spoon-wood 2 512
Thermon 2 63
Engelmann's 654
Thyme-leaved 3 202
Spoonwood-ivy 683
Vermont I 642
Field, Gentleman's
Upland 201
Spotted-alder 2 235
Virginia I 645
653
Wall 202
-eyebright 467
ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. VOL. III.
Spring Beauty
2 37-8, 101
White-leaved 38
Spring-cowslip 2 85
-lily I 506
Springwort 2 471
Spruce I 60- i
Black 6 i
Blue 6 1
Cat 6 1
Double 6 1, 63
Gum-tree 61
Hemlock 62
Red i 6 i
Single 61,63
Skunk 6 i
Swamp I 6 1
White i 6 1
Spruce-gum tree i 61
Spruce-pine i 61
SPURGE FAMILY 2 452
Spurge 2 463-74
Alleghany Mt. 2 480
Angled 468
Anne Arundel 2 470
Arkansas 2 473
Black 2 467
Blooming 469
Blotched 467
Blunt-leaved 472
Broad-leaved 472
Caper 2 471
Cypress 474
Darlington's 474
Fendler's 465
Flowering 469
Garden 474
Kairy 2 467
Spreading 2 467
Hoary 465
Geyer's 463
Ipecac 2 470
Knotweed 463
Large Spotted 468
Leafy 473
Maryland 2 470
Myrtle 2 471
Narrow-seeded 466
Xicaean 474
Petty 475
Prairie 2 464
Quack salver's 474
Reticulate-seeded
472
Ridge-seeded 466
Round-leaved 464
Spreading 464
Rocky Mountain 475
Seaside 463
Shore 2 463
Spotted 2 467
Sun 2 473
Thyme-leaved 465
Tinted 475
Toothed 476
Upright Spotted 468
Variegated 469
Various-leaved 477
Wart 2 473
Warted 2 472
Warty 2 476
White-flowered 463
White-margined 469
-stemmed 466
Spurge-flax 574
-ipecac 470
-laurel 2 574
Spurge Nettle 2 462
Spurge Olive 574
Spurry 2 52, 59
Corn . 59
Knotted 52
Spurry, Sand 2 59
Spurt-grass i 333
Spurtwort 3 266
Squash-berry 270
Squatmore 2 141
Squaw-berry 697
-bush 2661-2; 3270
-drops 3 233
-flower i 525
-huckleberry 2 697
-mint 3 136
-plum 255
-root 2 128; 3 235
-vine 3 255
Squaw-weed 3 544-6
Crawford's 545
Northern 544
Robbins' 544
Round-leaf 545
Small's 546
Swamp 544
Western 546
Squirrel-corn 2 142
-cup 101
-ear i 569
-pea, Ground 2 129
-shoes i 550
-tail 287
STAFF-TREE FAMILY
2 490
Staff-tree 493
-vine 493
Stag-bush 3 273
Stag's-head i 594
Stagger-bush 2 691
-grass i 532
-weed 2 143
-wort 3 542
Staghorn 2 481
Staghorn-moss i 47
Stammer-wort 3 341
Stanleya 2 169
Starchwort 442
-hyacinth I 511
Star-bloom 730
-chickweed 2 43
-eyed grass
i 543; 2 715
Star-flower i 509, 534,
543; 244,251
Star-grass, see Grass
Star-leaved Gum 2 235
Star-of-Bethlehem
i 509-10; 2 534;
3 2 5i
Star-quince 2 321
-root i 511
Stare i 363
Starlights 2 429
Starry Campion 63
Starveacre 2 115
Star-violet 3 252-4
Starwort, Bog 2 43
Drooping i 489
Glaucous 2 44
Greater 2 44
Lesser 44
Mealy i 511
Mountain 2 57
Pine 444
Sandpaper 444
Water 2 477
Yellow 3 457
Starworts 3406-35,444
Stavewort 3 542
Stedfast 2 461
Steel-weed 3 430
Steep-grass 3- 226
Steeple-bush 2 245
Stenanthium I 490
Stenophyllus 319
Stenosiphon 2 610
Stenotus 3 379
Stepmother 2 563
Stevia 3 361
Stewartia 2 526-7
Stick-a-back 3 259
Stick-button 547
Stickle-back 259
Stickseed 2 266 ;
3 77-9,487,497
Stick-tight 3 77-8, 497
-weed 2 266 ;
3 341,426
Old Virginia 3 426
Stinging-bush 2 462
-nettle I 633
Stipa i 176-7
Stitchwort, Bog 2 43
Fleshy 46
Greater 2 44
Lesser 45
Long-leaved 45
Long-stalked 45
Marsh 43
Northern 46
Swamp 43
Water 46
Stonecrop, Biting 2 208
Crooked Yellow 209
Ditch 210
Mossy 208
Narrow-petaled 209
Nevius' 210
Nuttall's 208
Reflexed 2 209
Three-leaved 210
Torrey's 208
Virginia, Wild 210
Stone-mint 3 146
-root 153
-rue i 29
-seed, Salfern 3 87
-weed i 66 1
STORAX FAMILY 2 721
Storax 723
Stork's-bill 430
Stramonium 3 156, 169
Strangle-tare
2 411 ; 3 235
Strangle- weed 3 48
Straw-bell I 518
Strawberry 2 259-261
American-wood- 261
Barren 251, 253, 269
Bog 258
Dry 269
European-wood- 260
Gray's 260
Hedge 260
Indian 215,259
Mock 259
Mountain 259
Northern-wild 2 259
Scarlet, Virginia,
259, 260
Southern dry- 269
Wild 251
Yellow 259
Strawberry-blite 2 15
-bush tree 132, 491
-spinach 2 15
STRAWBERRY-SHRUB
FAMILY 2 132
Strawberry-shrub
2 132; 3 39
-tassel 2 449
-tomato
3 157-8, 161-2
-tree 2 491
Straw-lilies i 519
Stub-wort 2 431
Stud-flower I 488
Styptic-weed 2 336
Succory, Gum
3 314,306
Dwarf Hog's, or
Swine's 309
Lamb 309
Wild 305
Succory Dock-cress
306
Suck-bottle 3 122
Suckles 2 355
Suckling, Yellow 354
Lamb 358
Sugar-berry
i 529; 2 291
Sugar Maple 2 496
-pear 291-2
Sugar-plums 355, 292
Sugar-tree 496
Sullivantia 224
Sultan, Sweet 3 560
SUMAC FAMILY 2 480
Sumac, Amer. 481
Black 481
Chinese 446
Climbing 484
Common, Dwarf 481
Elder-leaved 287
Fragrant 482
Hairy 481
Ill-scented 483
Mountain 481
Pennsylvania 2 482
Poison 483
Scarlet, Sleek 482
Smooth 481-2
Staghorn 481
Swamp 483
Sweet-scented 482
Trailing 484
Upland 481-2
Velvet 481
Virginia 2 481
White 482
Summer-cypress 2 16
-lilac 175
-savory 3 137
-snowflake i 509
SUNDEW FAMILY 2 202
Sundew 203-4
Sun-dial 34$
Sundrops 2 600-2
Sunflower 716
Brook 3 495
Common 478
False 467, 5 10
Few-leaved 480
Garden 478
Giant 481
Hairy 484
Hairy Wood- 479
Judge Daly's- 482
Kellerman's- 483
Linear-leaved 479
Maximilian's- 482
Narrow-leaved 479
Oblong-leaved 484
Pale-leaf wood- 485
Prairie 478
Purple-disk 479
Red 3 475
Rhombic-leaved 480
Rough 483
Saw-tooth 483
Small wood 481
Smooth 481
Showy 486
Stiff 480
Stiff-haired 485
Swamp 479, 510
Tall 481
Throatwort 485
Thin-leaved 484
VOL. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
633
Sunflower
Sweet-root,
Tea, Continental 2 677
Thistle
Thick-seed
-rush i 446
Labrador 677
Musk 3 554, 556
3 491-8,498-9
-scabious 3 439
Liberty 7 1 1
Nebraska 3 552
Wild 3 457,478,
-scented-shrub 2 132
Marsh 677
Oat 556
481, 484
-sedge i 446
Mexican 2 14
Our Lady's 560
Woodland 483
-shrub 2 132
Mountain 693
Pasture 3 552
Wooly 486
-slumber 140
New Jersey 2 504
Pitcher's 550
Sun-plant 2 41
-Sultan 560
Oswego 3 132
Plume 549
-rose 539
-Susan 2 66
Paraguay (False)
Plumeless 554
-weed 473
-tree 496
272
Prairie 3 551
Supple-jack 502
-walnut i 581
Prairie 2 455
Prickly 553
Susan
Sweet-william 2 69, 75 ;
South Sea 2 489
Queen Ann's 3 554
Black-eyed 3 470
Brown-eyed 470
S42,556
Barbadoes 3 42
Swamp 677
\Valpole 2 504
Queen Mary's 556
Roadside 549
Suterberry 2 444
Childing 2 74
Wild 2 366
Russian 2 25
Swallow-wort 141
Black 3 36
Mock 66
Old-field 3 426
Teaberry 2 241,693;
St. Benedict's 3 560
Scotch, Silver, 556
Orange 3 25
Wild 2 73; 3 54
3 255
Sow, Swine, 316-17
Silky 30
Swamp-apple 2 678
Sweet-willow i 584
Sweet-wilson 2 218
Tea-plant 3 272
Tear-thumb i 673
Spear, Tall, 549
Star 559
-berry 2 278
Swine-cress 167
TEASEL FAMILY 3 288
American 559
-brake i 7
Swine's-bane 2 13
Teasel, Common 289
Swamp, Way, 553
-cabbage 445
Swine-grass I 66 1
Card, Draper's, 289
Virgin Mary's 3 555
-candles 2 712
Swinies 3 317
Fuller's, Wild, 289
Virginia 550
-fern 18
Switch-grass i 141
Teil.Tile 2 512
Water 289
-globeflower 2 87
Sword-flag 540
Ten-o'clock-lady i 509
Wavy-leaved 550
-hornbeam 2 665-6
-grass 170, 330
Tench-weed i 75
Way 553
-lily i 578
Sycamore
Tentwort 29
Welted 555
-pink 488
i 628 ; 2 242
Tetter-wort 2 141
Yellow 2 139; 3 553
-redberry 563
False 2 242
Thale-cress 2 175
-spined 3 551
-robin i 444 ; 2 699
Synandra 3 118
Thalia i 546
Thorn 2 297-321
-spruce i 6 i
Syndaw 2 264; 3 170
Thaspium 2 639
See Haw 297-321
-tea 2 677
Synthyris 3 198
Thatch i 141
Alleghany 2 309
-tupelo 666
Bull's 198
Creek i 223-4
Arnold's 318
-wood 2 575 ; 3 255
Western 199
Thick-stamen,
Asa Gray's 311
Swan-weed 3 419
Syrian-tobacco 3 170
American 2 480
Ashe's 300
Sweat-root 65
Syringa 2 231-2
Thimble-berry
Beadle's Yellow 309
Sweat-weed 2 514
2 276-7, 280
Beckwith's (Miss)
Sweating- weed 2 525
Tacamahac i 588
-flower 3 115
313
Sweeps I 485; 3 557
Tag-alder 611
Thimble-weed
Bicknell's 305
Sweet-allison 2 153
Talinum 2 36-7
3 99,370,473
Black 3 273 ;
-alyssum 153
Tallow-bayberry i 585
Thimbles 3 204, 295
2 302, 326
Sweet-bay 2 82, 633
-root 575
Fairy 204
Blanchard's 304
-bean 339
-shrub 585
Witches 3 204
Bosc's 310
-Benjamin 3 526
Tamarack I 60
THISTLE FAMILY 3 347
Boynton's 309
-berry 273
Tan-bay 2 527
Thistle 3 549-56
Brainerd's 303
-Betties 2 132
Tangleberry, Blue 695
Argentine 556
Brown's 300
-birch i 610; 2 704
Tangle-foot, -legs 3 269
Asses' 555-6
Buck 326
-Betty 2 73, 132
-tail 2 208
Bank 3 549, 554
Bush 316
Sweet-brier 2 285
Tank 634
Barnaby's 560
Canadian 318
-broom 392
Tansy 3 522
Bell, Bird, Button, 549
Canby's 299
-bubby 2 132
Dog's 2 258
Bitter 560
Caughuawaga 301
-bush i 586
Goose 2 258
Blessed 3 560
Chapman's-hill 301
-cane 446
Lake Huron 3 522
Blue 94, 549
Christ's 322
Sweet-cicely 2 627-9
Sneezewort, or
Boar 549
Cockspur 297
Hairy 627
White 3 5i5
Bull 549, 552
Common 302
Sweet-clover 2 352-3
Wild 2 258; 3 341
Buck 554
Dog 284
-fern i 586
Tansy-mustard 2 171
Briery 2 622
Douglas' 321
-ferry 586
Tansy-ragwort 3 522
Bur 3 549
Downy 319
Sweet-flag i 446
TAPE-GRASS FAMILY
Canada, Corn, 3 553
Dunbar's 314
False 540
i 104
Card 289
Dwarf 320
Sweet-gale 584
Tape-grass 106
Common, Bur 3 549
Edson's 311
Canada 586
Taper hedges
Cotton, Down, 556
Eggert's 3 1 7
Sweet-grass i 91, 197,
Hig-high 3 173
Creeping, Cursed,
Egyptian 322
646 ; 3 267
Tar-fitch, Yellow 2 415
553
Emerson's 319
Sweet-gum 2 235
Tar-weed 582; 3 371
Curled 555
Evergreen 322
-hairhoof 3 267
Tare i 282; 2 411-12
Down 556
Fernald's 304
-hay 2 249
Tare-grass i 282
Field 3 549
Fire 322
Sweetheart 208
-vetch 415
Flodman's 3 551
Fretz's 313
Sweethearts 3 259
Tarrify 2 172
Flowering 2 139
Fruitful 299
Sweet-jarvil 2 627-8
Tassel, Milky 3 317
Fragrant 3 552
Gattinger's 314
Sweet-Johns 2 75
-flower, Red 370
Fuller's 289
Globose 302
SWEET-LEAF FAMILY
White 369
Hard 3 553
Grove 34
2 721
Tassel-grass, Sea- I 88
Hare's 3 317
Gruber's 312
Sweet-leaf 721
Tassel-pondweed i 88
Hedgehog 2 570
Haw 2297,317,319
-Mary 2 131 ; 3 137
-weed 3 341
Hill's 3 552
Heart-leaved 321
-myrtle i 446
Tawkin 445
Holy 3 555, &6o
Hedge 321
-oak 585
TEA FAMILY 2 526
Horse 3 318, 549
Jack's 3 6
-pea, Wild 2 372
Tea, Appalachian 2 487
Indian 3 289
Jesup's 312
-pepper-bush 2 667
Blue-mountain 3 389
Jamaica 2 139
Jones' 300
-potato, Wild 3 43
Canada 693
Marsh 3 554
Kellogg's 315
-rocket 2 175
Carolina 2 487
Milk 3 316-17, 555
Lange's 307
634
ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. VOL. III.
Thorn
Three-seeded Mercury
Tinker's-weed 3 275
Tread-softly
Large-fruited 2 300
2 357-8
Tipsin, Tipsinna 2 363
3 165 ; 2 462
Long-spined 301
Three-square i 330
Tiresome-weed I 91
Treasure-of-love 2 208
Macauley's 305
Thrift 2 718
Tisswood 2 133, 722
Tree-beard i 456
Maine's 313
American 717
Tithymal 473
Tree-fern I 7
Maize 3 569
European 718
Titi, Red, White 2 485
-moss I 43
Marshall's 2 299
Lavender 2 717
Toad-flax
Tree-of-heaven 2 446
Martha's Vineyard
Sea 718
i 640; 3 175-7
Trefoil
2 298
Throat-root
Bastard i 640
(see Clover) 2 402-8
May 319
2 270; 3 204
Blue 3 177
Bean 3 18
Missouri 314
Throat-wort
Broom-leaved 177
Bird's-foot 2 359
Mouse 3 559, 3H
2 272 ; 3 367
Ivy-leaved 175
Bitter 3 18
Mrs. Ashe's 2 300
Through-grow 3 361
Pale-blue 178
Black, Great 2 351
Narrow-leaved 320
Thrumwort I 94
Round-leaved 3 175
Golden 2 101
Newcastle 297
Thunder-flower
Sharp-pointed 176
Heart 352
New-river 302
2 44, 68, 137
Wild 177
Hop, Least 354
Oakes' 305
-plant 2 2ii
Yellow 177
Marsh 3 18
Oblong-leaved 316
Thyme 3 113, 139, 141
Toad-grass I 469
Melilot 2 351
Ovate-leaved 306
Basil 139
-lily 2 79
Shamrock 354
Palmer's 298
Creeping 141
-pipe, Tadpipe i 39
Shrubby 445
Padus-leaved 308
Field, Horse 138
-root 2 90
Sour 431
Parsley-leaved 320
Mother of 141
Toad's mouth 3 178
Spanish 2 351
Pear 302
Mountain 139
Toadspit 448
Water 3 18
Pick's 308
Shepherd's 141
Toad's tail i 47
White 2 358
Pin 297
Virginia 142
Tobacco 3 170
Wild, Yellow 354
Poplar-leaved 308
Wild 141
Indian 170,451,
Triantha i 486
Prairie 33
Thyme-leaf 3 514
303, 170,451
Trick-madam 2 209
Pringle's 317
Tickle-grass I 139
Ladies 3 453
Trickle 188
Red-fruited 319
Tickle-weed 494
Long-flowered 171
Trifoly, Sea 715
Reverchon's 298
Tickseed 2 395-402 ;
Mountain 534
Sour 431
Roan Mountain 310
3 490-4
Oregon 285
Trilisa 3 369
Rough-leaved 312
Cress-leaved 3 493
Poison 3 169
Trillium
Round-leaved 306
Garden 493
Rabbit 454
Red, Purple, I 525
Scarlet 31?
Greater 492
Real 170
Trinity 461
Shining 307
Hairy 490
Sailor's- 527
Herb- 3 101
Small-fruited 320
Large-flowered 491
Syrian, Wild 303, 170
Trinity-violet 2 563
Southern 307
Larkspur 493
Woman's 451
Trip-madam 209
Stone's 308
Lance-leaved 490
Tobacco-wood 2 235
Trip-toe 3 269
Tatnall's 2 318
Leafy-bracted 496
-root 3 285
Troll-flower 2 87
Thin-leaved 315
Lobed, Running, 491
-weed 354
Trompillo 3 166
Tree 37
Pink, Rose, 494
Tofieldia i 487
Trout-flower 506
Vail's (Miss) 303
Star 490
Tom Thumb 2 415
-lily 506
Variable 311
Stiff 492
Tomatillo 3 158
True-love I 525
Virginia 3 21
Tall 49i
Tomato 168
Trumpet, Devil's 3 169
Washington 321
Thick-leaved 490
Cherry 168
Trumpet-ash 237
Waxy-fruited 315
Whorl ed, Wood, 492
T-Ttick 161
TRUMPET-CREEPER
White
Tickseed Sunflower
I lU^K \fi
FAMILY 3 236
300,302, 317,319
3 49i-8
Strawberry
Trumpet-creeper 237
Woolly 316
Thorn-apple 2 297, 302,
Tick-trefoil 2 395-403
Canadian 399,401
3 157, 161-2, 414
Tongue, Devil's 2 572
Trumpet-flower 237-8
Evening 2 730
317; 3 169, 170
Cream-flowered 397
Tongue-grass
Trumpet-honeysuckle
-bush 2 297, 317
Dillen's 400
2 43, 165-6
3 280
Red 317
Few-flowered 396
Wild 164
Scarlet 280
-locust 339
Hairy, Small-leaved
Toothache-grass i 225
Trumpet-leaf 2 202
-plum 297,302,317
2 402
-tree 2 444,617
-milkweed 3 319
-poppy 139
Hoary 398
Tooth-cup 579
Trumpet-vine 237
Thorough-grow 3 361
Illinois 401
Toothroot 187
-weed 356-7,319
-stem 361
Large-bracted 399
Toothwort 158
Trumpets 2202; 3319
Thorough-wax 2 639 ;
Naked-flowered 395
Purple-flowered
Yellow 2 202
3 36i
Panicled 399
187-8
Tube rose, Wild i 566
Thoroughwort 2 639 ;
Point-leaved 396
Toper's plant 266
Tuber-root 3 25
3 357-6i
Prostrate 397
Topinambour 3 486
Tule i 33i
Common, Hairy
Rhomb-leaved 2 400
Torches 173
Tulip-tree 2 83
360, 361
Rigid, Showy, 401
Tormentil, Trailing
Tulip, Wild 505
Hyssop-leaved 358
Round-leaved 397
2 250
Tulip poplar 83
Large-flowered 3 363
Sand 2 396
Torrets i 422
Tumble-weed i 139;
Late-flowering 357
Sessile-leaved 2 398
Tory-weed 3 76
2 3, 16, 21, 99, 361
Pink 362
Smooth 399
Touch-and-heal 2 533
Tunhoof 3 "4
Rough 360
Smooth Small-
Touch-me-not
Tunica 2 72
Round-leaved 360
leaved 402
184, 440-1
Tupelo i 639; 2 665
Small-flowered 359
Stiff 398
Wild 440
Large 2 666
Tall 359
Trailing 397
Tow-cok 425
Southern 666
Torrey's 35 8
Velvet-leaved 400
Tower-cress 181
Swamp, Water 666
White 358
Tick-weed 3 136
Tower-mustard 181
Turin-grass i 686
White-bracted 357
Tiger-lily i 502-4, 542
Townsendia 3 402-3
Turkey-beard 488
Vervain 360
Tiger's-mouth 3 178
Toywort 2 158
-berry 3 277
Thousand-leaf 3 515
Timothy I 191
Tragia 459-6o
-claw i 575
Thread-foot 2 205
Wild 186
Traveller's-joy 122
-corn 2 142-3
-and-needle i 513
see Grass
-delight 418
-grass 3 259
Three-birds 562
Tine-grass 2 409
Treacle-mustard
-oak i 619, 622
Three-leaved Ivy 2 484
Tine-tare 411
172, 175
-pea 2 142, 653
-nightshade I 523
-weed 411
Treaclewort 168
-pod 175
VOL. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
635
Turkey-troop i 670
Velvet-weed a 521
Turmeric, Indian
Velvets 547
2 85, 140
Venus'-bath 3 289
Turmeric-root 85
-buskin i 548
Turnip 193
-comb 2 627
Cree, Dakota, 363
-hair i 31
Marsh 442
-cup 3 289
Pepper 442
-looking-glass 298
Prairie 363
-pride 251,253-4
St. Anthony's a 112
-sock i 548
Wild 442
Veratrum 494~5
Turnpike-geranium 14
Verbena 3 94~7
Turnsole 473 ; 3 75
VERVAIN FAMILY 94
Turpentine-weed 3 461
Vervain 95-7 ; 3 130
Turrets I 422
American 95
Turtle-bloom 3 181
Base 201
-grass I 91
Blue 95
Turtle-head 3 181-2
European, False 95
Tussocks i 203
Hoary 96
Tway-blade 567-8, 572
Mallow 2 515
Twi-foil 568
Prostrate 3 96
Twigwithy 597
Vetch, American a 409
Twin-berry 3 255
Bird, Blue 409
-flower 3 276
Bush 412
-grass i 206
Carolina 410
-leaf a 129
Choke 3 234
-sisters 3 276
Common 2411
Two-eyed berries
Cow 409
255,276
Hairy 411
Twisted stalk
Kidney 360
i 520, 566
Milk 377-88
Two-lips 550
Narrow-1 eaved,
Two-penny grass 2 712
American 2 409
Louisiana, Pale 410
Ulim 349
Pebble 4"
Umbrella-leaf 129
Purple 49
-grass 338
Sensitive Joint- 393
-leaves 3 532
Slender 411
Umbrella-tree
Smaller Common 412
2 81-2, 663
Small-flowered 410
Eraser's 81
Spring, Tare 411
Silver-leaf 81
Tufted 409
Umbrella-wort
Wild 359
31-2, 663
Vetchling
Uncinia i 389
Cream-colored 2 415
UNICORN-PLANT
Low 416
FAMILY 3 239
Marsh 414
Unicorn-plant 239
Pale 415
False i 489
Prairie 414
Unicorn-root, or -horn
Showy 415
489, 511
Yellow 415
Universe-vine 2 693
Viburnum 3 273-4
Unlucky-tree I 58
Naked, Sweet 273
Vincetoxicum 3 37-9
VALERIAN FAMILY
Vine, Wild 2 506
3 284
Alleghany 143
Valerian 3 63, 284-6
Canary, Cypress 143
American i 548, 550 ;
Enslen's, or Sand
3 63, 284-5
3 36
Cat's, Common 3 286
Pepper 2 510
Creeping, Great 63
Wild 2 506
Edible 3 285
Wild potato 3 43
False 544
Vinegar-tree 2 482
Garden, or Great 286
VIOLET FAMILY 545-64
Greek 65
Violet 545-64
Marsh 285
Adder's i 570
Northern 285
Alpine 2 561
Swamp 285
Arrow-leaved 553
Wild i 550; 3 284-6
Beaked 562
Vandal-root 3 286
Bird's-foot 547
Vanilla, Carolina 369
Blue 548-9
Vanilla-grass i 172
Bog 551 ; 3 226
Vanilla, Nodding 172
Calathian 3 12
Vanilla-leaf, -plant
Canada 2 560
3 369
Canker 562
Varnish-tree, False
Chicken-fighters 547
2 446
Coast 554
Vegetable-hair i 456
Common-blue 548
-oyster 3 313
Crowfoot 547
-satyr i 552
Cut-leaved 553
Velvet-leaf 2 521
Damask, Dame's-
-plant 173
* 175
Violet, Dog,
American 2 560
Dog's-tooth i 506
White, Yellow 506
Early Blue
2 553,56o, 547
English 558
Field 561-3
Fringed 552
Garden 563
Great-spurred 555
Green 564
Hairy 559, 550
Hairy Yellow 559
Halberd-leaved
Yellow 558
Hand-leaf 547
Hens . 2 560
Hood-leaf 547
Hooded Blue 548
Hooked 561
Horse, Horse-shoe,
547
Kidney-leaved 555
Lance-leaved 257
Larkspur 554
Le Conte's- 2 551
Long-spurred 562
Long-stem purple 548
March 558
Marsh 555
Marsh Blue 552
Meadow Blue 548
Missouri 2 549
New England 550
Nodding 564
Northern 550
Nuttall's 558
Ovate-leaved 552
Pale 560
Pansy 2 562-4
Plains 552
Prairie 554
Yellow 558
Primrose-leaved 557
Prostrate Blue 562
Rattlesnake's-
i 506; 2 552
Round-leaved 2 557
Rydberg's- 559
Sand 547,552,56i
Selkirk's- 555
Smoothish Yellow
559
SouthernWood 550
Southern Coast 554
Snake 547
Spear-leaved 558
Spade-leaf 553
Stepmother 563
Striped 560
Star 3 252-4
Stone's 548
Sweet 558
American 560, 556
Sweet-white 2 556
Northern 556
Large-leaved 556
Three-lobed 548
Triangle-leaved 553
Trinity 563
Velvets 547
Water 557
Western blue 551
Wood 547-9
Whorl-leaf 564
Wooly blue 549
Yard f 2927
Yellow 2 557
Viper's-bugloss 3 94
-herb, -grass 94
Virginia-creeper 2 511
Virginia-silk 3 30
VIRGINIA WILLOW
FAMILY 2 233
Virginia Willow 233
Virgin's Bower
122, 374
Purple 126
Wafer Ash 445
Wahoo i 626-7 !
2 49i, 512
Wait-a-bit I 528
Wake-robin
1 442, 523-6
Dwarf White 524
Early, Green I 524
Ill-scented 529
Nodding 526
Painted 526
Prairie 524
Purple 525
Showy 524
Virginia 444
Walking-fern, -leaf i 26
Wall-cress 2 175
see Rock-cress
Wall-flower, Western
2 173 ; 3 21
Wallink 3 200
Wall-moss 2 208
Wall-pepper 208
-rue i 29
-rocket 2 194
WALNUT FAMILY
i 578-81
Walnut 579
Black, Lemon 579
V5atin 2 235
Sweet 581
White 579
Walpole-tea 504
Wandering-jenny 2712
Wandering-jew 3 175
-milkweed 3 21
-Sally a 712
Wankapin 77
Warlock 193-5
Warmot 3 525
Wart-cress a 167
-grass 473-5
-lesser 167
-weed 473
-wort 141, 167, 473 ;
3 455
Watches a 202
Water-agrimony 3 495
-archer I 99
-arum 444
-awlwort 2 159
-bean 77
-beech i 606 ; 2 242
-blinks a 39
-blobs 85
-cabbage 79
-calamint 3 152
-caltrop a 612
-can 78
-carpet 230
-celery I 106 ; 2 1 1 1
-chestnut 2 612
-chickweed 2 478
-chinkapin 77
Water-cress 2 186, 197
American 186
Creeping Yellow 160
Lake 164
Marsh, Yellow 161
Mountain 186
Round-leaved 186
True 162
Water-crowfoot
White, stiff a 116
6 3 6
ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. VOL. III.
Water-crowfoot
,Water
White-heart Hickory
Willow, Black
Yellow 105,648-50
-speedwell 3 200
i 582
Scythe-leaf i 592
Water-cup 202
-stargrass I 464
White Man's-foot
Blooming 2 590
-dock 445
WATER STARWORT
3 245, 246
Blunt-leaved I 601
-dragon I 444 ; 2 85
FAMILY 2 477
-weed 518
Bog I 599, 602
-dropwort 2 638
Water-starwort 477-8
White-oak i 622-3
Brittle 594
-elm I 626-8
-target 76
Box i 622
Broad-leaved 596
-eryngo 2 622
-thyme I 105
Mossy-cup 623
Brown's 605
-feather 616,710
-torch i 68
Rough 622
Bush 600
-fennel 478
-trefoil 3 18
Running 625
Button 3 255
-fern i 7
-tupelo 2 666
Swamp 623
Common 595
Water-flag 537
-violet 710
Water 623
European 595
Yellow 540
-weed i 105-6
White-osier 2 688
Crack 494
Water-gladiole 3 300
Nuttall's 105
-robin 2 68
Crane 3 255
-goggles, -gowan 2 85
-willow 3 243
-root 3 25
Dark Long-leaf i 599
-grass i 133;
WATERWORT FAMILY
-rosin-tree i 57
Desert 604
2 162, 649
2 537
-sage 2 20
Diamond 596
Large i 132
Waterwort 2 538
-soapwort 2 69
Drooping 595
-gum 2 666
Water-yarrow 710
-thorn 300
Duck 595
-hemlock 658
Waxberry I 585 ; 2 276
-top 3 440
Dwarf 601
-hemp 2
Wax-bush 2 582
-walnut i 579
Dwarf-gray 600
-hickory 581
-dolls 2 146
-weed 3 5i8
Flowering 2 590
-hoarhound 3 147-8
Wax-myrtle i 585
-wood
French 2 590
-hyssop 193
Wax-pinks 2 41
2 83, 511-12, 691
Furry I 597
-jessamine 194
-plant 2 66
Whites I 214
Garb 595
WATER-LEAF FAMILY
Wax-weed 2 582
Whitlow-grass 2 148-52
Glaucous 599
3 65
Wax-work 3 493
Alpine 152
Glossy 593
Water-leaf 2653 65-6
Roxbury 2 49
Arctic 149-50
Golden Osier
-lentils i 448
Way -bread 3 245
Branching 151
595; f 1459
WATER-LILY FAMILY
Wayfaring Tree
Canescent 151
Green-scaled 602
2 77
269, 274
Carolina 149
Ground i 604, 666
Water-lily i 444; 3 19
Way -grass i 66 1
Golden 152
Hairy 603
Great Yellow 2 77
Waythorn 2 502
Hoary 150
Heart-leaved 596
Little 76
Weathercock 2 440
Rock-cress 150
Herb-like 601
Sweet-scented 79
Weather-glass 2 716
Short-fruited 151
Hoary 598
Tuberous 80
Welcome-to-our-House
Twisted 150
Huntingdon 595
White 79-80
2 474
Vernal 148
Livid 599
Small 80
Weld 2 200
W r edge-leaved 149
Long-leaf 595
Water-lily-tree '81
Well-grass 2 162
Wood 152
Low-bush 600
Water Marigold 3 500
Western Dropwort
Whitlow-wort 2 27-8
Missouri 596
WATER-MILFOIL
2 248
Whitten-tree 3 270
Narrow-leaf 595
FAMILY 2 612-15
Wheat
Whorl-leaf 2 564
Net-veined 602
Water-milfoil
Black 224
Whorlywort 204
Northern 605
116, 614-16
Cow 3 224
Whortleberry Bears
Osier I 595, 597
Hooded 3 229
Wheat-grass i 284-5
2 693
Peach-leaved 593
Water-melon 291
Wheat, Saracen's i 672
Bog 699
Persian 2 590
-navelwort 2 614, 649
Whin 2 349
Blue 695
Prairie i 600, 604
-nerve-root 3 26
Cat 284
Great 700
Primrose 2 589
WATER-NUT FAMILY
Dyer's 35
Red 2 697
Purple I 597
2 6l I-I2
Whip-grass i 349
Squaw 697
Pussy 592
Water-nut 2 77
Whipporwill 550
Wickakee 3 214
Red i 595 ; 2 66 i
Jesuit's 2 613
-boots 2 202
Wick, Wicken
Red-wood I 594
Swimming 2 612
-shoe i 549-5;
i 283; 2 319
Ring 595
Water-nymph 2 79
2 202
Wicke 2 691
River-bank 595
-oats I 1 68
Whip-tongue 3 257
Wickup 2512,575,592
Roman 2 724
Water-Parsnip 2 655
Whistle-wood 2 497,512
Indian 590
Rose i 597 ; 2 66 i
Carson's 656
WHITE-ALDER FAMILY
Wicky 2 683
Sage i 598, 600 ;
Creeping 655
2 666
Wicopy 2 575, 590
2 581
Cut-leaved 2 655
White-alder 2 667
Herb 590
Sandbar i 595
Hemlock 656
-topped Aster
Widow's Cress 2 209
Satiny 598
Lesser 655
3 405-6
Wild-pink I 562
Scythe-leaved 592
Narrow-leaved 655
White Allison 2 180
-brier 2 284
Shining 593
Water-pennywort
-apple 418
-hippo 2 469
Shrub 595
2 648-50
-arrow-arum I 444
Tube-rose 565
Silky 598
-pepper i 670
White-ash Herb 2 654
Wilding-tree 290
Silver 599, 603
-pimpernel 2 710
White-bark i 587
Wilgers i 597
Slender 594, 599
WATER PLANTAIN
-bay 2 82, 133
WILLOW FAMILY i 587
Snap 594
FAMILY i 93
-beads 2 90
Willow 591-605
Stag's head 594
Water-plantain
-Ben 2 64
Almond-leaf 593
Swamp 592, 594
i 94; 3 247
-Benjamin i 526
Arctic 604
Sweet 584
Dwarf i 95
-berry 2 90
Ausier 597
Tea-leaved 600
-poplar i 590
-flow 148
Autumn 594
Twig Withy 597
-purslane 2 579, 585
-bush 2 667, 691
Balsam I 596
Varnished 594
-rice 1 68
-cankerweed 3 335
Barclay's 603
Velvet-osier 597
-rush i 467
-cap 2 245
Basket i 597
Virginia 2 233
-seg, -skegs 540
-coolwort 2 224
Bay 2 590
Waghorne's i 604
-shamrock 3 18
-daisy 3 518
Bay-leaved i 594
Ward's i 593
-shield 2 75-6
-Devil 426
Beaked I 599
Water 3 243
WATER-SHIELD
-fringe 2 728
Bearberry 60 i
Weeping I 595
FAMILY 2 75
-gum 235
Bebb's 599
Whipcord 597
-spike (any Potamo-
-hearts 2 142
Bitter 597
White i 595
geton) i 74-87
-hellebore, Am. i 494
Black 592-3
Wilger's 597
VOL. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
637
Willow
Wintergreen
Wrinkle-leaf 602
False 2 668
Yellow f 1459
Flowering 452
Willow-grass i 666
Greenish-flowered
Willow Herb 2 591-5
669
Alpine 2 591
Larger 668
Bay 590
Lesser 670
Broad-leaved 2 590
Liver-leaf 2 670
Downy 2 592
One-flowered 671
French 590
One-sided 671
Golden 7 1 1
Pear-leaved 668
Great 590
Round-leaved 668
Great Hairy 591
Serrated 670
Hooded 3 109
Sharp-petaled 670
Hornemann's 2 593
Shin-leaf 669-70
Linear-leaved 592
Spicy 693
Marsh 592
Spotted . 672
Milk 580-1
Spring 693
Night 595
Winter-pink 2 692
Northern 593
-plum 720
Panicled 593
-rocket 177
Purple 581
-sweet 3 140
Purple-leaved 2 593
-weed 2 43 ; 3 203
Purple-veined 593
Wire-grass I 470, 66 1
Pimpernel 597
Wire-ling 2 479
Soft 592
-weed i 661
Spiked 590
Wise-weed 3 426
Swamp 580, 592
Wistaria 2 373-4
Yellow 711
Witch-alder 2 234
Willow-Oak I 621
-gowan 3 315
Willow-weed
-grass, see Grass
I 666-8; 2 581
-hobble, -hopple,
-wood 2 581
269-70
Willow-wort 2 711
WITCH HAZEL FAMILY
Wind 3 47
2 2?d
Wind-berry 2 697
Wind-flower
102, too, 158, 122
Red 98
* *-o t
Witch Hazel 235
-wood 287, 492
Witches'-bells
Wind-root 3 25
3 295,557
-rose 2 137
-gowan 2 87
Windles 3 246
-milk 612
Windlestraw I 213, 218
-money-bags 207
Wine-berry
-pouches 158
2237,241,277,697
-thimbles 3 204, 557
-tree 287
Withe-rod 3271-2
Wing-seed 445
Naked 273
-stem 3 487
Withe-wood 271,273
Wink-a-peep 2 716
With-wind 47
Winterberry 487-9
Withy-twig I 597
Winter-bloom 235
Woad, Wild 2 200
Winter-brake i 33
Woad-waxen 350
Winter-cherry
Wobsqua-grass I 141
501 ; 3 162
Wode-whistle 2 653
-clover 3 255
Wolfberry 3 277
-cress 2 177
Wolffia i 449
-fat 20
Wolffiella I 449
Winter-grass i 409
Wolf- foot 3 145-6
-Gilliflower 2 175
Wolf-peach 167
WlNTERGREEN FAMILY
Wolf's-bane 2 88, 96-7
667
Trailing 97
Wintergreen 668-72
Wolf's-claws i 47
Bitter 672
Wolf's-milk 2 473
Bog 669
Woman's-tobacco 45 1
Chickweed 715
Wood Betony 3128,146
Creeping 693
Woodbind 46
Woodbine 2122,511;
3 46, 278-9
American 3 278
Carolina Wild 2 730
Fragrant 3 278
Rough 278
Small 279
Wood-brooms 3 289
-cinquefoil 2 250
-cress, Yellow 161
-flower 100
Wood-lily i 502, 522 ;
2 601, 670
-nep 2 657
-rip, -rowel 3 267
Woodland-beauty 2 262
Woodruff, Sweet 3 267
Wood-rush i 483-5
WOOD SORREL FAMILY
2 43I-S
Wood-sorrel 432-5
Purple 431
Yellow 433-5
Wood-sour 2 127,431
Wood-sower 431
Wood-wax 350
Woodsia, see Fern i 12
Wool-grass 337
Woolen 3 173
Woolly Pipe-vine i 646
World's Wonder 2 73
Worm-grass 2 730
Worm-seed 172
Wormweed 199
Wormwood 3 523-7
Annual 526
Beach 527
Biennial 526
Canada 524
Common 525
Hungarian 527
Linear-leaved 524
Northern 3 523
Roman 2 144 ; 3 527
Sea 3 341, 524
Silky . 524
Silvery 525
Tall 523
Wild 523-4
Wormwood-sage 3 525
Wound-rocket 2 177
Woundwort 3 124-7
Clown's 125
Corn or Field 127
Downy 129
Soldiers 515
Wrack i 91
Wren's-flower 2 426
Wulfenia 3 198-9
Wymote 2 514
YAM FAMILY i 535
Yam-root, Wild 535
Yankapin 2 77
Yarr 259
Yarrow 3 575-6
Yarrow
Water a 710
Yaupon 487
Yaw-root 462
Yellow-bark i 619
-ash 2 343
-balm 711
-bells i 506
-cress, hispid
2 160-1
-eye 85
-dock, see Dock i 657
YELLOW-EYED GRASS
FAMILY i 450
Yellow-eyed Grass
i 451-3
Yellow-flower 2 192
-gum-tree 665
-ladies'-slipper i 550
-moccasin-flower 550
-pine 58
-puccoon 2 85
-rocket, see Rocket
711
-rod 3 380-98
-root 88-9
-shrub 89
Yellow-seed 2 164
-skegs i 540
-snow-drop I 506
-star-grass 534
-star 3 510
-starwort 3 457
-suckling 2 354
-tops 3 380-98, 393
Yellow-weed (any
Golden Rod) 2 112,
200 ; 3 380-98, 386,
395
Yellow-wood i 632 ;
2 343,485,721
American 2 343
Kentucky 264
Prickly 444
West Indian 444
Yellow-wort, Parsley-
leaved 2 89
Yellows i 550
Yerbadetayo 3 468
YEW FAMILY i 67
Yew, American 67
Dwarf 67
European 67
Oregon 67
Yorkshire- fog 214
-sanicle 3 226
Youth-wort 2 203
Zannichellia i 88-9
Zeus'-wheat 2 720
Zinnia, Prairie 3 466
Zizaniopsis i 167
Zizia, Bebb's 2 641
Zornia 394
Zygadenus i 491
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